A Comprehensive Review of

Literature and Studies

On Extraversion

Cadion, Georgia
Evangelista, Rica Diane
Flores, Mary Joy
Flores, Shantal
Kawabata, Lerry Ann
Largado, Kimverly
Legaspi, Mykaila
Mancera, Vanessa

Keywords: Extraversion, Talkative, Sociability, Impulsiveness, Expressiveness,

Activities, Optimistic, Excitement-Craving, Gregarious, Subcomponents, Grades,
Enthusiasm, Assertiveness, Acquaintance, Dominance, Relationship Development,
Relationship Maintenance, Social Media, Social Resources, Social Support, Optimistic,
Loquaciousness, Predilection, Vivacious Demeanor, Facets, Hexaco, Neo Pi-R, Neo-
Ffi-R, Introversion, External Stimuli, Behavioral Activation And Inhibition System,
Differences, Responses, Personality Traits, Epidemic Pressure, Traits, Mental Health,
Level Of Extroversion, satisfaction,

Definitions of Extraversion

The following definition of extraversion will be used by the researchers and this is
based on McRae and Costa's Theory of Personality. Extraversion, a fundamental
personality trait, represents the social aspect of a person's personality. Extraverts seek
out, participate in, and enjoy social interactions, whereas introverts avoid social
situations and are more quiet, withdrawn, or shy in them (Costa & McCrae, 1980; John,
1990). Personality traits like extraversion, according to Canli, are most likely widely
distributed throughout the brain (2004). Despite the numerous studies, the central
question of whether the brain circuits of extraverts are more responsive to social stimuli
in general, reflecting the basic definition of extraversion, remains unanswered. Given
the importance of social engagement and a preference for other people's company.

Extroverts are thought to be free-spirited, joyful, and enthusiastic. People who

enjoy social activities prefer being with others to being alone, so being sociable is
considered an important component of extroversion (Lucas & Diener, 2001; Lucas &
Fujita, 2000; Lucas et al., 2000). Extroverted individuals frequently believe that their
personal lives are dull. To compensate for a lack of activities, they engage in sensation-
seeking behavior, putting them at risk of breaking the law and engaging in delinquent
behavior (Laak, Goede, Aleva, Brugman, Leuven, & Hussmann, 2003).

The discussion of traits in general, and extroversion in particular, is dominated by

the question of how traits emerge. Currently, trait theorists generally agree that
biological factors can explain variation (Pervin & John, 2001). Two systems are linked to
personality, according to Gray's (1987) reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST). The two
systems are the behavioral activation system (BAS, reward system) and the behavioral
inhibition system (BIS, punishment system) (Elliott & Thrash, 2002). A recent study
found that the BAS is clearly linked to extroversion and regulates approach behavior.
This is accomplished by instilling positive emotions and indicating the presence of
rewards (Corr, 2008). Another study discovered that the BAS's substrate, dopaminergic
processes, has a stronger correlation with extroversion (Depue & Collins, 1999).

Extraversion personality traits have been mentioned in many other personality

theories. Extraverts are people who are sociable, talkative, and assertive. The specific
extraversion subcomponents are a point of contention. Extraversion, according to
McCrae and Costa (2003, p. 47), has six facets: gregariousness, assertiveness,
warmth, activity, excitement-seeking, and positive emotions. (See, for example, Saucier
and Ostendorf (1999), DeYoung, Quilty, and Peterson (2007), and Widiger and
Simonsen (2005). To carry out the subcomponent state function identification
procedure, we needed to agree on a preliminary list of subcomponents. Members of our
lab compiled several lists of subcomponents and adjectives and, after much
deliberation, eliminated redundancies. This procedure yielded the following
subcomponents, which should adequately represent the majority of theories: talkative,
bold, spontaneous, sociable, dominant, and energetic.

There are numerous variables associated with extraversion-introversion in the

literature, according to David Hill's research, and extroversion can be defined by several
characteristics.

1. Extraversion is linked to an interest in socially oriented occupations and values, as

well as dealing with people in cooperative or competitive relationships in general (SVIB,
AVL, EPPS, Behavior Rating, 16 PF).

2. Extraverts are carefree, gregarious, and skilled at self-expression (Behavior Rating,

16 PF).
3. Extraverts present themselves in socially desirable ways that are consistent and
meaningful in their environment.

4. Extraverts have a higher intrapsychic responsiveness to external determinants in

evaluating and responding to their experiences (Rorschach).

Extroverts are motivated by external factors and focus their attention inward.
They appear to be relaxed and confident. They seem to seek reassurance outside of
themselves when they are depressed, in need of energy, or stressed. They are driven
by the outside world. They are stimulated by interacting with the outside world, people,
or things, and they actively interact with others.

They need someone to talk to, interact with others, and also easy to socialize
with. They are confident, and sometimes conceited.

