INFLUENCE OF PRESIDENT SUHARTO'S REIGN TO THE SOCIO,

CULTURAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMICS AND SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY GLOBALIZATION

Compiled By:
FARRRAND NAHAMPUN SIMBOLON
SMA KRIDA NUSANTARA
CLASS XII MIPA 4
 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude are offered to the presence of Allah SWT who has bestowed His
mercy and wisdom. Thanks to His grace and wisdom as well as various efforts, the
assignment of PPKN subject papers discussing the influence of President Soeharto's reign
on the fields of Socio-Cultural, Political, Economic and Science and Technology globalization
can be completed properly and on time.

In the preparation of this paper, it was written based on books related to PPKN, as
well as information from mass media related to the Suharto government. The author realizes
that this paper is still not perfect. For this reason, various constructive inputs are expected for
perfection.

Finally, hopefully this paper can bring benefits to readers.

Bekasi, 7 Februari 2024

Farrrand Nahampun Simbolon

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Yard

1. Background .................................................................................... 1

2. Problem Statement........................................................................... 3

3. Goal .................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

4. Definition of President....................................................................... 4

5. Influence of President Suharto's Government.................................. 4

5.1 Socio-Cultural.............................................................. 4

5.2 Politics.......................................................................... 5

5.3 Economy..................................................................... 6

5.4 Science and Technology of Globalization……………............... 8

CHAPTER IIICONCLUDING

6. Conclusion ………………………………………………………......... 11

7. Tip .................................................................................... 11
 THE INFLUENCE OF PRESIDENT SOEHARTO'S REIGN ON THE SOCIO-
CULTURAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FIELDS OF GLOBALIZATION

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1. Background.

Article 1 Paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, the State of Indonesia is a

