Madhurai Petitioner Final

khepy mstpyhd jkpo; khjpup ePjpkd;wg; Nghl;b - 2024
muR rl;lf; fy;Y}up - kJiu
nghUslf;fk;
t.vz; jiyg;G gf;fk; vz;
1. nghUslf;fk; 1
2. mjpfhuq;fspd; ml;ltiz 2
3. njhlu;Gila Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l mfuhjpfs; 3
4. ,izajsq;fs; gad;ghL 4
4. Kd; jPu;g;Gfspd; gl;bay; 5
5. tof;fpd; nghUz;ikfs; 6
6. ePjpkd;w Ms;tiu 7
7. tof;nfO tpdhf;fs; 8
8. RUf;f thJiu 9
9. tpupthd thJiu 10
10. ,iwQ;Rjy; 35
kDjhuu; jug;G thJiu gf;fk; vz; 1

mjpfhuq;fspd; ml;ltiz
t.vz; nrhw;nwhlupd; tpupthf;fk; RUf;fk;
1. ,e;jpa murikg;Gr; rl;lk; ,.m.r
ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; %j;j Fbkf;fs; guhkupg;G eyr;rl;lk;

2. ng.%.F.g.e
jkpo;ehL epy cupikahsu;fs; kw;Wk; thlifjhuu;fspd;

3. cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; xOq;FKiwr; rl;lk; j.ep.c.t.c.nghx.r
4. nrhj;Jupik khw;Wr; rl;lk; nrh.kh.r
5. jkpo;ehL fl;blq;fs; Fj;jif kw;Wk; thlif fl;Lg;ghL rl;lk; j.f.F.th.f.r
6. Kj;jpiur; rl;lk; K.r
7. gjpTr; rl;lk; g.r
8. rpwg;G jpUkz rl;lk; rp.jp.r
9. ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; ,.x.r
10. ,e;jpa thupR rl;lk; ,.th.r
11. mfpy ,e;jpa mwpf;if m.,.m
12. cau; ePjpkd;wk; c.eP.k
13. cau; ePjpkd;w tof;F c.eP.k.t
14. ePjpg;Nguhiz kD eP.k
njhlu;Gila Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l mfuhjpfs;

t.vz; njhlu;Gila Gj;jfq;fs; E}yhrpupau;
1. ,e;jpa murikg;Gr; rl;lk; vk;.gp.n[apd;
2. ,e;jpa murikg;Gr; rl;lk; tp.vd;.Rf;yh
3. ,e;jpa murikg;Gr; rl;lk; re;jpuNrfu;
4. ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; Nguh.[p.rp.tp.Rg;gh uht;
5. nrhj;Jupik khw;Wr; rl;lk; Nguh.M.re;jpuNrfud;
6. ,e;jpa thupRupikr; rl;lk; v.gupG+uzk;
7. rl;ltpay; j.rptFkhu;
8. KjpNahu; eyd; fhf;Fk; rl;lq;fs; F.rhkpJiu
9. jkpo;ehL epy rl;lq;fs; Nguh.M.re;jpuNrfud;
10. gjpTr; rl;lk; Gyik Ntq;flhryk;
11. rl;l mfuhjpfs; Gyik Ntq;flhryk;

,izajsq;fs; gad;ghL
t.vz; njhlu;Gila ,izajsq;fs; filrp

ghu;it
1. https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/judicial-activism/ 28-02-2024
2. https://www.bareactslive.com/TN/tn971.htm 29-02-2024
3. https://vakilsearch.com/blog/new-tenancy-act-in-tamilnadu/ 29-02-2024
4. https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1712542/ 02-03-2024
5. https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2019/07/11/all-hc-right-to-shelter-is-
a-fundamental-right-a-right-to-all-infrastructure-necessary-to-live-and- 02-03-2024
develop-as-being/
6. https://blog.ipleaders.in/rajesh-yadav-vs-state-right-shelter-fundamental-
right/ 03-02-2024
7. https://lawplanet.in/subhas-chandra-das-vs-ganga-prasad-das-mushib-
case-summary-1967-sc/ 03-02-2024
8. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=a8193464-2421-429a-
ad9e-8d8fbf46f255 04-03-2024
9. https://lawctopus.com/clatalogue/du-llm/meaning-of-gift-tpa/
04-03-2024
https://theamikusqriae.com/critical-analysis-on-section-212a-of-the-
10. tnrrrlt-act-2017/#: 04-03-2024
https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2022/12/08/maintenance-senior-
11. citizens-gift-release-dee-property-cancellation-impermissible-if-condition- 05-03-2024
for-maintenance-not-specified/
https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/05/17/delhi-high-court-
12. dismisses-petition-challenging-prospective-operation-of-section-23-senior- 05-03-2024
citizens-act-legal-updates/
Kd; jPu;g;Gfspd; gl;bay;

t.vz; tof;fpd; ngau; Nkw;Nfhs;fs; g.vz;

m.,.m.1982
1. v];. gp Fg;jh vjpuhf ,e;jpa xd;wpak; c.eP.k.149 11
2. ge;Jth Kf;jp Nkhu;r;rh vjpuhf ,e;jpa xd;wpak; (1997)10 c.eP.k 549 12

m.,.m.1997
3. tprhfh vjpuhf uh[];jhd; khepyk; c.eP.k.3011 12
m.,.m.1986
4. Xy;fh nly;yp]; vjpuhf gk;gha; Kdprpgy; fhu;g;gNu~d; c.eP.k.180 13
fp.Nk.vz; 2014
5. uhN[~; ahjt; vjpuhf c.gp. khepyk; (339-340) 13
m.,.m.1951
6. jpUkjp.nrz;gfk; Jiuuh[d; vjpuhf nkl;uh]; khepyk; c.eP.k.226 16
m.,.m.1976
7. Nfus khepyk; vjpuhf vd; vk; jhk]; c.eP.k.310 16
m.,.m.1993
8. ,e;jpuh rhtdp vjpuhf ,e;jpa xd;wpak; c.eP.k.477 16
m.,.m.(1990)1
9. rhe;jp];lhu; gpy;lu;]; vjpuhf ehuhaz; fpkyhy; Nlhl;lNk c.eP.k.520 18
m.,.m 1995
10. rNkyp rpq; vjpuhf c.gp khepyk; c.eP.k.1275 18
m.,.m.2019 nly;yp
11. m[a; khf;fd; kw;Wk; gyu; vjpuhf ,e;jpa xd;wpak; 523 18
12. Rjhkh rpq; vjpuhf nly;yp murhq;fk; m.,.m.2010 18

m.,.m 1978
13. nkh`pe;ju; rpq; fpy; vjpuhf jiyik Nju;jy; Mizau; c.eP.k.405 26
14. vk;. NtZNfhghy; vjpuhf khtl;l ePjpj;Jiw eLtu; kw;Wk; gyu; m.,.m 2014 27
15. kd;Nkhfd; rpq; vjpuhf rj;jP];fu; khepyk; eP.vz;.4078 2003 27
16. Fu;jPg; rrpq; vjpuhf gQ;rhg; khepyk; 2022 g.c.eP.k 830 28

(1924)26
17. uFehj; gpurhj; vjpuhf ru;[§ gpurhj; k.c.eP.k.595 30
m.,.m.1964 c.eP.k.
18. yhl;yp gu;~j; n[a;];thy; vjpuhf jp fu;dy; b];by;yup Nfh. ypkpnll; (1)270 32
m.,.m.1967

19. Rgh~; re;jpu jh]; K~pg; vjpuhf fq;fh g;Nuhrhj; jh]; K~pg; c.eP.k.331 33
m.,.m 1976 c.eP.k.
20. m/g;ru; N~f; kw;Wk; md;u; vjpuhf Nrhy;kd; gPgp kw;Wk; gyu; (2)327 34
tof;fpd; nghUz;ikfs;
fhyk; nghUz;ikapd; $Wfs; nghUz;ikfs;
ghz;ba ehl;bd; jiyefukhd kJuhG+up vd;Dk; efuj;jpy; 67 tajhd jpU.fNzr%u;j;jp jdJ xNu kfd; jpU.FU
tPl;il fNzr%u;j;jp %u;j;jpAld; trpj;JtUfpwhu;. ,e;epiyapy; jpU.fNzr%u;j;jp gzp Xa;tpd; gz gyd;fis nfhz;Lk; kw;Wk;
2019 ngaupy; thq;Fjy; mtuJ kfd; Cjpaj;jpd; %yk; Nrkpj;j gzj;ijf; nfhz;Lk; 2019 kJuhG+upapy; jw;NghJ mtu; trpf;Fk; tPl;il
jdJ ngaupy; thq;fp cs;shu;.
mjw;Fg; gpd; nfhudh ngUe;njhw;wpd; fhuzj;jhy; jdJ ngaupy; ,Ue;j nrhj;ij ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy;
nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; jdJ kfd; FU%u;j;jpf;F [dtup 2022y; jhd ghj;jpuj;jpd; %yk; nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; nra;jhu;.
gpg;utup 2022-y; FU%u;j;jp jdJ mYtyfj; Njhopahd Mz;l;upahit je;ijapd; vjpu;g;ig kPwp gjpT
jpUkzk; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhu;. jpUkzj;jpw;Fg; gpwF fNzr%u;j;jp jdJ kfd; kUkfNshL kj ek;gpf;if kw;Wk;
nra;jy; fyhr;rhu NtWghl;bd; fhuzkhf mt;tg;NghJ rpW rpW cury;fs; Vw;gl;lJ.
rhe;jp epiyaj;jpw;F mtuJ kfd; ed;F guhkupf;f $ba tPl;bd; mUfpYs;s rhe;jp epiyak; vd;w KjpNahu; ,y;yj;jpy; Nru;j;J tpl;L
nry;Yjy; nryTfis ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjhf cWjp mspj;jhu;. vdNt mtu; me;epiyaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W tpl;lhu;.
rl;lk; gpe;jpa muR> jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 2019 vd;w rl;lj;ij mkYf;F nfhz;L te;jJ gpupT 23(4)
mkYf;F tUjy; fPo; rpy khw;wq;fis nra;jJ.
,e;jr; rl;lk; mkYf;F te;j gpwF nrhj;jpd; cupikahsu;fs; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g thlif tpLk; nghUl;L
2022
tPl;il thliff;F tpl ehspjo;fspy; tpsk;guk; nra;jdu;> mNjNghy; jd;Dila nghUshjhu Njitf;fhf FU%u;j;jpAk; thliff;F
tpsk;guk; nra;jy; tUtjw;F kjk; jil ,y;iy vd;W tpsk;guk; nra;Js;shu;.
,e;j tpsk;guj;ij ghu;j;j fNzr%u;j;jp> jd;Dila kfd; jd;id xUKiw $l ghu;f;f tuhjjhYk;; jd;id Vkhw;wpajhf
guhkupg;G $wp gpe;jpa ehl;bd; %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; gpupT 23 fPo; guhkupg;G jPu;g;ghaj;ij mZfp jhd
jPu;g;ghaj;jpd; nrhj;Jupik khw;wj;ij ,y;yh epiy vd jPu;g;ghak; mwptpj;jJ.
mwptpg;G
jpU.FU%u;j;jp tPl;il tpl;L ntspNaw;wg;gl;L> Gjpa rl;lj;jpd; khw;wq;fshy; thliff;F tPL fpilf;fhky;
tPl;il jd;Dila ez;gd; MNyhridapd; mbg;gilapy; rj;jpak; mikg;Gr; rhuh njhz;L epWtdk; %yk; ghFghL
tpl;L fhl;Lk; rl;lj;jpd; nry;Yk; jd;ikia vjpu;j;J tof;fpl tpUk;gpdhu;.
ntspNaw;wg;gLjy;
,jdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jd;~pfh kw;Wk; uh~;kpfh GfhiuAk; xUNru ,izj;J jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;G
cau;ePjpkd;wj;ij rl;lk; murikg;gpw;F vjpuhdJ vd;Wk; %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; gpupT 23 ,aw;if ePjpf;F KuzhdJ
mZFjy; vd;Wk; nghJey tof;if ghz;ba ehl;bd; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;Js;sdu;.

ePjpkd;w Ms;tiu
,e;jpa murikg;G rhrdj;jpd; ruj;J 2261 $WtjhtJ :
226. rpy ePjpg;Nguhizfis ntspapl cau; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuk;
(1) ruj;J 32 ,y; vJ ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> xt;nthU cau; ePjpkd;wKk; mJ mjpfhu tuk;ig nray;gLj;Jk;
gpuNjrq;fs; KOtJk;> ve;jnthU egUf;Fk; my;yJ mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;> nghUj;jkhd tof;Ffs; cl;gl>
ve;jnthU murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> me;j vy;iyfSf;Fs; cs;s cj;juTfs;> cj;juTfs; my;yJ ePjpg;Nguhizfs;
cl;gl mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Ml;nfhzu;T ePjpg;Nguhiz> nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz>
jilAWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz> jFjpKiwtpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz kw;Wk; newpKiw cWj;Jk;
ePjpg;Nguhiz my;yJ mtw;wpy; VNjDk; xd;W> gFjp III My; toq;fg;gl;l cupikfs; kw;Wk; NtW
ve;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk;.
(2)ve;jnthU muRf;Fk;> mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; my;yJ egUf;Fk; topfhl;Ljy;fs;> cj;juTfs; my;yJ upl;fis

toq;Ftjw;F cl;gpupT (1) toq;fpa mjpfhuk;> eltbf;iff;fhd fhuzk; KOikahfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth
vOk; gpuhe;jpaq;fs; njhlu;ghf mjpfhu tuk;igg; gad;gLj;Jk; ve;j cau; ePjpkd;wj;jhYk;
gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. mj;jifa mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F> mj;jifa murhq;fk; my;yJ mjpfhuj;jpd;
rpjwy; my;yJ mj;jifa egupd; trpg;gplk; me;jg; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; ,y;iy.
v];gp Fg;jh vjpuhf ,e;jpa xd;wpak; tof;fpy; ePjpgjp gpvd; gftjp mtu;fshy; njhlq;fg;gl;L
J}z;lg;gl;l nghJey tof;F ,af;fk; ele;j gpwF ,e;jpah xU Gjpa ePjpj;Jiw mikg;igf; fz;lJ. ,e;j
tof;fpd;gb> r%f nghJf; FOTld; ,ize;jpUf;Fk; ve;jnthU egUk; Neu;ikahf nray;gLk; cau;
ePjpkd;wq;fspd; 'ePjpg;Nguhiz mjpfhu tuk;ig' rl;lg;gpupT 226d; fPo; my;yJ mtu;fs;
'ePjpg;Nguhiz mjpfhu tuk;ig' nray;gLj;j tpUk;gpdhy; cupik Nfhuyhk; vd;W
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j tpjpfspd;gb> jdpegu;fs; rl;lg;G+u;t my;yJ murikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;l
ve;jnthU egupd; cupik kPwy; my;yJ J~;gpuNahfj;jpw;F vjpuhf gupfhuk; Njlyhk;.
mJNghyNt ,t;tof;fpYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpd; mbg;gil cupikfis ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ,t;tof;fhdJ nghJey
tof;fhf ,e;j cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz cWg;G 226(1) Ms; tiuapd; fPo;
guhkupf;f jf;fjhFk;.
1
gpe;jpa murikg;G rhrdk; ,e;jpa murikg;G rhrdj;jpw;F xg;ghdJ

tof;nfO tpdhf;fs;
tof;nfO tpdh:
1) khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;ba ehl;bd; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; jw;NghJ jhf;fy;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;s nghJey tof;fhdJ guhkupf;fj;jf;fjh?
tof;nfO tpdh:
2) jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; gpupT 21(4) MdJ gpe;jpah murpayikg;Gr;

rl;lj;ij kPWk;gbahd tifapy; cs;sjh?
tof;nfO tpdh:
3) jug;gpdu;fs; $l;lhf nrhj;J thq;fpa epiyapy; jhdj;ij nry;yhepiyahf;Fk; cupik gpupT

23 ,d; fPo; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhdjh?
tof;nfO tpdh:
4) nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; eilngw;w gpd;du; ePjpkd;wkhdJ %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk;

2007 ,d; fPo; cupik khw;wk; ngw;wtupd; elj;ijahdJ jfhj nry;thf;F fhuzkhf Vw;gl;ljhf
mDkhdpf;f ,aYkh?

