ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research and the thesis could not have been completed without the support, help and
guidance of many people. At the outset my gratitude is acknowledged to my supervisor and
guide Prof. Niraja Gopal Jayal without whose guidance, support and patience this would not
have been completed. She has been supportive and encouraging despite the many failings which
I embody.

Next I wish to thank my family and my friends who have supported me and stood by me in this
endeavor. I thank Arib, Apila, Naimitya, Indrani Arpan, Shayequa and Dwayne for the constant
encouragement and support as well as their inputs which has helped me improve this work.

My gratitude to Dinesh, Shaunna, Ramesh, Joseph, and Ruchira, Akhilesh, Manoj and Hari Om
for the warmth and friendly encouragement they provided me all the time.

All the errors and faults in this thesis are mine and solely mine.
 K. Gopalan v State of Madras (1950) SCR 88
 Almitra H. Patel and anr v Union of India and ors (1998) 2 SCC 416 B
 Bandhua Mukti Morcha v Union of India AIR 1984 SC 802
 C.E.S.C Ltd and ors. v Subhash Chandra Bose and ors AIR 1992 SC 573
 Common Cause v Union of India and others AIR 1996 SC 929
 Francis Coralie Mullin v The Administrator (1981) 2 SCR 516
 Indian Medical Association v V. P. Shantha and ors (1995) 6 SCCC 651
 Olga Tellis v Bombay Municipal Corporation 1985 (3) SCC 545
 State of Madras vs. Champakam Dorairajan (1951) SCR 525
 Keshavananda Bharti vs. State of Kerala (1973) 4 SCC 225
 Maneka Gandhi vs. Union of India (1978) 1 SCC 248
 Pt. Parmanand Katara v Union of India and ors AIR 1989 SC 2039
 S. P. Gupta v Union of India AIR 1982 SC 149
 State of Punjab and others v Mohinder Singh Chawla, etc (1997) 2 SCC 83
 Soobramoney v. Minister of Health, KwaZulu-Natal 1998 (1) SA 765 (CC)
 Goernment of Republic of South Africa v. Grootboom, 2000 (1) SA 46 (CC)
 Minister of Health v. Treatment Action Campaign, 2002 (5) SA 721 (CC)
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP, WELFARE AND JUSTICE: SITUATING

RIGHT TO HEALTH IN INDIAN CONTEXT .................................................................................. 1

CHAPTER 2: SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP AND WELFARE STATE: AN INDIAN CONTEXT ...................... 18

MARSHALLIAN FORMULATION OF CITIZENSHIP AND SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP: .......................... 18

CRITICISMS OF MARSHALL’S HYPOTHESIS: ........................................................................ 25

ON FORMAL AND SUBSTANTIVE CITIZENSHIP: ................................................................... 26

VINDICATION OF MARSHALLIAN PARADIGM OF SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP: .................................. 28

ON THE CRISIS OF WELFARE STATE:................................................................................... 32

ON THE DEFENCE OF THE WELFARE STATE: ........................................................................ 35

RELEVANCE OF MARSHALLIAN HYPOTHESIS: .................................................................... 38

CHAPTER 3. POLITICAL ECONOMY OF HEALTH RIGHTS: CONCEPTION, FORMULATION,

DEMAND, AND PROVISION .................................................................................................... 42

BHORE COMMITTEE REPORT 1946:.................................................................................... 43

THE POLICY FORMULATION FOR HEALTH IN INDIA: FROM NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY
1983 TO NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 2017......................................................................... 57

POLICY PROCESS AND PRESCRIPTION OF HEALTH PROVISIONING: ....................................... 58

DEMAND MAKING FOR HEALTH PROVISIONING: ................................................................. 59

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 1983: ..................................................................................... 62

WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT 1993: .............................................................................. 65

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 2002: ..................................................................................... 68

PRIVATIZATION OF HEALTH THROUGH PUBLIC ROUTE: ...................................................... 69

REPORT OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON MACROECONOMICS AND HEALTH

(NCMH) 2005: ................................................................................................................. 74

NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION (NRHM): ................................................................. 75

NATIONAL URBAN HEALTH MISSION (NUHM): ................................................................ 87

RASHTRIYA SWATHYA BIMA YOJANA: .............................................................................. 88

 HIGH LEVEL EXPERT GROUP FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE (HLEG) 2011: ............. 93

THE 12 TH FIVE YEAR PLAN: ............................................................................................... 98

NATIONAL HEALTH POLICY 2017: ................................................................................... 103

CHAPTER 4. DILEMMAS OF LITIGATING HEALTH RIGHTS ..................................................... 114

LITIGATION OF HEALTH RIGHTS: ..................................................................................... 122

IMPACT OF LITIGATION OF HEALTH RIGHTS: .................................................................... 127

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 130

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 134