Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

11 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 – Module 6
Statement of the Problem
Relevant Literature
Related Literature Using Standard Style

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
English – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 6: Presents Written Statement of the Problem
Selects Relevant Literature
Cites Related Literature Using Standard Style

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the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for the exploitation of such work for a
profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
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Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Jenny Mae R. Cruz
Evangeline G. Bartolome
Editors/QA: Joy E. Yu
Dr. Judith C. Mustaham
Reviewer: Florenda H. Quinte, P.D.
Valeriafides G. Corteza, Ph.D.
Layout Artist: Jovie R. Cruz, MAEd
Management Team:
Roy C. Tuballa, EMD.JD.CESO VI
Jay S. Montealto, CESO VI
Norma T. Francisco, DM
Mildred D. Dayao, Ed.D.
Valeriafides G. Corteza, Ph.D.
Aida Coyme, Ed. D.

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Department of Education – Region
EducationRegion IX –IXZamboanga Peninsula
Office Address: ____________________________________________
Office Address: Pres. Corazon C. Aquino Regional Government
____________________________________________
Center, Balintawak, Pagadian City, Zamboanga del
Telefax: ____________________________________________
Sur Province 7016
E-mail Address:
Telefax: ___________________________________________8
(062) 215-3753, 215-3751, 991-1907, 215-3789 _
E-mail Address: region9@deped.gov.ph
 What I Need to Know
In creating research, it is important to understand the problems that your research
proposes. It helps you understand your research more for you to present theories and concepts
that will further improve your research.
The literature review is one of the most important phases in the research process; the
main aim is to communicate the work already completed and the information and ideas that
have already been generated on a specific research subject to the readers.
In writing a research paper, whether quantitative or qualitative, the writer utilizes
previous ideas, pieces of information, and data of another author written in various sources. A
study that is being backed up with previous research makes it more credible. As researchers,
it is proper to observe certain ethical standards of citation to avoid plagiarism when quoting
another author's statements and by giving credit to the authors through correct citation based
on the source of information used to ensure that the paper was written within the scope of
ethical considerations. Hence, it is important for writers to follow the set standards of citation
in doing a literature review and to know the accurate ways to cite in the text and the reference
list without violating standard style of citation based on the type of sources and type of
referencing styles employed in the research.
This module helps you understand what statements of the problem are and how to
write them, guide you to present a written statement of the problem, select relevant literature,
cite related literature using standard style, and cite literature using the standard style.
In this module, you are expected to:
a. Define statement of the problem;
b. Identify the different guidelines in writing a statement of the problem;
c. Recognize the steps of writing a statement of the problem
d. Differentiate primary from secondary sources;
e. identify qualities of good related literature;
f. identify referencing style based on the source of information; and
g. apply correct citation in doing a related literature review and reference list.

What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Statement of the problem aims to address the following, EXCEPT:
a. Challenges that need to be removed
b. Questions that need to be answered
c. Answer the research
d. Areas of concern
2. What is the other term for "specific questions" under the general problem statement?
a. Sub-problems b. Concerns c. Specifics d. None of the above
3. The following show how to write a statement of the problem, EXCEPT:
a. Provide a concise statement of the issues of the research
b. Should analyze the literature of the study
c. Should not be long; instead, it should be brief and concise
d. Should be composed of a general statement of the whole problem followed
by the subproblems