RUf;f thJiu
tof;nfO tpdhf;fs;
1) khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;ba ehl;bd; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; jw;NghJ jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
nghJey tof;fhdJ guhkupf;fj;jf;fjh?
khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;ba ehl;bd; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; jw;NghJ jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s nghJey
tof;fhdJ guhkupf;fj;jf;fNj MFk; vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
2)jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; gpupT 21(4) MdJ gpe;jpah murpayikg;Gr;

rl;lj;ij kPWk;gbahd tifapy; cs;sjh?
khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;baehL cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; rku;g;gpg;gJ ahnjdpy;> jdpahu;

nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;G rl;lk; gpupT 21(4) MdJ gpe;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPWk; tifapy; cs;sNj
MFk; vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
3) jug;gpdu;fs; $l;lhf nrhj;J thq;fpa epiyapy; jhdj;ij nry;yhepiyahf;Fk; cupik gpupT - 23 ,d;
fPo; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ nghUz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhdjh?
khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;baehL cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; rku;g;gpg;gJ ahnjdpy;> jug;gpdu;fs;

$l;lhf nrhj;J thq;fpa epiyapy; jhdj;ij nry;yhepiyahf;Fk; cupik gpupT - 23 fPo; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ nghUz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhdjhf fUj ,ayhJ vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.

mDkhdpf;f ,aYkh?

khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;baehL cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; rku;g;gpg;gJ ahnjdpy;> nrhj;Jupik

khw;wk; eilngw;w gpd;du; ePjpkd;wkhdJ %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 2007 ,d; fPo; cupik
khw;wk; ngw;wtupd; elj;ij ahdJ jfhj nry;thf;F fhuzkhf Vw;gl;ljhf mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij gzpTld;
rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
tpupthd thJiu
tof;nfO tpdh 1
1) khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;ba ehl;bd; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; jw;NghJ jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
nghJey tof;fhdJ guhkupf;fj;jf;fjh?
khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;ba ehl;bd; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; jw;NghJ jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s nghJey
tof;fhdJ guhkupf;fj;jf;fNj MFk; vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
1.1.,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 226tJ cWg;G

226. rpy ePjpg;Nguhizfis ntspapl cau; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuk;
(1) ruj;J 32 ,y; vJ ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> xt;nthU cau; ePjpkd;wKk; mJ mjpfhu tuk;ig nray;gLj;Jk;
gpuNjrq;fs; KOtJk;> ve;jnthU egUf;Fk; my;yJ mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;> nghUj;jkhd tof;Ffs; cl;gl>
ve;jnthU murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> me;j vy;iyfSf;Fs; cs;s cj;juTfs;> cj;juTfs; my;yJ ePjpg;Nguhizfs; cl;gl
mjpfhuq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Ml;nfhzu;T ePjpg;Nguhiz> nraYWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz> jilAWj;Jk;
ePjpg;Nguhiz> jFjpKiwtpdTk; ePjpg;Nguhiz kw;Wk; newpKiw cWj;Jk; ePjpg;Nguhiz my;yJ
mtw;wpy; VNjDk; xd;W> gFjp III My; toq;fg;gl;l cupikfs; kw;Wk; NtW ve;j Nehf;fj;jpw;fhfTk;.
(2) ve;jnthU muRf;Fk;> mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; my;yJ egUf;Fk; topfhl;Ljy;fs;> cj;juTfs; my;yJ
ePjpg;Nguhizfis toq;Ftjw;F cl;gpupT (1) %yk; toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuk;> eltbf;iff;fhd fhuzk;
KOikahfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth vOk; gpuhe;jpaq;fs; njhlu;ghf mjpfhu tuk;igg; gad;gLj;Jk;
ve;jnthU cau; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;. mj;jifa mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F> mj;jifa
murhq;fk; my;yJ mjpfhuj;jpd; rpjwy; my;yJ mj;jifa egupd; trpg;gplk; me;jg; gpuNjrq;fSf;Fs; ,y;iy.
1.2.nghJey tof;fpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

 gue;j nghJ mf;fiw nfhz;l kdpj cupikfs; my;yJ rkj;Jtg; gpur;rpidapy; vLf;fg;gl;l rl;l eltbf;if.
 rl;lj;ij njspTgLj;j> Nkk;gLj;j my;yJ khw;w ,J xU tha;g;G.
 ,J nghJthf gpd;jq;fpa> ftdpf;fg;glhj my;yJ jtwhf elj;jg;gl;l egu;fspd; FOf;fis cs;slf;fpaJ.
1.3.nghJey tof;Ffspd; nray;ghL
nghJey tof;F vd;gJ ve;jr; rl;lj;jpYk; tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy. nghJkf;fspd; Nehf;fj;ij fUj;jpy; nfhs;s
ePjpgjpfs; tpsf;fk; mspj;Js;sdu;. ePjpj;Jiw nray;ghl;bd; %yk; ePjpkd;wq;fshy; nghJkf;fSf;F
2
toq;fg;gl;l mjpfhuk; ,J. v];. gp Fg;jh vjpuhf ,e;jpa xd;wpak; tof;fpy; ePjpgjp gp.vd;.gftjp jdJ
jPu;g;gpy; Kjypy; 'nghJey tof;F' vd;w thu;j;ij gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J "rl;lj;jpy; khw;wk; my;yJ
rl;lg;G+u;t cupikia mky;gLj;Jjy; my;yJ rl;lg;G+u;t jtiw jtwhfg; gad;gLj;Jtijj; jLg;gjw;fhf
tbtikf;fg;gl;l ve;j xU tof;Fk;" vd tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nghJey tof;F ,e;jpahtpy; Neu;kiwahd khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;LtUtjpy; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wpAs;sJ. ,J

ehl;bd; kpf Kf;fpakhd rpy gpur;ridfisr; rkhspf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; Nfhbf;fzf;fhd kf;fspd;
tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;j mtu;fspd; cupikia ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cjtpaJ.
1.4.mbg;gil cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;
mbg;gil cupikfSf;fhf mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l murikg;gpd; gFjp III ,d; fPo;> Fbkf;fs; tho;tjw;fhd cupik>
rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Ngr;R Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w cupikfisg; gad;gLj;jp nghJey tof;Ffis jhf;fy;
nra;ayhk;. ,e;j murikg;G tpjpfs; jdpegu;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfis kPWtjw;F vjpuhf rl;lg;G+u;t cjtpia
ehLtjw;F tYthd mbj;jsj;ij cWjp nra;fpd;wJ.
1.5.nghJ eyd; tof;F El;gq;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gq;fPL
nray;jpwid Nkk;gLj;Jjy; - nghJey tof;Ffis tYg;gLj;j ,aw;wg;gl;l ,e;j rl;lk;> fl;rpfs; my;yhjtu;fs;
fUj;Jf;fis njuptpf;f kw;Wk; eltbf;iffspy; gq;Nfw;f mDkjpf;fpwJ. nryT tuk;Gfs; mZfiy cWjp
nra;fpd;wd> ePjpf;fhd epjpj; jilfisj; jLf;fpd;wd. nghJey tof;Ffspd; Nehf;fj;ijAk; jhf;fj;ijAk;
tpupTgLj;JtijAk;> NkYk; cs;slf;fpa kw;Wk; gaDs;s rl;l mikg;ig tsu;g;gijAk; ,e;j rl;lk; Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
2
m.,.m.1982 c.eP.k.149

ePjpj;Jiw> Fbkf;fspd; murpayikg;G rl;lg;G+u;t cupikfspd; fhtyhspahf ,Ug;gJ murikg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpy;

rpwg;Gg; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. ,J rl;lk; kw;Wk; epu;thf eltbf;iffs; my;yJ murikg;G rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa
KbTfis kjpg;gha;T nra;ayhk;. mbg;gil cupikfis mkyhf;Ftjw;F> ,e;j ePjpkd;wq;fspd; ePjpg;Nguhiz
mjpfhu tuk;igf; nfhz;L Neubahf cr;r ePjpkd;wk; my;yJ cau; ePjpkd;wq;fis ehl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpa kf;fSf;F mtu;fspd; mbg;gil cupikfs; kPwg;glhky; ,Ug;gijAk;> mjd; nray;fSf;F murhq;fk;
nghWg;Ngw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jk; xU topKiwahFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; xU jdpg;gl;l Fbkfd;
my;yJ xU mikg;G kf;fs; FO my;yJ r%fj;jpd; xU gpuptpdupd; cupikfisg; ghJfhf;f nghJey tof;F
jhf;fy; nra;a mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
1.6.nghJey tof;F jhf;fy; nra;tjw;fhd epge;jidfs;
1. kdpj cupikfs; kPWk; nghOJ>

2. xU FOtpdupd; mbg;gil cupikfs; kPwg;gl;lhy;.
3. murhq;f mjpfhupfs; my;yJ efuhl;rp mjpfhupfs; jq;fs; nghJf; flikfisr; nra;aj; jtwpdhy;.
4. murhq;ff; nfhs;if nray;gLj;jg;glhtpl;lhy;> mijr; nray;gLj;Jtij cWjpnra;a nghJey kDit jhf;fy;
nra;a Fbkf;fSf;F cupik cz;L.
5. r%fj;jpd; Vio kw;Wk; eype;j gpuptpdiu Ruz;bdhy;.
,t;thW Fwpg;gpl;l epge;jidfis fz;zpaj;NjhLk; ghJfhg;NghLk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfNt nghJey

tof;fhdJ cau;ePjpkd;wq;fspy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
3
ge;Jth Kf;jp Nkhu;r;rh vjpuhf ,e;jpa xd;wpak; nghJey tof;fpd; Nehf;fj;ij tpupTgLj;Jk;
tifapy;> ,e;j tof;F ve;jnthU egUk; my;yJ epWtdKk; nghJ eyidg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf nghJey tof;if
jhf;fy; nra;a mDkjpj;jJ. nfhj;jbikj; njhopyhsu;fis vjpu;j;Jg; NghuhLk; xU mikg;ghd ge;Jt Kf;jp
Nkhu;r;rh> nfhj;jbikj; njhopyhsu;fis xopg;gjpy; murhq;fj;jpd; Nghjpa Kaw;rpfis eptu;j;jp nra;a
nghJey tof;if gad;gLj;jpaJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;G nghJ eyDf;fhd 'Nyhf]; ];lhz;b' vd;w fUj;ij
jsu;j;jpaJ> ,J r%f fhuzq;fSf;fhd xU rf;jptha;e;j fUtpahf khw;wpaJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
1.7.,e;jpahtpy; kdpj cupikfSf;fhd Kf;fpa nghJey tof;Ffs;
3
(1997)10 c.eP.k 549

,e;jpahtpy; kdpj cupikfs; ghJfhg;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpa gy Kf;fpa tof;Ffs;

nghJeydpd; ghJfhg;G epiyepWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tprhfh vjpuhf uh[];jhd; khepyk;4 ,e;j tof;F> gzpaplj;jpy; ngz;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ghypay;
Jd;GWj;jy;fisj; jLg;gjw;fhd topfhl;Ljy;fis cUthf;fpaJ.
Xy;fh nly;yp]; vjpuhf gk;gha; Kdprpgy; fhu;g;gNu~d; 5 ,e;j tof;F ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; fPo;
jq;Fkplk; cupikia mbg;gil cupikahf epWtpaJ.
cz;ikfs; - ,e;j tof;fpy; > Fbirthrpfs; Kk;ig cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;j nghJey kDtpy;>
khw;W ,lk; toq;fhky; ntspNaw;w KbahJ vd;W kDjhuu;fs; thjpl;ldu;.
jPu;g;G - FbapUg;ghsu;fis mfw;WtJ ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 21tJ gpuptpd; fPo; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s

tho;thjhu cupikia kPWtjhFk; vd;W ePjpkd;wk; $wpaJ. tho;thjhu cupikia murpayikg;G cupikahff;
fUjf; $lhJ> ,J xUtupd; cupikfisg; gwpg;gjw;fhd vspjhd topahFk; vd;Wk; ePjpkd;wk; ,e;j tof;fpy;
$wpAs;sJ. muR NghJkhd tho;thjhuj;ij ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;.
uhN[~; ahjt; vjpuhf c.gp. khepyk;6 tof;fpYk; kDjhuu;fspd; rpukq;fis Fiwf;f ePjpkd;wk; kdpjd;
Nea ghu;itia Kd;dpWj;jpaJ. MfNt ,t;tof;fpYk; kj mbg;gilapy; FU%u;j;jpf;Fk;> tpthfuj;J Mfp
jdpikapy; tho;e;j jd;rpfhTf;Fk;> %d;whk; ghypdj;ijr; rhu;e;j uh~;kpfh vd;w Nuh~Df;Fk; tPL
fpilf;fhky; ,Ue;jJ mtu;fspd; mbg;gil cupik kPwpajhfNt fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. MfNt rl;lj;jpd; nray;jpwid
Muha;e;J ghu;j;J cupikahsu; kw;Wk; Fj;jifjhuupd; epiyg;ghl;il rkepiyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w
Nehf;fj;jpNy rj;jpak; mikg;G rhuh njhz;L epWtdj;jpd; %yk; gpe;jpa murikg;gpd; cWg;G 226 ,d;
fPo; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s ,e;j nghJey tof;fhdJ guhkupf;f jf;fNj MFk;.
vdNt nghUz;ik mbg;gilapy; ,q;F gy;NtW jug;gpdupd; tho;tjw;fhd cupik gwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

