LS-18 055

FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET

LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
COPYRIGHT
This is an authorized copy of the Experimental & Operations Manual.
Copyright Notice © Lotus Scientific (M) Sdn. Bhd.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be copied, reproduced, translated, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, in whole or in part without prior permission of Lotus
Scientific (M) Sdn. Bhd.

Limit of liability/disclaimer of warranty

While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this manual, they
make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the
contents of this manual and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or
fitness for a particular purpose or those arising by law, statute, usage of trade, course of
dealing or otherwise. Neither Lotus Scientific (M) Sdn. Bhd. nor its dealers or suppliers shall
have any liability to you or any other person or entity for any indirect, incidental, special, or
consequential damages whatsoever, including, but not limited to, loss of revenue or profit,
lost or damaged data or other commercial or economic loss, even if we have been advised
of the possibility of such damages, or they are foreseeable.

Proudly Manufactured in MALAYSIA

Product Serial Number : 90509

Date of Production : April 2009

Manual Serial Number : 90509 - 01

Date of Print : December 2009

Project Manager : C.K. CHONG

Authorized by : Y. W. Lee

ii
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
CONTENT

1. Safety Instructions………………………………………………..………...1

2. Theory……………………………………….…………………….….……...2

3. Setup……………………………….………………………………....…….21

4. Experiments……………………………………………………………......23

5. Manufacturer’s data…………………………………………...…………..34

6. Components list…………………………………………...……………….41

iii
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
SAFETY

READ INSTRUCTIONS COMPLETELY BEFORE STARTING EXPERIMENT

Normal operation of the equipment is not considered hazardous. However, the RECOMMENDED
PROCEDURES SHOULD BE FOLLOWED to be sure that the classroom instruction is performed
under the safest possible conditions. If the student knows and understands the principle and opera-
tion of the parts in the system, it will help him/her to operate the equipment safely.

THE STUDENT SHOULD ALWAYS BE ALERT to experimental procedures which may be a hazard
to the operator or be injurious to the equipment. Every control device and switch has a specific op-
erational application. Be certain that all connections and control settings are carefully managed. NO
SETTINGS SHOULD BE MADE INDISCRIMINATELY.

STUDENTS PERFORMING THE EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE SUPERVISED. Even the most ex-
perienced student should never be allowed to operate it while alone.

Always have good lighting and ventilation when performing the experiments.

Instruments used in testing, while durable, are sensitive to abuse. When connecting an electrical
instrument into a circuit, make sure that the instrument and its settings are within the voltage and
current range to be applied to the instrument. This will protect the supervisor, the student and the
equipment.

Use extreme CAUTION when making electrical measurements. Remember, it is too late to learn
that a circuit is live after one has touched it. Be certain that the STUDENT knows if the instrument
is on or off at all times. Never handle live circuits when in contact with pipes, other wires, or damp
floors.

Keep the floor clean of debris – oil, water, or other slippery material.

An electrical short across a ring or wristwatch can cause a severe burn. It is best to remove all
watches and jewelry when working on electrical equipment.

DISCONNECT the electrical power source before isolating any component from the instrument.
Lock the switches open to prevent someone from closing them during demonstration or test proce-
dure.

Hands-on experience is an important teaching tool. However, most accidents are the result of
CARELESSNESS - when students are concentrating on their lessons, they tend to momentarily ne-
glect safety. Therefore, like the service technicians, the students must train themselves to do things
safely. They must study the job for its safety problems before starting and think about safety aspects
before each step.

Refer all repairs to qualified personnel.

1
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET

THEORY

2
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
1.0 THE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Introduction

A Centrifugal Pump operates rotodynamically and the pumping action is achieved by a rotating im-
peller which increases the pressure of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to deliver high
volumes of liquids against low to medium pressures. Multistage pumps can be used to deliver
against higher pressure. It also can be used to transport slurries or semi-solids.

The figure below shows the basic components of a centrifugal pump. An impeller, consisting of a
disc which carries a number of curved vanes, rotates within a fixed spiral chamber which called the
volute.

Figure 1.0 General components of Centrifugal Pump

A centrifugal pump works on the principle of conversion of the kinetic energy of a flowing fluid
(velocity pressure) into static pressure. This action is described by Bernoulli’s principles.

Referring to Fig 1.1, the rotation of the impeller accelerates the fluid as it enters the pump along the
rotating axis and outward through the impeller vanes to the periphery. As the fluid exits the impeller,
a proportion of the fluid momentum is then converted to (static) pressure. The volute shape of the
pump casing, or the diffuser vanes assist in the energy conversion. The energy conversion results in
an increased pressure on the downstream side of the pump, causing flow to have higher pressure.

3
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY

The sizing of the impeller depends on the pump capacity. If flow rate is low and the head rise is high,
the impeller will be narrow, and the ratio of outlet to inlet diameter will be large. However, if a larger
flow rate with a smaller head rise is required, the impeller will be wider, with a smaller diameter ratio.

Note that, the flow also has an axial component, particularly near to the impeller's inlet, as shown in
Fig 1.1. As flow rate continues to increase to the desired rise in total head, the axial component also
increases in relation to the radial, resulting ultimately in a construction in which the outlet diameter is
less than the inlet diameter. This type of pump is known as an axial flow pump rather than a cen-
trifugal pump.

Centrifugal Pump Characteristic Curves

The performance of a centrifugal pump is characterized by plotting the head developed against the
flow-rate. The pump efficiency can also be represented on the same curve. A typical plot is as Fig-
ure 1.1.1

The head developed by the pump falls as the flow-rate is increased. Meanwhile, the efficiency rises
to maximum then falls. The performance is dependent on the impeller diameter, pump speed and
number of stages.

4
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY

Figure 1.1.1 Pump Characteristic Curves

Generally, the increase of total head H from the inlet to the outlet is related to both the flow rate and
the rotational speed of a pump. When driven at some constant speed N, there is a specific relation-
ship between the total head rise H and the flow rate Q, as indicated by the typical curve shown in
Fig 1.2(a). The torque T required to drive the impeller at speed N usually increases somewhat with
increasing Q, as shown in Fig 1.2(b).