1. Excitement - strives excitement, is eloquent in expressing emotions, and is a

better speaker than listener.
2. Energies- Carefree, outgoing, optimistic, and active in class are the energies.
3. Outdoor activities and other non-academic interests, such as sports, are
examples of interests. dislike reading or studying by themselves. They enjoyed
working in teams.
4. Thinking- Speaking comes first, followed by thinking. They are changeable,
usually take risks, and eventually become leaders.

Facets of Extraversion

Extraversion has been linked to numerous leadership characteristics,

particularly interpersonal leadership. In fact, extraversion and leadership have
frequently been connected, both implicitly and explicitly. Extraverts frequently display
confidence, assertiveness, and enthusiasm, social skills, positive feeling, and people
often view them as having high status, particularly at first encounters (Karlsen &
Langvik, 2021).
Studies by Herringer (2012) incorporated the six facets of extraversion to life
satisfaction, such as, Activity (vigorous movement, sense of energy), assertiveness
(dominance, forcefulness, social ascendancy, leadership), excitement-seeking (craving
excitement and stimulation, preferring color and noise, sensation seeking),
gregariousness (preference for and enjoyment of other people’s company and social
situations), positive emotion (cheerfulness, optimism, joyfulness) and warmth
(demonstrating affection, friendliness, ease in forming close attachments)
According to Leikas and Pulkkinen, et. al (May 2022) their current research
shown after having a kid, the moms' neuroticism and extraversion shift on a facet-level.
There were few changes in extraversion personality such as, objective stressors
(pregnancy-related or birth complications) and mother-perceived difficult child
temperament were both associated with attenuated desirable personality change (e.g.,
anxiety decreased only among mothers rating their child as low in negative affectivity)
and enhanced undesirable personality change (e.g., mothers who rated their child as
low in orienting/regulation increased in Impulsivity more than mothers rating their child
as high on this trait).

Extraversion in Filipino Context

Gregorio E.H. Del Pilar created the Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob, also known
as the Mapa ng loob. The word "masaklaw" in the instrument's name refers to its goal of
measuring personality characteristic constructions with theoretical and practical value in
Filipino culture. It operationalizes the McCrae and Costa Five-Factor Model of
Personality Features. There are four cultural traits of Filipinos that relate to the study of
McCrae and Costa, these four are Cheerfulness, Friendliness, Energetic and
Loquaciousness.

E1 Pagkamasayahin (Cheerfulness)- The propensity to be upbeat, optimistic, and

lighthearted; shown by a sense of humor, a willingness to laugh, and a desire to engage
in conversation.

E2 Pagkapalakaibigan (Friendliness)- Initiating friendly interactions with others and

sustaining a broad social network are two manifestations of the tendency to be
interested in developing friendly relationships with others and possessing the social
skills.

E3 Pagkamasigla (Energetic)- Does have high levels of energy where they act quickly,
being continually active, and having a vivacious demeanor.

E4 Pagkamadaldal (Loquaciousness)- The tendency to talk a lot and they have no

trouble expressing their ideas verbally and frequently start conversations, usually having
something to say about almost any subject.

The Known Personality Measurement Scales

Generally speaking, there are five fundamental characteristics or elements that
can be used to explain personality. By averaging the six facets in each domain, NEO PI-
R domain scores offer accurate estimations of these five criteria. Domain scores are
calculated manually on the (hand-scored) Profile Form since it is simple to do so.
However, factor scores—a weighted synthesis of scores on all 30 facets—provide more
accurate estimations of where a candidate stands on the five factors. Costa and
McCrae also developed a condensed version of NEO-PI-R known as NEO-FFI (Five-
Factor Inventory) during the development of NEO-PI-3, which is now referred to as the
NEO-FFI-R.
Meanwhile, The HEXACO (honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion,
agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience) model of personality
has been presented as a model of fundamental personality structure that encapsulates
individual differences in six major trait characteristics. Although the HEXACO model is
used more frequently in research across many domains, a thorough analysis of the
nomological net of the HEXACO dimensions is completely lacking. Therefore, it is yet
unknown if each HEXACO dimension fully takes into account individual variation across
theoretically significant outcome criteria. Through a thorough meta-analytic examination,
we fill this gap by determining if each HEXACO dimension is specifically connected to
one huge outcome domain that is theoretically significant.
Moreover, there are twenty facet scales in the Mapa ng Loob, with four for each
of the five aspects or domains (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion,
Agreeableness, and Neuroticism). It also features one scale measuring social
desirability and two additional scores from two different domains. An individual can be
rated on each of the 5 broader domains as well as each of the more particular trait
scales, just like with instruments like the NEO-PI and the HEXACO. The goal of Mapa is
to determine whether the Five-Factor Model is suitable for the Philippine context. The
single factor characteristic of extraversion (E), which is comprised of the four attributes
pagkamasayahin (cheerfulness), pagkapalakaibigan (friendliness), pagkamasigla
(energy), and pagkamadaldal (loquaciousness), shall be the primary topic of this study.