NkYk; ,ij xUNru tprhupf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W nghJeyd; fUjp nghJey tof;fhf khz;gik nghUe;jpa
ghz;baehL cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpy; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s kD guhkupf;fj;jf;fNj MFk; vd;gij gzpTld;
4
m.,.m.1997 c.eP.k.3011
5
m.,.m.1986 c.eP.k.180
6
fp.Nk.vz; 2014 (339-340)

tof;nfO tpdh 2
2) jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; gpupT 21(4) MdJ gpe;jpah murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij
kPWk;gbahd tifapy; cs;sjh?
khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;baehL cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; rku;g;gpg;gJ ahnjdpy;> jdpahu;

nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; gpupT 21(4) MdJ gpe;jpah murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPWk; tifapNyNa cs;sJ
vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
2.1.jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;G rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk;
ghz;baehL muR> epy cupikahsu; kw;Wk; Fj;jifjhuupd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis

rkepiyg;gLj;jTk;> thlifia xOq;FgLj;jTk;> tpiuthd jPu;g;ig toq;fTk;> “ghz;baehL epy cupikahsu;fs;
kw;Wk; Fj;jifjhuu;fspd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lk;” vd;w Gjpa Fj;jif rl;lj;ij
mky;gLj;jpAs;sJ.
2.2.jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 7 - gpupT - 21(4)
,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 21 (4) - d; fPo; nrhj;jpd; cupikahsu; jd;Dila nrhj;ij mtu; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; kw;wtu;fSf;F Fj;jiff;F
my;yJ thliff;F rpy epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;L cupik khw;wk; nra;ayhk; vd;W Nkw;gb rl;lj;jpy; toptif nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
2.3.nghUz;ik mbg;gilapy; xg;gPL
Nkw;gb rl;lk; mkYf;F te;j gpwF kJuhGupapy; nrhj;jpd; cupikahsu;fs; jq;fsJ tPLfis jq;fsJ
tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g thliff;F tpLk; nghUl;L ehspjo;fspy; fPo;fz;lthW thlif tpsk;guq;fis nfhLf;f
njhlq;fpdu;.
7
jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lkhdJ 2017-k; Mz;L nfhz;L te;j jkpo;ehL epy cupikahsu;fs; kw;Wk; thlifjhuu;fspd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs;
xOq;FKiw rl;lj;jpw;F ,izahdJ.

2.4.tpsk;guq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s epge;jidfs;
 irt czT jhuu;fSf;F kl;Lk; tPL thliff;F tplg;gLk;.

 nry;y gpuhzpfs; ,y;yhjtu;fSf;F kl;Lk; tPL thliff;F tplg;gLk;.
 muR Copau;fSf;F kl;Lk; tPL thliff;F tplg;gLk;.
 tof;fwpQu;fs; jtpu kw;wtu;fSf;F tPL thliff;F tplg;gLk;.
 jpUkzkhd jk;gjpau;fSf;F kl;Lk; tPL thliff;F tplg;gLk;.
,jdhy; thlif tPLfSf;F fLk; jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gl;lJ ,e;j epge;jid mbg;gilapy; ,q;F jdp xUtupd; tpUg;G
ntWg;G cupikfs; gwpf;fg;gl;L Rje;jpukhd tho;f;ifia tho KbahjthW murikg;gpd; cWg;G 21 fPo;
mtu;fsJ jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuk; kiwKfkhf gwpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. NkYk;> ,J tPl;bd;
cupikahsu;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;g epge;jidfs; vd;w ngaupy; thlifjhuiuAk; Fj;jifjhuiuAk; kiwKfkhf
ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shf;FfpwJ.
,jd; mbg;gilapy; jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;G rl;lk; gpupT 21(4) MdJ gpe;jpa murikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpw;F
KuzhfTk; mjpy; cs;s cWg;Gfis kPWk; tifapYk; mike;Js;sJ.
2.5.rpwg;G jpUkz rl;lj;jpd; mq;fPfhuk;
rpwg;G jpUkzr; rl;lk;> gpupT 15 ,d; fPo; NtW kjq;fisr; Nru;e;j ,Utu; gjpTj; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tij
mq;fPfupf;fpwJ. mt;thW gpe;jpa murhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,e;j rl;lj;jpy; kjk; khwp jpUkzk; nra;J nfhs;tij
gpe;jpa murikg;gpw;F cl;gl;ljhfNt fUj ,aYk;. Mdhy; jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT
21(4)-d; gb nrhj;jpd; cupikahsu; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;g rpy epge;jidfis itj;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vd;W rl;lj;jhy;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mijg; gad;gLj;jp tPl;bd; cupikahsu;fs; kjk; khwp jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;ltu;fSf;F
tPL thliff;F fpilahJ vd;w xU epge;jidia tpjpj;Js;sJ Kw;wpYk; murikg;ig kPwpajhfNt fUj KbAk;.
2.6.rl;l cupik gw;wp M];bdpd; tiuaiw
xUtiu nghWj;J my;yJ mtu; njhlu;ghf xd;iwr; nra;tjw;F my;yJ nra;ahky; ,Ug;gjw;F kw;nwhUtu; my;yJ
kw;wtu;fs; rl;lg;gb fl;Lg;gl;L ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; my;yJ flikg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs; vdpy; mtu; xU cupikia
ngw;wtu; Mthu; vd;W M];bd; cupikia tiuaWf;fpwhu;.
M];bdpd; tiuaiwg;gb xU egiu nghWj;J xd;iwr; nra;tjw;F my;yJ nra;ahky; ,Ug;gjw;F rl;lj;jpd; fPo;
kw;wtu;fSf;F cs;s flikNa xU egupd; cupikahFk; vd;gNj M];bdpd; $w;W.
2.7.rl;l cupik gw;wp rhy;kz;bd; tiuaiw
 rl;l cupik vd;gJ xU eyd;>

 Mdhy; me;j eyd; rl;l ePjpapd; tpjpahy; mq;fPfupf;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk; gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rhy;kz;bd; fUj;jpy; cupik vd;gJ eyd; rk;ge;jg;gl;lJ ,Ue;jhYk; cupikAk; eyDk; xd;wy;y eyd; vd;gJ
kdpjdpd; ed;ik MdjhfTk; cupik vd;gJ me;j eyid mtdplkpUe;J kw;wtu;fs; gwpf;ff;$lhJ vd;W rl;l
tpjpahy; ghJfhf;fg;gLtjhFk;.
2.7.1.epahakhd tifg;ghl;bd; Nfhl;ghL - ,e;jpa murikg;gpd; 14 tJ cWg;G > rl;lj;jpd; Kd; ve;jnthU
egUf;Fk; rkj;Jtj;ijNah my;yJ ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; rl;lq;fspd; rkkhd ghJfhg;igNah muR kWf;ff; $lhJ vd;W
$WfpwJ. ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb ahUk; ehl;bd; rl;lj;jpw;F Nkyhdtu;fs; my;y> rl;lj;jpd; ghu;itapy; midtUk;
rkk; vd;gjhy; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp NkNyhq;Fk;. ,J 'epahakhd tifg;ghl;bd; Nfhl;ghL' vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
jpUkjp.nrz;gfk; Jiuuh[d; vjpuhf nkl;uh]; khepyk; 8 ,e;j tof;fpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; murikg;gpd; ruj;J 15
cl;gpupT xd;wpd;; fPo; ghFghL fhl;Ltjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; MFk;. NkYk; "tu;f;fk;" vd;gJ nghUshjhu
kw;Wk; r%f gFg;GfSf;F fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; ,dk;> rhjp kw;Wk; kjk; Nghd;w gpupTfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ. NkYk; midj;J tpjkhd ghFghLfisAk; xopg;gNj ruj;J 15 Nehf;fk; vd;W $wpa
cr;rePjpkd;wk; me;j tFg;G gue;j kw;Wk; jhuhskakhd topfspy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpaJ.
vdNt> epy cupikahsu;fs; kw;Wk; thlifjhuu;fs; njhlu;ghd ,e;j tof;F rhjp> kjk;> r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu
epiy Nghd;w gy;NtW mbg;gilapy; "tu;f;fk;" vd;w nrhy;yhy; ghFghL fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nfus khepyk; vjpuhf vd; vk; jhk]; 9 ,e;j tof;fpy;> tFg;G vd;gJ nghUshjhu my;yJ epjp msTNfhy;fisj;
jtpu r%f> fy;tp kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu gpd; jq;fpa epiy Nghd;w fhuzpfisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf fUjg;gl;lJ.
"tFg;G" vd;w fUj;J epiyahdJ my;y vd;Wk;> epiyia nghWj;J khWglyhk; vd;Wk; ePjpkd;wk; $wpaJ.
10
,e;jpuh rhtdp vjpuhf ,e;jpa xd;wpak; ,e;j tof;F ,l xJf;fPl;bd; murikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij cWjp nra;jJ. gpupT
15d; fPo; nghUshjhu gpd;jq;fpa epiyapd; mbg;gilapy; Md nfhs;iffs;. vdNt> epy cupikahsu;fs; my;yJ
Fj;jifjhuu;fs; mtu;fspd; nghUshjhu my;yJ epjp epiyapd; mbg;gilapy; ghFghL fhl;lg;gl;lhy; mJ gpupT
15d; fPo; tu;f;f mbg;giljhd ghFghlhf fUjg;glyhk;.
vdNt nghUz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; Muha;e;Njhkhdhy; jpU.FU%u;j;jp kjk; khwp jpUkzk; nra;J

nfhz;ljhy;> jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 21(4) fPOs;s epge;jidfshy; tPL fpilf;fhky;
ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;.
8
m.,.m.1951 c.eP.k.226
9
m.,.m.1976 c.eP.k.310
10
m.,.m.1993 c.eP.k.477

MfNt jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 21(4) MdJ gpe;jpa murikg;gpd; cWg;G 15-d; fPo;
$wg;gl;Ls;s tu;f;fk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; kj ghFghL fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,e;jr; rl;lkhdJ gpe;jpah
murikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPWk; tifapy; cs;sJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
2.8.jq;Fkpl cupik gw;wpa ru;tNjr tpjpfs;
2.8.1.nghUshjhu> fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; r%f cupikfs; kPjhd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;if> 1966
czT> cil> tPL> kw;Wk; tho;f;if epiyikfis njhlu;e;J Nkk;gLj;Jjy; cl;gl midtUf;Fk; kw;Wk; mtuJ
FLk;gj;jpdUf;F NghJkhd tho;f;ifj; juj;jpw;fhd cupikia mq;fPfupg;gJ mtrpak; vd;W mJ
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
2.8.2.kdpj cupikfs; cyfshtpa gpufldj;jpd; gpupT 25(1)
czT> cil> tPL> kUj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Njitahd r%f Nritfs; cl;gl jdf;Fk; jdJ FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; MNuhf;fpak;
kw;Wk; ey;tho;Tf;fhd NghJkhd tho;f;ifj; juj;jpw;F midtUf;Fk; cupik cz;L vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
kw;Wk; Ntiyapd;ik> Neha;> ,ayhik> tpjit> KJik my;yJ mtuJ fl;Lg;ghl;bw;F mg;ghw;gl;l
#o;epiyfspy; tho;thjhuk; ,y;yhj epiyapy; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd cupik.
2.8.3.kdpjf; FbNaw;wq;fs; Fwpj;j thd;$tu; gpufldk;> 1976
Nghjpa jq;Fkplk; kw;Wk; Nritfs; mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; vd;W mJ Fwpg;gpLfpwJ> ,J midj;J kf;fSk;
milag;gLtij cWjp nra;tJ murhq;fj;jpd; flikahFk;> ,J jpl;lq;fspd; %yk; Fiwe;j ed;ik gaf;Fk; FOf;fSf;F
Neub cjtp> Ra cjtp FOf;fs; kw;Wk; r%f eltbf;if. ,e;j ,yf;FfSf;fhd midj;J jilfisAk; murhq;fk; mfw;w
rpwg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
2.8.4.tho;tpl epfo;r;rp epuypd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs;> mu;g;gzpg;Gfs; kw;Wk;

cyfshtpa nray;jpl;lk;> 1996
mJ FbapUg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Rw;Wg;Gwq;fis nray;gLj;JtJ> jq;Fkplk; toq;FtJ kw;Wk; ghJfhg;gJ kw;Wk;

Nkk;gLj;JtJ murhq;fj;jpd; flik vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. rkkhd kw;Wk; epiyahd mbg;gilapy; tho;f;if
kw;Wk; Ntiy epiyikfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> mjdhy; midtUf;Fk; NghJkhd jq;Fkplk; fpilf;Fk;> mJ
MNuhf;fpakhd Kiwapy; ghJfhg;ghf mZff;$ba kypT kw;Wk; mbg;gil Nritfs; Nghd;w trjpfis
cs;slf;fpaJ.
2.9.ru;tNjr cld;gbf;if

,e;jpah ifnahg;gkpl;l nghUshjhu> r%f kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu cupikfs; kPjhd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;if> midtUf;Fk;
NghJkhd tPl;Ltrjpf;fhd cupikia toq;FfpwJ> ,J fl;lhakhf ntspNaw;wg;gLtij jil nra;fpwJ. ntspNaw;wk;
epahakhdjhff; fUjg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> ru;tNjr kdpj cupikfs; rl;lj;jpd; nghUj;jkhd tpjpfspd;gb
kw;Wk; epahaj;jd;ik kw;Wk; tpfpjhrhuj;jpd; nghJthd nfhs;iffSf;F ,zq;f fz;bg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;> ru;tNjr kdpj cupikr; rl;lk; midj;J jdpegu;fspd; kdpj cupik KbTfspy; gq;Nfw;Fk;
cupikia tYthf Mjupf;fpwJ.
2.10.gpupTfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s ,ilntsp
jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; njhlq;fg;gl;l ehspypUe;J 575 ehl;fSf;Fs; epy cupikahsUk;
Fj;jifjhuUk; vOj;Jg;G+u;t xg;ge;jj;jpy; <Lglj; jtwpdhy;> epy cupikahsu; my;yJ Fj;jifjhuUf;F
Rje;jpuk; cs;sJ vd;gij Nkw;$wpa ,uz;L tpjpfspd; xUq;fpize;j kw;Wk; njspthd thrpg;G njuptpf;fpwJ.
Nkw;gb rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 21(2)(m) ,d; fPo; Fj;jifia epWj;jTk; kw;Wk; ntspNaw;wj;ij NfhuTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
gpupT 21(2)(m) $wg;gl;l fhuzj;ij ve;j #o;epiyapy; nray;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gij rl;lk; Fwpg;gplTk; ,y;iy
vq;NfAk; gl;bayplg;glTk; ,y;iy vd;gJ rl;lj;ij Nfs;tpf;F cs;shf;FfpwJ.
jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; fhuzq;fspd; mwpf;ifahdJ> "epy cupikahsu;
kw;Wk; Fj;jifjhuupd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfis rkepiyg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; xg;ge;jj;jpd;gb thlifia
xOq;FgLj;Jjy;" vd mjd; Nehf;fj;ij toq;FfpwJ. rl;lj;jpd; Njitfs; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l vOj;Jg;G+u;t
xg;ge;jj;jpy; EiotJ> thlif cs;spl;l xg;ge;j tpjpKiwfis jPu;khdpj;jy; Nghd;wit xUjiyg;gl;rkhf
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L> epy cupikahsuhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lhy;> rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fNk Njhy;tpaile;J>
Fog;gj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk;. kw;Wk; Fj;jifjhuu;fSf;F Jd;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jp mePjpf;F toptFf;Fk; vd;gij ,e;j
ePjpkd;wk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2.11.ePjpkd;wj;jpy; toq;fg;gl;l Kd;khjpup jPu;g;Gfs;
Gdu;tho;T kw;Wk; jq;Fkpl cupikapd; mbg;gilapy;> tho;tjw;fhd cupikapy; jq;Fkpl cupikAk; mlq;Fk;
vd;W Iaj;jpw;F ,lkpd;wp ,e;jpa ePjpkd;wq;fspd; gy jPu;g;Gfs; cs;sd. xU fz;zpakhd #oy; kw;Wk;
epahakhd jq;Fkplj;jpw;fhd cupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij epiyepWj;Jk; mNj Ntisapy;> rhe;jp];lhu;
gpy;lu;]; vjpuhf ehuhaz; fpkyhy; Nlhl;lNk 11 ,y; cr;r ePjpkd;wk; jPu;g;gspj;jJ> tho;tjw;fhd cupikapy;
czT> cil> ,Ug;gplk; Mfpait mlq;Fk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
11
m.,.m.(1990)1 c.eP.k.520

