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Understanding
Tribes of
Northeast
India
Issues and Challenges
Understanding
Tribes of
Northeast
India
Issues and Challenges

Editors
Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri
Tame Ramya
Ratna Tayeng

SERIALS PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

New Delhi
Editors
Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri
Tame Ramya
Ratna Tayeng

© First Published: 2022

Serials Publications (P) Ltd.

ISBN: XXXXXXXXXX
978-93-91844-16-5

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior written permission from the editors
and publisher.

Printed in India
SERIALS PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.
4830/24, Prahlad Street, Ansari Road, Darya ganj,
New Delhi-110002 (India)
Phone : 23245225, 23259207, 23272135
E-mail: serials@mail.com
 Contents

Acknowledgements ix
Preface xi
List of Contributors xxi
1. Decolonizing Methodologies: Sketching Some 1
Directions in the Study of Anthropology in
North East India
Mini Bhattacharyya Thakur
2. Revitalization of Donyipoloism 9
Abang Pertin
3. Socio-Economic and Political Status of the 35
Bhutia Women in Sikkim during the
Seventeenth to Twentieth Century
Anjana Tamang
4. Understanding the Relevance of Traditional 53
Institution (Mukchum) among the Tai
Khamti Tribe of Arunachal Pradesh, India
B. Komow
5. Understanding the Changing Pattern of Self- 65
Governing System among the Noctes of
Arunachal Pradesh
Withoam Socia
6. Understanding the Evolution of Traditional 81
Governing System in Galo Tribe of
Arunachal Pradesh: A Historical
Perspective
Mope Potom and L. Pakpi Ngulom
7. The Assertion of Indigeneity and Demand for 91
Scheduled Tribe Status: A Study of the
Ahoms in Assam
Hare Krishna Doley
vI Understanding Tribes of Northeast India: Issues and Challenges

8. Understanding Alcohol and Tobacco Use 111

among the Lotha Nagas of Nagaland
Jenny Jami
9. Belonging in North East India: Contextualising 121
the Kukis of Nagaland
L. Ginkhongam Haokip
10. Reflection on Persuasiveness of Oral Narratives: 137
A Case Study of a Naga Tribe in Northeast India
Longshibeni N. Kithan
11. Where’s the Dignity of Life? Lending Ear to 149
the Puroik Women of Arunachal Pradesh
Tame Ramjuk
12. Fertility-Mortality Differentials and Socio- 163
Economic Correlates in the High-and
Lower-Altitude Monpas of Arunachal
Pradesh
Bhaboklang Sohkhlet and Nich Menia
13. Folktales of Abotani: A Psychological Analysis 181
Leeyir Ete and Dharmeshwari Lourembam
14. Development of Education among Apatani 193
Tribe of Ziro valley in Arunachal Pradesh
Liza Mihin
15. How Food Nourishes Cultural Identity? 205
Reflecting on the Practices of the Mao Naga
M. Memeenao
16. Nurturing ‘Indigenous Knowledge’ to 217
Restore the Indigeneity of Lepcha
Tribe in Sikkim
Mayalmit Lepcha
17. Ambivalence and Resurgence of Tribal 239
Identity among Limbus in Sikkim
Nisha Thapa Manger
18. Understanding the Role of Culture in Tribal 251
Development with Special Reference
to Sherdukpen Tribe of Arunachal Pradesh
Bimla Rai
Contents vII
19. Exploration of Indigenous Housing Culture 265
and vernacular Architecture Repertoire for
Tribal Development in North East India
Nabajit Deka
20. Subu-Keeping Culture in Apatani Society 281
Rubu Tani
21. Rat-Hole Coal Mining of the Tribals of Jaintia 293
Hills District of Meghalaya: Issues and
Challenges
Sonisha Rimai Syiem
 Acknowledgements

