a.

b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
1
2
3
h.
1
2
I.
To ensure safe operation, the stresses affecting the uncased pipeline must be accounted for comprehensievly, included bo
circumferential and longitudenal stresses. The recommended design procedure consists of the following steps:
Begin with the wallthickness for the pipeline of given diameter approaching the crossing. Determine the pipe, soil,constructio
and operational characteristics.
Use the Barlow formula to calculate the circumferential stress due to internal pressure, S Hi (Barlow). Check SHi (Barlow
againset the maximum allowable value.
Calculate the circumfrential stress due to the earth load, S He.
Calculate the external live load, w, and determine the appropriate impact factor, Fi.
Calculate the cyclic circumfrential stress,DSH, and the cyclic longitudinal stress. DSL, due to live load.
Calculate the circumfrential stress due to internal pressure, S Hi.
Check effective stress, Seff, as follows:
Calculate the principal stress, S1 in the circumferential direction, S2 in longitudinal direction, S3 in the radial direction.
Calculate the effective stress, Seff.
Check the comparing Seff against the allowable stress, SMYS x F.
Check welds for fatigue, as follows:
Check grith weld fatigue by comparing DSL against the grith weld fatigue limit, SFG X F.
Check longitudinal weld fatigue by comparing DSH againest the longitudinal weld fatigue limit, SFL X F.
If any checks fails, modify the design conditions in Item a. appropriately and repeat the steps in Item b. through it.