12
rNkyp rpq; vjpuhf c.gp khepyk; ,e;j tof;fpy; ePjpgjp uhkrhkp> ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 21tJ
cWg;gpd; fPo; tho;thjhu cupik kw;Wk; 19(1)(c) cWg;gpd; fPo; trpf;Fk; cupik Mfpa tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L
nray;gLfpwJ vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. NkYk;> tho;thjhu cupikapd; fPo; jq;Fkpl cupik xU mj;jpahtrpa
mbg;gil cupik vd;W cr;rePjpkd;wk; jPu;g;gspj;Js;sJ.
13
NkYk;> m[a; khf;fd; kw;Wk; gyu; vjpuhf ,e;jpa xd;wpak; ,t; tof;fpy;> ,e;jpah kPjhd nly;yp cau;
ePjpkd;wk;> tPl;L cupik vd;gJ xUtupd; jiyf;F Nky; ntWk; jq;Fkplk; kl;Lky;y> tho;thjhu cupik>
Rfhjhu cupik> fy;tpf;fhd cupik Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
Rjhkh rpq; vjpuhf nly;yp murhq;fk;14 ,t; tof;fpy;> ePjpkd;wj;jhy; tFf;fg;gl;l topfhl;Ljy;fs; > Vw;fdNt
cs;s nfhs;iffspd; fPo; mtu;fspd; jFjpia cWjpg;gLj;j> ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; gw;wpa fzf;nfLg;ig khepyk;
elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; mt;thW nra;aj; jtwpaJ FbapUg;ghsu;fspd; cupikia kPWtjhFk; vd;Wk;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ vdNt Nkw;fz;l tof;Ffspd; jPu;g;Gfis khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;ba ehl;bd; cau;
ePjpkd;wk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
,q;F ve;j xU rl;lj;jpdhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuKk; murikg;gpw;F cl;gl;L nray;gLk;NghJ Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sf; $ba jd;ik cilaJ MFk;. mJNt murikg;gpw;F Kuzhf nray;gLk; nghOJ mJ rl;lj;jhy;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;jhYk; jtwhfNt fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; gpupT 21(4) MdJ epy cupikahsu;fspd; tpUg;gj;ij
kw;Wk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L thlifjhuu;fs; kw;Wk; Fj;jifjhuu;fspd; eyd;fis fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky; nray;gLk; ,e;j
rl;lkhdJ gy;NtW jd;ikfspy; cupik kPwiyAk; kw;Wk; ghypd ghFghLfisAk; cs;slf;fp jdpkdpj
cupikiaAk; mjd; mbg;gilapy; tho;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuj;ijAk; trpg;gjw;fhd cupikiaAk; gwpf;fpwJ. vdNt ,J
gpe;jpa murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwpajhfNt cs;sJ vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
2.12.rl;lj;jpd; FiwghLfs;
jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;;> 2017> ngUk;ghYk; epjp uPjpahf ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba epiyapy; cs;s Fj;jifjhuu;fspd;
Njitfisf; ftdpf;fhky;> epy cupikahsu;fspd; eyd;fSf;F mjpf Kd;Dupik mspg;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd;
gpupT 21> epy cupikahsupd; Mf;fpukpg;gpw;fhd cilikfis kPl;nlLg;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ> ,J epyg;gpuGf;fSf;F Mjuthf
mjpfg;gbahd rhu;Gilajhfj; njupfpwJ. epy cupikahsupd; epfo;tpy; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l #o;epiyfspy; tshfj;ij kPl;nlLg;gJ
kpfTk; jFjpaw;wJ kw;Wk; FbapUg;gpy; rpy fhyk; mikjpahf ,Uf;f tpUk;Gk; Fj;jifjhuu;fspd; eyd;fSf;F jPq;F tpistpf;Fk;.
,e;j ftiyfis eptu;j;jp nra;a> Nkw;$wpa tpjpfSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l tuk;Gfis mwpKfg;gLj;JtJ mtrpak;. NkYk;> epyg;gpuGf;fs;
nghUshjhu uPjpahf gpd;jq;fpa Fj;jifjhuu;fis Ruz;Ltijj; jLf;f ,e;j tpjpfspd; thu;j;ijfs; cd;dpg;ghf tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
12
m.,.m 1995 c.eP.k.1275
13
m.,.m.2019 nly;yp 523
14
m.,.m.2010

"Fj;jifjhuu;fSf;F vjpuhf epy cupikahsu; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tifahd VfNghfj;ij elj;Jfpwhu;"
- fhu;y; khu;f;];
j.nrh.g rl;lk;> 2017 ,aw;wg;gl;ljd; %yk; fhu;y; khu;f;]pd; Nkw;$wpa Nkw;Nfhs; ,g;NghJ ep[khfptpl;lJ.
NkYk; ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; epy cupikahsupd; iffspy; jd;dpr;irahd kw;Wk; VfNghfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F top tFj;jhy;>
Fj;jifjhuu; Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;F tha;g;gpy;yhky; ,Ue;jhy;> mJ r%f eykpd;ikf;F toptFf;Fk;.
epy cupikahsuhy; kPz;Lk; ifafg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; kpfTk; jFjpaw;wit kw;Wk; ngUk;ghyhd Neuq;fspy;
Fj;jifjhuu;fspd; eyd;fSf;F jPq;F tpistpg;gjhf ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;F tshfj;jpy; mikjpahf ,Uf;f
tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;. vdNt> Nkw;$wpa tpjpfspy; rpy fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. epy cupikahsupd; jtW my;yJ Njhy;tp
fhuzkhf epy cupikahsUf;Fk; Fj;jifjhuUf;Fk; ,ilNa vOj;Jg;G+u;t xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;glhj re;ju;g;gq;fspy; $l> ePjpkd;wq;fs;
epy cupikahsUf;F Mjuthf jPu;g;gspj;Js;sd. ,J Fj;jifjhuiu ve;j jtWk; nra;ahky; Jd;GWj;JfpwJ.
jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;> ngUk;ghYk; epjp uPjpahf ghjpf;fg;glf;$ba epiyapy; cs;s Fj;jifjhuu;fspd; Njitfisf;
ftdpf;fhky;> epy cupikahsu;fspd; eyd;fSf;F mjpf Kd;Dupik mspg;gjhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT
21> epy cupikahsupd; Mf;fpukpg;gpw;fhd cilikfis kPl;nlLg;gijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ> ,J epyg;gpuGf;fSf;F Mjuthf
mjpfg;gbahd rhu;Gilajhfj; njupfpwJ. epy cupikahsupd; epfo;tpy; NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l #o;epiyfspy; tshfj;ij kPl;nlLg;gJ
kpfTk; jFjpaw;wJ kw;Wk; FbapUg;gpy; rpy fhyk; mikjpahf ,Uf;f tpUk;Gk; Fj;jifjhuu;fspd; eyd;fSf;F jPq;F tpistpf;fpwJ
vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
vdNt epy cupikahsu;fspd; tpUg;gj;ij kw;Wk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L thlifjhuu;fs; kw;Wk; Fj;jifjhuu;fspd; eyd;fis fUj;jpy;
nfhs;shky; nray;gLk; ,e;j jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 21(4) MdJ gy;NtW tifapy; jdpkdpj cupik kw;Wk;
trpg;gjw;fhd cupik ,t;tpuz;bd; mbg;gilapy; tho;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuj;ijAk; KOtJkhf gwpf;fpwJ. vdNt ,J gpe;jpa
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwpajhfNt cs;sJ vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.

tof;nfO tpdh 3:
3) jug;gpdu;fs; $l;lhf nrhj;J thq;fpa epiyapy; jhdj;ij nry;yhepiyahf;Fk; cupik gpupT - 23 ,d;
fPo; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ nghUz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhdjh?
khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;baehL cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; rku;g;gpg;gJ ahnjdpy;> jug;gpdu;fs;

$l;lhf nrhj;J thq;fpa epiyapy; jhdj;ij nry;yhepiyahf;Fk; cupik gpupT - 23 fPo; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ nghUz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhdjhf fUj ,ayhJ vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
3.1.%j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk;
,e;j %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;15 2007> vd;gJ ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; %j;jFbkf;fSf;F guhkupg;G kw;Wk; eyid Ngz
murpayikg;gpd; fPo; cj;juthjk; mspf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lthW> rl;lg;G+u;t ghJfhg;ig toq;FfpwJ.NkYk;> xU
%j;j Fbkfd; my;yJ ngw;Nwhu; jdJ nrhe;j tUthapNyh my;yJ mtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd nrhj;jpypUe;Njh jd;idg; guhkupf;f Kbahj
epiyapy;> rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5-d; fPo; jdJ rl;lg;G+u;t thupRfsplkpUe;J guhkupg;Gj; njhifiag; ngWtjw;F tpz;zg;gpf;f cupik
cz;L vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
3.2.ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; %j;j Fbkf;fs; guhkupg;G eyr; rl;lk;
gpupT 23 - rpy #o;epiyfspy; nrhj;J gupkhw;wk; nry;yhJ
(1) ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> ve;jnthU %j;j FbkfDk;> guprhf my;yJ NtWtpjkhf> mtuJ nrhj;ij>
khw;wpaikg;gtUf;F mbg;gil trjpfs; kw;Wk; mbg;gil cly; Njitfis toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidf;F cl;gl;L> mj;jifa
15
%j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lkhdJ 2007-k; Mz;L nfhz;Ltug;gl;l jkpo;ehL ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; %j;j Fbkf;fs; guhkupg;G eyr; rl;lj;jpw;F ,izahdJ.

khw;Wj;jpwdhsp kWj;jhy; my;yJ Njhy;tpAw;whu;. mj;jifa trjpfs; kw;Wk; cly; Njitfis toq;f> nrhj;J gupkhw;wk; Nkhrb
my;yJ tw;GWj;jy; my;yJ Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpd; fPo; nra;ag;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; kw;Wk; khw;Wgtu; tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy;
jPu;g;ghaj;jhy; nry;yhJ vd;W mwptpf;fg;gLk;.
3.3.kfd; je;ijf;Ff; nfhLj;j cj;juthjk;
jpU.FU%u;j;jpapd; jpUkzj;jpw;F gpwF mtuJ je;ij fNzr%u;j;jp kw;Wk; mtuJ kidtp Mz;l;upah Mfpa ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilapy;
rpW rpW cury;fs; Vw;gl;lNghJ gpur;ridfis jtpu;g;gjw;fhf jpU.fNzr%u;j;jp mt; tPl;bd; Kjy; js gFjpf;F Fb ngau;e;J jd;id
jdpikg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhu;;. ,jidf; fz;L kd cisr;rYf;F cs;shd mtuJ kfd; je;ijapd; eyd; fUjp mtiu ed;F guhkupf;ff; $ba rhe;jp
epiyak; vd;w KjpNahu; ,y;yj;jpy; Nru;j;J tpl;L nryTfis jhd; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjhf cWjpaspj;jhu;. NkYk; gpur;rpidfis
jtpg;gjw;fhf jpU. fNzr%u;j;jp rhe;jp epiyaj;jpw;F nrd;W tpl;lhu;. ,g;nghUz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; kfd; jd; je;ijia ghu;j;Jf;
nfhs;tjhf cj;juthjk; mspj;Js;shu; mijAk; Kiwahf gpd;gw;wpAk; te;Js;shu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
vdNt %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; gpupT 23 ,y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb %j;j Fb kf;fSf;F guprhfNth my;yJ NtW tifapNyh
nrhj;jpd; cupikia khw;wp mikf;Fk; nghOJ me;j %j;jFb kf;fSf;F mbg;gil trjpfs; kw;Wk; mbg;gil cly; ghJfhg;gpid
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; jpU. FU%u;j;jp je;ijapd; eyid fUj;jpy; nfhz;Nl rhe;jp
epiyak; vd;w KjpNahu; ,y;yj;jpy; Nru;j;J tpl;L nryTfis nrYj;jp jdJ je;ijia guhkupj;J tUfpwhu;. ,t;thW jd; je;ijia guhkupj;J
tUk; epiyapy; jd;Dila nghUshjhu Njitf;fhf tPl;bd; Kjy; jsj;ij thliff;F tpsk;guk; nra;jijf; fz;L jpU.fNzr%u;j;jp guhkupg;G
jPu;g;ghaj;ij mZfp gpupT 23 ,d; fPo; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhuj;ij gad;gLj;jp cs;shu;.
vdNt nghUz;ikapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb jug;gpdu;fs; $l;lhf nrhj;J thq;fpa jd;ikia guhkupg;G jPu;g;ghak; fUj;jpy; nfhs;shky;
mtupd; jhdj;ij nry;yhepiyahf;fp tPl;il tpl;L ntspNawr; nra;jJ epr;rak; epahakhdjhf fUj ,ayhJ vd;gij gzpTld;
3.4.jug;gpdu;fs; $l;lhf nrhj;J thq;fpajd; jd;ik
,q;F jug;gpdhu;fs; vd;gJ fNzr%u;j;jp kw;Wk; FU%u;j;jpia Fwpf;fpwJ. ,ij nghUz;ikNahL xg;gPL nra;jhy; jpU fNzr
%u;j;jp gzp Xa;tpd; fhuzkhf fpilf;fg;ngw;w gzg;gyd;fisf; nfhz;Lk;> mtuJ kfd; jpU FU%u;j;jpapd; Cjpaj;jpd; %yk;
Nrkpj;j gzj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; kJuhG+upapy; jw;NghJ mtu; trpf;Fk; tPl;il fNzr%u;j;jp ngaupy; thq;fpdhu; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sjJ.
3.5.gupRg; gj;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; rpy rhj;jpaf; $Wfs;
3.5.1.jpUk;gg;ngw KbahjJ - xUKiw gupRg; gj;jpuk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lhy;> mJ jpUk;gg;ngw KbahjJ> mjhtJ

ed;nfhilahsu; jdJ kdij khw;wp gupirj; jpUk;gg; ngw KbahJ. ed;nfhilahsu; gpd;du; mtu;fs; nrhj;ij my;yJ nrhj;Jf;fis jdf;nfd
itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;jhy; ,J xU ghjfkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

