Fall 2022 ENS211 Week-2 Recitation Notes

1) Basics of Signals
System: System is something that can manipulate, change, record, or transmit signals.
(McClellan, Signal Processing First,2003)

Continuous Time Signal (CT): In CT signals independent variable is continuous, and thus
these signals are defined for a continuum of values of the independent variable. (Oppenheim,
Signal&System,1996)

Discrete Time Signal (DT): DT signals are defined only at discrete times, and consequently,
for DT signals independent variable takes only a discrete set of values.

(Oppenheim,
Signal&System,1996)

2) Sinusoids
The most general mathematical formula for a cosine signal is following,
(McClellan, Signal Processing First,2003)

𝑇0 = 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 (𝑠𝑒𝑐)

𝑓0 = 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑡 (ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑧)

Period is amount of time for completing one full circle

For better understanding to period, frequency and phase please run the SinDrill code in
MATLAB. https://dspfirst.gatech.edu/matlab/
Some basic trigonometric identities,

(McClellan, Signal
Processing First,2003)
 • Delay in time cause to shift in phase.

Example 1

Solution,
Firstly, plot the 4cos(pi*t/3),

Then, find the time shift via phase shift and plot the shifted version,
Example 2

Solution,
a)

b)
3) Complex Numbers

(McClellan, Signal
Processing First,2003)

Rectangular form and Polar form are used for representation of complex numbers.

Figure A-1

(McClellan, Signal Processing

First,2003)
 (McClellan, Signal Processing First,2003)

We can write x and y like that,

So, we can write like that also,

Also, this representation is polar form too,

Let’s look at the Euler Formula,

Here is the basic example of Euler formula usage,

Then, lets look at the Inverse Euler formulas,

Proof of Inverse Euler formulas,

(McClellan, Signal Processing First,2003)

Example 3
From McClellan’s book, pages 441-442
 • Complex exponential signal is an alternative representation for the real cosine signal.

(McClellan, Signal Processing First,2003)

Example 4

Solution,
Example 5 (about root finding)

Solution,

Example 6 (about phasor addition)

Solution,
In phasor addition, if all signals’ frequency equal then we can use following method,