The linkage between Extraversion and Well-being

The link between social support and happiness may be significantly influenced by
individual hope. In the study of extraversion and happiness, it supported the idea that
extraversion increases happiness by fostering hope and social support. In other words,
Extraversion increases happiness indirectly by increasing social support. In
understanding the role of extraversion in individual's happiness, it will benefits and
formulate social support on happiness.(Low, S., Tan, C., and Viapude, G.N. 2018).

The present study by Gonzanga and his colleagues (2007) viewed that the
degree of relationship satisfaction among intimate heterosexual partners was
substantially connected with low neuroticism, high conscientiousness, high
agreeableness, and high extraversion scores. The big five personality traits is predicted
to be better relationship quality for both men and women. The positive relationship
between extraversion and general relationship satisfaction may be due to the fact that
extraverts are high on positive effect, are effective communicators and enthusiastic.
Whereas, introverts are quiet, reserved and introspective.

A meta-analysis found four years ago that extraversion is positively connected to

well-being and they also noted beneficial affective effects, but in contrast to earlier
research, these effects were tempered by trait extraversion, with extraverts benefiting
more from the intervention than introverts.Long-term interventions for wellbeing may
also increase the likelihood of developing new behavioral habits and producing
additional favorable outcomes, such as in the areas of physical health, interpersonal
relationships, and job performance. (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005; Walsh et al., 2018).
 In 1981, Eynseck viewed arousal as a crucial aspect of extraversion in that it
drives extraverts to participate in stimulating social activities due to their innate
underarousal. The following aspects such as gregariousness, warmth, assertiveness,
activity, excitement seeking, and happiness indicate one's aptitude and desire to be
sociable. Additional research has found evidence of a positive relationship between
extraversion and happiness, whereas negative effect was more strongly correlated with
neuroticism (Costa & McCrae,1980).

People are innately attracted to creating intimate relationships with people they
can interact with regularly and positively for this reason (Murphy, 1954; Baumeister &
Leary, 1995). Compared to introverts, extroverts report having more intimate
relationships with others. However, there are no significant differences between
introverts and extroverts in the reported frequency of interaction with close friends (Hills
& Argyle, 2001). According to research, having intimate, mutually beneficial
relationships with others is strongly correlated with happiness, and not having such ties
is associated with depression (Argyle, 1987).

There's a study about examining extraversion and the positive effect with
momentary savouring. The discussion of the friendliness and social activity of extraverts
that have been also found. Extraversion is a personality attribute that boosts pleasant
affect. Regardless of how they behave in various settings, extraverts will always retain
and sustain a higher level of positive affect than introverts (Wilt et.al, 2013). The
relationship between extraversion and positive affect can thus be better understood by
looking at how extraverted a person is on a daily basis (Fleeson, 2001, 2004; Fleeson &
Gallagher, 2009; Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015; Lucas, Le & Dyrenforth, 2008).