3.5.2.tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghL - xU tzpfk; my;yJ gpw nrhj;Jfspd; cupikia khw;Wtjw;F xU gupRg; gj;jpuk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ> ed;nfhilahsu; nrhj;Jf;fspd; kPjhd fl;Lg;ghl;il ,of;f NeupLk;> Vnddpy; mit ,g;NghJ nra;jtUf;F
nrhe;jkhdJ.
3.6.nrhj;Jupik khw;Wr; rl;lk; - gpupT 122 - gupR
gupR vd;gJ jw;NghJs;s rpy mirAk; my;yJ mirahr; nrhj;ij jhdhf Kd;te;J kw;Wk; guprPypf;fhky;> xUtuhy;> ed;nfhilahsu;
vd;W miof;fg;gLk;> kw;nwhUtUf;F> nra;jtu; vd;W miof;fg;gl;L> my;yJ mtu; rhu;ghf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. cilik cupik
vd;gJ cilik kw;Wk; mDgtpf;Fk; cupikAld; Nru;e;J me;epag;gLtjw;fhd cupikapd; tpisthFk;. vdNt> xU rhjhuz kdpjdpd;
nkhopapy;> guprPyidapd;wp cupikia khw;WtJ.
vdNt nrhj;Jupik khw;Wr; rl;lk; gpupT 122- d; gb jpU. fNzr%u;j;jp jd;Dila xNu kfDf;F ve;j xU epge;jidAk; ,y;yhky;
jd;Dila KO Ra tpUg;gj;NjhL nra;j jhd nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; ve;j xU tw;GWj;jYk; ,y;yhky; epfo;e;Js;sJ. MfNt ,ij jpUk;gg;
ngWtJ gpupT 126- d; fPo; Fwpg;gpl;l tuk;Gfspd; gb rhj;jpa kw;wJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
vdNt jug;gpdu;fs; $l;lhf nrhj;J thq;fpa epiyapy;> jhdj;ij nry;yhepiyahf;Fk; cupik gpupT 23d; fPo; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ rl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; epahakw;wjhfNt fUj ,aYk;.
3.7.cupikAk; flikAk; njhlu;Gila ,iz
M];bdpd; fUj;Jg;gb xt;nthU cupikAk; mJ njhlu;Gila ,izahf xU flikiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Mdhy; xt;nthU flikAk; mJ
njhlu;Gila ,izahf xU cupikia nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhak; ,y;iy. mjhtJ flikapd;wp cupik vohJ Mdhy; cupik ,d;wp
flik ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ M];bdpd; fUj;J.
vdNt nghUz;ik mbg;gilapy; nfhNuhdh ngUe;njhw;wpd; fhuzj;jhYk; jdJ cly; epiyia fUj;jpy; nfhz;Lk; jpU.fNzr%u;j;jp
jdJ ngaupy; ,Ue;j nrhj;ij jd; kfd; jd;idg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu; vd;w ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; jdJ xNu kfdhd jpU.FU
%u;j;jpf;F jhd gj;jpuj;jpd; %yk; nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; nra;Js;shu;. ,jdhy; jpU.FU%u;j;jpf;F cupikAk; flikAk; ,izahf vOe;j
epiyapy; mtUila je;ijia ghJfhg;ghf guhkupj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. Vw;fdNt nfhLj;jpUe;j cj;juthjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
rhe;jp epiyaj;jpw;F nrd;W ,Uf;Fk; je;ijapd; guhkupg;G nrytpid Vw;Wf;nfhz;lgbNa ,e;ehs; tiu rupahf nra;J tUfpwhu;.
3.8.nrhj;Jupik khw;Wr; rl;lk; - gpupT 44 - xU ,iz cupikahsuhy; ,lkhw;wk;
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l mirahr; nrhj;jpd; ,iz cupikahsu;fspy; xUtu;> rl;lg;G+u;tkhfj; jFjpAilatu;fspy; xUtu;> mj;jifa
nrhj;jpd; jdJ gq;if my;yJ mjpy; VNjDk; tl;bia khw;wpdhy;> gupkhw;wk; nra;gtu; mj;jifa gq;F my;yJ tl;biag;
ngWfpwhu;> NkYk; nfhLf;fj; Njitahd msTf;F gupkhw;wk;> $l;L cilik my;yJ gpw nghJthd my;yJ gFjp mDgtj;jpw;fhd
gupkhw;w cupik> kw;Wk; mjd; gfpu;itr; nray;gLj;Jjy; .

,iz cupikahsuhy; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghUe;jf;$ba tpjpfisf; ifahs;fpwJ. khw;wg;gl;l nrhj;ij
mDgtpg;gjw;fhd ,iz cupikahsuhf khw;wg;gl;ltupd; cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gfs; gw;wpAk; ,J tpthjpf;fpwJ. mirahr;
nrhj;jpd; rl;luPjpahfj; jFjpAs;s xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l cupikahsu;fs;> mj;jifa nrhj;jpy; jq;fs; gq;ifNah my;yJ
VNjDk; Mu;tj;ijNah khw;wpatUf;F khw;wyhk; vd;W ,e;jg; gpupT $WfpwJ. gupkhw;wjhuupd; $l;L cilikf;fhd cupik
my;yJ nrhj;jpd; kw;w nghJthd my;yJ gFjp mDgtq;fs;> rpy epge;jidfSf;F cl;gl;L mtuJ cupikfs; kw;Wk; nghWg;GfSld;>
khw;wg;gl;ltUf;F khw;wg;gLk;.
3.9.,iz cupikahsupd; tiuaiw
',iz cupikahsu;' vd;gJ xU egu; my;yJ kw;nwhU egu; my;yJ epWtdj;Jld; nrhj;J itj;jpUf;Fk; egu;fspd; FO. ,e;j thu;j;ijapd;
nghJthd nghUs; "xNu FLk;gj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;". ,iz cupikahsu;fs; nrhj;jpy; rk gq;F my;yJ nrhj;jpd; xU gFjpia jq;fs;
ngaupy; itj;jpUf;fyhk;. ,iz cupikahsu; vd;gjd; nghUs; kpfTk; tpupthdJ.
xU ,iz cupikahsUf;F Kf;fpakhf %d;W tifahd cupik cs;sJ-
1. cilik cupik>
2. mDgtpf;Fk; cupik> kw;Wk;
3. mfw;Wtjw;fhd cupik.
,iz cupikahsu; vd;gJ ,q;F nghUz;ikapy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb jpU. fNzr%u;j;jp gzp Xa;tpd; fhuzkhf fpilf;fg;ngw;w
gzg;gyd;fis nfhz;Lk; mtuJ kfd; jpU. FU%u;j;jpapd; Cjpaj;jpd; %yk; Nrkpj;j gzj;ijAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kJuhG+upapy;
xU tPl;il jpU. fNzr%u;j;jp ngaupy; thq;fpdhu;. ,e;j tPl;bw;F cz;lhd %yk; vd;gJ ,UtuplkpUe;Nj ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt tPL
thq;fpa %yj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jpU. FU%u;j;jpAk; ,iz cupikahsuhfNt fUjg;gLthu;.
,j;jifa #o;epiyapy; kjk; khwp jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l xNu fhuzj;jpw;fhf jd;Dila kUkfNshL cury;fs; Vw;gl;L jdpikg;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;l jdJ je;ijia guhkupg;gjw;fhf KjpNahu; ,y;yj;jpw;F mDg;gp itj;Js;shu;. NkYk; mjw;F cz;lhd guhkupg;G njhifAk;
nrYj;jp tUfpwhu;. ,j;jifa #o;epiyapy; jhdj;ij nry;yhepiyahf;fpaJ %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ij jtwhf gad;gLj;jp
J~;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s nray; nghUz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; epahakw;wjhfNt fUj ,aYk; vd;gij gzpTld;
3.10.,aw;if ePjpapd; nfhs;iffs;
epahak; kw;Wk; ePjpia cWjpg;gLj;j ,aw;if ePjp vd;gJ rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. rhu;Gf;F vjpuhd tpjp> epahakhd
tprhuizapd; tpjp kw;Wk; epahakhd KbT. KbntLg;gtu;fs; ghugl;rkw;wtu;fs; vd;gij ,e;jf; nfhs;iffs; cWjp nra;fpd;wd.
NkYk;> ,e;jf; nfhs;iffs; midj;Jj; jug;gpdUk; jq;fs; thjj;ij Kd;itf;f tha;g;G ,Ug;gijAk;> KbTfs; gFj;jwptpd;
mbg;gilapy; ,Ug;gijAk; cWjp nra;fpwJ.

3.10.1.Mb my;nluhk; ghu;nlk; my;yJ ,UGwk; Nfl;ly; tpjp - "Mb my;nluk; ghu;nlk;" my;yJ epahakhd tprhuizf;
nfhs;ifapd; tpjp> "kw;w gf;fj;ijf; NfSq;fs;" vd;W nghUs;. ,J Neu;ik> ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kw;Wk; nghWg;Gzu;it cWjpg;gLj;j
cjTfpwJ.
cjhuzkhf> xU egu; jtW nra;jjhf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gLfpwhu;. mtd; jd;idj; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;s tha;g;G kWf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J xU
epahakw;w #o;epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;. ,e;j #o;epiyapy; ,UGwk; Nfl;ly; tpjp Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. epahakhd Kiwapy;
Nfl;fg;gLtjw;F tha;g;gpy;yhky; ahUk; jz;bf;fg;gLtjpy;iy my;yJ Kd;KbT nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;gij ,J cWjp nra;fpwJ.
"Mb my;nluk; ghu;nlk; 16" vd;w nfhs;if xU yj;jPd; nrhy;. ,jd; nghUs; "kWGwk; Nfl;f" xU rl;l my;yJ ePjpj;Jiw eltbf;ifapy;
xt;nthU jug;gpdUk; xU Kbit vLg;gjw;F Kd; Nfl;Fk; tha;g;igg; ngWtij ,J cWjp nra;fpwJ. ,J ,aw;if ePjpapy; Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpf;fpwJ. epahakhd tprhuizapd; tpjpahdJ> xU Kbtpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fs; jq;fSf;F vjpuhd tof;if mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;>
Fw;wr;rhl;LfSf;F gjpyspf;fTk;> mtu;fspd; Mjhuq;fs; kw;Wk; thjq;fis Kd;itf;fTk; cupik Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt ,ij nghUz;ikNahL xg;gpLk; nghOJ jpU fNzr%u;j;jp jd;Dila tPl;bw;f;fhd Nkw;gb tpsk;guj;ij ghu;j;j gpwF> jd;id
rhe;jp epiyaj;jpw;F mDg;gpa gpwF jd;Dila kfd; jd;id ghu;f;f tuhj fhuzj;jhYk; jd; epuhfupf;fg;gl;ljhf czu;e;jhYk; NkYk;
jdJ kfd; jd;id ek;g itj;J Vkhw;wpajhf $wp %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lg; gpupT 23 ,d; fPo; guhkupg;G jPu;g;ghaj;ij mZfp
cs;shu;. ,t; tof;fpy; guhkupg;G jPu;g;ghak; jhd nrhj;Jupik khw;wj;ij ,y;yh epiy vd mwptpj;jJ> NkYk; jpU. FU%u;j;jpia
tPl;il fhyp nra;AkhW Miz gpwg;gpj;jJ.
Mdhy; me;j nrhj;jhdJ ,Utupd; %yq;fshy; vd;gJk;> jd;Dila guhkupg;G nrytpw;fhd njhifia jd;Dila kfd; cWjpaspj;jJ gb
Kiwahf nrYj;jp tUfpwhu; vd;gijAk; KOikahf Fwpg;gplhky; tof;F njhlu;e;J %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 5-d;
fPo; guhkupg;G jPu;g;ghak; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ rupahdJ my;y.
3.10.2.,UGwk; Nfl;ly; tpjp cs;slf;fpa mk;rq;fs;
 mwptpg;G - tprhuizia vjpu;nfhs;Sk; jdpegUf;F mtu; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l Fw;wr;rhl;Lfspd; Fwpg;gpl;l jd;ik Fwpj;J
njuptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Fw;wr;rhl;Lfs; Fwpj;J xU egUf;F tha;top my;yJ vOj;Jg;G+u;t jfty; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mtUf;F jahu; nra;J gjpyspf;f xU epahakhd tha;g;G toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 Nfl;Fk; cupik - xU egu; jdJ thjj;ij Kd;itf;f epahakhd tha;g;G toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> rhl;rpfis
miog;gjw;Fk;> kWGwk; Kd;itf;Fk; rhl;rpfis FWf;F tprhuiz nra;tjw;Fk;> rl;l thjq;fisr; nra;tjw;Fk; cupik.
 Mjhuq;fis Kd;itg;gjw;fhd tha;g;G - xU egu; jdJ tof;if Mjupf;f Mjhuq;fis rku;g;gpf;f cupik Ntz;Lk;.
 ghugl;rkw;w KbntLg;gtu; - KbntLg;gtu; eLepiy kw;Wk; ghugl;rkw;wtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fspd; jPu;g;igg;
ghjpf;ff;$ba tifapy; nray;glf; $lhJ.
3.11.ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; %j;j Fbkf;fs; guhkupg;G eyr; rl;lk; - gpupT 6 - Ms;tiu kw;Wk; eilKiw
(1) gpupT 5-,d; fPohd eilKiwfisg; gps;idfSf;F my;yJ cwtpdu;fSf;F vjpuhf ve;j khtl;lj;jpYk;; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.
16
,jd; nghUs; vd;dntd;why; tof;fpd; tprhuizfspy; ePjpkd;wk; ,UGwKk; tprhupj;J jPu;T fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

