BABY CRY CLASSIFICATION
Archana K1 Srichandana K2
Assistant Professor B.Tech (CSE-IoT)
(CSEAIML&IoT) VNRVJIET
VNRVJIET Hyderabad, India
Hyderabad, India chandukamtam2@gmail.com
archana_kalidindi@vnrvjiet.in
Manoj D5
B.Tech (CSE-IoT
VNRVJIET
Hyderabad, India
20071a6920@vnrvjiet.in
Abstract— Communication for children,
particularly infants, is often expressed through crying.
A baby's cry is recognized by its natural rhythmic tone
and fluctuations in vocal pitch. Interpreting these cries
precisely can provide parents with significant details about
their baby's well-being, allowing them to pay greater attention
to their needs. This ability is particularly important in
guaranteeing the comfort of the baby. The ability to define a
baby's cry efficiently ensures caretakers in providing
conscious care. To meet this need, Baby Cry Classification- a
technology-driven solution-has been developed. This advanced
tool recognizes different infant cries in real-time by leveraging
powerful audio analysis and processing methods. This Baby
Cry Classification feature has the potential to improve
childcare. Quickly identifying the unique cues inside a baby's
cry, enables parents to respond immediately and precisely,
meeting their baby's particular needs. It lessens the burden on
caregivers, providing them with a vital tool to guarantee the
wellbeing of the baby, even when they are not present in
person, through advancing better and more adept childcare
practices.
Keywords—Communication, Baby Cry Classification.
I. INTRODUCTION
Babies use crying as a fundamental method of
communication as it enables them to convey their needs
and acquire attention from their caregivers. The capability
to understand these cries is necessary for caregivers to
provide proper care and guarantee the well-being of the
infant. For parents, understanding different baby cries is a
completely challenging task. Priscilla Dunstan's baby cry
categorization has given valuable acumens into this
complex accent of cries and laid a foundation for further
research in this field.
Ojasvi M3 Vamshi Varma K 4
B.Tech (CSE-IoT) B.Tech (CSE-IoT)
VNRVJIET VNRVJIET
Hyderabad, India Hyderabad, India
omadd566@gmail.com vamshikeetha@gmail.com
Apart from communication, a baby's cries can reveal
significant information about their growth. Based on
distinct features of the baby’s cry, nurses and
neonatologists have been able to recognize SIDS, drug
usage during the pregnancy period. These issues underline
the importance of correctly deciphering and classifying
baby cries. Infants originally exhibit five types of cries. As
they develop, their cries become increasingly sophisticated,
even including behaviors like "fake crying." The ability to
distinguish between these primal cries has significant
implications for understanding the infant's needs and
emotional and intellectual development.
This study explores the field of baby cry classification,
which is a subset of affect recognition that is similar to
speech-based emotion recognition. Mel Frequency
Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), formants, jitter, shimmer,
pitch, breathiness, and spectral statistics are among the
qualities that are essential for emotion identification.
However, the differences in vocal tracts between infants
and adults have raised questions about the accuracy of
certain features when applied to baby cries. Previous
studies have primarily focused on a limited set of
individual features, necessitating a broader analysis of the
diverse features present in infant cries.
On the classifier side, prior research has usually taken
advantage of a limited pick of classifiers, confining the
potential concerning this field. Therefore, there is a need to
investigate a more varied range of classifiers for better
performance in baby cry categorization.
The complication and assortment of baby cries, in addition
to the issues in current methodologies, stress the need for
new methodologies in this field. Automated systems
development is required to categorize and decipher baby
cries, which in turn improves the overall well-being of both
parents and babies. The advancements in computing
technology made it achievable for baby monitors to provide
vital information about baby needs, sleep schedules, and
overall well-being. The research in this paper aims to
address the challenge of inevitably deciphering baby cries,
paving up the opportunity for Ambient Intelligence (AmI)
systems that can considerably improve the quality of life
for both babies and parents.
This research is significant because it can help us better
comprehend by what babies try to convey and help us cater
to their needs more precisely. By using machine learning,
this study provides a feasible approach for enhancing the
well-being and baby growth, lowering the challenges faced
by parents and caregivers in comprehending and meeting
their baby's needs.
