11.

1- BODY CONTROL AND RESPONSE

The nervous system gathers information about the
environment and helps people respond appropriately
to a situation.
In addition to the electrical signals, the nerves also
control the endocrine glands in your body that
produce chemical signals known as hormones.
Hormones are chemical messengers that are
secreted
directly into the blood, which carries them to
organs and
tissues of the body to exert their functions. Many
types of
hormones act on different aspects of bodily
functions and processes.
Function of the Nervous System
Gathers information both from the outside
world and from inside the body
Sends information to muscles, glands, and
organs so they can respond correctly
Transmit information to the processing areas
in the brain and spinal cord
Processes information to determine the best
response
The nervous system keeps the body working properly
despite the constant changes taking place around it.
These changes are called stimuli (singular:
stimulus).

Although some responses of stimuli are involuntary (not

under one's control), such as blinking of the eyes and
sneezing, many responses of the nervous system are
voluntary (under one's control). For example, opening an
umbrella because it is raining (stimulus) is a voluntary
action. It is a conscious effort that involves the feeling of
the moment, the memory of what happened after
staying out of the rain, and the ability to reason.
THE SENSE ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

Sense organs
are specialized organs that help to perceive the world
around us. They are an integral part of our lives and it is
the only way that enables us to perceive the
environment. Sense organs - provide the required data
for interpretation through various organs and a network
of nerves in response to a particular physical
phenomenon. You know what is happening inside and
outside of your body because of receptors that
respond to a certain stimuli.
FIVE SENSE ORGANS
- EYES
Ophthalmoception These are the visual sensory organs
in our body. These are sensitive to light images. It helps
in the sense of sight by detecting and focusing on the
light images.
- EARS
Audioception Ears are the auditory sense organs of our
body. They help us to perceive sounds. Our auditory
system detects vibrations in the air and this is how we
hear sounds. This is known as hearing or audio caption.
- NOSE
Olfalcoception The nose is an olfactory organ. Our
olfactory system helps us to perceive different smells.
This sense of organ also aids our sense of taste. The
sense of smell is also known as olfaction.
- TOUNGE
Gustaoception The tongue helps in perceiving various
tastes and flavours. The taste buds are present
between the papillae on the tongue help in sensing
different tastes. The senses of smell and taste tend to
work together. If one could not smell something, they
could not taste it either.
- SKIN
Tactioception Skin is the largest organ of our body. It is
related to the sense of touch. The sense of touch is also
referred to as tactioception. The skin contains general
receptors which can detect touch, pain, pressure and
temperature.
TYPES OF SENSORY RECEPTORS

Photoreceptor
- They respond to light. Rods and cones contain
photoreceptors in the retina of the eyes.
Rhodopsin is a photopigment present in the rods.
Chemoreceptors
- They respond to chemical stimuli. receptors tor
taste, i.e. gustatory receptors and smell. i.e.
olfactory receptors are examples of
chemoreceptors. Gustatory receptors are present
in the taste buds present over the
Mechanoreceptors
- They respond to any mechanical Sumo Suen es
rouen. movement. stretching, gravity, etc. They
change shape when they are pushed or pulled.
Thermoreceptors
- They respond to changes in temperature such
as heat and cold. External thermoreceptors are
present In the skin, tongue, etc.
Electroreceptors
- They can sense any change in the electric Tele.
some Tishes Sucn asi sharks and rays can detect
electric field generated by moving water, it helps
them in their defence as well as to catch prey and
navigate
Propioreceptors
- These receptors sense body movement and
position and help in maintaining the posture. It is
required for locomotion and motor skills.
 STIMULI AND RESPONSES IN PLANTS
Plants respond to environmental changes by changing
their direction of growth or by moving individual parts.
Just like animals, they exhibit growth or movement in
response to a STIMULUS.
The process by which plants grow in a certain direction
in response to a stimulus is called TROPISM. Positive
tropism is the growth toward the stimulus, while
negative tropism is the growth away from the stimulus.
RESPONSES
- Reactions or behaviors exhibited by plants in reaction
to stimuli. STIMULI - Stimuli are environmental cues or
changes that elicit a response or reaction in an
organism, in this context, plants. These cues can be
various factors such as light, touch, temperature,
chemicals, or gravity. RESPONSES - In the context of
plants, responses refer to the reactions or behaviors
exhibited by plants when they encounter various
environmental stimuli. Plants, like animals, are capable
of responding to changes in their surroundings, and
these responses are crucial for their survival, growth,
and reproduction.
HELIOTROPISM
Heliotropism is a tropism in response to the tracking
of the sun's direction. This is exhibited by the
sunflower following the direction of the sunlight. The
term is derived from the Greek words "helios,"
meaning sun, and "tropos," meaning turn or direction.
Plants that display heliotropism adjust the
orientation of their structures, typically flowers or
leaves, to track the movement of the sun across the
sky.
PHOTOTROPISM
Function: Growth or movement of plants toward a
light source. This phenomenon allows plants to
optimize their exposure to sunlight, a critical factor
for processes like photosynthesis and overall growth.
GRAVITROPISM/GEOTROPISM
Gravitropism, also known as geotropism, is a plant's
growth response to gravity. It involves the direction of
growth of plant organs, specifically the roots and
shoots, in response to the gravitational pull. The
primary aim of gravitropism is to optimize the plant's
positioning in the soil for better access to essential
resources like water and nutrients.