(m) mtu; trpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; my;yJ filrpahf trpj;j ,lj;jpy;
(2) gpupT 5-,d; fPo; jhf;fy; nra;gg;gl;l kDitj; jPu;g;ghak; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gpwF me;j kJ ve;jg; gps;isfSf;F my;yJ
cwtpdu;fSf;F vjpuhfj; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sNjh mtu;fis ePjpkd;wj;jpy; Njhd;Wk;gb nra;tjw;F ePjpKiwf; fl;lis
gpwg;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(6) gpupT 5-,d; fPo; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l kDitj; jPu;g;ghak; tprhuiz nra;tjw;F Kd;du;> mjid ,irtpzf;f mjpfhupf;F
mDg;Gjy; Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; ,irtpzf;f mjpfhup jdJ fhz;KbTfis xU khjj;jpw;Fs; jPu;g;ghaj;jpw;F mwpf;ifahfr; rku;g;gpf;f
Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; ,zf;fkhd jPu;T Vw;gl;lhy;> mjd; Ngupy; jPu;g;ghak; fl;lis xd;iwg; gpwg;gpf;Fk;.
gpupT 8 - tprhuiz RUf;fkhd Kiwapy; eilngWjy; Ntz;Lk;
1) gpupT 5 - d; fPo; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk; kD kPjhd tprhuizia khepy murhq;fk; ,jd; nghUl;L Fwpj;J ciuj;jpLk;
tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L> jPu;g;ghak; jhd; nghUj;jk; vd fUJk; mj;jifa RUf;f tprhuiz gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2) cWjpnkhop nra;jpl itj;Jr; rhl;rpak; vLg;gJ> rhl;rpfis Neupy; Njhd;wpl fl;lhag;gLj;Jjy;> Mtzq;fisAk; kw;Wk;
NtWrhd;W nghUl;fisAk; xg;gilg;gjw;fhff; fl;lhag;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;wpy; jPu;g;ghak; Xu; cupikapay;
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fs;s midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; tprhuiz Kiwr;rl;lg; gpupT 195
kw;Wk; mj;jpahak; 26-,d; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf> jPu;g;ghak; Xu; cupikapay; ePjpkd;wkhff; fUjg;gLk;.
3) ,jd; nghUl;L ,aw;wg;gl;l tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L> rPtdhk;r tof;fpy; jPu;g;Gr; nrhy;tjw;F kw;Wk; rPtdhk;r cupik
Nfhupf;ifapd; Nky; jPu;T nra;jpLk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf ,J njhlu;ghd eilKiwapy; jdp Nju;r;rpahsu; xd;W my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fis tprhuizapy; cjTk;gb Nju;e;njLf;fyhk;.
3.12.ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; %j;j Fbkf;fs; guhkupg;G eyr; rl;lk; kw;Wk; ey;tho;T tpjpfs;
tpjp 5 - vjpu;jug;gpdUf;F mwptpg;G kw;Wk; tpz;zg;gj;jpid rhu;T nra;jy;.
(2) mwptpg;ghdJ vjpu;jug;gpdiu mwptpg;gpy; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Njjpapy; Neupy; Njhd;WkhW Ntz;LWj;Jk;
kw;Wk; tpz;zg;gk; Vd; toq;fg;glf;$lhJ vd;gjw;F vOj;JUtpyhd tpsf;fk; NfhUk; kw;Wk; mtu; gjpyspf;f jtWthuhapd;
jPu;g;ghak; vjpnutupy;yh eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sk; vd;gij njuptpj;jply; Ntz;Lk;.
tpjp 7 - cupikf; Nfhupf;if mDkjpf;fg;gLk; Neu;tpy; eilKiw.
tpjp 5 fPo; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l mwptpg;gpy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Njjpapy; vjpu;jug;gpdu; Neupy; Njhd;wpAk;> kDjhuiu
guhkupf;f Ntz;ba jdJ nghWg;giltpid xg;Gf; nfhs;Sk; Neu;tpy; kw;Wk; jug;gpdu; ,UtUk; gu gu jPu;Tf;F xg;Gf;nfhs;Sk;
NghJ> mjw;fpdq;f jPu;g;ghak; Xu; cj;jutpidg; gpwg;gpf;Fk;.
Mdhy; ,e;j guhkupg;G jPu;g;ghakhdJ tprhuiz Kiwia Kiwahf gpd;gw;wtpy;iy> mjhtJ ,U Gwk; Nfl;ly; tpjp vd;w
Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; tof;F njhlug;gl;l thjpapd; fhuzq;fis Nfl;L mwpe;j jPu;g;ghak; gpujpthjpapd; jug;gpy; cs;s
epahaq;fisAk; Kiwahf tprhupj;J Nfl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

MfNt thjpahy; kD jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l gpwF ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; %j;j Fbkf;fs; guhkupg;G kw;Wk; ey;tho;T tpjpfspd;gb
tpjp 5-y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s vjpu;jug;gpdUf;F mwptpg;G nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;> tpjp 7-y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s
Neupy; eilKiwgb ,UtuJ thjq;fisAk; nghWg;gpy; nfhs;shky; nray;gl;Ls;sJ. NkYk; ve;j xU tprhuizAk; Nkw;nfhs;shky;
gpupT 6 cl;gpupT 6-y; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sgb jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;l kDit jPu;g;ghak; tprhuiz nra;tjw;F Kd; mjid ,irtpzf;f
mjpfhupf;F mDg;ghkYk; ,irtpzf;f mjpfhup mtu;fspd; mwpf;ifia ngwhkYk; nfhLf;fg;gl;l jPu;g;ghdJ Kw;wpYk; ,aw;if
ePjpapd; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F KuzhfNt nray;gl;Ls;sJ. %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; gpupT 5-d; fPo; jhf;fy; nra;ag;gLk; kD
kPjhd tprhuizia tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;L> jPu;g;ghak; jhd; nghUj;jnkd fUJk; mj;jifa RUf;f tprhuizia gpupT 8-d; fPo;
gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW ve;j xU tprhuizAk; gpd;gw;whky; nray;gl;Ls;sJ ,aw;if ePjpf;F Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F vjpuhfNt
fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
",aw;if ePjp vd;gJ vJ jtW vJ rup vd;w czu;T."
,e;jpahtpy;> ,e;j fUj;J Muk;g fhyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. nkh`pe;ju; rpq; fpy; vjpuhf jiyik Nju;jy; Mizau;17 tof;fpy; >
ePjpj;Jiw> miu-ePjpj;Jiw> epu;thf kw;Wk; my;yJ miu-epu;thfg; gzpahf ,Ue;jhYk; xt;nthU nraypYk; epahak; vd;w fUj;J
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ePjpkd;wk; $wpaJ.
mJkl;Lkpd;wp ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 8 cl;gpupT 2-d; fPo; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhukhdJ jPu;g;ghak; Xu; cupikapay;
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F cs;shd midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk; kw;Wk; Fw;wtpay; tprhuiz Kiw rl;lg;gpupT 195 $Wk;gb
nghJ ePjpf;F vjpuhd Fw;wq;fis Kiwahf tprhupg;gjw;fhd mjpfhuj;ijAk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;;. Mdhy;> ,e;j jPu;g;ghak;
rhl;rpfisAk; tprhuizf;F miof;fhky; nfhLf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ij J~;gpuNahfk; nra;J mwptpf;fg;gl;l jPu;g;ghdJ
Kw;wpYk; ,aw;if ePjpapd; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;Fk; me;j tpjp cs;slf;fpa mk;rq;fSf;Fk; vjpuhf cs;sJ vd;gij khz;gik nghUe;jpa
ghz;ba ehl;bd; cau; ePjpkd;wk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
3.13.ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; %j;j Fbkf;fspd; guhkupg;G kw;Wk; eyd; rl;lk; - gpupT 17
17. rl;lg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;fhd cupik
ve;jnthU rl;lj;jpYk; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> xU jPu;g;ghak; my;yJ Nky;KiwaPl;L jPu;g;ghaj;jpd; Kd; njhlUk; ve;jnthU
jug;gpdUk; xU rl;lg; gapw;rpahsuhy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gl khl;lhu;fs;.
18
vk;. NtZNfhghy; vjpuhf khtl;l ePjpj;Jiw eLtu; kw;Wk; gyu; ,t;tof;fpy; rl;lj;ij nghUj;jtiu rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 17- MdJ
jPu;g;ghaq;fs; kw;Wk; Nky;KiwaPl;Lj; jPu;g;ghaq;fs; Kd;G tof;FiuQu;fs; M[uhtijj; jil nra;fpwJ. ehk; Fwpg;gpl;l gb>
rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 23 ,d; fPo;> rpy vjpu;ghuhj rk;gtq;fspy;> xU njhopy; eltbf;ifiar; rl;lg;gb nry;yhJ vd mwptpf;f jPu;g;ghak;
mjpfhuk; ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. ,J epr;rakhf rpf;fyhd rl;lk; kw;Wk; rq;fjpg; gpur;ridfis cl;gLj;JfpwJ> mjw;F fz;bg;ghf xU
tof;FiuQupd; cjtp Njitg;gLk;> guhkupg;G rk;ge;jkhd gpur;ridia KbT nra;tjw;Ff;$l> xU tof;FiuQupd; cjtp ed;ik mspf;ff;
17
m.,.m 1978 c.eP.k.405
18
m.,.m 2014

$bajhFk;. tof;FiuQu;fs; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 30-k;> jPu;g;ghaq;fs; Kd;G tof;FiuQu;fs; M[uhtij mDkjpf;fpwJ. vdNt> rl;lj;jpd;
gpupT 17-k; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; kPz;Lk; Muha Ntz;ba fl;lhak; mtrpak; cs;sJ vd;gij ePjpkd;wk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; jkpo;ehL ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; %j;j Fbkf;fspd; guhkupg;G kw;Wk; ey;tho;T 2009d; tpjpfs; ,Ug;gjhy;> 1908 Mk;
Mz;L rptpy; eilKiwr; rl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sgb> cupikfs; kw;Wk; jiyg;Gfs; epu;zapf;fg;gl;l Kiwapy; ntspNaw;Wk;
eilKiw rkkhf ,y;iy vd;W ePjpkd;wk; NkYk; $wpaJ. FLk;gj;jpd; fl;likg;ig rPu;Fiyf;fhky; ,Uf;f> ftdkhff; ifahs Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijAk; typAWj;jpAs;sJ.
kd;Nkhfd; rpq; vjpuhf rj;jP];fu; khepyk; 19 ,t;tof;fpy; mtuJ kidtp kw;Wk; Foe;ijfs; kDjhuupd; mDkjpAld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
tPl;by; trpf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;fs;. kDjhuu;> gpujpthjpfs; kw;Wk; mtuJ FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fis cupkj;ij uj;J nra;AkhW njuptpj;j
jUzj;jpy; cupkk; epWj;jg;gLk;. kDjhuu; rptpy; ePjpkd;wj;ij mZfp vjpu;kDjhuu; fl;lhakhd #o;epiyapy;
ePf;fpapUe;jhYk;> jtwhd MNyhrid fhuzkhf ,Uf;fyhk;. rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cs;s jPu;T ,aw;ifapy; RUf;fkhf cs;sJ kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpd;
tpjpfs; rl;lj;jpd; gpupT 3 ,d; ghu;itapy; NtW ve;j rl;lj;jpw;Fk; Nkyhd tpisitf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. rl;lj;jpd; 27tJ gpuptpd;
ghu;itapy; rptpy; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhu tuk;G jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
vdNt nghUz;ikNahL xg;gPL nra;Ak; nghOJ guhkupg;G jPu;g;ghak; jhd nrhj;Jupik khw;wj;ij ,y;yh epiy vd mwptpj;J>
jpU FU%u;j;jp tPl;il fhyp nra;AkhW Miz gpwg;gpj;jJ mtupd; FLk;g tho;f;ifapid ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shf;fpAs;sJ. ,e;j
#o;epiyapy; tPl;il tpl;L ntspNawpa epiyapy; Gjpa rl;lq;fshy; tPL fpilf;fhky; NkYk; ghjpg;gile;Js;shu; vd;gijAk;
ePjpkd;wk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,NjNghy; Fu;jPg; rpq; vjpuhf gQ;rhg; khepyk;20 ,t;tof;fpy; cupkk; ngw;wtupd; epiy kw;Wk; %j;j Fbkfdpd;
nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhf;f khtl;l kh[p];jpNul; vd;d eltbf;iffs; vLf;fyhk; kw;Wk; rptpy; tof;F epYitapy; ,Ue;jhy; %j;j Fbkfdpd;
nrhj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J Foe;ijfis ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhd ve;j cj;jutpd; rl;lG+u;tkhd jd;ik vd;d? gpd;tUk; mtjhdpg;G khz;GkpF cau;
ePjpkd;wj;jhy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. kDjhuu;> mtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd nrhj;jpy; trpf;f mtuJ je;ij toq;fpa rYifapd; mbg;gilapy; me;j
tshfj;jpy; trpf;Fk; cupkjhuu; Mthu;. cupkk; ngw;wtuhf> kDjhuu; cupkk; ngw;w nrhj;jpd; cupikia mDgtpf;f
mDkjpf;fg;gLfpwhu;. vdNt ,UtUk; $l;lhf Nru;e;J nrhj;J thq;fpa jd;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; jpU. FU%u;j;jpf;Fk; ,e;j nrhj;ij
mDgtpg;gjw;fhd cupik cs;sJ> tprhuiz Kiwia rupahf gpd;gw;whky; guhkupg;G jPu;g;ghak; mspj;j mwptpg;G mtupd;
tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; trpg;gjw;fhd cupikia gwpf;fpwJ.
vdNt khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;ba ehl;bd; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; rku;g;gpg;gJ ahnjdpy; jug;gpdu;fs; $l;lhf nrhj;J
thq;fpa epiyapy; jhdj;ij nry;yhepiyahf;Fk; cupik gpupT 23 fPo; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ nghUz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy;
epahakhdjhf fUj ,ayhJ vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
tof;nfO tpdh 4:
19
eP.vz;.4078 2003
20
2022 g.c.eP.k 830


mDkhdpf;f ,aYkh?
khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;baehL cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; rku;g;gpg;gJ ahnjdpy;> nrhj;Jupik