II. RELATED WORK
Yizhar Lavner proposed two machine learning
algorithms namely logistic regression and CNN for the
automatic detection of baby cries in audio recordings. The
research’s dataset is an annotated database containing
recordings of babies of zero to six months in domestic
environments. They extracted findings from the recordings,
including pitch, formants, and Mel-frequency cepstrum
coefficients, to train the logistic regression classifier. The
second technique operates on the log Mel-filter bank
representation of the recordings using a specialized
convolutional neural network (CNN). The experimental
results demonstrated that CNN has an advantage over
logistic regression classifier because CNN suits well for
large datasets [1]. The authors in this paper [2] considered
sounds that precede the cry and classified the cry based on
Dunstan Baby Language. The audio data originating from
Romanian babies was classified using a CNN architecture
that was trained using recordings of babies from Australia.
The experiment aimed to investigate the potential outcomes
should the participants come from a different cultural
background. They compared the results of the CNN model
with results provided by Dunstan experts and concluded
Dunstan as a universal language [2].
An approach using ANN and Genetic Algorithm was
proposed by Azadeh Bashiri and Roghaye Hosseinkhani. An
efficient genetic algorithm chooses appropriate features. The
use of GA in the study, which produced an accuracy of
99.9%, is a benefit [3]. Sita Purnama Dewi and Budhi
Irawan analyzed and examined the efficiency of KNN,
Vector Quantization, and Simple Neural Networks for cry
classification. For feature extraction, the authors used Mel
Frequency Cepstral Coefficient and Linear Frequency
Cepstral Coefficient in an effort to increase classifier
accuracy. LFCC for feature extraction with KNN for
classification provides high accuracy compared to other
combinations [4]. An automated method of baby cry
classification using Dunstan Baby Language and CNN is
presented in [5]. Instead of MFCC (or) LFCC, PRAAT is
used for the transformation of the audio signal into a
spectrogram as the length of the audio file is below 1 second
[5].
A low-complexity model for detecting newborn cries was
jointly proposed by Tanmay Khandelwal, Rohan Kumar
Das, and Eng Siong Chng. Depth-wise-separable
convolutions, which need 3% of the parameters of
convolutional recurrent neural networks, were used by the
authors in place of 2D convolutions. As a result, training
iteration times were shortened, and classification
performance was 15.13% better than that of CRNN [6].
Other methods proposed:
Gaussian mixture model clustering is used in this paper
[7] to propose the baby cry classification system. This
model effectively clustered baby voices, and it
subsequently produced an accuracy of 81.27% by labeling
data using a unique method based on sampling
distributions and the central limit theorem [7]. Another
work was proposed by [8], which uses the CNN-RNN
model for feature extraction and classification. This model
achieved an accuracy of 94.97% in binary cross entropy.
The dataset used for this research is obtained from
Dunstan Baby Language discovered by Priscilla Dunstan
in 2006 [8]. Related to baby cry classification, [9]
proposes openSMILE to extract the audio features.
General and emotion-based characteristics are two
categories for feature sets. And compared them with seven
different classifier categories.
In the paper [10], Dropout technology is used to avoid
the over-fitting problem of CNN. The main objective of
this technology is to drop the neuron connections causing
complex co-adaptations on the training data. The network
achieved an accuracy of 78.5%. Paper [11] proposed a
baby cry sound detection (BCSD) method under indoor
background sound environments. As per reference [11],
1D-CNN with a 500ms frame duration outperforms feed-
forward neural networks and multi-class support vector
machines in terms of performance.
According to paper [12], feed-forward neural network
architecture yields the highest correct classification rates
for Mel-Cepstrum and Mel Filter-Band Energy inputs.
Time-delay neural networks are also found to be
ineffective in classifying newborn cries. The paper [13]
proposed a model in which features extracted include
MFCC, LPC, and BFCC. The classification techniques that
are employed are Nearest Neighbour and artificial neural
networks. According to the simulation's findings, the
classification rate is nearly 70%. In [14], temporal,
prosodic, spectral, and cepstral features are used in the
generation of a dataset. Following the generation of the
dataset, the dataset was subjected to classification
techniques such as SVM, Bagging, Boosted Trees, and
Decision Trees to determine the best classifier. The
 authors in the paper [15], used MFCC for feature
extraction and KNN for arrangement. The model achieved
an accuracy of 76.16% using a-cry-corpus dataset. In
Paper [16], the authors proposed transfer learning with
ResNet50, and SVM and also performed ensemble
classification by combining the predictions of both SVM
and transfer learned ResNet50. Model accuracy ranges
from 90.1% to 91.1% [16].
