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SI Thermo 9e SM Chap08
SI Thermo 9e SM Chap08
TH
th 0.25
II th,rev th
0.50
th,rev II 0.50 HE
th = 25%
II = 50%
TL
th,rev 1 T H T L /(1 th,rev ) (280 K)/0.50 = 560 K
TH 280 K
1 1
COPR,rev 8.31
TH / TL 1 298 / 266 1
R 0.5 kW
80 kJ/min
I W u,in W rev,in 0.5 0.16 0.34 kW
Freezer
-7C
W rev 0.16 kW
II 0.32 32.0%
W u 0.5 kW
v
v
v
v
v v
v
v v
v v
v
v
v v
v
v v
v
v v
V
v
v v
v 1 v f x1v fg 0.001067 0.25 (0.71873 0.001067) 0.18048 m 3 / kg
P1 250 kPa
u1 u f x1u fg 535.08 0.25 2001.8 1035.5 kJ / kg
x1 0.25 s s x s 1.6072 0.25 5.4453 2.9686 kJ / kg K
1 f 1 fg
S gen S system m( s 2 s1 )
E E E system
inout
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies
We,in U m(u 2 u1 )
Wrev 1439 kJ
II 0.310 31.0%
Wu 4648 kJ
v
v v
v
v v
v v
V V V V v v
v v
v v
V
v
v v v
v v
v v
u1 u f x1u fg 38.26 0.55 186.25 140.69 kJ / kg
P1 200 kPa
s1 s f x1 s fg 0.15449 0.55 0.78339 0.5853 kJ / kg K
x1 0.55
v 1 v f x1v fg 0.0007532 0.55 (0.099951 0.0007533) 0.05527 m 3 / kg
v 2 v f 0.05527 0.0007840
x2 0.9737
v 0.056809 0.0007840
P2 360 kPa fg
s 2 s f x 2 s fg 0.23265 0.9737 0.69591 0.9101kJ/kg K
(v 2 v 1 ) u u x u 59.42 0.9737 173.99 228.81 kJ/kg
2 f 2 fg
V 0.35 m 3
m 6.330 kg Source
v 1 0.05527 m 3 / kg 50C
R-134a
200 kPa
Q
E E E system
inout
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies
Qin U m(u 2 u1 )
Qin
S gen S system m( s 2 s1 )
Tb,in
Qin
S gen m( s 2 s1 )
Tsource
558 kJ
X destroyed T0 S gen (298 K) (6.330 kg)( 0.9101 0.5853)kJ/kg K = 98.1 kJ
323 K
v
V
V V
V
V
V
V V
v
V
V
v
v
v v
v
v
v
v
V
4 kg
v v
200 kPa
80C Vacuum
Water
v v
v v
v
v
=
800
700
600
500
Qout [kJ]
400
300
200
100
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
P2 [kPa]
80
70
60
Xdestroyed [kJ]
50
40
30
20
10
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
P2 [kPa]
V V
v
V V
Lake
15C
Iron Copper
85C
Iron
V
E E E system
inout
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies
0 U Water
17C
Copper
U Cu U water 0 105C
[ mc (T2 T1 )]Cu [mc (T2 T1 )] water 0
0 (30 kg)(0.388 kJ/kg C)(T2 105C) (34.90 kg)(4.18 kJ/kg C)(T2 17C)
T2 23.5C 296.5 K
T 296.5 K
S copper mc avg ln 2 (30 kg)(0.388 kJ/kg K) ln 2.827 kJ/K
1
T 378 K
T 296.5 K
S water mc avg ln 2 (34.90 kg)(4.18 kJ/kg K) ln 3.234 kJ/K
1
T 290 K
V
v
v
v v
v v
v v
V V V
V
V
V
v
v
=
10.1C
v
v
v
v
30
28
26
Wrev [kW]
24
22
20
18
16
v
V V
v
V
h1 290.16 kJ/kg
T1 290 K
s1o 1.66802 kJ/kg K 105 m/s
1 MPa
h2 607.02 kJ/kg
T2 600 K 327C
s 2o 2.40902 kJ/kg K
1500 kJ/min
1 m
m 2 m
AIR
300 kW
E in E out
V 2 V12
W a ,in m (h1 V12 / 2) m (h2 V 22 / 2) Q out W a ,in Q out m h2 h1 2
2
X destroyed T0 S gen
Q out Q
m s1 m s 2 S gen 0 S gen m s 2 s1 out
Tb,surr T0
P2 1000 kPa
s 2 s1 s 20 s10 R ln (2.40902 1.66802) kJ/kg (0.287 kJ/kg.K) ln 0.08016 kJ/kg.K
P1 100 kPa
Q
X destroyed T0 S gen T0 m ( s 2 s1 ) out
T0
1500 / 60 kJ/s
(290 K) (0.8531kg/s)(0.08016 kJ/kg K) + 44.8 kW
290 K
v
v v
V
v
V
v
v v
v
v v
v v
V v
V
v
v
V
v v
v
v
m 2
V
V
50C
Q 1839 kJ/s
Q (m h fg ) steam
m steam 0.7721 kg/s
h fg 2382.0 kJ/kg
m 1 s1 m 3 s 3 m 2 s 2 m 4 s 4 S gen 0 (since Q 0)
m water s1 m steam s 3 m water s 2 m steam s 4 S gen 0