khw;wk; eilngw;w gpd;du; ePjpkd;wkhdJ %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; 2007 ,d; fPo; cupik
khw;wk; ngw;wtupd; elj;ij ahdJ jfhj nry;thf;F fhuzkhf Vw;gl;ljhf mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij gzpTld;
4.1.,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; - gpupT 16
16. Njitaw;w nry;thf;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(1) xU xg;ge;jk; "jtwhd nry;thf;fhy;" J}z;lg;gl;ljhff; $wg;gLfpwJ> mq;F fl;rpfSf;fpilNa epyTk; cwTfs;> xU jug;gpdu;
kw;wtupd; tpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; kw;Wk; epahakw;wijg; ngw me;j epiyiag;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.
(2) Fwpg;ghf kw;Wk; Nkw;$wpa nfhs;ifapd; nghJj;jd;ikf;F ghugl;rk; ,y;yhky;> xU egu; kw;nwhUtupd; tpUg;gj;jpd;
kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiyapy; ,Ug;gjhff; fUjg;gLfpwhu;--
(m) mtu; kw;wtu; kPJ cz;ikahd my;yJ ntspg;gilahd mjpfhuj;ij itj;jpUf;Fk; ,lk;> my;yJ mtu; kw;wtUld; ek;gfkhd
cwtpy; epw;Fk; ,lk;| my;yJ
(M) taJ> Neha;> my;yJ kd my;yJ cly; uPjpahd Jd;gk; Mfpatw;wpd; fhuzkhf kd jpwd; jw;fhypfkhf my;yJ epue;jukhf
ghjpf;fg;gl;l xU egUld; mtu; xg;ge;jk; nra;fpwhu;.
(3) kw;nwhUtupd; tpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiyapy; cs;s xUtu;> mtUld; xg;ge;jk; nra;Jnfhz;L> guptu;j;jid
Kfj;jpNyh my;yJ rhl;rpaq;fspNyh kdrhl;rpaw;wjhfj; Njhd;wpdhy;> mij ep&gpf;Fk; Rik mj;jifa xg;ge;jk; Njitaw;w
nry;thf;fhy; J}z;lg;gltpy;iy> kw;wtupd; tpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiyapy; cs;s egu; kPJ ,Uf;Fk;.
,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; gpupT 16 cl;gpupT 1 njspthf $WtJ ahnjdpy;> xU fl;rpapd; jtwhd nry;thf;fhy; kw;nwhU fl;rpapd;
tpUg;gj;ij Gwf;fzpj;J nray;gLk; nrayhdJ epahakw;wjhf fUijapYk; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
Mdhy;> nfhudh fhyfl;lj;jpd; #o;epiyahYk;> jdJ cly; epiyia fUj;jpy; nfhz;l fhuzj;jpdhYk; jd;kfd; jd;idg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;
vd;w ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapNyNa jpU fNzr%u;j;jp jd;Dila KO tpUg;gj;NjhL rk;kjpj;J jhd; jhd nrhj;Jupik khw;wj;ij

nra;Js;shu;. ,q;F jpU FU%u;j;jp mtu;fspd; Mjpf;fk; vq;Fk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. vdNt ,J jfhj nry;thf;fpd; fPo;
mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij ePjpkd;wk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mNjNghy gpupT 16 cl;gpupT 3-d; fPo; kw;nwhUtupd; tpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiyapy; cs;s xUtu;> mtUld;
xg;ge;jk; nra;Jnfhz;L> guptu;j;jid Kfj;jpNyh my;yJ rhl;rpaq;fspNyh kdrhl;rpaw;wjhfj; Njhd;wpdhy;> mij ep&gpf;Fk;
Rik mj;jifa xg;ge;jk; Njitaw;w nry;thf;fhy; J}z;lg;gltpy;iy> kw;wtupd; tpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiyapy; cs;s
egu; kPJ ,Uf;Fk;.
,q;F Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jg;gl;ljhf jpU. FU%u;j;jp ek; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s ,ayhJ. Vndd;why; me;j nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; jpU fNzrd;
%u;j;jpapd; nrhe;j tpUg;gj;jpd; gbNa epfo;e;Js;sJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ vdNt Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; eguhf jpU FU%u;j;jpAk;
mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ mtupd; kPJ ve;j Mjhuj;jpd; RikiaAk; cUthf;f KbahJ vd;gij ehk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
uFehj; gpurhj; vjpuhf ru;[§ gpurhj; 21 ,t;tof;fpy;> Njitaw;w nry;thf;F ntspNa nfhz;L tug;glyhk;. ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpd;
gpupT 16 ,d; Jizg;gpupT (3) fPo; Fwpg;gpl;L jPu;khdpj;jhu;: "Kjypy; fl;rpfSf;fpilNaahd cwT> xUtu; kw;wtupd;
tpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j epiyg;ghl;by; xUKiw Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpdhy; xg;ge;jk;
ngwg;gl;ljh vd;w ,uz;lhtJ fl;lj;ij vl;bAs;sJ. Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpdhy; J}z;lg;glhky; ,Ug;gJ> kw;wtupd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Nky;
Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; ,lj;jpy; ,Ue;j egu; kPJ ngha; nrhy;tJ> ,e;j Kd;nkhopTfspd; tupiria khw;wpdhy;> gpio Vw;gLtJ fpl;lj;jl;l
cWjp. ,e;jf; fl;rpfSf;F ,ilNaahd cwT> xUtiu kw;wtupd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; tifapy; ,it ,Ue;jdth? vd;w
Nfs;tpia vOg;gpaJ. MfNt gpupT 16 ,d; Kjy; Njit G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gltpy;iy vd;W ePjpkd;wk; Fwpg;gpl;L
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vdNt ,t;tof;fpd; Kd;khjpup jPu;g;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; kDjhuu; Nky; itf;Fk; Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis vjpu; kDjhuu; rhu;gpy;
KiwahfTk; rupahfTk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy mtu; jfhj nry;thf;F epfo;j;jpajhf mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ vdTk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpajhfTk;
fUj KbahJ vd;gijAk; gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
4.2.,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; - gpupT 13
13. 'xg;Gjy;' tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ - ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l egu;fs; xNu nghUspy; xNu tp~aj;ij xg;Gf; nfhs;Sk;NghJ
mtu;fs; rk;kjpg;gjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
,e;jg; gpuptpd; 13 fPo; nghUz;ikNahL xU xg;gPL cz;L> nfhudh ngUe;njhw;wpd;; fhuzj;jhYk; jdJ cly; epiyia fUj;jpy;
nfhz;L jpU. fNzr%u;j;jp jdJ ngaupy; ,Ue;j nrhj;ij jdJ xNu kfdhd jpU. FU%u;j;jpf;F jhd gj;jpuj;jpd; %yk; nrhj;Jupik
khw;wk; nra;Js;shu;. vdNt ,q;F ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilapy; xg;Gjy; ,Ue;jjd; mbg;gilapNyNa ,e;j nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; eilngw;W
cs;sJ. vdNt ,e;j nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; jpU. fNzr%u;j;jp mtu;fspd; tpUg;gj;NjhL jhd; eilngw;W ,Ug;gJ njspthfpwJ. vdNt
21
(1924)26 k.c.eP.k.595

nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; ngw;w gpd;dUk; mjw;F Kd;dUk; ve;j tifapYk; jfhj nry;thf;F fhuzkhf nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; ele;jjhf
mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
4.3.,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk;
gpupT 14 - ,ytr xg;Gjy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ
fhuzk; ,y;yhjNghJ xg;Gjy; ,ytrk; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ
(1) tw;GWj;jy;> gpupT 15 ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> my;yJ
(2) Njitaw;w nry;thf;F> gpupT 16 ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ> my;yJ
(3) gpupT 17 ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nkhrb> my;yJ
(4) gpupT 18 ,y; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sgb jtwhfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jy; my;yJ
(5) jtW> gpupTfs; 20> 21 kw;Wk; 22 tpjpfSf;F cl;gl;lJ.
xg;Gjy; mspf;fg;glhky; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> Mdhy; mj;jifa tw;GWj;jy;> Njitaw;w nry;thf;F> Nkhrb> jtwhf rpj;jupj;jy; my;yJ
jtW Mfpatw;wpd; ,Ug;Gf;fhf mt;thW $wg;gLk;.
Nky; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s gpupT 14 - d; fPo; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s cl;gpuptpd;gb ve;j xU tw;GWj;jNyh> Njitaw;w

nry;thf;Nfh> NkhrbNah jtwhd gpujpepjpj;JtNkh vq;Fk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. MfNt ,jd; mbg;gilapy; ,ytr xg;Gjy; vd;gJ
nrhe;j tpUg;gj;NjhL jhd nrhj;Jupik khw;wj;ij epfo;j;jpajhfNt fUj Ntz;Lk;. vdNt cupik khw;wk; ngw;wtupd; elj;ijahdJ jfhj
nry;thf;F fhuzkhf Vw;gl;ljhf mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
Njitaw;w nry;thf;F> Nkhrb> jtwhfg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;jy; Mfpait xj;Jg;NghFk; jPikfs; vd;gJ cz;ikahf ,Ue;jhYk;> rpy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; xd;Wld; xd;W $lyhk;> mit rl;lj;jpd; jdpj;Jtkhd tiffspy; cs;sd> NkYk; FwpaPl;bd; tpjp 2 cld; gbf;fg;gl;l
Mizia tpjp 4 ,d; ghu;itapy; Njit. jdpj;jdpahf> jdpj;jd;ikAld;> jdpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Jy;ypaj;Jld; kd;whl Ntz;Lk;.
4.4.ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapy; epfo;e;jNj ,e;j nrhj;Jupik khw;wk;
kw;wtu;fspd; tpUg;gj;ij Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; jpwd; ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lj;jpy; Nkyhjpf;f epiy tiuaWf;fg;gltpy;iy> Mdhy; xU
egu; kw;nwhUtupd; tpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ gpupT 16(2) rpy epge;jidfis toq;FfpwJ. xU
egu; kw;wtu;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiy vd;gJ fl;rpfSf;F ,ilNa xU cwT ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ
1) cz;ikahd my;yJ ntspg;gilahd mjpfhuk;> ,jpy; xU jug;gpdu; kw;w jug;gpduhy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;j KbAk;.
2.) mNjNghy ek;gpf;iff;Fupa cwT vd;gJ fl;rpfSf;F ,ilNa cs;s ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifapd; kPJ Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; cwT.

vdNt jd; kfd; kPJ jpU fNzrd; %u;j;jp nfhz;l ek;gpf;ifapd; mbg;gilapYk;> nfhNuhdh fhyfl;l #o;epiy NkYk; mtu; cly;epiy
Fwpj;j rpe;jidapd; mbg;gilapYk; ,e;j nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; MdJ [dtup 2022-y; eilngw;W ,Uf;fpwJ. mjd; gpwF jpU fNzr
%u;j;jpf;Fk; mtuJ kUkfSf;Fk; Vw;gl;l gpur;ridfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L jdpikg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l je;ijiag; ghu;j;J kd cisr;rYf;F
Mshd jpU. FU%u;j;jp mtiu ed;F guhkupf;f $ba rhe;jp epiyaj;jpw;F mDg;gp itj;jJ nryTfis Vw;Wf; nfhz;ljd;
mbg;gilapNyNa guhkupj;J tUfpwhu;. mt;thW ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ mijj; jfhj nry;thf;F vd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ
22
yhl;yp gu;~j; n[a;];thy; vjpuhf jp fu;dy; b];by;yup Nfh. ypkpnll; ,t; tof;fpy; cr;r ePjpkd;wk;> kw;w jug;gpdupd;
Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpd; fhuzkhf xU guptu;j;jid ghjpf;fg;gLtjhff; $Wk; xU kD> rpy tifahd nry;thf;iff; Fwpf;fpwJ vd;W
$wpAs;sJ. fl;rpf;F Njitaw;w nry;thf;iff; nfhz;L te;jJ> NkYk; mj;jifa nry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> kw;wtuhy; mtUf;F
xU epahakw;w ed;ik Vw;glf;$Lk;. xU Ntz;LNfhspd; Nehf;fk;> ru;r;irf;Fupa tp~aj;jpy; ftdj;ij <u;g;gjd; %yk; fl;rpfis
tprhuizf;Ff; nfhz;LtUtjhFk;> ,jdhy; ru;r;iria Jy;ypakhd rpf;fy;fshf RUf;fTk; kw;Wk; Mjuthf ,U jug;gpypUe;Jk;
Njitg;gLk; rhl;rpaj;jpd; jd;ikapd; jug;gpdu;fs; cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
vdNt> fl;rp kd;whLtJ> nrYj;jg;gl;l nry;thf;fpd; Jy;ypakhd jd;ik> nry;thf;ifg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjk; kw;Wk; kw;wtuhy;
ngwg;gl;l epahakw;w ed;ik Mfpatw;iw thjhl Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; vjpu;kDjhuupd; jug;gpy; ve;j xU epahakw;w jd;ikAk;
ep&gpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gij ePjpkd;wk; ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4.5.ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; %j;j Fbkf;fspd; guhkupg;G kw;Wk; eyd; rl;lk;> 2007 - gpupT 23
23. rpy #o;epiyfspy; nrhj;J gupkhw;wk; nry;yhJ
(1) ,e;jr; rl;lj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpw;Fg; gpwF> ve;jnthU %j;j FbkfDk;> guprhf my;yJ NtWtpjkhf> mtuJ nrhj;ij>
khw;wpaikg;gtUf;F mbg;gil trjpfs; kw;Wk; mbg;gil cly; Njitfis toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w epge;jidf;F cl;gl;L> mj;jifa
khw;Wj;jpwdhsp kWj;jhy; my;yJ Njhy;tpAw;whu;. mj;jifa trjpfs; kw;Wk; cly; Njitfis toq;f> $wg;gl;l nrhj;J gupkhw;wk;
Nkhrb my;yJ tw;GWj;jyhy; my;yJ Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpd; fPo; nra;ag;gl;ljhff; fUjg;gLk; kw;Wk; khw;wg;gl;ltupd;
tpUg;gj;jpd; Ngupy; jPu;g;ghaj;jhy; nry;yhJ vd;W mwptpf;fg;gLk;.
,e;jg; gpuptpy; %j;j Fbkf;fs; guprhfNth my;yJ NtW tifapNyh nrhj;ij khw;wp mikf;Fk; nghOJ me;j %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F
mbg;gil trjpfs; kw;Wk; mbg;gil cly; ghJfhg;gpid cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW me;j epge;jidf;Fl;gl;L mtu; nray;gltpy;iy
vd;why; kl;LNk me;j nrhj;Jupik khw;wkhdJ jfhj nry;thf;fpd; fhuzkhf nry;yhJ vd mDkhdpf;f ,aYk;. Mdhy;> jpU. FU
%u;j;jp je;ijf;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil cupikfisAk; mtupd; cly; ghJfhg;Gf;fhd cj;juthjj;ijAk; nfhLj;J rhe;jp epiyaj;jpy;
jq;fp ,Uf;Fk; jdJ je;ijf;F cz;lhd KO nryTfisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; mbg;gilapy;; guhkupj;J tUfpwhu;. vdNt Nkw;$wpa
epge;jidf;F cl;gl;L jhd; nray;gl;L tUfpwhu; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.
22
m.,.m.1964 c.eP.k. (1) 270

