(Sensory Receptors)

Krauss End Bulbs

It detect temperature changes is essential for thermoregulation, helping to
maintain the body's core temperature within a narrow range.
Cryptochromes
Cryptochromes (CRY) are photosensory receptors that regulate growth and development
in plants and the circadian clock in plants and animals. In plants, cryptochromes
help regulate processes like flowering, leaf movement, and growth. Cryptochromes in
the eyes of birds, such as migratory birds, are thought to play a role in detecting
the polarization pattern of sunlight.
Tympanal Organs
Tympanal hearing organs are phono receptor that detect sound and mediate the
detection of predators, prey, and potential mates and rivals.
Sensory hairs of Venus Flytrap
Insects fall prey to the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) when they touch the
sensory hairs located on the flytrap lobes, causing sudden trap closure

Sensory Receptors: Sensory receptors are those receptors located on the sense
organs of living organisms which on receiving an environmental stimulus send an
informative impulse to brain through neurons..

Types of Sensory Receptors

Thermoreceptor
Specialized nerve cells that are able to detect differences in temperature.
Phonoreceptor/Sono Receptor
A receptor for sound
Mechanoreceptor
A mechanoreceptor, is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or
distortion.
Photoreceptor
The photoreceptor delivers information when photons are absorbed.

Interoception:
Interoception means sensing internal signals from your body, like when you are
hungry, when your heart is beating fast, or when you need to go to the toilet.
Parts of your brain are constantly tracking your internal signals to keep your body
functioning properly and to notify you when something changes. For example, your
brain might notice you are running low on water, prompting you to feel thirsty and
grab a drink. Keeping the body in a balanced, neutral state is called homeostasis.
The process the body uses to maintain balance, for example by making us sweat to
cool us down when we are too hot.

Advantages of the same:

Diverse interoception among individuals presents numerous advantages. Varying
sensitivity levels allow for adaptability in different situations, with heightened
awareness aiding in subtle perception and lower sensitivity potentially enhancing
tolerance to stress.
This diversity offers unique perspectives on bodily experiences, benefiting
healthcare by enabling diverse symptom descriptions for improved diagnosis and
treatment. Moreover, the range in sensitivity contributes to emotional regulation,
coping mechanisms, and innovative problem-solving approaches.
Disadvantages of the same:
Extreme variations, such as extremely low or hypersensitive interoception, can pose
challenges by impeding the recognition of crucial internal cues or causing distress
from heightened bodily awareness.
DIfferences in Interoception:

Anxious Person
Depressed Person
People who are anxious pay more attention to internal signals. Because they pay
extra attention to their heartbeat, something like a class presentation might be
scarier for anxious people.

Anxious people may also notice their hearts beating quickly in situations that
others would not normally consider scary or worrying, like going to a party with
friends.
People who feel depressed may struggle with interoceptive accuracy. For example,
people with depression often eat more or less than usual, maybe because they find
it hard to tell whether they are hungry or full.

Sometimes depressed people stop enjoying things they usually enjoy, which may be
because they struggle to feel internal signals associated with positive emotions.

Exteroception Senses: Smell, Sight, Hearing, Taste and Touch.

Exteroception: Detection of signal that occur outside of our body.

Sight
Sight or vision (ophthalmoception) is the ability of the eye(s) to focus and detect
images of visible light on photoreceptors in the retina that generate electrical
nerve impulses for varying colors, hues, and brightness.
Sound
Hearing or audition (audioception) is the sense of sound perception.
Sound can also be detected as vibrations conducted through the body by tactician
Taste
Taste (gustaoception) refers to the ability to detect substances such as food,
certain minerals, poisons, etc. The sense of taste is often confused with the
concept of flavor, which is a combination of taste and smell perception. Flavor
depends on odor, texture, and temperature as well as on taste.
Smell
The olfactory system is the sensory system used for the sense of smell (olfaction).
This sense is mediated by specialized sensory cells of the nasal cavity.
Touch
Touch or somatosensation (tactioception, tactition, or mechanoreception), is a
perception resulting from the activation of neural receptors in the skin, including
hair follicles, tongue, throat, and mucosa. A variety of pressure receptors respond
to variations in pressure (firm, brushing, sustained, etc.).

Sensory Disorders:

Color Blindness:
Symptoms:
Difficulty distinguishing between certain colors (commonly red and green or blue
and yellow).
Inability to perceive specific colors or shades.
Vision problems, especially when differentiating colors in traffic signals, maps,
or art.
Three Different Treatments:
Color-corrective glasses or lenses.
Vision aids and assistive technologies.
Vision therapy to enhance color perception.
Most Affected Organs:
Eyes

Otosclerosis:
Symptoms:
Gradual hearing loss, often starting in one ear.
Tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
Dizziness or vertigo.
Three Different Treatments:
Hearing aids to amplify sound.
Stapedectomy (surgical procedure to replace the stapes bone in the middle ear).
Medications for symptom management (e.g., vertigo).
Most Affected Organs:
Ears

Hypoesthesia:
Symptoms:
Reduced sensitivity to touch, temperature, or pain.
Numbness or tingling sensations.
Inability to detect objects through touch.
Three Different Treatments:
Physical therapy or sensory retraining exercises.
Medications targeting underlying causes (e.g., nerve damage).
Occupational therapy to manage daily tasks.
Most Affected Organs:
Skin

Dysgeusia:
Symptoms:
Altered or distorted sense of taste.
Metallic, bitter, or foul taste sensation persisting in the mouth.
Loss of taste perception.
Three Different Treatments:
Medication adjustments to minimize taste disturbances.
Oral hygiene and mouth rinses.
Dietary modifications.
Most Affected Organs:
Taste buds

Anosmia:
Symptoms:
Complete loss of sense of smell.
Difficulty detecting odors or scents.
Reduced ability to taste food due to the close relationship between smell and
taste.
Three Different Treatments:
Smell training (exposing oneself to strong scents to stimulate smell receptors).
Medications or surgery in specific cases.
Psychological support if anosmia causes distress.

Most Affected Organs:

Nasal passages

Synapse: Empty area between dendrites and axon terminals which contains chemical
stuff.