unitary state in the form of a republic. Based on this, it can be concluded that the
form of the Indonesian state is unitary, while the form of government is a republic. In
addition to the unitary state form and republican form of government, the President
of the Republic of Indonesia holds power as head of state and head of government.
This is based on Article 4 Paragraph (1) which reads, "The President of the Republic
of Indonesia holds government power according to the Constitution." Thus, the
government system in Indonesia adheres to the presidential system of government.
State administrators have an important role in realizing state goals as
mandated in the Preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia in 1945.
The purpose of the state is to protect the entire Indonesian nation and all Indonesian
bloodshed, promote general welfare, educate the life of the nation, and participate in
implementing world order based on independence, lasting peace, and social justice.
Therefore, since the proclamation of independence on August 17, 1945, the
Government of the Republic of Indonesia has been determined to carry out the
functions of state government towards the aspired goals. 1 Therefore, amendments
to the 1945 Constitution were made so that there would be a shift in state institutions
in the constitutional system. The power of the President as the highest holder of
executive power, is more concentrated in the affairs of the running of government,
legislative power which was originally dominant in executive power, now the power is
returned to the DPR. The amendment to the 1945 Constitution also gave the position
of the President equal to the DPR. The balance of positions is manifested in the
provision that the President holds government power according to the Constitution
(Article 4 paragraph (1), while the DPR holds the power to form laws (Article 20
paragraph (1). This indicates that the position of the President is not depending on
parliament as in a parliamentary system. Neither the DPR nor the People's
Consultative Assembly (MPR) can easily dismiss the President and/or Vice President
during their term of office, except for certain violations of law that must first be
decided through legal mechanisms in the Constitutional Court court forum.2
Fundamental changes in executive power and legislative power, affirming
fundamental changes and affirming the presidential system in the 1945 Constitution.
This means that the administration after the amendment of the 1945 Constitution is
carried out with a presidential system. Government affairs in the presidential system,
which has been more centralized on executive power after the amendment of the
1945 Constitution, is in order to provide welfare to the community, where the state
requires wider power. The state is idealized to deal with things that were not
previously addressed. Therefore, to meet the welfare of society, the holder of
executive power (government) in the modern state has very large and broad powers.
As the holder of executive power, the President in carrying out his functions and
duties as mandated by the 1945 Constitution is assisted by the Minister of State.
Affirmed in the 1945 Constitution in Chapter V on the Ministry of Nagara Article 17
mentions: 1. The President is assisted by Ministers of state. 2. The Ministers shall be
appointed and dismissed by the President. 3. Each Minister is in charge of certain
affairs in the government. 4. The establishment, amendment, and dissolution of state
ministries are regulated in law. The provisions in the constitution that regulate the
formation of state ministries based on Article 17 of the 1945 Constitution, give
authority to the president to form a cabinet of ministers. The formation of a cabinet of
Ministers by the president based on the constitution means that the president has
the prerogative in compiling a cabinet of his Ministers who will assist in carrying out
his duties and functions under the constitution. In addition, the provision implies that
the Ministers of state in charge of certain affairs are subordinate to the president and
responsible to the president. The president has the full right to elect Ministers of
state who will help carry out the duties of governmental power. Therefore, the
President who is responsible to the public for the successful implementation of the
government that is the business of the Minister of a particular state.3 In a
presidential, executive (government) non-collegial system. The President is
responsible for the performance of the duties of his Ministers. All the officials under
the president are the ones helping him. So, the leadership or power is hierarchical,
and the responsibility lies entirely with the president. In other words, the president is
the sole holder of executive power. The president's accountability is not to
parliament, therefore there is no vote of no confidence, but to the constitution.
However, as in the U.S., the president can be removed from office through
impeachment mechanisms for treason, bribery, or other high-crime and
misdemeanors. Conceptually, Ministers in a presidential system are fully aides to the
president, meaning that Ministers in the cabinet are extensions of the president who
fully implement the policies outlined by the president. There should be no party
interference in determining policy lines from the president to his Ministers. Given that
in a presidential system, the executive program is entirely based on the social
contract between the President and the people. There is no binding of program
interests to the party, although the President is nominated by a coalition of certain
parties. This is different from the elaboration of the functions of Ministers in a
parliamentary cabinet. In the parliamentary cabinet, the Minister is the bearer of the
party's mission or can also be said to be the representation of parties in the coalition
cabinet in the executive branch. So in the coalition cabinet, the cabinet work program
is the product of a compromise between the interests of the member party and the
winning party. 4 The formation of a cabinet of Ministers, which is the prerogative of
the president, means that the President has the absolute right to determine who can
become a Minister. However, in a presidential system with the involvement of large
political parties in the determination of the president, the filling of ministerial posts
which are the prerogative of the president will be biased, because of the involvement
of large political parties in the presidential system. It also affects the loyalty of the
Minister and the accountability of his performance. During the inauguration of the
Minister, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono reminded that Indonesia adheres to
the Presidential Cabinet system. The president is the captain. "The loyalty and line of
accountability of Ministers is to the President, not to the leaders of political parties in
relation to governmental duties".5 As a legal state the formation of Ministers in a
cabinet is in addition to being the prerogative of the president, also is a mandate of
the Law. The theory of the state based on law essentially means that the law is
"Supreme" and the obligation for every state or government administrator to submit
to the law (subject to the law). There is no power above the law, everything is under
the rule of law. With this position, there must be no arbitrary power or misuse of
power.6 Therefore, arrangements related to the appointment, dismissal, appointment
and responsibility of Ministers are regulated in Law, namely Law Number 39 of 2008
concerning State Ministries. This law was drafted in order to build an effective and
efficient presidential system of government, which focuses on improving excellent
public services.
1. Problem Statement.
Based on the background of the problem that has been described, the
problem can be formulated. Did the reign of President Soeharto affect the fields of
Socio-Culture, Politics, Economy and Science and Technology Globalization?

2. Purpose.
Based on the identification of the problems that the author has described, the
purpose to be achieved in this paper is to explain what the influence of President
Soeharto's reign on the fields of Socio-Cultural, Political, Economic and Science and
Technology Globalization.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

1. Definition of President.
The President is the most state institution regulated in the Constitution of the
Republic of Indonesia Year 1945 (hereinafter referred to as the 1945 Constitution).
The form of regulation is related to the duties, powers, and authorities of the
President, especially within the scope of government power. According to Moh.
Kusnardi and Harmaily Ibrahim, the power of the President based on the 1945
Constitution is divided into three powers, namely:
1. The power of the President in the executive sphere.
2. Presidential power in the legislative field.
3. Power of the President as Head of State.
To exercise his power, the President cannot carry out all duties alone. The
President is supported by the president's aide, the Minister. Ministers are members
of the cabinet. Each Minister is in charge of certain affairs in the government, except
the coordinating Minister who is in charge of synchronizing and coordinating the
affairs of Ministers who are within the scope of their duties. The President can also
appoint deputy ministers to certain ministries if there is a workload that requires
special handling. In some previous cabinets, there were Ministers with the
nomenclature "Junior minister" and "Minister of state".