The mass rate of flow m through the pump is given in terms of the volume rate Q an density ρ of wa-
ter as
m=ρ Q (1.1)

5
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
The hydraulic power output Po , generated by raising mass at the rate m through an
effective height H against gravity, is therefore

Po = m g H = ρ g Q H (1.2)

Now the mechanical power input Pi , provided by the torque T rotating the impeller at
angular speed ω is

Pi = ω T (1.3)

The efficiency η of the pump is defined as the ratio of power output to power input:

η = Po/ Pi = ρ g Q H / ω T (1.4)

The efficiency is seen to be zero if Po is zero, i.e. if Q = 0 or if H = 0. Within this range, the effi-
ciency reaches some maximum value as indicated on Fig 1.2(b). For pumps of large sizes, this
maximum efficiency is normally quite high, often exceeding 90%. For smaller pumps such as those
usually investigated in teaching laboratories, where the power input is of the order of 1 kW, the
maximum efficiency is unlikely to exceed 50%. The reduction of efficiency with reducing size is due
to the increasing importance of hydraulic and mechanical losses as the size reduces.

In the SI system of units:

ρ is expressed in units of kg/m3

Q is expressed in units of m3/s
so m = ρ Q is expressed in units of kg/s
g is expressed in units of m/s2
H is expressed in units of meters

In equation (1.2), then,

Po appears in units of kg m2/s3

Recalling that
1 N = 1 kg m/s2

we see that
Po appears in units of N m/s or in units of W

6
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
Similarly, in equation (1.3), using the SI system of units:
ω is expressed in units of rad/s
T is expressed in units of N m
so Pi ; appears in units of N m/s or in units of W
In engineering practice, rotational speeds are most commonly expressed in units of
rev/min or in units of rev/s. Conversion between
ω rad/s , n rev/s, and N rev/min
is effected by:

ω 2 Π N =2πn= (1.5)
60

Effect of Change in Pump Speed

Fig 1.2(a) shows a typical head-flow characteristic for a pump running at some constant speed. Sup-
pose the pump is now run at various constant speeds Ni, N2, N3… in turn. A different characteristic
will be obtained for each of the chosen speeds, as represented by the family illustrated in Fig 1.3(a).
As will be shown in a later section, all the curves of this family may be reduced to a single one by
the following simple scaling procedure . First, some reference speed N ref is chosen.

The head-flow characteristic at any other speed such as Ni may then be transformed into a corre-
sponding characteristic at speed Nref by scaling flow rates and heads according to the following
equations:
Qref = Nref (1.6)

And

Href = (Nref / N1) 2 x H1 (1.7)

7
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
Using these equations, the 3 individual points marked in Fig 1.3 (a) on the characteristics at speeds
N1, N2 and N3 are transformed to the single point marked on the characteristic at reference speed
Nref, shown on Fig 1.3(b). Applying the procedure to any number of points on the various head-flow
curves, we see that experimental results obtained at all speeds may be reduced to the single char-
acteristic at the chosen reference speed. The basis for equations (1.6) and (1.7) is given in a later
section, which also describes how the head-flow characteristic may be represented non-
dimensionally.

The efficiency-flow characteristics found at various pump speeds may also be presented on the ba-
sis of a dimensionless flow rate. However, instead of reducing to a single curve, the efficiency tends
to increase somewhat as the pump speed rises, so that a family of curves of generally similar
shapes is found. The increase in efficiency with speed is due to the decreasing effect of mechanical
and hydraulic losses as the pump speed raised.

Determination of Pump Operating Point

A pump in a piping system has to supply pressure head to two components:

1. Static pressure (to overcome height and pressure differences)
2. Dynamic loss due to frictions
Static pressure difference is independent of fluid flow-rate. The dynamic loss will increase as the
flow-rate is increased. The system curve (operating line) is a plot of pressure head versus the liquid
flow-rate. The operating point of the pump can be found by plotting the system curve on the pump’s
characteristic curve.

It is easy to see how the head-flow characteristic may be used to determine the flow rate in a given
system with a known resistance characteristic. Let Hsys represent the total head required to over-
come the static lift, frictional resistance of the pipe work, and other losses due to components that
present resistance to flow. Then Hsys will increase in some way with flow rate, as indicated in Fig
1.4, from the static lift Ho when Q is zero. The pump characteristic is a falling curve which intersects
the system resistance curve at the point P. This is the operating point on the pump's characteristic
in this particular pipe system.

When selecting a centrifugal pump for a given duty, It is important to ensure that the pump charac-
teristic should match with system curve. The operating point should be as close as is practical to the
point of maximum efficiency, allowing for the range of flow-rate over which the pump may be re-
quired to operate.

8
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY

In the typical test stand shown in Fig 1.5, the centrifugal pump is driven by an electric motor which
may be set to run at any chosen speed N, as indicated by the speed counter. The pump draws from
a water storage tank and delivers through a flow control valve, and a Venturi or orifice meter, back
to the tank. Changing the setting of the flow control valve alters the system resistance, and so
changes the operating point on the pump's head-flow characteristic. Piezometers are attached to
the pipe work, close to the inlet and outlet of the pump, so that the total head rise H may be re-
corded by a differential manometer or pressure gauge. A farther measurement is made of the differ-
ential head h across the flow meter, from which the flow rate Q is inferred from the meter calibration.
In some equipment, this calibration made be made in situ by temporarily diverting the flow from the
meter into a measuring vessel. When the pump efficiency is also to be measured, the torque T at
the pump shaft is obtained by mounting the driving motor as a dynamometer. Provision may be
made for automatic data collection and processing.

9
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
2.0 Theory of turbines

The study of turbines come under the chapter of turbomachinery in Fluid Mechanics. A turbine is
defined as a rotary engine which extracts energy from a fluid flow. The history of turbines extend all
the way back to hundreds of years ago where man kind used windmills to grind wheat and water
mills to carry water. Today, state of the art designs are available in small applications of industrial
plants to large scale systems in hydroelectric power generators.