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4. What is the goal of writing a statement of the problem?
a. To provide a concise statement of the problem/s in the study
b. To give answers to the study
c. To present theories and methodologies
d. To present knowledge from existing literature on your topic.
5. The following are questions you should consider when writing a statement of the
problem, EXCEPT:
a. Who is affected by this problem?
b. What are the existing solutions made?
c. Where and when does the problem arise?
d. What are the different theories included?
6. The following are sources of literature for your research, EXCEPT;
a. books b. magazines c. journals d. sampling
7. Primary sources refer to original records, raw information, and first-hand evidence. This
includes the following, EXCEPT;
a. letters b. interviews c. books d. videos
8. Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other
researchers. You may access it on the following, EXCEPT;
a. statistical data b. reviews c. textbooks d. articles
9. What must be considered in looking for relevant literature?
a. You choose previous researches that are closely related to your research.
b. You give more weight to studies done by people possessing expertise or authority.
c. None of the above
d. All of the above
10. Which of the following is a good point to consider in looking for related literature?
a. Secondary sources are better than primary sources.
b. Research studies must be relevant to your research locale.
c. Researchers conducted long ago are better.
d. Wikipedia is a good source of information.
11. Is a way of informing the readers that certain data in the study came from different
sources.
a. Reference b. Style c. Citation d. Information
12. Below are some of the referencing styles, EXCEPT:
a. Chicago Style c. APA (American Psychological Association style)
b. Harvard d. Canadian
13. As a researcher, in which part of the research paper will you cite all the sources
being utilized?
a. First page of the study b. Reference List c. Text d. End of the paper
14. According to Meshal (2017), it is one of the best ways to cite related literature in text.
This is an example of in text citation:
a. By topic b. By indicating the author/writer c. By chronology d. By name
15. Type of sources of information includes the following, EXCEPT:
a. Books b. Newspapers c. Hearsays d. Computer/websites

Lesson PRESENTS WRITTEN STATEMENT OF THE

1 PROBLEM
From the previous lesson, you have learned about the beneficiaries of research and the
benefits that you can get from it.

2
 Now, in this lesson, you will be learning about the statement of the problem.

What's In
Directions: List 1-2 possible research problems for the topics listed below.
1. Environment
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
2. Social Media
• __________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________
3. Education in the New Normal
• __________________________________________________________
• ____________________________________________________

What's New
Directions: Identify whether the problem statements below are general problems or specific
problems. Write GP if it is general problem or SP if it is a specific problem.
______ 1. This study aims to determine the relationship among learners' preferences and teaching
strategies in teaching English to Grade 8 students of National High School.
______ 2. How to prevent data loss of files in case of calamities?
______ 3. How do these films affect women regarding their spiritual outlook in life?
______ 4. Is there a correlation between the reading comprehension level of the respondents and their
curriculum?
______ 5. This research attempts to assess the level of awareness on the effects of bullying among
youth in Sindangan, Zamboanga del Norte.

What Is It
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This is used in research to outline the problems that will be addressed by the study. It should
always answer the question: What is/are the problem/s that the research will address?

GUIDELINES IN WRITING STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In writing the statement of the problem, the following things should be considered:
1. Contextualize the problem – Focus on the concrete details of the situation by
answering questions like:
• Who is affected by this problem?
• What are the existing solutions made?
• Where and when does the problem arise?
2. Show why the problem matters – Emphasize the consequences and relevance of the
problem. Ask yourself these questions:
• Who will feel the consequences?
• What would happen if the problem will not be solved?
• Are there similar issues found in other contexts?

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 3. Set your aims and objectives – Your aim is not to find a definite solution but to look
for more reasons behind the problem and to recommend more efficient ways and
approaches to understand it.

WRITING STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Writing a statement of the problem should provide a concise statement of the issues of
the research. A statement of the problem should not belong; instead, it should be brief and
concise. It should be composed of a general statement of the whole problem followed by the
subproblems or specific questions.

How to formulate a general problem statement?

1. Identify the general problem of your research.
2. Formulate a problem statement that should present the main goal of your research.
How to formulate sub-problems or specific questions?
1. Take and study the general problem statement and identify possible sub-problem
areas that need further research.
2. Consider sub-problems as mini-problem statements.
3. Make specific questions out of the sub-problems that you have identified. Specific
questions should need research or interpretation of data if answered.
Example:

This study aims to determine the difference in the English GENERAL

Proficiency level between Grade 11 (GAS) and AB English Freshmen of PROBLEM
Western Mindanao State University S.Y. 2017-2018. STATEMENT

Specifically, this study attempts to answer the following

questions:
1. What is the English proficiency level of Grade 11 (GAS) SUB
students? PROBLEMS/
2. What is the English proficiency level of AB English SPECIFIC
Freshmen? QUESTIONS
3. Is there a correlation between the English proficiency level of
the respondents and the curriculum they are in?