A modified KNN is used in the paper [17] to classify
newborn cries, and a maximum accuracy of 80.39% was
attained. The accuracy of the i-vector-based approach and
the GMM-UBM approach was 47% and 70%,
respectively. The dataset consists of 83 label infant cries.
[17]. The work [18] presents a feasibility investigation of a
unique continuous Hidden Markov Model approach for
classification. Linear prediction cepstral coefficients
(LPCC) and the Mel frequency cepstral coefficient
(MFCC), with MFCC having a greater accuracy than
LPCC, are the features that are retrieved. The dataset
under consideration will comprise 700 baby screams, with
an accuracy ranging from 71.8 to 91. [18]. The authors
analyzed and examined the efficiency of feed-forward
neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and time-delay
neural networks. The accuracy values for feed-forward
neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and time-delay
neural networks are 69.1, 64.64, and 61.0, respectively. As
a result, feed-forward neural networks achieved high
accuracy compared to others [19]. Researchers on a
database of forty healthy babies who were wailing for any
one of the five physiological needs—weariness, hunger,
eructation, flatulence, and discomfort—conducted studies
on the paper's authors [20]. The database was constructed
and tagged by the research team using the Dunstan Baby
Language (DBL), and it will include 128 infant cries.
While the ivectors strategy yields a 58.0% accuracy rate,
the GMM-UBM method yields a 50.6% accuracy rate for
the Splann database. In comparison to the Dunstan
database, the Splann database yields a lower result [20].
Self-supervised learning (SSL) was investigated by the
authors in the study [21] for the purpose of evaluating a
novel cry recording database that included clinical
indicators for over a thousand babies. Specially targeted on
the detection of neurological injury. The K-Nearest
Neighbour (K-NN) classification and LFCC feature
extraction approach are utilized in the paper [22] to
ascertain if the baby is crying or not. In this research, the
author considers two distinct features: LFCC and MFCC.
93% accuracy is obtained while using Euclidean distances
for classification and LFCC for feature extraction. The
authors of the paper [23] suggested a completely automatic
method that makes an effort to distinguish between various
cry kinds. The Gaussian Mixture Models and i-vectors
serve as the basis for the baby cry categorization method.
The i-vector has an accuracy of 58.0 and the Gaussian
mixture model has an accuracy of 50.6.
According to paper [24], GTCC (Gammatone frequency
cepstral coefficients) outperforms MFCC (Mel-frequency
cepstral coefficients) in most of the training models. K-
Nearest Neighbors and Random Forest algorithms perform
best when it comes to individual feature performance. In the
paper [25], features from audio signals and spectrograms are
used fed to SVM classifiers. The most accurate result
(71.68%) is achieved by using LBP texture descriptors taken
from spectrogram images. The paper's main use [26] is to
pinpoint situations where newborns could be physically in
danger, including when their parents leave them in cars. A
voice activity detector was used to reduce power
consumption when there was no sound activity [26].
In the paper [27], a volume-based thresholding technique is
used to detect background noise, and CNN is used to
identify baby cries. By working with the audio signals' log
linear-scale filterbank energies, these CNN algorithms
derive cry detection characteristics. Two convolutional
routes, two fully linked layers, and one output layer make up
the CNN architecture utilized in the second phase. While the
lower approach concentrates on features in the time domain,
the top path aims to extract more features from the
frequency domain. In order to categorize baby cries, this
study [28] investigates the use of transfer learning in a real-
time embedded system. The study compares and contrasts
CNN, CNN+LSTM, and transfer learning-based models
using the Dunstan Baby Language dataset.