Simple turbines comprise of only one moving part, which is the rotor assembly of shaft and impel-
lers. Fluid in motion acts on the impeller blades causing it to react and rotate thus imparting energy
from the fluid. Fluid turbines usually have casing around the blades to concentrate the flow. Various
combination of casing and blade geometry cater for varying output requirements, overall efficiency
and flow conditions. A similar mechanism to the turbine would be compressor or pump which works
in the reverse manner.

The basic principle of operation of a turbine is based on imparting the potential energy (pressure
head) and kinetic energy (velocity head) of a fluid in motion. Several principles of motion may be
adapted to collect these energy by the turbine. This includes the reaction turbine where torque is
developed by reacting to the fluid’s mass or pressure. The pressure of the fluid in motion is dissi-
pated as it passes through the turbine blades. A proper casing is required to contain and channel the
working fluid as it acts on the turbine. Steam turbines and Francis turbines uses this method to gen-
erate power. The transfer of energy for reaction turbines is described by Newton’s third law.

Another type of turbine widely used would be the impulse turbine. These turbines work on the princi-
ple of momentum theory whereby the direction of high velocity fluid in motion is changed to generate
an impulse force causing the blades to spin the turbine. The fluid leaving the turbine would be dimin-
ished of its kinetic energy. There is no change in pressure as the fluid acts on the turbine blades.
The fluid’s pressure head is converted to velocity head prior to entering the turbine with a nozzle.
Pelton wheels uses this concept to generate power. Unlike the reaction turbines, impulse turbines do
not require casement since the fluid jet is prepared by an accelerating nozzle. The transfer of energy
for impulse turbines is described by Newton’s second law.

Turbines are generally used to produce power and almost all electrical power on Earth is generated
by a turbine of some type. The most common example of a power generation system would be the
hydroelectric generation dam. Turbines are well known for its power density (power generation to
volume & weight ratio) as it is capable of operating at high speeds. Automotive engines are available
with turbines driven by its exhaust gas to run the air intake compressor to increase the output power
performance and operating efficiency. This system is commonly known as a turbocharger or turbine
supercharger. Many other useful types of turbines exist such as Kaplan turbine, gas turbines,
wind turbines and etc.

10
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
2.1 The Francis Turbine

The Francis Turbine is mainly employed in hydro electric generators for electrical power generation.
These reaction turbines as mentioned earlier changes the working fluid as it moves through the tur-
bine, imparting its energy. A continuous source of water flow is such as a water dam is therefore re-
quired for the operation of such system.

The inlet is spiral shaped which water flows radially inwards into runner and is turned to emerge axi-
ally. The runner is most commonly mounted in a spiral casing designed to harness the fluid energy
with internal adjustable guide vanes to direct the fluid flow.

Figure 2.1.1: Section view for Spiral-case Francis

The turbine works in a way that the incoming supply fluid carrying an initial pressure Pi is directed to
the impeller via guide vane. The casing thus encloses and determines the path of fluid flow forcing it
to pass through the impeller blades and leaving from the centre of the casing. The fluid thus leaves
the turbine at an outlet pressure of Po which is lower than the inlet value as energy has been dissi-
pated to rotate the impeller. The work done is hence generated by the difference in pressure across
the turbine.

Figure 2.1.2: Francis turbine installation

11
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
The Francis turbine is comprised of the following sub elements:
• Spiral casing
• Distributor
• Runner
• Diffuser

The model of each sub element takes into account

the water compressibility, the wall deformation, the
water inertia and the losses effects. The conversion
of hydraulic energy into mechanical torque is mod-
eled using measured characteristic curve of the tur-
Figure 2.1.3: Decomposition of the
bine. Besides, the additional compressibility effect Turbine
due to the cavitation occurrence and the pressure
excitation sources such as blade passing, spiral nozzle and vortex rope.

Turbine distributor opening setting

The test bench is prepared and after a starting of the generator, the turbine to be tested is fed by a
water flow generated by a centrifugal pump.

In order to probe the different operating conditions, the operator acts on an adjustable hand
wheel which varies the inclination of the turbine distributor blades D by moving ring Z (see figure
2.2.4 here below).

Figure 2.1.4 - Francis Turbine Scheme

12
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
The Francis turbine runner comes after a distributor, whose
blades can be adjusted (see figure 2.2.5) for the following pur-
poses:
• to adjust the fluid vein hitting the wheel blades and to mini-
mize the collision losses (taking into account the velocity tri-
angles);
• to vary the inlet flow rate. In the Francis turbine, the distribu-
tor blade inclination has the same function as the Pelton tur-
bine conic shutter. Referring to the figure, it can be seen that
by adjusting the blade inclination the inlet section becomes
narrower, thereby reducing the water inlet flow rate.

In the case of our exercise, it is necessary to understand how the

hand wheel rotations modify the turbine inlet section S. The dis-
Figure 2.1.5: Distributor blade
tributor blades should be observed through the transparent
rotation
screen placed on the turbine. The section area is:

S = blade number X blade width X distance between the blades

EXAMPLE:
• The blade number is 10;
• The blade width is 17 mm;
• The distance between the blades depends on the distributor opening. The relationship between
the rotations of hand wheel and the distance between the blades is given by the diagram in Fig-
ure5 below, which shows that:
• the stroke of hand wheel is equal to 0 to 10 rotations
• the distance between the distributor blades varies between about 2 and 20 mm
• section S varies between 340 and 3400 mm2
• the distributor relative opening (opening z), which carries no dimensions, varies between 10%
and 100%.

Figure 2.1.6: Blade details of Francis Turbine

13
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
Runner of a Francis Turbine

Francis turbines are used for medium water pressure (drop height) and medium amount of water
and excel by their high efficiency in various operating conditions. The blades of the Francis turbine
are very curved and installed quite densely. At the end of the manufacturing process, they are
manually ground and polished. It is difficult to access the water inlet channels.

