EXPERT

SYSTEM CASE
STUDIES:

MYCIN
Expert System
Expert System: A computer system designed
to mimic the decision-making ability of a
human expert in a specific domain.
Expert systems are AI-based software
applications that use knowledge and
inference techniques to solve complex
problems.
They emulate the decision-making process
of a human expert, providing advice,
recommendations, or solutions based on a
set of rules and domain knowledge.
OVERVIEW OF MYCIN
Mycin: A pioneering expert system
developed in the 1970s for diagnosing
infectious diseases.
Mycin was one of the first expert systems
developed at Stanford University in the
1970s.
It focused on the domain of infectious
diseases, specifically bacterial infections.
Mycin utilized a rule-based approach and a
backward chaining inference mechanism
to diagnose diseases.
BACKGROUND OF
MYCIN
Mycin's Development: Created by Edward Shortliffe
as part of his doctoral research.

Mycin was developed by Dr. Edward Shortliffe as part

of his doctoral research at Stanford University in the
early 1970s.
It was intended to demonstrate the feasibility of
using AI techniques to solve medical diagnosis
problems.
Mycin's development laid the groundwork for
subsequent expert system research and applications
in various domains.
Purpose & Goal of Mycin
Purpose: To assist medical professionals in
diagnosing infectious diseases accurately and
efficiently.
Goal: To provide accurate diagnostic
recommendations based on patient symptoms
and medical knowledge.

Mycin aimed to aid healthcare professionals, particularly

physicians, in diagnosing infectious diseases.
Its primary goal was to analyze patient symptoms and
medical history to recommend appropriate treatments or
medications.
Mycin sought to improve the accuracy and efficiency of
medical diagnosis, especially in cases where human
expertise was limited or unavailable.
PROBLEMS ADDRESSED BY MYCIN
Addressed Problems: Diagnostic uncertainty, variability in
physician expertise, time-consuming diagnosis processes.
Mycin addressed several challenges in medical diagnosis,
including:
Diagnostic uncertainty: By providing probabilistic
diagnostic recommendations based on available data.
Variability in physician expertise: By offering consistent
diagnostic advice regardless of individual physician
experience.
Time-consuming diagnosis processes: By automating the
analysis of patient symptoms and medical knowledge to
expedite diagnosis and treatment planning.
ARCHITECTURE
OF MYCIN'S Knowledge Rule-Based
KNOWLEDGE Represent System:
BASE ation:

Hierarchical Categorization
Organization: of Knowledge:
 TYPE OF KNOWLEDGE USED IN MYCIN
DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE: FUNDAMENTAL FACTS AND INFORMATION ABOUT THE
DOMAIN

PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE: RULES AND PROCEDURES GUIDING THE SYSTEM'S

DECISION-MAKING PROCESS, ENCODED IN PRODUCTION RULES DICTATING HOW TO
INFER DIAGNOSES BASED ON GIVEN SYMPTOMS AND PATIENT DATA.

META-KNOWLEDGE: INSIGHTS INTO HOW THE SYSTEM REASONS, LEARNS, AND

ADAPTS, INCLUDING STRATEGIES FOR HANDLING UNCERTAINTY, PRIORITIZING
HYPOTHESES, AND UPDATING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE OVER TIME.

HEURISTIC KNOWLEDGE: RULES OF THUMB AND EXPERT-DERIVED STRATEGIES USED TO

PRIORITIZE DIAGNOSTIC PATHWAYS, RECOMMEND TESTS OR TREATMENTS, AND
ADDRESS COMPLEX OR AMBIGUOUS SITUATIONS BASED ON COMMON PATTERNS
OBSERVED IN MEDICAL PRACTICE.

TEMPORAL KNOWLEDGE: INFORMATION CONCERNING THE EVOLUTION OF DISEASES OVER TIME,

INCLUDING THE PROGRESSION OF SYMPTOMS, EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENTS, AND CHANGES
IN A PATIENT'S CONDITION, AIDING IN DYNAMIC DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PLANNING.
HOW IS KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED AND ADOPTED IN MYCIN

KNOWLEDGE ELICITATION

KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION

KNOWLEDGE VERIFICATION AND

VALIDATION

KNOWLEDGE INTEGRATION

KNOWLEDGE MAINTENANCE

KNOWLEDGE ADOPTION
 ROLE OF INFERENCE ENGINE IN MYCIN
RULE INTERPRETATION: INTERPRETING THE RULES AND KNOWLEDGE STORED IN THE
KNOWLEDGE BASE TO DERIVE CONCLUSIONS.