Lesson SELECTS RELEVANT LITERATURE

2
In Lesson 1, you have learned about the guidelines in writing the Statement of the
Problem, and you were able to construct for your research. This time, after constructing your
problems, it's time to find answers to these questions by looking for relevant literature.
One must be selective in what to include in the literature review, so it is helpful to
think about how you can narrow the scope of the literature you find when you search.
Besides, to identify whether a source is of high quality and useful for your research, it is
important to critically review the literature.

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 What's In
TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Identify if the given statement in each item is correct or wrong. In a separate sheet
of paper, you write TRUE if the statement is correct or write FALSE if it is wrong.
________1. Statement of the problem is used in research to outline the problems that will be
addressed by the study.
________ 2. Statement of the problem should always answer the question: What is/are the
problem/s that the research will address?
________ 3. In writing a statement of the problem, Not Contextualizing the Problem is one of
the three things to consider.
________ 4. Writing a statement of the problem should provide a concise statement of the
issues of the research.
________ 5. Writing a statement of the problem should be long.

What's New

Looking into the General Problem Statement below, identify the possible sources of
information based on the given list. Write on the box corresponding to the given type
of source.
This study aims to determine the difference in the English Proficiency level between Grade
11 (GAS) and AB English Freshmen of Western Mindanao State University S.Y. 2017-
2018.

Column A Column B
Autobiographies and memoirs Reference books, including
dictionaries, encyclopedias, and
atlases
Interviews, surveys, and fieldwork Articles from magazines, journals, and
newspapers
Photographs, drawings, and posters Literature reviews and review articles
Works of art and literature Textbooks
Government Documents Journal articles that comment on or
analyze research

What Is It
A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and other sources relevant to an
issue, area of research, or theory. Doing so provides a description, summary, and critical
evaluation of these works about the research problem being investigated. Literature reviews
are designed to provide an overview of sources you have explored while researching a topic
and demonstrating to your readers how your research fits within a larger field of study.

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 SOURCES OF LITERATURE
In the previous activity, the Column A list is categorized under Primary Sources and
Secondary Sources in Column B.
1. Primary Sources are immediate, that provides raw information and first-hand evidence. It
gives you direct access to the subject of your research.
Examples:
1. Interview transcript
2. Personal papers, letter, diaries, and journals
3. Memoirs, genealogy records
4. News footage, Oral histories
5. Creative works as novel, essay, poetry, and music
2. Secondary Sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other
researches.
Examples:
1. Newspaper/magazines articles
2. Book or movie reviews
3. Journals that address someone else's original research
STEPS TO SELECT RELEVANT LITERATURE
1. Find materials relevant to the research subject.
Here are some pointers you have to remember in searching for the best sources of
information or data (Fraenbell, 2012):
a. Choose previous research findings that are closely related to your research.
b. Give more weight to studies done by people possessing expertise or authority in the
field of knowledge to which the research studies belong.
c. Consider sources of knowledge that refer more to primary data than to secondary data.
d. Prefer getting information from peer-reviewed materials than from general reading
materials.
2. In scanning literature, manage your data properly by documenting the author, book title
, etc., and the key idea(s) expressed.
3. Map your materials – decide what data would be relevant to your research.