1. The influence of President Suharto's reign.

The New Order is a term used to refer to the reign of President Suharto which
lasted from 1966 to 1998. The new order was born as a result of the political and
economic crisis that hit Indonesia during the old order under President Sukarno. The
New Order has a vision to implement Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution purely
and consequently in all aspects of the life of the Indonesian nation and state. To
realize this vision, the new order issued various general policies that can be divided
into 4 (four) fields, namely socio-cultural, political, economic and Science and
Technology Globalization.
5.1 Socio-Cultural.

The new order's socio-cultural policy aims to create national unity and
unity, as well as improve the welfare and quality of life of the people.
Some of the socio-cultural periods of President Soeharto's administration
include:

1. Establish Pancasila as the sole ideology and principle for all civil
society organizations and political parties. The new order also held
various programs to teach and instill the values of Pancasila to the
people, such as P4, Basic Leadership Training (LDK), 9-Year
Compulsory Education and others.
2. Building Transmigration as a program to flatten the population and
development throughout Indonesia. The New Order sent millions of
inhabitants from densely populated islands such as Java, Bali, and
Madura to less developed islands such as Sumatra, Kalimantan,
Sulawesi, and Papua.

3. Improve public health by developing an integrated and affordable

health care system. The new order also implemented family planning
programs to control population growth and improve family welfare.

4. Developing national education by establishing a national curriculum

based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. The New Order also
improved access and quality of education at all levels, as well as
providing scholarships for outstanding students.

5. This Family Planning Program was launched by President Suharto in

1970. This program encourages 2 children in each family and
childbearing distance for 5 years. This program aims to reduce the
population growth rate and population of Indonesia.

6. The Chinese community experienced discrimination and the New

Order government banned the use of Mandarin, banned the
implementation of Chinese traditions, culture, customs through
Presidential Instruction No. 14 / 1967. After the fall of president
 Suharto, the Presidential Decree was revoked and discrimination
against society was abolished

5.2. Politics .

The political policy of the new order aimed to create stability and
national security, as well as remove the influence of communism which was
considered the main threat to the country. Some of President Soeharto's
political tenure include:
1. Disband the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and its supporting
organizations, and purge PKI members and sympathizers accused of
involvement in the G30S/PKI incident. These purges resulted in mass
killings that killed hundreds of thousands of people.
2. Holding elections within the stipulated time limit of July 5, 1968. This
election was contested by ten political parties, but only three parties got
seats in parliament, namely Golkar, PNI, and NU. This election was
also considered undemocratic because of the manipulation and
intimidation of voters.
3. Conduct an active free foreign policy in the national interest. The New
Order sought to establish good relations with both Western and Eastern
countries, as well as taking an active role in international organizations
such as ASEAN, the OIC, the Non-Aligned Movement and the United
Nations.
4. Continue the struggle against colonialism and colonialism in all forms.
The New Order supported the struggles of the people of Vietnam,
Cambodia, Laos, Palestine, South Africa, and others facing colonialism
or apartheid. The New Order also integrated West Papua through the
controversial Act of Free Choice in 1969.