INFERENCE GENERATION: GENERATING NEW KNOWLEDGE OR CONCLUSIONS BASED

ON THE INPUT DATA AND THE RULES DEFINED IN THE KNOWLEDGE BASE.

RULE MATCHING: MATCHING THE FACTS OR DATA WITH THE CONDITIONS SPECIFIED IN
THE RULES TO DETERMINE WHICH RULES ARE APPLICABLE.

INFERENCE EXECUTION: EXECUTING THE SELECTED RULES TO INFER NEW

INFORMATION OR MAKE DECISIONS.

CONFLICT RESOLUTION: RESOLVING CONFLICTS THAT MAY ARISE WHEN MULTIPLE

RULES ARE APPLICABLE OR WHEN CONFLICTING CONCLUSIONS ARE DERIVED.

EXPLANATION GENERATION: PROVIDING EXPLANATIONS FOR THE REASONING

PROCESS, HELPING USERS UNDERSTAND HOW CONCLUSIONS WERE REACHED.
USE OF BACKWARD CHAIN FOR REASONING

INITIAL GOAL IDENTIFICATION

RULE APPLICATION

SUBGOAL GENERATION

EVIDENCE ACCUMULATION

GOAL ACHIEVEMENT
 COMMON CRITICISMS
•ACCURACY: ONE COMMON CRITICISM OF MYCIN IS ITS ACCURACY IN DIAGNOSING
CERTAIN DISEASES.

•DEPENDENCY ON INPUT: ANOTHER CRITICISM IS THE SYSTEM'S HEAVY RELIANCE ON

ACCURATE AND COMPLETE INPUT DATA.

ADAPTABILITY: CRITICS ALSO POINT OUT THAT MYCIN'S ABILITY TO ADAPT TO NEW AND
EVOLVING MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE IS LIMITED.

COMPLEXITY: CRITICS ARGUED THAT MYCIN'S USER INTERFACE WAS TOO COMPLEX
FOR MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS TO EASILY NAVIGATE

LIMITED USER FEEDBACK: MYCIN'S INTERFACE PROVIDED LIMITED FEEDBACK TO USERS

REGARDING THEIR INTERACTIONS AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESS.
LIMITATIONS
While MYCIN was a groundbreaking
innovation in the field of medical
diagnosis, it is important to
acknowledge its limitations. One
significant limitation of MYCIN is its
reliance on predefined knowledge bases
and rules. The system's ability to
diagnose and recommend treatments is
limited to the knowledge and rules it
was programmed with, which can lead
to gaps in understanding complex cases
or newly emerging diseases.
 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
When it comes to the development and implementation of AI systems like MYCIN in
healthcare, ethical considerations take center stage. One of the primary concerns is
the potential for bias in the decision-making process, as AI algorithms can
inadvertently incorporate biases present in the data used for training. This can lead
to disparities in healthcare delivery based on factors such as race, gender, or
socioeconomic status.
 REAL LIFE EXAMPLES
ROBOTIC SURGERY COLLABORATIVE DRUG DEVELOPMENT
DIAGNOSIS
ONE REAL-WORLD
EXAMPLE OF MYCIN'S MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH
IMPACT IS ITS WORLDWIDE RELY ON LABORATORIES LEVERAGE
INTEGRATION WITH MYCIN FOR MYCIN TO EXPEDITE DRUG
ROBOTIC SURGERY COLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES. BY
SYSTEMS. SURGEONS DIAGNOSIS AND ANALYZING VAST DATASETS
UTILIZE MYCIN'S TREATMENT PLANNING. AND PREDICTING POTENTIAL
WITH ITS ADVANCED DRUG INTERACTIONS AND
DIAGNOSTIC AND ALGORITHMS AND VAST
DECISION-MAKING EFFECTS, MYCIN HAS PLAYED A
MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE PIVOTAL ROLE IN ADVANCING
CAPABILITIES TO BASE, MYCIN PROVIDES
ENHANCE PRECISION PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH,
VALUABLE INSIGHTS AND LEADING TO THE DISCOVERY OF
AND EFFICIENCY IN RECOMMENDATIONS,
COMPLEX SURGICAL AIDING HEALTHCARE
NEW TREATMENTS FOR
PROCEDURES. TEAMS IN MAKING VARIOUS DISEASES AND
INFORMED DECISIONS CONDITIONS.
FOR THEIR PATIENTS'
CARE
 THANKS
FOR WATCHING
PREPARED BY: ADITI GULIYANI
(A2305221465), AUSTIN
DIAOS(A2305221458), LAKSHAY
GOYAL(A2305221465)
6CSE-8X