The goal of this research [29] is to understand infant cries
through the use of signal processing techniques and features
such as LPC, LPCC, BFCC, and MFCC. It uses a modified
Kaczmarz algorithm to improve performance in noisy
environments and compressed sensing to distinguish
between normal and abnormal cry signals. An ANN and
BFCC features together produced a 76.47% classification
rate for abnormal cries[29]. A novel method for early
asphyxia identification in infants using deep learning is
presented in the paper [30]. For accurate asphyxiated infant
scream categorization, the approach creates a merged
feature matrix by combining weighted prosodic and auditory
characteristics. The Baby Chillanto Database is used in the
study, which demonstrates an impressive testing accuracy of
96.74%, outperforming single-feature models.
III. COMPARISION TABLE
The performance of proposed approaches from earlier
studies is shown in the table below.

Table1 Comparison
The first study is by Azadeh in 2020. They utilized a dataset
named Baby Chillanto and derived features utilizing MFCC
and LPC. They therefore categorized the cries utilizing a
CNN and attained an accuracy of 99%. The second study,
by Sita Purnama in 2019 made use of real time data and
derived features utilizing MFCC and LFCC. They utilized a
combination of NN and KNN for classification and attained
a 75% accuracy. The next study is by Eduard Franti in 2018.
They utilized a database of 315 baby cries and derived
features utilizing MFCC. They used CNN for classification
and attained 89% accuracy. The study by Tusty Nadia in
2019 utilized a DBL dataset and used CNN for classification
to attain an accuracy of 94.97%. The next row depicts a
study by Karinki in 2020. They made use of real time data
and derived features utilizing MFCC. They utilized
combination of ID-CNN, FENN, and Multiclass SVM for
classification and obtained an accuracy of 88.6%. The
seventh study by Lichuan Liu in 2018 used real time
database and derived features utilizing LPC, LPCC, BFCC,
and MFCC. They obtained an accuracy of 76.47% by
combining Nearest Neighborhood and NN classifiers. The
final row outlines a study by Ptthaya Rani in 2022. They
used MFCC for feature extraction from a-cry-corpus dataset.
They achieved an accuracy of 76.16% via the combination
of KNN, Naive Bayes, and SVM classifiers.
FIG 1 ACCURACY COMPARISION
Fig 1 shows the corresponding accuracies of various
classifiers utilizing the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients
(MFCC) feature extraction method on the Baby Chillanto
Database. The classifiers CNN, Multi-layer Perceptron
ANN, ELM, and SVM are shown on the x-axis. The
accuracy expressed in percentiles is presented on the y-axis.
CNN emerges as the ultimate precise classifier, gaining 99%
accuracy. SVM obtained the least accuracy of 85%.
IV. CONCLUSION
The capability to categorize baby cries holds the key to
unlocking a hidden realm of communication. Recent
progress in cry classification, using various classifiers and
advanced feature extraction techniques, have yielded
hopeful results. This technology provides a radical approach
to monitor infant well-being. Imagine a day in the future
when cries indicative of health concerns are precisely
recognized, easing early intervention and enhanced clinical
results.
The impact goes beyond medical applications. By
deciphering the reason behind each cry, the baby cry study
provides caregivers with a brief understanding of their
baby's needs. This fosters stronger bonds, enabling parents
and caregivers to respond with greater empathy and
effectiveness. It bridges the gap between infants and parents,
enhancing the overall well-being of both parents and babies.
This research paves the way for a future where technology
acts as a compassionate translator, enhancing understanding
and communication. As the accuracy and sophistication of
these techniques continue to evolve, the potential to
revolutionize childcare and positively impact countless lives
becomes increasingly tangible. With continued
development, we stand on the precipice of a future where
the cryptic language of baby cries is demystified,
empowering caregivers, and fostering a new era of
responsive and empowered care.
Our initial exploration using the Baby Chillanto dataset has
been promising for baby cry classification. To delve deeper
and understand the influence of different datasets, we plan
to incorporate the Donate-a-Cry corpus and investigate the
effectiveness of LFCC (Linear Frequency Cepstral
Coefficients) feature extraction. This combined approach
holds the potential to potentially refine the accuracy of baby
cry classification, and we are eager to explore its efficacy
through further research.
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perceptrons;Neural networks;Multi-layer neural
network;Pediatrics;Artificial neural networks;Cepstral
analysis;Filter bank;Pattern recognition;Performance
analysis;Asphyxia;Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient
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