5.3. Economics.
The New Order economic policy aims to increase economic growth ,
overcome inflation, reduce poverty, and open up opportunities for foreign
investment. Some of President Soeharto's economic tenure include:
1. Formed a Young Economics Team (TEM) consisting of economists
graduated from the United States. TEM plays a role in formulating
macro and microeconomic policies oriented towards free markets and
trade liberalization.
2. Implement monetary stabilization programs with the assistance of the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. This program
includes rupiah currency devaluation, reduction of government
subsidies, tax increase, control of state expenditure, and adjustment of
prices of basic goods.
3. Implementing a five-year development program (Repelita) which began
in 1969. The program covers various sectors such as agriculture,
industry, infrastructure, education, health, defense, and others. This
program succeeded in increasing economic growth by an average of 7
percent per year.
4. Encourage foreign investment by providing various incentives and
conveniences. The new order also established the Investment
Coordinating Board (BKPM) as the institution responsible for managing
the licensing and supervision of foreign investment. Foreign investment
contributes to increasing exports, foreign exchange, and employment.
1. Economic Recovery (1966-1973).
The basic mission of Suharto's New Order government was
economic development; The first step was Indonesia's reintegration into
the world economy by rejoining the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
United Nations (UN) and World Bank in the mid-late 1960s. This started
the flow of financial aid and foreign aid from Western countries and
Japan into Indonesia. Hostilities with Malaysia (Sukarno's
confrontational politics) were also stopped. The second step is to
combat hyperinflation. Suharto relied on a group of economic
technocrats (mostly educated in the United States) to come up with a
plan for economic recovery. In the late 1960s price stability was created
through a policy prohibiting domestic funding in the form of domestic
debt or money printing. Then a free market mechanism was restored
with measures to free up market control, followed by the
implementation of the Foreign Investment Law (1967) and the
 Domestic Investment Law (1968). Both of these laws contained
attractive incentives for investors to invest in the country and resulted in
economic growth of more than 10% in 1968.

2. Rapid Economic Growth and Stronger Government Intervention

(1974-1982).
Until 1982, rapid annual economic growth above the 5%
minimum was maintained. Another important fact is that Indonesia
benefited significantly from the two oil booms that occurred in the
1970s. The first oil boom occurred in 1973/1974 when the Organization
of Petroleum-Exporting Countries (OPEC), whose members included
Indonesia, cut its exports drastically and caused a large increase in oil
prices. The second oil boom occurred in 1978/1979 when the Iranian
Revolution disrupted oil production and again saw large price
increases. Because of these two oil booms, the New Order's export
revenues and government revenues increased sharply. This allows the
public sector to play a greater role in the economy by making important
public investments in regional development. social development,
infrastructure and the establishment of industries (large-scale basis),
including import substitution industries. Capital goods and raw
materials can be imported because foreign exchange income is getting
bigger. This gave rise to a thriving manufacturing sector. However,
there was a major riot during the visit of the Japanese Prime Minister in
1974 due to the assumption that there were too many foreign
investment projects in the country. Indonesians are frustrated that
indigenous people seem to be excluded from enjoying the fruits of the
economy. The government was shaken by the riots (known as the
Malari Affair) and introduced stricter rules on foreign investment and
replaced them with policies that provided special treatment that
benefited the indigenous population. The increased government
revenue generated from the first oil boom meant that the government
was no longer dependent on foreign investments, and therefore an
interventionist approach could be initiated.
1. Economic Growth Driven by Exports and Deregulation (1983-
1996).
In the early 1980s, oil prices began to fall again and the currency
repositioning in 1985 added to Indonesia's foreign debt. The
government must make new efforts to restore macroeconomic stability.
The rupiah was devalued in 1983 to reduce the growing current
account deficit, new tax laws were introduced to increase revenue from
non-oil taxes and banking deregulation measures were taken (credit
ceilings for interest rates were abolished and banks were allowed to set
interest rates freely). Moreover, the economy has been reoriented from
an oil-dependent economy to one with a competitive private sector
oriented towards export markets. This has led to new deregulation
measures to improve the investment climate for private investors.
When oil prices fell again in the mid-1980s, the Government stepped
up measures to support export-driven growth (such as exemption of
import duties and repetition of rupiah devaluation). These policy
changes (combined with deregulation packages in the 1990s) also
affected foreign investment in Indonesia. Export-oriented foreign
investment is especially welcome.
Another sector affected by deep deregulation measures is
Indonesia's financial sector. New private banks were allowed to be
established, existing banks could open branches throughout the
country and foreign banks were free to operate outside Jakarta. These
financial reforms would later become the problem that strengthened the
crisis in Indonesia in the late 1990s. But before that, these stringent
measures had a positive impact on the Indonesian economy. Exports of
manufactured products began to become the engine of the Indonesian
economy. Between 1988 and 1991 Indonesia's gross domestic product
(GDP) grew by an average of 9% annually, slowing to an average of
7.3% in the period 1991-1994 and increasing again in the following two
years.

