Head and Neck

Anatomy - I
Mashael Al Thunayan, DMD, MS, FRCD(C)
mfalthunayan@kaauh.edu.sa
Intended Learning Outcome
Pronounce, define, and spell the key terms .1
Identify the regions of the head .2
:Locate and identify the bones of the skull, including the following .3
Name and locate the bones of the cranium, the face, and the hyoid bone .1
Discuss the postnatal development of the skull .2
Differentiate between the male and female skull .3
:Discuss the temporomandibular joints, including the following .4
Identify the components of the temporomandibular joint .1
Describe the action and movement of the temporomandibular joint .2
Describe the symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorders .3
Locate and identify the muscles of the head and neck .5
Key Terms
/1981 **,; DIA

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Alveolar process Fossa Mastoid process Temporomandibular joint

Articular disc Frontal Maxillary tuberosity Trigeminal nerve
Articular eminence Frontal process Meatus Zygomatic
Articular space Glenoid fossa Medial pterygoid plate Zygomatic arch
Buccal -
-I Greater palatine nerve Mental -> Es - Zygomatic process
Circumvallate lingual papillae Hamulus Mental protuberance
Condyloid process Infraorbital Nasal
Coronal suture Lacrimal bones Occipital
Cranium Lambdoid suture Oral
External auditory meatus Lateral pterygoid plat Orbital
Foramen ->oxs-Xg Lymphadenopathy Parotid duct
Foramen magnum Masseter Sternocleidomastoid
 Regions of the Head
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Standring S. Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences ; 2016
Bones of The Skull - The cranium, face, and hyoid bone
The Cranium
Parietal Bones •
The two parietal bones form most of the roof and •
upper sides of the cranium
Frontal Bone •
The frontal bone forms the forehead, part of the •
floor of the cranium, and most of the roof of the
orbits
Temporal Bones •
Paired temporal bones form the sides and base of •
the cranium
The Cranium
The Face
Zygomatic Bones •
The prominence of the cheek and the lateral wall and floor of the orbit •
The Face
Maxillary Bones •
Form the upper jaw and part of the hard •
palate
Maxilla- Maxillary Tuberosity
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The Face
Palatine Bones •
Each palatine bone consists •
:of two plates
Horizontal plate: form the •
posterior part of the hard
palate of the mouth and the
floor of the nose

Vertical plate: form part of •

the lateral walls of the nasal
cavity
The Face
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Mandible •
The mandible forms the lower jaw and is the movable bone of the skull •
The alveolar process of the mandible supports the teeth of the mandibular •
arch
The Face – The Mandible
U-shaped mandible, which is the strongest •
and longest bone of the face
The chin (mental protuberance) reaches •
full development after puberty
Males have more pronounce chin than •
females
Mental foreman is located on the facial •
surface on the left and right between the
apices of the first and second
mandibular premolars
 &.
Mylohyoid ridge: on the lingual surface of
the body of the mandible

Urban I, Traxler H, Romero-Bustillos M, Farkasdi S, Bartee B, Baksa G, Avila-Ortiz G. Effectiveness of Two Different Lingual Flap Advancing Techniques for Vertical
.Bone Augmentation in the Posterior Mandible: A Comparative, Split-Mouth Cadaver Study. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2018 Jan/Feb;38(1):35-40
Oblique ridge: on the facial surface of the
mandible near the base of the ramus
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Retromolar area: portion of the mandible

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directly posterior to the last molar on each side

Pterygomandibular fold (PMF)
Mental Foreman
Male vs. Females
Female skulls tend to be smaller and lighter and to have thinner •
walls, the teeth are smaller, with rounded incisal edge
Male skulls are larger and heavier and have more rugged muscle •
markings and prominences. Male teeth are larger and are squared
incisally
Bones of The Skull – The face, the maxilla
Bones of The Skull – The Mandible
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Temporomandibular Joints (TMJ)
TMJ
Only mobile joint of skull formed between head of mandible and •
articular fossa of temporal bone
:The TMJ is made up of the following three bony parts •
The glenoid fossa, which is lined with fibrous connective tissue, .1
is an oval depression in the temporal bone just anterior to the
external auditory meatus
The articular eminence is a raised portion of the temporal bone .2
just anterior to the glenoid fossa
The condyloid process of the mandible lies in the glenoid fossa .3
Articular Space
Articular Space is the area between the •
capsular ligament and the surfaces of the
glenoid fossa and condyle