Figure 2.1.7: The runner of a Francis Figure 2.1.8: An individual of the entire
turbine runner.

The flow pattern in the runner determined by turbulent flow analysis for partial-load operation shows
in figure 2.1.9. In the casement of the runner, the flow at the tips of the blade inlets separates into a
curled state where close to the blade outlets, and the flow is skewed toward the shroud side.

The splitter-blade of fitted Francis-turbine runner where the splitting of the flow at the tips of the
blade inlets is suppressed as figure 2.1.9. Furthermore, in the interior of the runner, there is no skew
of flow in the direction of the crown shroud, and the out flow through the blade outlets maintains that
state. Transformation in the complexion of the flow in this manner brings about an improvement in
turbine efficiency.

Figure 2.1.9: Lines of flow, the color gets richer as the flow speed increases.

14
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
Inlet and outlet power and turbine efficiency calculation

The hydraulic power available at the turbine inlet port (usually expressed in watt) can be calculated
as follows:

Phyd = g Htot Q

where:
Q is the volume flow rate (m3/s)
g is the water weight per unit volume (taken as 9810 N/m3)

Htot is the total head (m) which can be calculated (by means of Bernoulli's theorem) in the circuit sec-
tion just upstream the turbine where the pressure gauge is located, as the sum of three terms:

Htot = Hg + Hkin + Hpres

where Hg is the gravitational head in height difference from inlet to diffuser

Hg = 0.5 m

Hkin is the kinetic term due to the velocity vm (in m/s) of the water at the pressure gauge location,
where the pipe cross section is Sm (these values should not be mistaken for the distributor S inlet
section and the corresponding water velocity v).

Hkin = vm2 / (2 g)

g = gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2

vm= Q/ Sm

Hpres is the term arising from the pressure Pm (in N/m2) of the water, as measured by the mentioned
pressure gauge.

Hpres = Pm / g

15
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
In the calculation table, next to the columns with the values found by means of the four measure-
ments, the calculation columns should be added, associated to the above defined vm, Hg , Hkin , Hpres,
Htot, Phyd values

In order to calculate the output mechanical power Pout (usually in watt) the following relationship
shall be used:

Pout = Tω = T . 2 π n /60

where:
ω is the turbine angular speed (in rad / s)
n is the turbine rotation speed acquired by means of the instrument (RPM)
C is the braking torque at the. turbine shaft, as acquired by means of the instrument (N.m).

Subsequently, the corresponding column of Pout in the calculated value table will have to be added.

Finally, the turbine global efficiency can be calculated, as the ratio between the outlet power and the
power available at the inlet port

η = Pout / Phyd

Note:
the calculation formulae shown here above hold true if coherent measurement units are used. If non
coherent measurement units are used (e.g. HP instead of W, l/h instead of m3/sec, etc.), the proper
conversion coefficients shall be introduced.

16
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
Due to rotor stator interactions and complex flow structure, a Francis turbine generates pres-
sure fluctuations at several frequencies. Under specific operating conditions, plane waves are gener-
ated and transmitted to the hydraulic circuit. A strong coupling can occur between the circuit itself
and the turbine. In addition, a steady oscillatory flow can take place in the circuit and natural fre-
quencies excited. In this case, power fluctuations resulting from the pressure fluctuations produced
by the turbine can jeopardize the exploitation and the safety of the power plant.

Figure 2.1.10: Interaction between the Francis Turbine

and the others Components of the Power Plant.

Figure 2.1.11: Typical schematic construction of a Francis turbine

hydroelectric power plant

17
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
WATER TURBINE—THEORY OF OPERATION

Flowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the blades. Since
the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting through a distance is the defi-
nition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water flow to the turbine. Water turbines
are divided into two groups; reaction turbines and impulse turbines. The precise shape of water tur-
bine, whatever its design, is driven by the supply pressure of water.

Water turbine - Reaction turbines

Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine
and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they
must be fully submerged in the water flow.

Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines.
Most water turbines in use are reaction turbines. They are used in low and medium head applica-
tions.

Water turbine - Impulse turbines

Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet impinges on the turbine's curved blades
which reverse the flow. The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine
blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance (work) and the diverted water
flow is left with diminished energy.

Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic en-
ergy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and
the turbine doesn't require a housing for operation.

Newton's second law describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.
Impulse turbines are most often used in very high head applications.

Water turbine - Power

The power available in a stream of water is P = ρ x h x V x g x η
where:
• P = power (J/s or watts)
• η = turbine efficiency
• ρ = density of water (kg/m3)
• g = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2)
• h = head (m, this is the difference in height between the inlet and outlet water surfaces)
• V = flow rate (m3/s)

18
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
Water turbine - Pumped storage
Some water turbines are designed for Pumped storage hydroelectricity. They can reverse flow and
operate as a pump to fill a high reservoir during off-peak electrical hours, and then revert to a turbine
for power generation during peak electrical demand. This type of turbine is similar to the Francis in
design.

Water turbine - Efficiency

Large modern water turbines operate at mechanical efficiencies greater than 90% (not to be con-
fused with thermodynamic efficiency).

Water turbine - Types of water turbines

Reaction turbines:
• Francis
• Kaplan, Propeller, Bulb, Tube, Straflo
• Tyson
• Water wheel
Impulse turbines:
• Pelton
• Turgo
• Michell-Banki (also known as the Crossflow or Ossberger turbine)
*Note: Only Francis, Kaplan and Pelton turbines will be discussed in this application

Water turbine - Design and application

Turbine selection is based mostly on the available water head, and less so on the available flow
rate. In general, impulse turbines are used for high head sites, and reaction turbines are used for low
head sites. Kaplan turbines are well-adapted to wide ranges of flow or head conditions, since their
peak efficiency can be achieved over a wide range of flow conditions.

Small turbines (mostly under 10 MW) may have horizontal shafts, and even fairly large bulb-type
turbines up to 100 MW or so may be horizontal. Very large Francis and Kaplan machines usually
have vertical shafts because this makes best use of the available head, and makes installation of a
generator more economical. Pelton wheels may be either vertical or horizontal shaft machines be-
cause the size of the machine is so much less than the available head. Some impulse turbines use
more than one runner to increase specific speed and balance shaft thrust.