POINTS TO CONSIDER
1. The relevance of research studies carried out in other countries to your research: It is
necessary to reflect critically on whether the context that the research is so different from the
one in which you will be working that the findings of studies in a particular geographical
region would not provide any useful insights.
2. The time period within which work has been published: sometimes there is a case for
including older sources, for example, where a particular study is of significance or where
little recent work has been published to a theme being developed in your review.
3. The age range of pupils/students in the studies you include.
CRITERIA

1. Are the conclusions supported by evidence?

2. Does the research design give you confidence that the findings of the research are
reliable and valid?
3. Are arguments clearly articulated and are conclusions linked to the evidence
presented in the result?

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Lesson CITES RELATED LITERATURE USING
3 STANDARD STYLE
In lesson 2, you have discussed the literature sources and how to select relevant
literature based on the criteria given. In connection to the previous, you will learn how to cite
related literature using the standard style.
The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a
particular research area. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively
evaluate, and clarify this previous research. It should give a theoretical base for the research
and help you determine the nature of your research. The literature review also acknowledges
the work of previous researchers.

What's In

Directions: Differentiate the meaning between and among Literature Review, Related
Studies, and Related Literature by filling out the graph.
I learned that Literature I learned that Related I learned that Related
Review is… studies is… studies is…

What's New
Directions: Below is a list of keywords that would help you reach your destination. Put a
check in every route that you think corresponds to the correct answer.
ROUTE 1 - A ROUTE 2 - A
APA and MLA Ways to cite CONGRATULATIONS!
are related WELCOME TO
referencing literature is by RESEARCH WORLD
styles indicating the
author’s name

START
ROUTE 1-B

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 ROUTE 3 - A
Books are not Books, magazines, and
necessary in doing newspapers are types of
literature review source of information in
doing a research

ROUTE 2-B ROUTE 2 -C

Harvard and Chicago in Reference list are GO BACK TO
research is used as list of Research ROUTE 1-A.
source of information Topics GOODLUCK!

What Is It
What is a Citation?
A citation is a way of informing the readers that certain data in your work come from
different sources. Also, it provides your readers with the knowledge needed to look for that
source again, including:
a. name of the author
b. title of the work
c. information about the company that published the copy of your source
d. date of the copy that was published
e. page number of the material where you get the information, statements, or quote.
f. type of sources of information used in the literature review includes the following:
books, magazines, newspapers, computers, journals, and film.

Referencing Styles
Here are the standard styles to cite the source in the reference list towards the research
paper's end.
A. APA (American Psychological Association style)
• Is an author/date-based style. The emphasis is placed on the author and the
date to cite in the text of the piece of work. To be specific, you can add the
page. This format applies to books, journals, articles, internet documents, and
other formats except in electronic that does not provide a page number. In this
case, use the paragraph number if available with para as an abbreviation.
B. MLA (Modern Language Association style)
• Is frequently applied in the arts and humanities, particularly in the U.S.A.
MLA format of an in-text citation observes the author-page method. In this
format, the author's last name and the page numbers must appear from where
the quotation or paraphrase culled out.
C. HARVARD
• Is very similar to APA. This is mostly used in UK and Australia. Name (s) of
authors or organizations in upper case.
• Year of publication not shown in parenthesis
• Titles in italics

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 D. CHICAGO and TURABIAN
• These are very similar but have two separate styles. They are also widely used
for history and economics. The Chicago format citation style is an "author-
date" style.
Researchers should still follow the required style recommended by the school in doing
a research paper. Make sure that you observe the same style in-text and in the referencing list.
The reference list is the list of the sources used in the paper.
Ways of Citing Related Literature
1. By indicating the author or writer
Example: According to Meshal (2017)…
2. By topic
Example: It has been found out that … (Meshal, 2017)
3. By chronology
• According to the year, the researchers acknowledge the material, the literature
was written, usually from earliest to the latest.
• Note that only major findings, ideas, statements, principles, and conclusions
that conveyed relevance to your study, which is significantly stated and not
too long, should be quoted.
Example: According to Meshal, "that because of our new living conditions, students push
aside from reading and thus affect their reading interest" Meshal (2017).
How to Cite?
There are two parts to citing according to APA style:
1. Brief In-text citations (often in parentheses) within the body of your essay or paper
2. List of full citations in the References page at the end of your paper
3.
In general, be careful to use secondary sources though it is acceptable. It is better to
take hold and read the primary source since it contains substantial information, which allows
you to critically evaluate and interpret rather than depending on another author's account.
Remember that a good literature review, if scientifically, will give credence to your study.