The articular disc (the meniscus) is a •

cushion of dense, specialized connective
tissue that divides the articular space into
upper and lower compartments

These compartments are filled with •

synovial fluid
Helps lubricate the joint and fills the synovial •
cavities
Jaw Movement
:The TMJ performs two basic types of movement •
Hinge action .1
Gliding movement .2
With these two types of movement, the jaws can open and close and
.shift from side to side
TMJ Movement
 Classification of Temporomandibular
Disorders
Articular disorders (intra-articular) •
Congenital or developmental disorders •
Condylar hyperplasia •
First and second branchial arch disorders •
Idiopathic condylar resorption •
Degenerative joint disorders •
Inflammatory: capsulitis, synovitis, polyarthritides (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, •
ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter syndrome, gout)
Noninflammatory: osteoarthritis •
Disk derangement disorders •
Displacement with reduction •
Displacement without reduction (closed lock) •
Perforation •
Infection •
Neoplasia •

Copyright © 2015 by the American Academy of Family Physicians

 Classification of Temporomandibular
Disorders
Articular disorders (intra-articular) •
Temporomandibular hypermobility •
Dislocation •
Joint laxity •
Subluxation •
Temporomandibular hypomobility •
Ankylosis: true ankylosis (bony or fibrous) or pseudoankvlosis •
Postradiation fibrosis •
Trismus •
Trauma •
Contusion •
Fracture •
Intracapsular hemorrhage •

Masticatory muscle disorders (extra-articular) •

Local myalgia •
Myofascial pain disorder •
Myofibrotic contracture •
Myositis •
Myospasm Neoplasia •

Copyright © 2015 by the American Academy of Family Physicians

Muscles of the Head and Neck
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Muscles must expand and contract to make movement possible. Each •
muscle has a point of origin that is fixed (non-movable) and a point of
insertion (movable)
:Muscles of the head and neck are divided into seven main groups •
Muscles of the neck (1)
Muscles of facial expression (2)
Muscles of mastication (3)
Muscles of the floor of the mouth (4)
Muscles of the tongue (5)
Muscles of the soft palate (6)
Muscles of the pharynx (7)
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Major Muscles of the Neck •
The two muscles of the neck discussed •
are superficial and are easily palpated
on the neck
These cervical muscles are the •
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
These muscles can become painful when •
dental assistants use improper posture
while assisting
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Major Muscles of Facial Expression •
The muscles of facial expression are •
paired muscles (left and right) that
originate from the bone and insert on
skin tissue
These muscles cause wrinkles at right •
angles to the action line of the muscle
The seventh cranial (facial) nerve •
innervates all the muscles of facial
expression
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Major Muscles of Mastication •
The muscles of mastication are four pairs of muscles attached to the mandible •
that include the temporalis, masseter, internal (medial) pterygoid, and external
(lateral) pterygoid
These muscles work with the TMJ to make all movements of the mandible •
possible
The mandibular division of the fifth cranial (trigeminal) nerve (V3) •
innervates all muscles of mastication

When both pterygoid muscles contract together, the main action is to bring the lower jaw forward, thus causing protrusion of the
mandible. If only one lateral pterygoid muscle is contracted, the lower jaw shifts to the opposite side, causing lateral deviation of the
.mandible
Major Muscles of Mastication
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Muscles of the Floor of the •
Mouth
The muscles of the floor of the mouth •
are the digastric, mylohyoid,
stylohyoid, and geniohyoid
These muscles are located between •
the mandible and the hyoid bone
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Muscles of the Tongue •
:The tongue has two groups of muscles •
Intrinsic (within the tongue): Intrinsic muscles are responsible for shaping the tongue •
during speaking, chewing, and swallowing
Extrinsic: extrinsic muscles assist in the movement and functioning of the tongue and •
include the genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
All muscles of the tongue, except the palatoglossus, are innervated by the •
hypoglossal nerve
Muscles of the tongue and the floor of the mouth attach to the hyoid bone •
Muscles of the Tongue
Muscles of the Head and Neck
Muscles of the Soft Palate •
The soft palate has two major •
muscles called the palatoglossus
and palatopharyngeus
The pharyngeal plexus innervates •
.both of these muscles