Water turbine - Typical range of heads

(H = head in meters)
• Kaplan 2 < H < 40
• Francis 10 < H < 350
• Pelton 50 < H < 1300
• Turgo 50 < H < 250

19
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
THEORY
THE FRANCIS TURBINE:

A type of hydropower reaction turbine that contains a runner that has water passages through it
formed by curved vanes or blades. The runner blades, typically 9 to 19 in number, cannot be ad-
justed. As the water passes through the runner and over the curved surfaces, it causes rotation of
the runner. The rotational motion is transmitted by a shaft to a generator.

The Francis turbine has a wide range of applications and is proven to be used for fall heights of 2–
800 meters. The largest Francis turbines have an output of 750 MW.

Application:

Large Francis turbines are individually designed for each site to operate at the highest possible effi-
ciency, typically over 90%. They are the best for sites with high flows and low to medium head.
Francis Turbines are very expensive to design, manufacture and install, but operate for decades.

In addition to electrical production, they may also be used for pumped storage; during low power de-
mand, the reservoir is filled by using the Francis turbine acting as a pump and then reversed and
used to generate power during peak demand.

Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flows. This, along with their high
efficiency, has made them the most widely used turbine in the world. Inexpensive Francis microtur-
bines are manufactured for individual power production with as little as ten feet of head.

Theory of operation:
The Francis turbine is a reaction turbine, which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it
moves through the turbine, giving up its energy. A casement is needed to contain the water flow.
The turbine is located between the high pressure water source and the low pressure water exit, usu-
ally at the base of a dam.

The inlet is spiral shaped. Guide vanes direct the water tangentially to the runner. This radial flow
acts on the runner vanes, causing the runner to spin. The guide vanes (or wicket gate) may be ad-
justable to allow efficient turbine operation for a range of water flow conditions.

As the water moves through the runner its spinning radius decreases, further acting on the runner.
Imagine swinging a ball on a string around in a circle. If the string is pulled short, the ball spins
faster. This property, in addition to the water's pressure, helps inward flow turbines harness water
energy.

At the exit, water acts on cup shaped runner features, leaving with no swirl and very little kinetic or
potential energy. The turbine's exit tube is specially shaped to help decelerate the water flow and
recover kinetic energy.

20
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET

SETUP

21
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
SETUP
SETUP

1. Place the apparatus on floor level.

2. Connect the apparatus to the laboratory power supply. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Fill the water tank with sufficient amount of water (at least 3/4 of its full capacity).
4. Connect a hose from the water pump outlet to the hydraulic bench water inlet. Tighten the hose
with the clip provided.
5. Setup the computer and switch ON the computer.
6. Connect all the relevant connection cable to its respective port (load cells, speed sensor, pres-
sure sensor). Ensure all the ports are connect correctly.
7. Switch ON the apparatus main power supply. Ensure the MCB/ELCB is switch ON and the
emergency push button is released.
8. Open fully the by pass valve which is located at the bottom of the hydraulic bench (near the wa-
ter tank).
9. Test run the water pump by switch ON the water pump with slow speed.
10. Check all the meters. Ensure all the meters are functioning well.
11. Ensure there is no water leakage from the fittings, hoses, joints, or any parts of the apparatus.
12. Try to press the load cell. Keep an eye on the load meter. Ensure the load meters are in good
condition.
13. Set up the computer and start up the pump and turbine software. Click on the start button, en-
sure the software shown data as per data shown in the meters.
14. The apparatus is ready for use if all the parts and components are in working condition.

MAINTENANCE:

1. Check all the fittings, hoses, joints, or any parts of the apparatus from time to time. Ensure there
is no water leakage.
2. Check the loading belt of the apparatus once every semester. Ensure the belt doesn’t beyond its
elastic limit.
3. Check the water leakage from the turbines from time to time. It is alright if there is a minor leak-
age at the rear part of the turbine.
4. Do not attempt to change any setting of the meters as they are calibrated. Kindly contact the
manufacturer if the meters are faulty.
5. Drain off the water in the water tank during semester break.
6. This apparatus required no major maintenance.

SAFETY & PRECAUTION:

1. Do not switch ON the water pump if there is no water in the water tank.
2. Switch OFF the apparatus immediately if there is water leakage or when the water split to the
control panel.
3. Do not attempt to change the setting of the meters.
4. Do not impact the load cell.
5. Ensure the control valve and bypass valve is not fully closed at the same time during the experi-
ment.
6. Be careful when adjusting the vane guide of the turbine.
7. Do not touch the rotating pulley of the turbine when the pulley is running.
8. Do not touch the motor when the apparatus is running.
9. Slowly increasing the frequency of the motor when conducting the experiment.

22
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET

EXPERIMENTS

23
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
EXPERIMENTS

A K
L

C
H

G
D E F

A = Control Panel
B = Table Top
C = Load Cell
D = 3HP Motor
E = Mild Steel Frame
F = Centrifugal Pump Set
G = PVC Sump Tank
H = Bypass Valve
I = Castor wheel
J = Fiberglass Hydraulic Bench Top
K = Francis Turbine Set
L = Regulator Valve

24
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
EXPERIMENTS
8 7 13 12

1 6

5 9 11

4
2 10
3

Francis Turbine Console

Centrifugal Pump Console
21

20

14 19

18

15 17

16

Francis Turbine

1 = Flow rate Meter 12 = Force Meter 1

2 = Frequency Inverter 13 = Force Meter 2
3 = MAINS 440VAC 14 = Adjustable Handle
4 = Emergency Push 15 = Water Inlet Port
5 = Pump ON/OFF Swtich 16 = Francis Turbine Housing
6 = Pressure Meter 17 = Vane Guide
7 = Speed Meter 18 = Impeller
8 = Torque Meter 19 = S-type Load Cell
9 = Pressure Meter 20 = Load Beam
10 = MAINS 220VAC 21 = Adjustable Load Knob
11 = Speed Meter

25
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENT 1 - CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

SAFETY & PRECAUTION

1. Do not switch ON the water pump if there is no water in the water tank.
2. Switch OFF the apparatus immediately if there is water leakage or when the water split to the
control panel.
3. Do not attempt to change the setting of the meters.
4. Do not impact the load cell.
5. Ensure the control valve and bypass valve is not fully closed at the same time during the experi-
ment.
6. Do not touch the motor when the apparatus is running.
7. Slowly increasing the frequency of the motor when conducting the experiment.