Extraversion and Social Interactions

According to the study of Lai, D. W., & Qin, N. (2018), the trait extraversion has
been positively correlated with participation in physical, cognitive, and social-oriented
behaviors. The theory of McCrae and Costa (1992) which had already been used as a
framework for several studies, emphasized that individuals with high extraversion are
expected to be sociable, talkative, energetic, optimistic, and enthusiastic thus leading to
more active participation in social activities. While this theory proposed six facets of
extraversion, the study of Batey, M., & Hughes, D. J. (2017) presented two subsumes of
this core trait which is enthusiasm and assertiveness. Enthusiasm may indicate that
self-perceptions of personal creativity necessitate a role for collaboration, networking,
and interaction. Assertiveness may allow individuals to go against convention and
promote their creative ideas, and, in turn, receive feedback. These two characteristics
allow individuals with high extroversion to actively participate and make dialogues with
the world.
 As extraversion is associated with social interactions, it is not surprising that
studies have shown its positive effect on friendship and romantic relationship
development and maintenance. Extraversion is associated with having more friends
throughout life and across many social contexts due to their inclination to socialize and
cheerful dispositions. Extraverts consistently report having more satisfying, high-quality
friendships than introverts. This is consistent with the finding that extraversion is related
to satisfaction in romantic relationships as well. It has been said that the sociability facet
of extraversion, not the positive affect facet, predicts future friendship quality (Mund &
Neyer, 2014). Some evidence also suggests that extroverts may have better skills when
it comes to friendship maintenance as they are more likely than introverts to address
relationship conflicts with their friends in an active, constructive accommodation style,
and less likely to engage in actively destructive or neglectful behaviors.
Extraversion was not only found as a significant contributor to relationship
maintenance but also when it comes to building positive experiences with little to no
acquaintance. When interacting with strangers, highly extroverted people are more
comfortable and more likely to believe that their interaction partner finds them likable.
Extraverts' positive experiences with others, coupled with the sociability that
characterizes extraversion, could drive them to approach others more and to be more
willing to engage with strangers than introverts. However, extraversion is a strong
predictor of being liked by others, but only at low levels of acquaintance. In other words,
though extraversion is associated with being liked in first impressions when people have
more time to form impressions, the relationship between extraversion and being liked
seems to lessen. Some aspects of extraversion such as cheerfulness and sociability
may lead to being liked more but other aspects such as dominance and assertiveness
lead to being liked less. Harmful behavioral aspects of extraversion such as
inappropriate assertiveness may cancel out the benefits of positive relationship‐
maintenance behaviors. This is supported by Festa et al., 2012 stated that extraversion
predicts higher self‐reported friendship quality but does not predict higher friend‐
reported friendship quality. This phenomenon is not limited to friendships; it occurs in
romantic relationships as well. Extraversion is positively associated with self‐, but not
partner‐reports of romantic relationship quality. Extraverts are better at creating
friendships that are satisfying to themselves.
Extraversion level is also correlated with the usage of social resources such as
social support systems to resolve conflicts and combat the consequence of negative
stress. Jackson, S., & Schneider, T. (2014) speculated that the tendency of extraverts to
be warm and outgoing would predict social support coping while assertiveness would
predict problem-solving. According to these researchers, extraverts’ perceptions about
the availability of social support were responsible for offsetting the relationship between
extraversion and negative stress outcomes. The extraversion level predicts perceived
benefits from social resources and tool use showed that extraversion predicted the
choice to use both types of resources. In addition, the study of Vincent Murday et al.,
(2021) encourages future research endeavors to define what constitutes a resource and
how it could fit into the Social Baseline Theory. Some authors suggest that the social
baseline is a function of personality traits linked to social interaction, such as
extraversion.
 High extraversion had also a significant impact on group-related activities.
Previous research has provided evidence that extraversion may be associated with
better individual performance in group tasks according to Jung, Lee, & Karsten, (2012).
Other group members may perceive extraverted individuals as having a more significant
effect than introverts on group outcomes; this perception may stem from extroverts’
socioemotional inputs, in addition to task-related contributions. The effect of
extraversion on team performance might stem from the effect of
assertiveness/dominance as facets of extraversion.
The relationship between extraversion and the frequency of publishing new
content on social media has also been studied in various research. Extraverts generally
exhibit vigor and engagement in their social media content sharing, in addition to being
outgoing and gregarious. Offline, trait extraversion is also known to predict conversing
and spending time with people which are two of the primary functions of social media.
The findings, therefore, reflect many facets of extraversion that manifest in offline
relationships and interactions. Social media, therefore, appears to facilitate such
interactions, enabling individuals to maintain existing/develop new relationships. People
also befriend others with similar levels of extraversion in real‐life social networks and
online.

Extraversion: The prominent trait

According to Eysenck (1964), extroverts are talkative, energetic, and open in

communication, while introverts are reserved, quiet, and easy-going. Socan and Bucik
(1998, taken from Hamedi et al., 2015) added that extroverted students were more likely
than introverted students to be more active in language tasks in classroom activities.
Harbaugh (2010) found that extroverts want excitement, take risks, and sometimes act
impulsively, whereas introverts are calm and thoughtful, prefer alone time, and crave
excitement.

Saputri (2012) found that extroverted students tended to perform better on

speaking tests than introverted students. Suliman (2014) also examined the role of
extroversion and introversion in second language acquisition. The results showed that
extroverted students spoke faster, read pronunciation better, and communicated more
fluently than introverted students. The results showed that extroverted students were
less afraid of public speaking than moderately introverted students. According to
Eysenck (1964), extroverted students are gregarious, excitement-craving, risk-taking,
spontaneous and generally impulsive individuals.

. Extroverts prioritize the world around them over their own thoughts and feelings.
Generally speaking, extroverts look for inspiration outside of themselves, and their
energy alignment is focused on the outside world (Myers, 2003). Extroverts are more
influenced by their surroundings than by themselves, according to Vandenbos (2006).
Extroversion is the tendency to shift one's interests away from the environment in which
one lives and toward the people and things in it. Activity, sociability, risk-taking,
impulsivity, expressiveness, practicality, and irresponsibility are the seven aspects of
personality that are dependent on extrovert qualities. (Eysenck, 1973, as reported in
Samini, 2004, p. 13) The explanations are given as follows (Wafiqoh, 2019, pp. 26–27):

a) Activity

Active people tend to be active and enjoy physical activity. He wakes up early and
completes activities and different types of tasks quickly.

b) Sociability

Highly extroverted men are usually highly sociable. He quickly makes many friends,
goes to parties, participates in social activities, makes new friends and is comfortable in
friendly conditions.

c) Risk-taking

People with high risk scores enjoy living in dangerous situations and seek jobs that
ignore risk. He does his job without paying attention to his own safety.

d) Impulsiveness

People with this value like to do things spontaneously and make quick decisions without
thinking ahead.

e) Expressiveness

Expressive people tend to express their emotions freely. They usually like to express
emotions such as sad, angry, afraid, and happy. They show that they have a high level
of extroversion.

f) Practicality

People who hold this value are usually willing to deal with practical problems, but have
little tolerance for abstract, imaginative activities.

g) Irresponsibility

People who attach great importance to this aspect do not like to perform formal duties.
He is dynamic and irresponsible in his activities related to social aspects.