Tribes and tribal studies have occupied a very significant

position in contemporary academic discourse. Nearly all
academic disciplines and policymakers, in one way or
the other, try to involve themselves and incorporate their
ideas in understanding tribals’ way of life and contributing
towards their growth and development. With the evolving
anthropological knowledge and innovations along with
their applications, new research frontiers and trends, as
well as interdisciplinary cross-boundaries with other fields
of study, are emerging too.
This volume emerged from a seminar entitled
“Understanding Tribes of Northeast India: Issues and
Challenges”, organised by the Department of Anthropology,
Dera Natung Government College (DNGC), Itanagar,
Arunachal Pradesh on September 20 & 21, 2019. The
seminar was sponsored by Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav
Sangrahalaya (IGRMS), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Indian
Council of Social Science Research-North Eastern Regional
Centre (ICSSR-NERC), Shillong, Meghalaya, and Centre for
Research & Documentation, Ama-Aba Multipurpose Coop.
Society Ltd. (Ama-Aba MPCS), Ziro, Arunachal Pradesh.
Without their patronage, the seminar could not have
happened and the current volume would not have existed.
We thank IGRMS, ICSSR-NERC, and Ama-Aba MPCS for
their generous support in the seminar, and look forward
X Understanding Tribes of Northeast India: Issues and Challenges

further to associate with them in the future academic

endeavours.
We are very pleased to have edited this volume and
very thankful to the contributors cutting across disciplines
for their cooperation by giving us editorial freedom in the
production of this book. It was a challenging task to obtain
interesting papers out of many into this volume. With
sincere efforts, the papers have passed a triple peer-review
system to ensure that the papers meet the publication
standard. Hopefully, this volume draws upon different
disciplinary approaches, would be able to bring the readers
from cross-disciplinary academic fields, policymakers, and
practitioners to work together to achieve new ideas and
innovation for the all-round development of the tribes.
We owe a huge debt of gratitude to all of those with
whom we have had the pleasure to work during the
seminar on which this volume is based. More succinctly
to all the members of the organizing committee, teaching
and non-teaching fraternities of DNGC, volunteers from
Arunachal Anthropological Forum (AAF), and all the
beloved students of anthropology who have been actively
involved throughout the seminar.
Finally, we placed our profound gratitude to Serials
Publications for kind consent to bring out this volume.

Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri

Tame Ramya
Ratna Tayeng
 Preface

Sarit Kumar Chaudhuri

Tame Ramya
Ratna Tayeng

The tribal community constitutes a heterogeneous group

with diverse languages, cultural traditions, socioeconomic
status, and living patterns scattered over various regions
of India. Every tribe has its own unique culture, customs,
beliefs, mores, and folklores. The diversity of the tribes
is quite rich and it is very fascinating to know the social
structures as every community or group has a system
without which no unit can operate. Every social system has
sub-systems including the education system, the economic
system, the religious system, and the political system.
Likewise, the tribal system talks about its traditional pattern
of living as well as its distinctive features such as a tribal
group, sub-tribe, clan, lineage, family, and so on. Thus, it
is important to understand our country’s different tribal
social systems and related concepts of tribal social systems
such as tribe, sub-tribe moiety, phratry, clan, local village
community group, lineage, and family.
In tribal communities, the socio-economic structure
is significantly different from that of the non-tribals or
advanced groups. They have a very simple technology that
fits their ecological environment and conservative outlook
XII Understanding Tribes of Northeast India: Issues and Challenges