vdNt nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; ngw;w gpd;du; jpU. FU%u;j;jp elj;ijahdJ jfhj nry;thf;F fhuzkhf Vw;gl;ljhf mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ
4.6.Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpd; %yf;$Wfs;
Njitaw;w nry;thf;F vd;gJ Nkhrbapd; El;gkhd ,dq;fs; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ> ,jd; fhuzkhf xU jug;gpdu; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltupd; kdij
mtuJ Gj;jprhypj;jdkhd jpwd;fshYk;> gbg;gbahd eltbf;iffshYk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;.
1. xg;ge;jf; fl;rpfSf;F ,ilNa xUtpj cwT ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
2. fl;rp kw;w fl;rpapd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Nky; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
3. kw;w jug;gpdupd; tpUg;gj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;
4. ghjpf;fg;gl;l jug;gpdu; jaf;fj;Jld; xg;Gf;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW NkNy Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s fhuzq;fs; KOikahf G+u;j;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghOJ mJ jtwhd nry;thf;F my;yJ Njitaw;w
nry;thf;F vd;W fUj;jpy; nfhs;s ,aYk;. Mdhy; xg;ge;j fl;rpfSf;F ,ilNa cwT ,Ue;j nghOJk; mq;F ve;j Mjpf;fKk;
nrYj;jg;gltpy;iy. mNjNghy epahakw;w ed;ikfis ngWtjw;fhf; mjpfhuj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
vdNt ,e;j Kf;fpa $Wfs; jfhj nry;thf;fpw;F cz;lhd fhuzq;fis G+u;j;jp nra;ahjjhy; cupik khw;wk; ngw;wtupd; elj;ijahdJ jfhj
nry;thf;F fhuzkhfNt Vw;gl;bUf;fpwJ.
vdNt khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;baehL cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; njuptpg;gJ ahnjdpy; Nkw;fz;l %yf;$Wfspd;
mbg;gilapy; cupik khw;wk; ngw;wtupd; elj;jpahdJ jfhj nry;thf;fhfNt fUj Ntz;Lk; NkYk; ,ij %j;j Fbkf;fs; guhkupg;G
rl;lj;jpd; fPo; mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
4.7.ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;khjpup jPu;g;Gfs;
Rgh~; re;jpu jh]; K~pg; vjpuhf fq;fh g;Nuhrhj; jh]; K~pg; 23 ,t; tof;fpy;> nfhy;fj;jh cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; jPu;g;G
kw;Wk; Mizapd; Nky;KiwaPL MFk;> tprhuiz ePjpkd;wk; ed;nfhil mspg;gtu; kPJ nry;thf;F itj;jpUg;gjhf xU mDkhdj;ij
cUthf;fp> mjw;fhd Mjhuj;ijf; Nfl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; njhlu;e;jdu;. cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gjpyspj;jtu;fs;>
gupR vd;gJ ed;nfhilahsupd; jd;dpr;irahd nrayhFk;> ,J xU RahjPdkhd tpUg;gj;ij nray;gLj;Jtjw;F mtUf;F cjtpaJ> NkYk; ,J
ed;nfhilahsupd; tpUg;gj;ij ,ytrkhfg; gad;gLj;jpajd; tpisthf gupR vd;W ePjpkd;wk; epahag;gLj;JfpwJ. cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
jPu;g;G Kw;wpYk; gpioahd mbg;gilapy; ele;Js;sJ vd;Wk;> Njitaw;w nry;thf;F nrYj;Jtjw;fhd Nghjpa thjq;fs; ,y;iy
vd;Wk;> tprhuizapy; ve;j MjhuKk; ,y;iy vd;Wk; Nky;KiwaPl;Ljhuu; jug;gpy; M[uhd fw;wwpe;j $Ljy; muR jug;G
tof;fwpQu; vijAk; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. Njitaw;w nry;thf;F tof;if cUthf;fTk; kw;Wk; fw;wwpe;j Jiz ePjpgjpapd; Kd;
vOg;gg;gl;l Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidapy; "jtwhd nry;thf;F" vd;w ntspg;ghL $l gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy.
23
m.,.m.1967 c.eP.k. 331

Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpd; ,d;wpaikahj $Wfs; vd;d vd;gijAk;> ,e;j mbg;gilapy; epthuzk; NfhUk; xU thjp jdJ tof;if vt;thW
ep&gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk;> xg;ge;jk; my;yJ gupR J}z;lg;gltpy;iy vd;gijf; fhl;l gpujpthjpapd; %yk; njspTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Njitaw;w nry;thf;F cldb tof;F gupRf;Fupa xd;whFk;> Mdhy; Njitaw;w nry;thf;F njhlu;ghd rl;lk; xU xg;ge;jj;jpd;
tp~aj;jpy; ,Ug;gijg; NghyNt gupR tp~aj;jpYk; xNu khjpupahf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ ed;F jPu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
vdNt nghUz;ikNahL ftdpf;f Ntz;ba xd;W jpU fNzr%u;j;jpapd; jug;gpy; jtwhd nry;thf;F my;yJ jfhj nry;thf;F vd;gij rupahf
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. NkYk; gupR vd;gJ ed;nfhilahsupd; jd;dpr;irahd nrayhFk;. MfNt nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; ngw;wtupd;
elj;ijahdJ jfhj nry;thf;F fhuzkhf Vw;gl;ljhf mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
m/g;ru; N~f; kw;Wk; md;u; vjpuhf Nrhy;kd; gPgp kw;Wk; gyu;24 m/g;ru; gpujpthjpahy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l guprpd;
gupkhw;wj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhu; vd;gJ thjj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Fwpg;gpl;l tof;F. me;jr; #oypy;jhd;> thjp 90 taJ epuk;gpa
vspa> gbg;gwptpy;yhj kdpju; vd;Wk;> m/g;ru; kPJ kpFe;j ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jtu; vd;Wk;> "fl;rpapdu; me;je;j rhFgbapy;
xUtUf;nfhUtu; cjtp nra;J te;jdu;" vd;Wk; nghJthff; $wg;gl;lJ. ,e;j nghJthd kw;Wk; Nkhrkhd Fw;wr;rhl;ilj; jtpu> Njitaw;w
nry;thf;fpw;F cz;lhd fhuzq;fs; kDtpd; tptuq;fs; vJTk; Nfhug;gltpy;iy. thjpf;Fk; gpujpthjpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd neUq;fpa njhlu;G
$l ntspaplg;gltpy;iy. thjpapd; tpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ gpujpthjp; vt;thW Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; epiyapy; ,Ue;jhu;> me;jr; nry;thf;if
mtu; ve;j tpjj;jpy; nrYj;jpdhu;> gpujpthjp; mtu; kPJ nrYj;jpa nry;thf;F vt;thW "jtwhdJ" kw;Wk; vg;gb> ve;jr; #o;epiyapy;
,Ue;jJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy. guprpd; gupkhw;wj;jhy; xU 'epahakw;w' my;yJ kdrhl;rpaw;w guptu;j;jid RUf;fkhfr;
nrhd;dhy;> Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpdhy; guptu;j;jid ghjpf;fg;gl;ljhff; fhl;Lk; ve;jg; nghUs; tptuq;fSk; Nfhug;gltpy;iy.
Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpd; fhuzq;fisf; nfhz;L eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nkhrb rupahd Kiwapy; Fwpg;gplg;glhjjhy;> NkYk;
Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpd; epWtdj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahj Kjy; mk;rj;ij thjp ep&gpf;f jtwpajhy;> ,e;j guprpd; cupik khw;wk;
Njitaw;w nry;thf;fpdhy; J}z;lg;gltpy;iy vd;gij ePjpkd;wk; cWjp nra;jJ.
vdNt nghUz;ikNahL xg;gPL nra;Ak;nghOJ jpU.FU%u;j;jp nrhj;Jupik khw;wj;jpw;Fg; gpwF jd; je;ijNahL ele;J nfhz;l
tpjk; mtiu guhkupj;j tpjk; rupahd elj;ijahfNt fUj ,aYk;. vdNt cupik khw;wk; ngw;w gpd; jpU. FU%u;j;jp mtu;fspd;
elj;ijahdJ jfhj nry;thf;F fhuzkhf Vw;gl;ljhf mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ vd;gij gzpTld; rku;g;gpf;fpd;Nwhk;.
,iwQ;Rjy;
24
m.,.m 1976 c.eP.k. (2) 327

vdNt> vOg;gg;gl;l vOtpdhf;fspd; mbg;gilapYk;> Kd;itf;fg;gl;l thjq;fspd; mbg;gilapYk;> gFj;jhsg;gl;l gpupTfspd;

mbg;gilapYk;> Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;ba tof;Ffspd; mbg;gilapYk;> ,e;j khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;baehL cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;
gzpTld; Ntz;bf; nfhs;tJ:
 jw;NghJ jhf;fy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s nghJey tof;fhdJ guhkupf;fj;jf;fNj vd;Wk;>
 jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;G rl;lk; gpupT 21(4) MdJ gpe;jpah murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPWk; tifapy; cs;sJ
vd;Wk;>
 jug;gpdu;fs; $l;lhf nrhj;J thq;fpa epiyapy; jhdj;ij nry;yhepiyahf;Fk; cupik gpupT 23 ,d; fPo; %j;j Fbkf;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ nghUz;ikapd; mbg;gilapy; epahakhdjhf fUj ,ayhJ vd;Wk;>
 nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; eilngw;w gpd;du; ePjpkd;wkhdJ %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 2007 ,d; fPo; cupik
khw;wk; ngw;Nwhupd; elj;ij ahdJ jfhj nry;thf;F fhuzkhf Vw;gl;ljhf mDkhdpf;f ,ayhJ vd;Wk;>
NkYk; ,e;j ePjpkd;wk; jf;fnjd fUJk; ,d;d gpw gupfhuq;fis toq;FkhWk; khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;ba ehl;bd; cau;
ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
kDjhuu; jug;G

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khepy mstpyhd jkpo; khjpup ePjpkd;wg; Nghl;b - 2024

muR rl;lf; fy;Y}up - kJiu

t.vz; jiyg;G gf;fk; vz;

3. njhlu;Gila Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l mfuhjpfs; 3

4. Kd; jPu;g;Gfspd; gl;bay; 5

kDjhuu; jug;G thJiu gf;fk; vz; 1

t.vz; nrhw;nwhlupd; tpupthf;fk; RUf;fk;

1. ,e;jpa murikg;Gr; rl;lk; ,.m.r

ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; %j;j Fbkf;fs; guhkupg;G eyr;rl;lk;

jkpo;ehL epy cupikahsu;fs; kw;Wk; thlifjhuu;fspd;

4. nrhj;Jupik khw;Wr; rl;lk; nrh.kh.r

5. jkpo;ehL fl;blq;fs; Fj;jif kw;Wk; thlif fl;Lg;ghL rl;lk; j.f.F.th.f.r

6. Kj;jpiur; rl;lk; K.r

7. gjpTr; rl;lk; g.r

8. rpwg;G jpUkz rl;lk; rp.jp.r

9. ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; ,.x.r

10. ,e;jpa thupR rl;lk; ,.th.r

11. mfpy ,e;jpa mwpf;if m.,.m

12. cau; ePjpkd;wk; c.eP.k

13. cau; ePjpkd;w tof;F c.eP.k.t

14. ePjpg;Nguhiz kD eP.k

njhlu;Gila Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l mfuhjpfs;

kDjhuu; jug;G thJiu gf;fk; vz; 2

t.vz; njhlu;Gila Gj;jfq;fs; E}yhrpupau;

1. ,e;jpa murikg;Gr; rl;lk; vk;.gp.n[apd;

2. ,e;jpa murikg;Gr; rl;lk; tp.vd;.Rf;yh

3. ,e;jpa murikg;Gr; rl;lk; re;jpuNrfu;

4. ,e;jpa xg;ge;jr; rl;lk; Nguh.[p.rp.tp.Rg;gh uht;

5. nrhj;Jupik khw;Wr; rl;lk; Nguh.M.re;jpuNrfud;

6. ,e;jpa thupRupikr; rl;lk; v.gupG+uzk;

8. KjpNahu; eyd; fhf;Fk; rl;lq;fs; F.rhkpJiu

9. jkpo;ehL epy rl;lq;fs; Nguh.M.re;jpuNrfud;

10. gjpTr; rl;lk; Gyik Ntq;flhryk;

11. rl;l mfuhjpfs; Gyik Ntq;flhryk;

kDjhuu; jug;G thJiu gf;fk; vz; 3

t.vz; njhlu;Gila ,izajsq;fs; filrp

Kd; jPu;g;Gfspd; gl;bay;

kDjhuu; jug;G thJiu gf;fk; vz; 4

t.vz; tof;fpd; ngau; Nkw;Nfhs;fs; g.vz;

2. ge;Jth Kf;jp Nkhu;r;rh vjpuhf ,e;jpa xd;wpak; (1997)10 c.eP.k 549 12

12. Rjhkh rpq; vjpuhf nly;yp murhq;fk; m.,.m.2010 18

15. kd;Nkhfd; rpq; vjpuhf rj;jP];fu; khepyk; eP.vz;.4078 2003 27

16. Fu;jPg; rrpq; vjpuhf gQ;rhg; khepyk; 2022 g.c.eP.k 830 28

kDjhuu; jug;G thJiu gf;fk; vz; 5

fhyk; nghUz;ikapd; $Wfs; nghUz;ikfs;

kDjhuu; jug;G thJiu gf;fk; vz; 6

,e;jpa murikg;G rhrdj;jpd; ruj;J 2261 $WtjhtJ :

226. rpy ePjpg;Nguhizfis ntspapl cau; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhuk;

(2)ve;jnthU muRf;Fk;> mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; my;yJ egUf;Fk; topfhl;Ljy;fs;> cj;juTfs; my;yJ upl;fis

kDjhuu; jug;G thJiu gf;fk; vz; 7

1) khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;ba ehl;bd; cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; jw;NghJ jhf;fy;

2) jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; gpupT 21(4) MdJ gpe;jpah murpayikg;Gr;

3) jug;gpdu;fs; $l;lhf nrhj;J thq;fpa epiyapy; jhdj;ij nry;yhepiyahf;Fk; cupik gpupT

4) nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; eilngw;w gpd;du; ePjpkd;wkhdJ %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk;

kDjhuu; jug;G thJiu gf;fk; vz; 8

2)jdpahu; nrhj;Jupik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; gpupT 21(4) MdJ gpe;jpah murpayikg;Gr;

khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;baehL cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; rku;g;gpg;gJ ahnjdpy;> jdpahu;

khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;baehL cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; rku;g;gpg;gJ ahnjdpy;> jug;gpdu;fs;

4) nrhj;Jupik khw;wk; eilngw;w gpd;du; ePjpkd;wkhdJ %j;j Fbkf;fs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk;

kDjhuu; jug;G thJiu gf;fk; vz; 9

khz;gik nghUe;jpa ghz;baehL cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd; gzpTld; rku;g;gpg;gJ ahnjdpy;> nrhj;Jupik

1.1.,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; 226tJ cWg;G

1.2.nghJey tof;fpd; Nehf;fq;fs;

kDjhuu; jug;G thJiu gf;fk; vz; 10