OBJECTIVE

• To study the characteristic of the centrifugal pump.

• To measure the performance of the centrifugal pump.

APPARATUS SETTING

1. Do not connect the water supply to any turbine from the bench.
2. Fill the water tank with water till 3/4 of its full capacity.
3. Connect the apparatus to laboratory 220VAC and 440VAC power supply.
4. Connect the water hose to the inlet of the hydraulic bench from the water pump outlet port. (The
inlet port is located at the side of the bench). Ensure the outlet port is connected to another hose
that lead to the bottom of the hydraulic bench.
5. Ensure the control valve and bypass valve of the hydraulic bench is fully open.
6. Switch ON the main power supply and the apparatus main switch.
7. Then, slowly close the bypass valve from the hydraulic bench.
8. Tare zero all the panel meters (except the flow meter) by pressing the up soft button. If the read-
ing of the flow meter is tare zero, please hold up button again until the zero light off.
9. Set the frequency to zero reading at the frequency inverter.
10. Release the emergency push button.
11. The apparatus is ready.

COMPUTER SETTING

1. Setup the computer at the suitable place.

2. Connect the connection cable from the side of the control panel to the computer’s port.
3. Switch ON the computer set.
4. Double click on the Francis turbine test set icon to start up the program.
5. Select the centrifugal pump experiment tab.
6. Click on the start button which is located at the bottom left of the program.
7. Save the file to the desired directory.
8. Ensure there are readings shown on the program.
9. The computer is ready for data capture.

26
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
EXPERIMENTS
PROCEDURE

1. Set up the apparatus and the computer as per stated at the front page.
2. Ensure the control valve is fully opened and slowly close the bypass valve.
3. Release the emergency button and switch ON the water pump selector switch.
4. Switch the frequency to 50Hz by turning the turning knob of the frequency inverter. Allow the
system to run for about 3 minute to let the flow rate reading became stable.
5. Press once on the capture button from the program.
6. Then, decrease the flow rate of the system every 10LPM decrement by regulating the control
valve slowly. Keep an eye on the pressure meter ( <2.5BAR) and flow rate meter ( >60LPM).
7. Press the capture button again to record down the respective reading.
8. Please click on the stop button once the test is done, else your data will not be saved.
9. Repeat step 6 until the flow rate of the system reached about 60LPM.
10. Repeat the experiment using different frequency setting (i.e 40, 30).

DISCUSSION

• From the result and graph obtained, discuss the finding from the graph.
• Compare the different results and graphs obtained.
• Point out the maximum power obtained from the experiment, can the efficiency of the system
calculated by using the following equation:

Efficiency = power obtained from experiment / power of motor

Please justify your answer.

• Please state the working principle of the centrifugal pump.

• Compare the centrifugal pump with dosing pump, gear pump, and piston pump.
• If there are 2 centrifugal pump, how the flow rate and pressure will be affected if the pumps are
connected:
• In series and,
• In parallel.

27
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
EXPERIMENTS

PUMP PERFORMANCE

For any particular pump, the increase of total head H from the inlet to the outlet is related to both the
flow rate and the rotational speed. When driven at some constant speed N, there is a specific rela-
tionship between the total head rise H and the flow rate Q, as indicated by the typical curve shown in
Figure 2(a). The torque T required to drive the impeller at speed N usually increases somewhat with
increasing Q, as shown in Figure 2(b).

Figure 2: (a) Head vs. flow rate; and (b) Torque and efficiency vs. flow rate at constant speed

The mass rate of flow m through the pump is given in terms of the volume rate Q and density ρ of
water as

m& = ρ Q Eqn. (1)

The hydraulic power output PO, generated by raising mass at the rate m through an effective height
H against gravity, is therefore

Po = m& gH = ρ gQH Eqn. (2)

Now the mechanical power input Pi provided by the torque T rotating the impeller at angular speed
ω is

Pi = T ω Eqn. (3)

The efficiency η of the pump is defined as the ratio of power output to power input:

Po ρ gQH
η= = Eqn. (4)
Pi Tω

The efficiency is seen to be zero if PO is zero (i.e. if Q = 0 or if H = 0). Within this range, the effi-
ciency reaches some maximum value as indicated on Figure 2(b). For pumps of large sizes, this
maximum efficiency is normally quite high, often exceeding 90%. For smaller pumps such as those
usually investigated in teaching laboratories, where the power input is of the order of 1 kW, the maxi-
mum efficiency is unlikely to exceed 50%. The reduction of efficiency with reducing size is due to the
increasing importance of hydraulic and mechanical losses as the size reduces.

28
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
EXPERIMENTS

In the SI system of units:

ρ is expressed in units of kg/m3

Q is expressed in units of m3/s
so m = ρQ is expressed in units of kg/s
g is expressed in units of m/s2
H is expressed in units of m

In equation (2), then

PO appears in units of kg m2/s3

Recalling that

I N = I kg m/s2

we see that

PO appears in units of N m/s or in units of W

Similarly, in equation (3), using the SI system of units:

ω is expressed in units of rad/s

T is expressed in units of N m
so Pi appears in units of N m/s or in units of W

In engineering practice, rotational speeds are most commonly expressed in units of revolutions per
minute (rpm) or in units of revolutions per second (rev/s). Conversion between

ω rad/s , n rev/s, and N rev/min

is expressed by

2πN
ω = 2πn = Eqn. (5)
60

29
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENT 2 - FRANCIS TURBINE

SAFETY & PRECAUTION

1. Do not switch ON the water pump if there is no water in the water tank.
2. Switch OFF the apparatus immediately if there is water leakage or when the water split to the
control panel.
3. Do not attempt to change the setting of the meters.
4. Do not impact the load cell.
5. Ensure the control valve and bypass valve is not fully closed at the same time during the experi-
ment.
6. Be careful when adjusting the vane guide of the turbine. Do not hit the rotating impeller.
7. Do not touch the rotating pulley of the turbine when the pulley is running.
8. Do not touch the motor when the apparatus is running.
9. Slowly increasing the frequency of the motor when conducting the experiment.