well. Moreover, their economy can be assumed to be a form

of subsistence, they perform various forms of occupations to
support themselves and survive on marginal income. They
belong to different economic stages, from food gathering to
industrial labour, which presents their overlapping economic
stages in the broader framework of the state economy.
And the last significant thing to emphasize is that a tribe is
generally known to be an economically autonomous group
of people with a specific economy. The tribal economy’s
first and foremost feature is the close relationship between
their economic life and the natural environment or habitat
which is, in general, the forest. Tribal communities live in
about 15 per cent of the country’s territories, in diverse
ecological and geo-climatic environments ranging from
plains and forest to hills and inaccessible areas. Tribal
groups are at different stages of social, economic, political,
and educational development. Although some tribal
populations have embraced a mainstream lifestyle, at the
other end of the continuum there are several Scheduled
Tribes, 75 in number known as Particularly vulnerable
Tribal Groups (PvTGs), which are distinguished by the
pre-agriculture level of technology, stagnant or declining
population, extremely low literacy, and subsistence level
of the economy. While the tribal population in some States
is low when calculated as the percentage of the total tribal
population of India, it constitutes the majority within
the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Meghalaya,
Nagaland and Union Territories of Dadra & Nagar Haveli
and Lakshadweep.
In the context of Northeast India, the tribes and the
tribal situation can be seen as direct examples of the theme
of bio-social and cultural life variability and diversity in
terms of genetic variations, cultures, philosophies, social
institutions, cultural customs, economic patterns, political
organizations, etc. With the assistance of their indigenous
technical know-how, the tribal groups have adapted to the
varying environmental conditions of Northeast India. One
Preface XIII
of the most important trends among the Northeast Indian
tribes is the movements of ethnic identity based on factors
such as land, language, religion, etc.
Northeast India is a homeland for a large number
of ethnic groups who came from different directions
at different historical times belong to different racial
stocks, speak different languages, and have varied socio-
cultural traditions. Few regions in the country can surpass
Northeast India in the heterogeneity of the population. It
is to be mentioned that nowhere in India are there such a
large number of tribes as in Northeast India and nowhere
in the world is the composition of the population so diverse
in this region. Omit all words. Besides the tribal groups, a
few other non-tribal groups have also come into existence
as a consequence of prolonged interactions between the
culture of the migrants and those of indigenous people.
The spread of Christianity and Hinduism, integration
of the Northeastern region with the rest of India in the
nineteenth century, and migration that took place as late as
the last century has resulted in a spectacular social, cultural,
economic, and political transformation in this region.
However, the general understanding of tribes in
Northeast India is somewhat obscure, confusing, and at
times biased. Tribals are almost invariably equated with
marginalised, deprived, or disadvantaged groups. With
the rapid change of the so-called development scenario
since independence, it is imperative to re-examine and re-
assess tribes in the Northeast Indian context to underline
the major concepts that go with the tribal formation and
see them in the context of their geographical location,
historical perspective, ethnicity-linked development and
displacement, the fallacy of administrative categorisation,
identity politics, economic priorities, and growing political
consciousness. At the conceptual level, tribes in Northeast
India do not form a unified category and not all of them
could be described unilaterally. There is a need for
XIv Understanding Tribes of Northeast India: Issues and Challenges

redefining the rather one-sided view of tribes in terms of

social exclusion and inclusion propagated by those who
are primarily engaged in academic theorising and by those
who in the name of governance use it rather mechanically
as a set pattern.
This book, consists of a keynote theme and 20 research
papers, is the product of the deliberations of a national
seminar on ‘Understanding Tribes of Northeast India: Issues
and Challenges,’ which was held on 20 & 21 September 2019
and organised by the Department of Anthropology, Dera
Natung Government College, Itanagar. The seminar was
funded by Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya
(IGRMS), Bhopal; Indian Council of Social Science
Research-North Eastern Regional Centre (ICSSR-NERC),
Shillong; and Centre for Research & Documentation, Ama-
Aba Multipurpose Coop. Society Ltd., Ziro. The papers,
contributed by native scholars from Northeast India,
highlighted various issues embedded in social, economic,
political, bio-demographic aspects of tribals in the region.
The seminar aimed to be a forum to discuss and debate
the theoretical, conceptual, and empirical issues arising
out of studies of the tribals of Northeast India, and by
extension, those of India in general. It provides new insights
into the tribal society in general and tribal social structure
in particular. It also aimed to bring out multidimensional
outcomes and prospects for further academic explorations
on ‘Tribal Studies in India’. In sum, the seminar was an
intensive and clinical academic attempt that discussed and
debated about the empirical realities of the social, economic,
and political structure of tribal societies. The seminar
allowed us to see them in the contexts of socio-political
structure, along with an understanding of how far they
have retained or changed their identity and socio-cultural
system.
This compilation is a sincere effort to critically examine
the conceptual process fraught with cross-current of ideas
Preface Xv
that goes with tribal formation. It is expected to presents
realities, issues, and challenges confronting tribes in
various contexts in contemporary Northeast India. Besides
tribal activists and policymakers, the book will be of interest
to researchers and students of anthropology, sociology,
political science, economics, tribal studies, social work, etc.
Hopefully, the ideas put forth by scholars through their
papers and discussions will be a substantial contribution
to tribal studies in Northeast India, looking beyond mere
inclusion and exclusion perspective.
In her keynote theme “Decolonizing Methodologies:
Sketching Some Directions in the Study of Anthropology
in North East India”, Prof. Mini Bhattacharyya Thakur
highlight some methodological issues in the practice of
colonial “official anthropology” in India and the northeast
and try and discuss strategies in decolonizing methodology
so that scholars of North East India can chart out a legitimate
and realistic picture of themselves and come out of the
dependence on colonial works.
The first paper on “Revitalization of Donyipoloism”
by Abang Pertin attempts to delve into the realization and
essence of Adi identity through the revitalization movement
of Donyipoloism. To him, the Donyipoloists or traditional
faith believers rely on ‘religion’ as a new mechanism of
cultural protection and contesting the ‘negative culturing’
of Christians.
In the second paper entitled, “Socio-Economic and
Political Status of the Bhutia Women in Sikkim during
the Seventeenth to Twentieth Century”, Anjana Tamang
traces the changing lifestyle of Bhutia women during the
Seventeenth to the Twentieth century owing to matrimonial
alliances and also focuses the factors responsible for the
changing position and status of Bhutia women.
The next three papers deal with the tribal politico-
administrative systems and their changing features, as well
as the role of women in these systems. B. Komow in his paper,
XvI Understanding Tribes of Northeast India: Issues and Challenges