Extroverted individuals are thought to interact with other L2 speakers more

frequently and more easily, which is seen to have a good impact on the development of
basic interpersonal skills. Introspective learners might, however, also benefit from this:
they might discover it simpler to study the L2, leading to better levels of cognitive
academic language proficiency. According Eysenck (1995), extroverts preferred
engaging in social and physical activities as well as showing a larger predisposition in
stimulating activities and unique situations, with less of a desire to steer clear of
unpleasant situations. The intro-extra component and conceptualizations of the
constructs are actually rather comparable in most modern trait theories, which is
attractive.

Another related studies about extroversion is According to Vandenbos (2006),

extroverts are more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world.
Extroverts are more influenced by their surroundings and environment than their inner
self. Focusing your attention and energy on the outer world of a person or object rather
than the inner world of subjective experience is the best definition of extroversion. 13
Extroverted behavior is relatively sociable, gregarious and gregarious, and more open
to phenomena. Extroverts also enjoy meeting new people, conversing with others, and
exploring new places. Extroverts tend to be sociable, open and friendly, while introverts
tend to be more private. Extroverts are social like a party, have lots of friends, and need
stimulation in everything they do. They are sensation seekers, lively and active.
Extroverts are easily distracted from their studies because they cannot focus too much
on a particular topic. Introverts, on the other hand, are quiet, prefer reading to meeting
or talking to others, have few close friends, but usually avoid excitement (Eysenck &
Chan, 1982).

Below are descriptions of the extrovert personality aspects, strengths, and weaknesses.

a) Extroverted Personality Aspects According to Eysenck (in Samini, 2004, p. 13), he

has seven aspects of personality based on extroverted aspects. They are active,
sociable, risk-taking, impulsive, expressive, practical, and irresponsible. Here is your
explanation:

1) Activities

Extroverts tend to be more active, and it's important to be active and energetic when it
comes to physical activity. Get up early and do different kinds of activities quickly. 2)
Sociability

Extroverts are usually highly sociable. They easily make many friends and bond with
others easily. They enjoy going to parties and participating in social activities.

3) Risk-taking

Extroverts tend to have higher risk scores. They enjoy living in dangerous conditions
and also engage in challenging activities. They also want jobs that are risk-agnostic.
They do their job without paying attention to their own safety.

4) Impulsivity

Doing things spontaneously and making quick decisions without thinking first is an
example of extroverted impulsiveness. They tend to get things done quickly and
carelessly at times.

5) Expressiveness
People with high extroversion are more likely to show emotions and expressions.
Expressive people tend to express their emotions freely. They don't like to keep their
emotions to themselves. That is, they like to express emotions such as sad, angry,
anxious and happy.

6) Practicality

Extroverts like to do practical things and have no patience for abstract, imaginative
activities.

b) Strengths of Extroverted Students

Extroverts are successful academically. When it comes to speaking skills,

extroverts are short and clear. This smart, positive steadfastness in speaking and acting
puts the extrovert in a good position, especially when it concerns educational events
such as: B. school debates and speeches.

Therefore, people's characteristics influence their social behavior, orientation, and

interests. (Ajimi 2005). Therefore, student/teacher interactions within a class are
affected by such factors. This is because many factors, including interests, personalities
and changing student needs, change during the lesson and determine the nature of the
student/teacher interaction (Nacino-Brone et al., 1991). For this reason, endomorph
behaviors with traits such as comfort-seeking and concern for others should not be
standardized with ectomorphs who do not like to get along with others (Syasi 1975). In
any case, it seems that personality factors such as introversion and extroversion and
their impact on the selection of good teachers need to be examined. In this study,
attention was paid to this aspect of personality, introversion/extroversion – along with
several qualities of a good teacher, such as resourcefulness, authority, openness to
student classes, and flexibility.

Extraversion and Academic Performance

Based on the study of Gangopadhyay (2019) depending on the academic
setting, extraversion has been demonstrated to have a good or negative impact on GPA
(Grade Point Average). Extroverts typically outperform introverts in high-stimulation
academic settings, while in low-stimulation settings, the results are reversed.
Additionally, research has shown that students in business schools, which are high-
stimulation workplaces, tend to be more extroverted than those from other discipline.
What we may infer from this result, in either case, is that extraversion does not appear
to be a deciding factor in one's success at Stern and there is a healthy competitive
environment, its system that does not favor one personality type over another.
The results of the study found out an extraverted people enjoy being with
other people, are energetic, frequently feel-good emotions, tend to be enthusiastic,
action-oriented and these characteristics has a weakly positive link with academic
performance. Extraverted individuals may favor also in engaging more on
extracurricular activities over academic ones because they are very sociable and seek
excitement. (Begum and Goud and et. al 2021)