What's More

Activity 1
Directions: Write your ideas on the topics shown using the diagram below.
1.
STATEMENT
OF THE
PROBLEM

Activity 2
A. Directions: Identify other examples of Primary sources. Write your answer inside the box.

PRIMARY
SOURCVES

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Activity 3
A. Directions: Identify other examples of Secondary sources. Write your answer inside
the box.
SECONDARY
SOURCES

Activity 4
Directions: Read each statement below carefully. Place (/) on the box provided at the right
side, which you think corresponds to the correct answer.
WAYS TO CITE IN TEXT
Examples to Cite In the text
BY BY TOPIC BY
AUTHOR CHRONOLOGY
WRITER
1. According to Heng and Sin (2016), lack of interest in learning
leads to a low learning rate, but without enthusiasm, pupils may
not value this skill to improve in their middle school life.
2. A good reader developed through constant practice and most
often got encouragement from the environment (Mc Queen,
Goodwin, Henderson, and Wright, 2012).
3. The wider array of choices, the better for students' exploration
and imagination. Students would likely learn more when
choosing their reading materials because they would discover
that reading is an enjoyable activity (Hairul, Ahmadi, & Pour
ossein, 2012).
4. Marinak, & Gambrell (2010) added that there are extensive
and recurrent pieces of evidence on gender differences upon
examining younger readers' motivation
5. Nearly 6000 years ago, the study provides the first
transdisciplinary analysis of the causes and effects of the events
by using a combination of archaeological,

What I Have Learned

• Statement of the problem is used in research to outline the problems addressed by the
study.
• Statement of the problem should always answer the question: What is/are the
problem/s that the research will address?
• In writing a statement of the problem, consider these three things: (1) Contextualize
the problem, (2) Show why the problem matters, and (3) Set your aims and
objectives
• Writing a statement of the problem should provide a concise statement of the issues of
the research.
• Writing a statement of the problem should not be long; instead, it should be brief and
concise.
• Statement of the problem should have a general problem statement and sub-problems
or specific questions.
• Primary Sources are immediate, that provides raw information and first-hand evidence.
It gives you direct access to the subject of your research.

10
 • Secondary Sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other
researches.
• Steps to select relevant literature: (1) Find materials relevant to the research subject.
(2) In scanning literature, manage your data properly by documenting the author, book
title etc., and the key idea(s) expressed. (3) Map your materials
• A "citation" is a way of informing the readers that certain data in your work came from
different sources.
• Referencing Styles are standardized rules for presenting information about the sources
used in a text such as; (1) APA (2) MLA (3) HARVARD (4) CHICAGO and
TURABIAN
• Referencing list is a list of the publication information for the sources you've cited in
your paper and is intended to give your readers all the information they need to find
those sources.
• Different sources of information for related literature are books, newspapers,
computers, magazines, journals, and film.
• Three ways of citing related literature: by topic, by author or writer, and by
chronology

What I Can Do

Activity 1
Directions: Choose a research topic and formulate the statement of the problem of the research topic
chosen. The statement of the problem should include a general problem statement with 2-3 sub-
problems.
(General problem statement)
(Sub-problems):

1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________

Activity 2
Directions: Write the title of your preferred study below and look for at least three (3)
sources of relevant literature based on the list of sources discussed. Write the title of the
book/article, website, or link on the space below

Title: _____________________________________________________
Source of Relevant Literature 1: _______________________________
Source of Relevant Literature 2: _______________________________
Source of Relevant Literature 3: _______________________________

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Activity 3
A. REFLECT ON!
1. What are the ways of citing related literature?
2. Why is it important to follow certain standard styles in citing the sources used in your
research?