“Understanding the Relevance of Traditional Institution

(Mukchum) among the Tai Khamti Tribe of Arunachal
Pradesh, India” emphasises the relevance of Mukchum, the
traditional village council of Tai Khamtis, while Withoam
Socia in her paper, “Understanding the Changing Pattern
of Self-Governing System among the Noctes of Arunachal
Pradesh” analyse the effectiveness of the traditional system
and the extent of influence made by the modern system on it.
In their paper, “Understanding the Evolution of Traditional
Governing System in Galo Tribe of Arunachal Pradesh: A
Historical Perspective”, Mope Potom & L. Pakpi Ngulom
discusses the historical evolution of Keba, the indigenous
governing system of the Galos as well as the development
and changes took place in the traditional governing system
as a whole.
The next paper entitled, “The Assertion of Indigeneity
and Demand for Scheduled Tribe Status: A Study of the
Ahoms in Assam” by Hare Krishna Doley examined the
nature and dynamics of struggles by Ahoms in recent
times keeping in view the on-going debate over the issue
of a tribe. He also analyses the processes of demand by the
ethnic associations of the Ahoms and the responses of the
state to their demand.
Jenny Jami’s paper on “Understanding Alcohol and
Tobacco Use among the Lotha Nagas of Nagaland”,
explore the nature, prevalence, and socio-demographic
determinants of alcohol and tobacco use among adults
Lotha Nagas of Wokha town, Nagaland. She noted that
there is a high prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use among
men. Next two papers on Nagaland discusses the issues of
marginalisation and oral narratives of the Nagas. A paper on
“Belonging in Northeast India: Contextualising the Kukis
of Nagaland”, by L. Ginkhongam Haokip brought out the
distinctness of the Kukis in Nagaland in terms of identity,
Indigeneity, social institutions, and their relationship with
other neighbouring Naga tribes and discuss the recent
Preface XvII
issues and the challenges they are confronting in the process
of marginalisation. He stresses the need to understand a
tribal group based on territorial location and historical
discourses. Another paper by Longshibeni N. Kithan
entitled, “Reflection on Persuasiveness of Oral Narratives:
A Case Study of a Naga Tribe in Northeast India”, reiterates
the oral narrative being a real account of significant events,
peoples, and places and this vibrant narrative sustained as a
matter of oral tradition by a Naga tribe in Nagaland.
The issue of gender justice is an important component of
social change. While measures are taken by the government
for the empowerment of women, public spaces and political
resources, however, remain a monopoly of men. This issue
is discussed in the next paper by Tame Ramjuk in his paper,
“Where’s the Dignity of Life? Lending Ear to the Puroik
Women of Arunachal Pradesh”. The paper presents the
account of untold sufferings experienced by Puroik women,
the worst victim of the evil form of bonded labour and
assess the impacts these sufferings on their livelihood.
In their paper on “Fertility-Mortality Differentials
and Socio-Economic Correlates in the High-and Lower-
Altitude Monpas of Arunachal Pradesh”, Bhaboklang
Sohkhlet & Nich Menia describes the effect of socio-
economic factors on fertility and mortality components of
the Monpas at lower and high altitude and suggested that
Monpas experience moderate fertility and mortality rate.
Their findings also indicate that the Monpa population like
other Himalayan populations are passing through the initial
stage of demographic transition, which is associated with
the decrease in selection intensities due to socio-economic
transition.
In the paper, “Folktales of Abotani: A Psychological
Analysis”, Leeyir Ete & Dharmeshwari Lourembam
analyse the personality of Abotani, the mythical ancestor
of Tani groups of people of Arunachal Pradesh, from a
psychological perspective in light of its impact on the
XvIII Understanding Tribes of Northeast India: Issues and Challenges