Extraversion and Work Performance

Individual variations in talkativeness, sociability, dominance, excitement seeking,
and pleasant emotions have long been a source of intrigue for the general public and
academic inquiry. These behavioral characteristics have more recently been classified
as introversion-extraversion (Eysenck, 1973; Jung, 1921/1971); we refer to this
classification by the abbreviation extraversion. The archetypal extravert is gregarious,
outgoing, prefers to take the lead, exhibits happiness, and appreciates mentally
challenging pursuits. The classic introvert, on the other hand, is restrained, quiet, and
less vivacious (John, Naumann, & Soto, 2008).
Additionally, all significant theories and descriptive models of personality traits
place extraversion at their core (Cloninger, 1987; Costa & McCrae,1992; Digman, 1990;
Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975; Tellegen & Waller, 2008). Despite the opposing hypotheses
and measures, data suggests that extraversion test scores moderately correlate across
testing contexts (test-retest r =.55; Roberts & DelVecchio, 2000) and measures (r =.56;
Pace & Brannick, 2010) to tap a shared underlying component (van den Berg et
al.,2014). Extraversion is heritable (M.41; range.36 to.51; Vukasovic' & Bratko, 2015),
despite the complexity of its genetic foundations (van den Berg et al., 2016). It follows a
genetic trajectory of gradual increase in adolescence, which stabilizes in adulthood
(Briley & Tucker-Drob, 2014; Roberts, Walton, & Viechtbauer, 2006). Regarding its
neuroscience, extraversion is connected to brain areas associated with positive
emotions, the behavioral activation system, and reward sensitivity (Depue &
Collins,1999; Eysenck, 1973; Gray & McNaughton, 2000). From an agentic perspective,
extraversion aids in the accomplishment of individuals' personal goals as well as more
universal efforts to achieve higher order goals of prestige, power, and self-enhancement
(McCabe & Fleeson, 2012). (Barrick, Mount, & Li, 2013).
Furthermore, higher level goals that are appropriate for the workplace are linked
to extraversion. Extraversion is characterized by drives to: (a) influence others, acquire
status, and succeed socially (enterprising interests, drive scores from assessment
centers, self-enhancement values); (b) engage in unique, exciting, or stimulating
experiences; (c) collaborate with and assist others (social interests). These objectives
have strong connections to the reward sensitivities linked to qualities such as
assertiveness, sensation seeking, and enthusiasm. In conclusion, extraversion has an
advantage in terms of motivation because it increases people's drive and sensitivity to
approach desired rewards at work. It also helps people act in ways that will help them
achieve these approach goals.

Fundamental Differences
 Psychophysical, psychophysiological, and biochemical procedures (previously
thought to be measures of activation) now suggest that the dimension of extraverted (E)
personality is the sensitivity and motor response to simple physical stimuli. There is
Sample evidence to support that it is characterized by individual differences in the
expression of However, at the time Duffy expressed his views, the relationship between
personality, hyperesthesia, and motor processes was not clear. Indeed, in a review of
the personality literature, Duffy (1962) states: "Reviews of physiological personality
studies must recognize the surprising fact that relatively few researchers have reported
relationships of any magnitude between physiological and behavioral measures within
normal populations."

Additionally, introverts and extroverts have fundamental differences in their

responses to sensory stimuli and in their expression of motor activity (Matthews and
Gilliland, 1999; Stelmack, 1997). There is compelling evidence from a variety of
measurements to suggest that introverts are more reactive or sensitive to simple
sensory stimuli than extroverts. Introverts have low absolute auditory sensitivity (e.g.,
Stelmack and Campbell, 1974), low pain thresholds (e.g., Barnes, 1975), and low sound
thresholds (e.g., Dornic and Ekehammer, 1975). 1990) and greater cutaneous
conductance responses to moderate intensity sounds (eg, Smith, 1983). ) as well as an
increase in her ERP amplitude in response to simple physical stimuli (Stelmack and
Michaud Achorn, 1985).

Furthermore, extraversion is a particularly fascinating higher-order personality

trait that has two major components—agentic and affiliative extraversion—that are
separable domains of positive emotionality. There are two major components. The
Agentic extraversion involves the positive emotions of surgency, ascendency, and
ambition and is behaviorally expressed as a tendency toward assertiveness,
persistence, and leadership. Affiliative extraversion, in contrast, primarily involves the
positive emotion of social warmth and is behaviorally expressed as a tendency toward
gregariousness and affection.

Although the association between extraversion scores and hypertension can be

explained by differences in psychosocial stress and anxiety states between introverted
and extroverted adolescents, This is because introverts can experience more stress and
develop greater anxiety. Previous studies have found that psychosocial stress and
anxiety are associated with an increased risk of hypertension, and the sympathetic
nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system may play important
roles. Hozawa et al. found that introversion was associated with large differences
between screening blood pressure and home blood pressure measurements. This result
was consistent with the finding that introversion may represent an irritable personality,
leading to elevated levels of adrenaline and essential hypertension. Taken together,
these studies suggest that the clinical management and prevention of hypertension
should consider personality traits.