OBJECTIVE

• To study the characteristic of Francis Turbine.

• To measure the performance Francis Turbine.
• Measuring the power, torque and efficient of Francis Turbine.
• To compare the working principle of Francis Turbine.

APPARATUS SETTING

1. Fill the water tank with water till 4/5 of its full capacity.
2. Connect the apparatus to laboratory 220VAC and 440VAC power supply.
3. Select the Francis turbine and place it on fiberglass bench top.
4. Connect the water hose to the inlet of the turbine from the water pump outlet port. Tighten the
hose to the inlet port with clip.
5. Ensure the pressure tubing is connected to the pressure point (near turbine’s inlet port).
6. Insert the belt to the pulley of the turbine. Adjust the loading nut if necessary.
7. Connect the load cells, speed sensor, and pressure connecting cable to the table top control
panel.
8. Connect the table top control panel communication cable to the computer. Then, connect the
connection cable from the side of the control panel to the computer’s port.
9. Switch ON the main power supply, table top control panel and the computer set.
10. Adjust the height of the speed sensor to ensure the screw of the pulley can be sensed by the
speed sensor head.
11. Tare zero all the panel meters (except the flow meter) by pressing the up soft button. If the read-
ing of the flow meter is tare zero, please hold up button again until the zero light off.
12. Ensure the control valve and bypass valve of the hydraulic bench is fully open.
13. Then, slowly close the bypass valve from the hydraulic bench.
14. Set the frequency to zero reading at the frequency inverter.
15. Release the emergency push button. Switch ON the water pump.
16. The apparatus is ready to use.

30
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
EXPERIMENTS
COMPUTER SETTING

1. Switch ON the computer set.

2. Double click on the Francis turbine test set icon to start up the program.
3. Select the Francis turbine experiment tab.
4. Click on the start button which is located at the bottom left of the program.
5. Save the file to the desired directory.
6. Ensure there are readings shown on the program.
7. The computer is ready for data capture.

31
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
EXPERIMENTS
PRECEDURE:

1. Set up the apparatus with Francis turbine on the bench top and the computer as per stated at
the previous pages.
2. Ensure the control valve is fully opened and slowly close the bypass valve.
3. Adjust the adjustable handle of vane guide from the Francis turbine to half opened. The water
directed by the guide vane will cause the turbine to rotate.
4. Then, switch the frequency to 50Hz by turning the turning knob of the frequency inverter. Allow
the system to run for about 3 minute to let the flow rate reading became stable.
5. Press the capture button from the program. (Reminder: Press and hold the button for 1 second
when click on the capture button).
6. Attach the belt to pulley at the rear side of Francis turbine. Load the turbine by tightening the
loading nut. Ensure the belt is seated properly on the groove of the pulley. Try to load the turbine
with every 100RPM decrement.
7. Press the capture button again to record down the respective reading.
8. Repeat the experiment by keep loading the turbine until it reaches 700RPM.
9. Please click on the stop button once the test is done, else your data will not be saved.
10. Repeat the experiment with different guide vane setting and 50Hz frequency setting.
11. Repeat the experiment using different frequency setting (i.e 40, 30).
12. From the data/graph obtained, discuss the findings.

DISCUSSION:

1. Discuss all the findings obtained from the experiment graphs. Determine at which nozzle/guide
vane position, speed gives the best performance.
2. What is the maximum power generated by each of the turbine?
3. How does the nozzle setting and the guide vane setting affect the performance of the turbines?
Explain the use of nozzle and guide vane in each turbine.
4. Please explain the working principle for each of the turbine and state its application. Discuss the
different between Francis, Pelton and Kaplan turbine.

32
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
EXPERIMENTS
USEFUL INFORMATION & EQUATION

Centrifugal Pump Equation

OutputPower (W ) = ρghQ
= PQ
Input Power (W) = Torque (Nm) * Average speed (rad/s)

Average speed (rad/s) = Average speed (rpm) * 2π/60

Efficiency = Output Power / Input Power

Turbine Equation

Load (N) = F1 - F2

Average speed (rad/s) = Average speed (rpm) * 2π/60

Torque (Nm) = Load * radius of the wheel (0.026m)

Input Power (W) = ρghQ = PQ

Output Power (W) = Torque (Nm) * Average speed (rad/s)

Efficiency = Output Power / Input Power

Note
Pressure, P = Reading from pressure gauge (must convert from bar to Pa)
Flow rate, Q = Must change from LPM to m3/s

33
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET

MANUFACTURER’S
DATA

34
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

Experiment 1 - Centrifugal Pump (50Hz)

Experiment QUIT button

tab to exit the
software
Operation &
data tab

Experiment
graphs

Experiment
reading

START /
STOP button
to operate the
system CAPTURE button to record PRINT button to print the
down the particular value graph respectively

Table of raw
data

Useful
Equations

35
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

Torque (Nm) Speed (rpm) Pressure (bar) Flow Rate (lpm)

1.31 2949 1.81 107.6
1.32 2950 1.81 101.2
1.17 2954 1.83 90.0
1.00 2959 1.86 79.7
0.95 2962 1.87 70.8
0.92 2963 1.88 61.1
Table i

Average Speed(rpm) Average Speed(rad/s) Torque(Nm) Input Power(W)