contemporary Arunachalee society. Using psychological

and social theories, the paper draws various similarities in
the prominent behaviour pattern between the legend and
the people.
Education is one of the primary agents of transformation
towards development. Education is in fact, an input not
only for the economic development of tribes but also for the
inner strength of the tribal communities which helps them
in meeting the new challenges of life. The next paper deal
with the educational development and educational choice
of a tribe in Arunachal Pradesh. A paper by Liza Mihin on
“Development of Education among Apatani Tribe of Ziro
Valley in Arunachal Pradesh”, explores the development of
education and subsequent changes occur in Apatani society
of Ziro valley in Arunachal Pradesh owing to adoption of
the modern education system.
Ethnicity related issues have gained significant attention
from scholars who focus on Northeast India’s social and
political dynamics. Ethnic identity is seen as common
historical experiences, myths, and symbols such as language,
faith, and caste, used by a group’s members to differentiate
themselves from others. In other words, it involves a
subjective and symbolic use of certain cultural elements by
a group of people whereby they differentiate themselves
from others. The various aspects of ethnic identity are
discussed in succeeding papers. A paper by M. Memeenao
entitled, “How Food Nourishes Cultural Identity?
Reflecting on the Practices of the Mao Naga”, peep into the
indigenous food habits of the Mao Naga and culture and
identity associated with the food. Next three papers from
Sikkim looks at the question of tribal ethnic identities in the
state. Mayalmit Lepcha’s paper on “Nurturing ‘Indigenous
Knowledge’ to Restore the Indigeneity of Lepcha Tribe in
Sikkim”, focus on the indigenous knowledge of Lepcha
tribe in Sikkim, acknowledging and nurturing the deeper
knowledge which is already present among the Lepchas
Preface XIX
since time immemorial which protects the Indigeneity of the
Lepchas in Sikkim. Next paper entitled, “Ambivalence and
Resurgence of Tribal Identity among Limbus in Sikkim”,
by Nisha Thapa Manger analyses the changing religious
spheres and ambivalence and resurgence of tribal identity
among the Limbus in the changing context of Sikkimese
society.
Development and progress of society are coveted,
inevitable, indispensable, sensitive, and crucial but at times,
the development initiative often jeopardizes the indigenous
tradition, culture, and identity of a community. Taking
this into account, the two papers that follow focus on the
role of culture in tribal development. In the paper entitled,
“Understanding the Role of Culture in Tribal Development
with Special Reference to Sherdukpen Tribe of Arunachal
Pradesh”, Bimla Rai discuss different cultural practices of
Sherdukpen tribe to understand the positive impact these
practices on the people and their development. She noted
that some of their cultural practices like the traditional
method of natural resource management, socio-political
institutions, and landholding systems not only augmented
their cultural identity but also help in maintaining sustainable
development. Nabajit Deka’s paper on “Exploration of
Indigenous Housing Culture and Vernacular Architecture
Repertoire for Tribal Development in Northeast India”,
look into the necessity, potential, and possibilities of
vernacular architecture for the development and progress
of a community. He opined that the vernacular architecture
has the potential to contribute to the development initiatives
of the indigenous Northeastern communities.
Rubu Tani in his paper, “Subu-Keeping Culture in
Apatani Society”, show the relationship between the Subu
(Bos frontalis) and cultural identity of the Apatani tribe
through a unique art of taming them. He mentioned that this
art of taming Subu has a historical origin and its practices
have a specific cultural significance among the Apatanis.
XX Understanding Tribes of Northeast India: Issues and Challenges

The succeeding paper by Sonisha Rimai Syiem on “Rat-

Hole Coal Mining of the Tribals of Jaintia Hills District
of Meghalaya: Issues and Challenges”, uncovers the issues
and responses to rat-hole coal mining in the purview of the
legal provision of the tribal on coal mining. She also revealed
that rat-hole mining, the primitive and traditional way of
extracting coal, had initiated environmental degradation.
This publication is placed in the public domain for
wider dissemination and discussion. We are sure that this
will prove to be a valuable document in guiding various
stakeholders to work towards improving the governance
system in tribal areas and improving the well-being of
tribal people in Northeast India. This book, which contains
the seminar’s proceedings, will be useful to scholars,
policymakers, development practitioners, and all those
interested in studying issues related to Northeast Indian
tribes and their welfare.
 List of Contributors