Extraversion and the Pandemic

 Extroverts have an advantage when it comes to establishing and maintaining
social relationships and status. The results suggest that this trend is consistent with why
extroverts find it difficult to reduce social intimacy (Soto & John, 2017), suggesting a
difficult scenario during a pandemic. While an extrovert can anticipate her COVID-19
threat, she also anticipates the fear of losing social ties and attention. For them, their
tendency to seek emotional support, social connection, and stimulation from others
seemed related. Supporting the fact that they are at risk of COVID-19, they are also
those who tend to engage in risk-taking behaviors, with the exception of neuroticism
(Oehler & Wedlich, 2018). These behaviors include avoidance of social distancing
(Carvalho, Pianowski, & Goncalves, 2020), active locomotion (Chan, et al., 2020), and
likely leaving home (Götz et al., 2020) during the pandemic.

Furthermore, extraversion is usually associated with positive traits such as

feeling-seeking, adventuresome, active, impatient, outgoing, active, and assertive.
Therefore, this personality trait has been found to be inversely correlated with mental
health. People with high levels of extroversion tend to be more positive than those with
low levels of extroversion. The latter may have little interest in the outside world. The
impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on an individual's mental health may vary depending
on their level of extraversion. People with high extraversion scores engage in more
social activities and seek more help and comfort from the outside world than those with
low extraversion scores. Therefore, extroversion provides individuals with some degree
of protection against epidemic pressures and reduces depressive symptoms. Several
studies have shown an inverse correlation between extroversion and depressive
symptoms. For example, Jylhä and Isometsä measured extraversion and depressive
symptoms via their Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and Beck Depression Inventory
(BDI), respectively, and found a significant negative correlation between them and did
another recent study also found that higher levels of extraversion protected against
depression.
References:

Basileyo, A., Garcia, F. (2021). PERSONALITY AND FEAR DURING COVID-19

PANDEMIC. PAPSCU Excellent Academic Research Link (PEARL) Bulletin Vol. 2 No.
3. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexie_Basileyo2/publication/
351744361_Personality_and_Fear_during_COVID-19_Pandemic/links/
60a8d24e92851ca9dcd76dc6/Personality-and-Fear-during-COVID-19-Pandemic.pdf

Begum S, Goud B. K. M, Hameed N. A, Dileep N, Santhosh S. G. Relation Between

Personality Traits and Academic Performance Among University Students of
RAKMHSU, UAE-Using a Big Five Model. Biomed Pharmacol J 2021;14(4),
https://biomedpharmajournal.org/vol14no4/relation-between-personality-traits-and-
academic-performance-among-university-students-of-rakmhsu-uae-using-a-big-five-
model/

Bowden-Green, T., Hinds, J., & Joinson, A. (2022). How is extraversion related to social
media use? A literature review. The University of Bath's research portal.
https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/how-is-extraversion-related-to-social-
media-use-a-literature-revi

Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G., Saklofske, D.H.(2008 June) Psychophysiological correlates

of extraversion.The Sage Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment, Vol.1 Page
34. https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/the-sage-handbook-of-personality-theory-and-
assessment/book231765

Brown,C.,The Correlation between Introversion-Extroversion and Measures of

Happiness.PDFDRIVE,.https://www.pdfdrive.com/the-correlation-between-introversion-
extroversion-and-measures-of-happiness-d121148707.html

Chaukulkar, I. A. Extraverts savor their behavior: examining extraversion and positive

affect with momentary savoring.

https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/concern/theses/cr56n2547

Dal, N. (2019). Influence of Extraversion on Social Loafing Behavior: A Pilot Study.

Journal of Educational Issues,5,2

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1224918.pdf

Del Pilar, G. E. H. (2017). The Development of the Masaklaw na Panukat ng Loob

(Mapa ng Loob). PHILIPPINE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY, 50 (1), 103-141.
https://www.pap.ph/assets/files/journals/the-development-of-the-masaklaw-na-panukat-
ng-loob-mapa-ng-loob.pdf

Fishman, I., Ng, R., & Bellugi, U., Do extraverts process social stimuli differently from
introverts?
NCBI,.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3129862/?fbclid=IwAR11NAYEu-
zsgrR2CELMxy6Upyll2wepz58YeexCpmUdYNgoX2nstvkkeyE
Gangopadhyay, S. (2019). Theory and Evidence on Extraversion and Undergraduate
Academic Performance at Stern

https://www.stern.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/Sweta
%20Gangopadhyay_Thesis_NYUNY%20Honors%202019.pdf

Grodin, E. N., & White, T. L. (2015). The neuroanatomical delineation of agentic and
affiliative extraversion. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, https://sci-
hub.se/https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13415-014-0331-6

Harris, K., & Vazire, S. (2016). On friendship development and the Big Five personality
traits. Social and Personality Psychology Compass,
https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/spc3.12287