5.4. Science and Technology of Globalization.

 The development of Science and Technology in Indonesia at this time
developed very quickly, different from the previous period. The New Order
itself is famous as the era of Indonesian development and was headed by
Suharto who was famous as the father of Indonesian development.
In the early 1970s the progress of science and technology experienced
an increase supported by the government due to factors of economic
development, agricultural expansion, and socio-cultural changes. On March 6,
1962 the establishment of DURENAS (Department of National Research
Affairs) which later changed its name to the National Research Department
(DRN) which was tasked with formulating, observing, directing, and controlling
research and technology activities in Indonesia.
On August 23, 1967 the government established the Indonesian
Institute of Sciences (LIPI) as a fusion of DRN and MIPI which had the
following tasks:

1. Provide advice or direction to government leaders in terms of

formulation and formulation of national policies in science.

2. guiding the existing scientific research and technology development

apparatuses.

3. fostering research personnel to have a sense of scientific awareness of

the Indonesian people and a high responsibility for rapid development
efforts in Indonesia.

4. plant, cultivate, develop, and foster scientific awareness among the

people of Indonesia.

5. Organizing relations and cooperation with international bodies and

scientific bodies of other countries in accordance with applicable
regulations. During the New Order period, President Soeharto's reign of
technological developments were quite proud, even famous abroad,
including:

Palapa Domestic Satellite Communication System (SKSD)

SKSD Palapa is a communication satellite system controlled by an
earth control communication satellite system made by HAC (Hughes
 Aircraft Company) Perumtel Indonesia. The satellite was built in 1974-
1976 with the launch of the 1-A1 generation. Until 1996 it was the third
generation with the code C2 whose range from Irian to Vladivostok
(Russia), from Australia to New Scotland, this satellite was also used by
neighboring countries. In addition to SKSD Palapa, we currently know
other communication satellites, namely Telkom-1 and Garuda-1.

Television
Based on the decree of Menpen in 1961, TVRI was born to broadcast /
cover all activities of the Asia Games IV championship in Jakarta. TVRI
successfully aired on the Liputan program on August 17, 1962 at the
State Palace, then on August 24, 1962 TVRI was inaugurated by
President Sukarno.
After the inauguration of TVRI by Sukarno, it continued to develop
during the New Order period. However, starting April 1, 1981 the
Government banned commercial broadcasts on the following grounds:

1. TVRI functions as a government tool in charge of broadcasting

development and its results throughout Indonesia.

2. TVRI plays a role in increasing knowledge and insight into people's

mindsets.

3. Society is consumerist.
4. Then in 1989, the government allowed the presence of private
television so that private TVs such as RCTI, SCTV, TPI, ANTV, Indosiar
and so on appeared.

Means of Transportation
Transportation facilities at this time were promoted on a large scale as
an effort to support people's lives, such as land transportation facilities
that are most in demand by the community because the price is
relatively cheap, fast and easy to reach. Land transportation facilities
pursued are maintenance of existing highways, building toll roads and
overpasses, construction of railways, and doubling of more modern
railways.
In addition to land transportation developed at this time, it also
increased sea and air transportation facilities as a means of outreach
and accelerated inter-island traffic, as well as efforts to increase
domestic and international trade.
 CHAPTER III
COVER

1. Conclusion.
The reign of President Soeharto who had a vision to implement Pancasila and
the 1945 Constitution purely and consequently in all aspects of the life of the
Indonesian nation and state. To realize this vision, the new order issued various
general policies that can be divided into 4 (four) fields, namely socio-cultural,
political, economic and science and technology. These policies have both positive
and negative impacts on Indonesia's development.

2. Advice.
As a generation, the nation is expected to continue to have several roles that
should be carried out. Some of these roles, including forging themselves into
individuals who have agents of change or agents of change, agents of development
or agents of development as successors of the nation, agents of modernization or
agents of renewal of the creative Indonesian nation, build education and have a high
fighting spirit and spirit of service to the community, nation and state.
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