S gen m water ( s 2 s1 ) m steam ( s 4 s 3 )
T T
S gen m water c p ln 2 m steam ( s f s g ) m water c p ln 2 m steam s fg
T1 T1
23 + 273
(55 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.K)ln (0.7721kg/s)(7.3710 kJ/kg.K) 0.6079 kW/K
15 + 273
X destroyed T0 S gen
v v
v v
V
v
V
v
v v
V
v
V V
v v
X destroyed T0 S gen
1 1
COPR,rev 7.472 32C
TH / TL 1 305 / 269 1
COPR II = 0.28
II COPR II COPR,rev 0.28 7.472 2.092
COPR,rev
R
800 kJ/min
Q L (800/60) kW
W in 6.37 kW -4C
COPR 2.092
v v
v v
v v
v v
v v v
v v v
v v v v
v v
v
v v v
v v v
v v v v
v
v v
v
v v v
v v v
v
V
V
v
V
v
V
v
HELIUM
0.22 m3
P1V 1 P2V 2 T P (433 K )(280 kPa ) PV n = const Q
V 2 2 1 V 1 (0.22 m 3 ) 0.09289 m 3
T1 T2 T1 P2 (293 K )(980 kPa)
n
P V1
n
980 0.22
2
P2V 2n P1V 1n
n 1.453
P1 V 2 280 0.09289
0.1012 kg 2.0769 kJ/kg K 160 20K 64.98 kJ
1 1.453
1 kJ
Wsurr,in P0 (V 2 V 1 ) (100 kPa)(0.09289 0.22)m 3 12.71 kJ
1 kPa m 3
E E E system
inout
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies
S in S out S gen S system
Net entropy transfer Entropy Change
by heat and mass generation in entropy
Qout
S gen S sys
Tb,surr
T P
S sys S helium m c p ,avg ln 2 R ln 2
T1 P1
433 K 980 kPa
(0.1012 kg ) (5.1926 kJ/kg K )ln (2.0769 kJ/kg K )ln
293 K 280 kPa
0.05809 kJ/K
Qout 20.82 kJ
S gen S helium (0.05809 kJ/K) 0.01298 kJ/K
T0 293 K
X destroyed T0 S gen
X destroyed T0 S gen (293 K)(0.01298 kJ/K) 3.803 kJ
Wrev (U 2 U 1 ) T0 ( S 2 S1 ) P0 (V 2 V1 )
(0.1012 kg)(3.1156 kJ/kg K)(160 20)K (293 K)(0.05809 kJ/K)
+ (100 kPa)(0.09289 0.22)m 3 [kJ/1 kPa m 3 ]
48.45 kJ
1 m
m 2 m
E in E out 80 kW
Ar
m h1 W s ,out m h2 s (since Q Δke Δpe 0) T
W s ,out m (h1 h2 s )
( k 1) / k
P
0.667 / 1.667 2
150 kPa
T2 s T1 2 s (973 K) 398.1 K
P1 1400 kPa
W a ,out 80 kW
T 0.8023 80.2%
W s ,out 99.71 kW
W a ,out m c p T1 T2
W a,out 80 kJ/s
T2 T1 700C 238.7C 511.7 K
m c p (20/60 kg/s)(0.5203 kJ/kg C)
m s1 m s 2 S gen 0
S gen m ( s 2 s1 )
T2 P
s 2 s1 c p ln R ln 2
T1 P1
511.7 K 150 kPa
(0.5203 kJ/kg K) ln (0.2081kJ/kg K) ln
973 K 1400 kPa
0.1305 kJ/kg K
X destroyed T0 S gen
X destroyed T0 S gen m T0 ( s 2 s1 )
(20 / 60 kg/s)(298 K)(0.1305 kJ/kg K)
12.96 kW
W a, out 80 kW
II 0.8606 86.1%
W rev,out 92.96 kW
v
V
V
v v
V
v
V
V
v
V
v
V
V
v v
V
V
v
V
V
v
V
V
V
v
V
v
V
V
V
v
V
v v
V
V
V
v v
V V
V V
v v
V
v v
v
v v
v v v
v v v
V
v
v v
V V
V V
v v
V
v v
v
v v
v v v
v v v
V
v
V
v
V
V
v v
v
V
v
V
v
V
V
V V
V V
V
V V
V
V V
V V
V
v
V
v v
v
v
V
V
V v
V
V V
v
V
V
v
v
V
V
V v
V
v
V
V
V
V
V
Oven,
700C
3 cm
E E E system
inout
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies
Q total n plateQin, per plate (300 plates/min) (18,427 kJ/plate) 5,528,130kJ/min = 92,140 kW
S in S out S gen S system
Net entropy transfer Entropy Change
by heat and mass generation in entropy
Qin Q
S gen S system S gen in S system
Tb Tb
T2 (550 + 273) K
S system m( s 2 s1 ) mc avg ln (92.12 kg )(0.381 kJ/kg C) ln 35.65 kJ/K
T1 (25 + 273) K
Qin 18,427 kJ
S gen S system 35.65 kJ/K 16.72 kJ/K (per plate)
Tb 700 + 273 K
S gen S gen n ball (16.72 kJ/K plate)(300 plates/min) = 5015 kJ/min.K = 83.58 kW/K
X destroyed T0 S gen
V
v
v
v v
v v
72.8%
v
v
v
v
V V
V V