Assessment
research?
Directions: Read the questions and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer
on a separate sheet.
1. A literature review is best defined as:
a. doing an internet search on a topic and looking through the results.
b. the process of studying published research.
c. the process of studying published research and the written review is outlining what
literature was reviewed.
d. the written component of a research project that discusses the existing research the
researcher reviewed.
2. Which of the following shows a step in formulating a general problem statement?
a. Take and study the general problem statement and identify possible sub-problem
areas that need further research.
b. Consider sub-problems as mini-problem statements.
c. Formulate a problem statement that should present the main goal of your research.
d. Make specific questions out of the sub-problems that you have identified. Specific
questions should need research or interpretation of data if answered.
3. Why does the researcher conduct a literature review?
a. to develop alternative research projects
b. to identify data sources that other researchers have used
c. to provide evidence that may be used to support your findings
d. all of the above
4. The following show steps in formulating sub-problems, EXCEPT:
a. Take and study the general problem statement and identify possible sub-problem
areas that need further research.
b. Consider sub-problems as mini-problem statements.
c. Make specific questions out of the sub-problems that you have identified. Specific
questions should need research or interpretation of data if answered.
d. Identify the general problem of your research.
5. Which of the following shows how to write a statement of the problem?
a. It should not be long, instead, it should be brief and concise.
b. It should only have a general statement.
c. It should not have sub-problems or specific questions.
d. It should provide solutions.
6. Which of the following is the best criterion in choosing relevant literature?
a. The findings can be used in different research problems.
b. The conclusions are linked to the evidence presented in the result
c. The research design is clearly stated.
d. none of the above
7. Which of the following is not a primary source?
a. Article critiquing the peace of art c. diary
b. interview d. poem

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8. Which of the following is an example of "specific questions"?
a. This study aims to evaluate how the video surveillance system helps schools.
b. What is the level of awareness of the respondents in the laws on gender equality?
c. This study attempts to assess the level of awareness in the clinical manifestation of
hypertension stage 2.
d. All of the above.
9. The following are steps to select relevant literature, except;
a. Find materials relevant to the research subject.
b. List the keywords that are relevant to the research subjects.
c. Decide what data would be relevant to your research.
d. Look for relevant literature, then construct your research problem.
10. Which of the following is an example of a general problem statement?
a. This study attempts to assess the level of awareness in the clinical manifestation of
hypertension stage 2.
b. What is the level of awareness of the respondents in the laws on gender equality?
c. Is there a correlation between the English proficiency level of the respondents and the
curriculum they are in?
d. None of the above.
11. Below are examples of referencing styles to cite the source of information got from the
website, except one.
a. https://www.slideshare.net/mjlobetos/lesson-12-citing-related-literature-using-
standard-styles
b. Rdquotes (2019, June). "I think that we all do heroic things, but a hero is not a noun;
it's a verb #RDJ (Tweet). Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/rdj/status/1141344520535299
c. Prieto. Dall. Practical Research 1 Quantitative. Lorimar Publishing Inc., 2007.
d. None of the above
12. Your teacher in Practical Research 1 asked your group to use the APA referencing styles to
cite the source of information in the reference lists. Which is the correct format from among
the given choices?
a. Rdquotes (2019, June). "I think that we all do heroic things, but a hero is not a noun;
it's a verb #RDJ (Tweet). Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/rdj/status/1141344520535299
b. Prieto. Dall. Practical Research 1 Quantitative. Lorimar Publishing Inc., 2007.
c. Moriarty, L. (2014). Big little lies. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
d. None of the above
13. What type of referencing style is when the last name of the author and the page numbers
must appear from where the quotation or paraphrase culled out.
a. APA b. MLA c. CHICAGO d. None of the above

13