2949 308.8186 1.31 404.5523
2950 308.9233 1.32 407.7787
2954 309.3422 1.17 361.9303
2959 309.8658 1.00 309.8658
2962 310.1799 0.95 294.6709
2963 310.2846 0.92 285.4619
Table ii

Pressure (Pa) FlowRate(m3/s) Output Power (W) Input Power (W) Efficiency
181000 0.0018 325.2425 404.5523 0.8040
181000 0.0017 305.8972 407.7787 0.7502
183000 0.0015 275.0490 361.9303 0.7600
186000 0.0013 247.5641 309.8658 0.7989
187000 0.0012 221.1013 294.6709 0.7503
188000 0.0010 191.8296 285.4619 0.6720
Table iii

36
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
MANUFACTURER’S DATA
Sample result:

From centrifugal pump equation,

Average speed (rad/s) = Average speed (rpm) * 2π/60

= 2950rpm x 2π/60
= 308.92 rad/s

Output power (W) = ρghQ where, Q = 101.2LPM / 1000 / 60

= PQ = 0.00168 m3/s
= 181000 Pa x 0.00168m3/s
= 305.3 W

Input Power (W) = Torque (Nm) * Average speed (rad/s)

= 1.32 x 308.92
= 407.77 W

Efficiency = Output power / Input power

= 305.3 / 407.77
= 0.75

Note
Pressure, P = Reading from pressure meter (must convert from bar to Pa)
Flow rate, Q = Reading from flow rate meter (must convert from LPM to m3/s)

37
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

Experiment 2 - Francis Turbine

Load 1 Load 2 Average Speed Pressure P Flow Rate, Q

(N) (N) (rpm) (bar) (l/min)

0 0.01 2063 0.84 86.6
0.24 0.07 2020 0.84 86.6
0.65 0.11 1952 0.84 86.6
0.78 0.11 1917 0.84 86.6
1.67 0.16 1791 0.83 90.0
2.06 0.18 1717 0.82 90.0
2.15 0.18 1635 0.82 90.0
2.81 0.19 1495 0.83 90.0
2.99 0.22 1414 0.83 92.3
3.34 0.23 1283 0.83 92.3
3.73 0.25 1194 0.82 92.3
3.68 0.27 1111 0.82 92.3
4.39 0.29 1004 0.82 92.3
4.51 0.30 913 0.82 92.3
5.15 0.32 791 0.80 92.3
5.45 0.34 711 0.81 92.3
Table iv

38
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

Average Speed Load Average Speed Torque Output Power

(rpm) (N) (rad/s) (Nm) (W)

2063 0.01 216.04 0.000 0.056
2020 0.17 211.53 0.004 0.935
1952 0.54 204.41 0.014 2.870
1917 0.67 200.75 0.017 3.497
1791 1.51 187.55 0.039 7.363
1717 1.88 179.80 0.049 8.789
1635 1.97 171.22 0.051 8.770
1495 2.62 156.56 0.068 10.665
1414 2.77 148.07 0.072 10.664
1283 3.11 134.36 0.081 10.864
1194 3.48 125.04 0.091 11.313
1111 3.41 116.34 0.089 10.315
1004 4.1 105.14 0.107 11.208
913 4.21 95.61 0.110 10.465
791 4.83 82.83 0.126 10.402
711 5.11 74.46 0.133 9.892
Table v

Pressure Flow Rate, Q Input Power Output Power

(bar) (m3/s) (W) (W) Efficiency

84000 0.0014 121.2642 0.056 0.0005
84000 0.0014 121.2642 0.935 0.0077
84000 0.0014 121.2642 2.870 0.0237
84000 0.0014 121.2642 3.497 0.0288
83000 0.0015 124.5249 7.363 0.0591
82000 0.0015 123.0246 8.789 0.0714
82000 0.0015 123.0246 8.770 0.0713
83000 0.0015 124.5249 10.665 0.0856
83000 0.0015 127.7072 10.664 0.0835
83000 0.0015 127.7072 10.864 0.0851
82000 0.0015 126.1686 11.313 0.0897
82000 0.0015 126.1686 10.315 0.0818
82000 0.0015 126.1686 11.208 0.0888
82000 0.0015 126.1686 10.465 0.0829
80000 0.0015 123.0913 10.402 0.0845
81000 0.0015 124.6299 9.892 0.0794
Table vi

39
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
MANUFACTURER’S DATA
Sample result

From turbine equation,

Load (N) = F1 - F2
= 3.73 - 0.25
= 3.48 N

Average speed (rad/s) = Average speed (rpm) * 2π/60

= 1194rpm x 2π/60
= 125.04 rad/s

Torque (Nm) = Load * radius of the wheel (0.026m)

= 3.48 N x 0.026
= 0.091 Nm

Input power (W) = ρghQ where, Q = 92.3LPM / 1000 / 60

= PQ = 0.00154 m3/s
= 82000 Pa x 0.00154m3/s
= 126.14 W

Output Power (W) = Torque (Nm) * Average speed (rad/s)

= 0.091 x 125.04
= 11.38 W

Efficiency = Output Power / Input Power

= 11.38 / 126.14
= 0.09

Note
Pressure, P = Reading from pressure meter (must convert from bar to Pa)
Flow rate, Q = Reading from flow rate meter (must convert from LPM to m3/s)

Vortex rope

Francis Turbine: Vortex rope phenomenon

40
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET

COMPONENTS
LIST

41
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
COMPONENTS LIST

STORAGE CONDITION

Note : This machine may contain heat sensitive thermoplastic and

electronic components. Do not store in a place of temperature higher
than 40°C and lower than 10°C.

Any defects arising out of the improper storage condition will not be
considered a manufacturer’s defect and replacement of such af-
fected components shall be charged accordingly.

42
LS-18 055 FRANCIS TURBINE TEST SET
COMPONENTS LIST

1. Centrifugal Pump Set c/w motor x1

2. Francis Turbine Set x1

3. Fibreglass Hydraulic Bench x1

4. PVC Sump Tank x1

5. Control Panel x2

6. PC installed with DAQ x1

43