Hill, D. (1970) Extraversion-Introversion: An Investigation of typological theory. A

Dissertation in Psychology

https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/bitstream/handle/2346/9959/31295001148062.pdf?sequence=1

Herringer, L. G. Facets of extraversion related to life satisfaction. Personality and

Individual Differences, 24(5), 731–733. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00194-3

Jackson, S., & Schneider, T. (2014). EXTRAVERSION AND STRESS. ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tamera-Schneider-2/publication/
263844624_Extraversion_and_Stress/links/0a85e53bffdf182327000000/Extraversion-
and-Stress.pdf

Jadloc, M. (2014). New insights into the Pinoy psyche. UPDate Online > Research.
https://upd.edu.ph/new-insights-into-the-pinoy-psyche/

Jain, A. (2017) Relationship between Extraversion and Relationship Satisfaction.

International Journal of Research and Review,6

https://www.ijrrjournal.com/IJRR_Vol.6_Issue.6_June2019/IJRR0016.pdf

Karlsen, H., & Langvik, E. (2021). Facet level effects of extraversion on leadership
behaviors rated by subordinates, Cogent Psychology, 8:1,
https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2021.1930712

Lai, D. W., & Qin, N. (2018). Extraversion personality, perceived health and activity
participation among community-dwelling aging adults in Hong Kong. Plos one, 13(12),
e0209154.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0209154

Leikas, S., Pulkkinen, M.L.,Räikkönen, K. ( 12 May 2022) Facet-level changes in

mothers’ neuroticism and extraversion from early pregnancy to 6 months post-
partum.Sage journals.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/08902070221098908

Liang, X., Hao, G., Xiao, L., Luo,S., Zhang,G., Tang,X., Qu, P., Li, R.,(2022 March 3)
Association Between Extraversion Personality With the Blood Pressure Level in
Adolescents.PubMed Central. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8927655/

Low, S., Tan, C., Viapude, G.N. (2018). Extraversion and happiness: The mediating role
of social support and hope. PsyCh Journal.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pchj.220

Mark Batey, David J. Hughes, in The Creative Self, 2017

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/extraversion#:~:text=Extraversion
%20includes%20traits%20such%20as,especially%20on%20the%20dating%20scene

McCabe, K. O., & Fleeson, W. (2012). What is extraversion for? Integrating trait and
motivational perspectives and identifying the purpose of extraversion. Psychological
science, 23(12), 1498-1505.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3891893/

Mesurado, B.,Mateo, J.M, Valencia, M. , Richaud, M.C, Extroversion Nature,

Development, and Implications to Psychological Health and Work life, research
gate .net
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261874637_Extraversion_Nature_Developme
nt_and_Implications_to_Psychological_Health_and_Work_Life

Murday et al., (2021). Extraversion level predicts perceived benefits from social
resources and tool use. Scientific reports

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91298-w

Octavia, H. (2017). The Correlation between Personality Traits:

Extraversion/Introversion and Students’ Attitudes in Learning English as a Foreign
Language. Universitas Jambi, 1 (1). pp. 1-12. ISSN 1234 (Unpublished)
https://repository.unja.ac.id/id/eprint/1298

Pavot, W., Diener, E., & Fujita, F. (1990). Extraversion and happiness, Personality and
Individual Differences,Volume 11, Issue 12, Pages 1299-1306, ISSN 0191-8869,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(90)90157-M.

Salehi, A., ,The study of relationships among personality factors

(introversion,extroversion) of students and their effects on selecting a good
teacher,.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042810006737
Shehni, M. C., & Khezrab, T. (2020). Review of Literature on Learners' Personality in
Language Learning: Focusing on Extrovert and Introvert Learners. Theory and Practice
in Language Studies, 10(11), 1478-1483.
https://www.academypublication.com/issues2/tpls/vol10/11/20.pdf

Susilowati, H. (2016). THE CORRELATION BETWEEN EXTROVERSION,

INTROVERSION PERSONALITY TYPES AND WRITING SKILL AT TWELFTH GRADE
OF KHAMPHEE WITTAYA SCHOOL, BANNANG SATA (Doctoral dissertation,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Gresik).
http://eprints.umg.ac.id/2637/
Susilowati, H. (2016). Chapter II Review Related Literature pp.1-19 pdf.
http://etheses.iainkediri.ac.id/2207/3/932219115%20bab2.pdf

Yu,T.,Hu,J. (2022 March) Extraversion and Neuroticism on College Freshmen’s

Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Social
Support.frontiers in psychiatry.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359059153_Extraversion_and_Neuroticism_o
n_College_Freshmen's_Depressive_Symptoms_During_the_COVID-
19_Pandemic_The_Mediating_Role_of_Social_Support

Zettler, I., Thielmann, I., Hilbig, B. E., & Moshagen, M. (2020). The Nomological Net of
the HEXACO Model of Personality: A Large-Scale Meta-Analytic Investigation.
Perspectives on Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619895036