Abang Pertin, Research Associate, Arunachal Institute

of Tribal Studies (AITS), Rajiv Gandhi University,
Doimukh – 791 112, Arunachal Pradesh, India, E-mail:
abangpertin@gmail.com
Anjana Tamang, Department of History, Sikkim University,
Gangtok – 737 102, Sikkim, India, E-mail: anjana.
tamang02@gmail.com
B. Komow, Assistant Professor, Department of Political
Science, Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai –
792 103, Arunachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: bkomow@
rediffmail.com
Bhaboklang Sohkhlet, Assistant Professor, Department
of Anthropology, Saint Claret College, Ziro – 791
120, Arunachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: bhaboklangs@
gmail.com
Bimla Rai, Assistant Professor, Department of Geography,
Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai – 792 103,
Arunachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: blohorungrai@
rediffmail.com
Dharmeshwari Lourembam, Assistant Professor,
Department of Psychology, Rajiv Gandhi University,
Doimukh – 791 112, Arunachal Pradesh, India, E-mail:
dimi.taurus@gmail.com
XXII Understanding Tribes of Northeast India: Issues and Challenges

Hare Krishna Doley, PhD Scholar, Department of Peace &

Conflict Studies and Management, Sikkim University,
Gangtok – 737 102, Sikkim, India, E-mail: doleyko23@
gmail.com
Jenny Jami, Assistant Professor, Department of
Anthropology, Saint Claret College, Ziro – 791 120,
Arunachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: jennyjami77@gmail.
com
L. Ginkhongam Haokip, Research Scholar, Department of
Sociology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong –
793 022, Meghalaya, India, E-mail: lghaokip07@gmail.
com
L. Pakpi Ngulom, PhD Scholar, Department of History,
Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh – 791 112, Arunachal
Pradesh, India.
Leeyir Ete, Guest Assistant Professor, Department of
Psychology, Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh – 791
112, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Liza Mihin, Assistant Professor, Department of Education,
Dera Natung Government College, Itanagar – 791 113,
Arunachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: lizamihin@gmail.
com
Longshibeni N. Kithan, Assistant Professor, Department
of Folkloristics and Tribal Studies, Central University
of Karnataka, Kadaganchi, Kalaburagi – 585 367,
Karnataka, India, E-mail: abenigladys30@gmail.com
M. Memeenao, MPhil Scholar, Centre for Development
Practice, Ambedkar University Delhi, New Delhi – 110
006, NCT of Delhi, India, E-mail: mmemeenao@gmail.
com
Mayalmit Lepcha, PhD Scholar, Department of History,
Sikkim University, Gangtok – 737 102, Sikkim, India,
E-mail: mmishila@gmail.com
 List of Contributors XXIII
Mini Bhattacharyya Thakur, Professor & Former Head,
Department of Anthropology, Gauhati University,
Guwahati – 781 014, Assam, India, E-mail:
mbthakuranth@gauhati.ac.in
Mope Potom, PhD Scholar, Department of History, Rajiv
Gandhi University, Doimukh – 791 112, Arunachal
Pradesh, India, E-mail: moppotom@gmail.com
Nabajit Deka, Faculty, Govt. College of Art & Crafts,
Guwahati – 781 029, Assam, India, E-mail: nabajit986@
gmail.com
Nich Menia, Assistant Professor, Department of Geography,
Dera Natung Government College, Itanagar – 791 113,
Arunachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: nichmenialet27@
gmail.com
Nisha Thapa Manger, PhD Scholar, Department of
Anthropology, Sikkim University, Gangtok – 737 102,
Sikkim, India, E-mail: nishaaat91@gmail.com
Rubu Tani, Assistant Professor, Department of History,
Dera Natung Government College, Itanagar – 791 113,
Arunachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: obingtani@gmail.
com
Sonisha Rimai Syiem, Assistant Professor, Department
of Education, Saint Claret College, Ziro – 791 120,
Arunachal Pradesh, India, E-mail: sonisha307@gmail.
com
Tame Ramjuk, PhD Scholar, Department of Social Work,
Rajiv Gandhi University, Doimukh – 791 112, Arunachal
Pradesh, India, E-mail: ramjuk93@gmail.com
Withoam Socia, Assistant Professor, Department of Political
Science, Saint Claret College, Ziro – 791 120, Arunachal
Pradesh, India, E-mail: socia.six@gmail.com

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