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Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into English using the indicated words from
the vocabulary list.

interfere Не вмешивайтесь в чужие дела!

reasonable needs Человек с разумными потребностями никогда
не будет бросать деньги на ветер.
to sue against smb. Помещики могли возбудить иск о
возвращении им беглых крепостных крестьян.
to consult the police На Вашем месте я бы обратился в полицию.

at the trial На суде Берт давал показания под присягой.

to testify under oath about smth. Показания свидетеля на суде были не в пользу
testimony истца.
plaintiff
defendant Подсудимый был оштрафован.
Обвиняемому был назначен адвокат.
judgment Ничто не могло повлиять на их суждения.
Приговор окончательный и обжалованию не
подлежит.
a contract with legal obligations Билет на самолет можно тоже рассматривать
как договор с юридическими обязательствами.
to become more accustomed to Да, мы уже привыкли к его неожиданному
проявлению гнева.
Не надо привыкать к таким условиям.
in favor of you Я присутствую здесь от имени г-на Иванова.

community Обществу нужны законы.

ensure Мы гарантируем Вашу безопасность.

valid Контракт больше не действителен.

READING

LAW AND SOCIETY

When the world was at a very primitive stage of development there were no laws to
regulate life of people. If a man chose to kill his wife or if a woman succeeded in killing her
husband that was their own business and no one interfered officially. The things never stay
the same. The life has changed. We live in a complicated world. Scientific and social
developments increase the tempo of our daily living activities, make them more involved.
Now we need rules and regulations which govern our every social move and action. We have
made laws of community living.
The laws are based on the reasonable needs of the community and we don’t often
notice them. If our neighbor plays loud music late at night, we probably try to discuss the
matter with him rather than consulting the police, the lawyer or the courts. When we buy a TV
set, or a train ticket or loan money to somebody a lawyer may tell us it represents a contract
with legal obligations. But to most of us it is just a ticket that gets us on a train or a TV set to
watch. But when a neighbor refuses to behave reasonably or when we are injured in a train
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accident, the money wasn’t repaid, the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didn’t
return money or replace it, we do start thinking about the legal implications of everyday
activities. You may wish to take legal action to recover your loss. You may sue against Bert
who didn’t pay his debt. Thus you become a plaintiff and Bert is a defendant. At the trial you
testified under oath about the loan. Bert, in his turn, claimed that it was a gift to him, which
was not to be returned. The court after the listening to the testimony of both sides and
considering the law decided that it was a loan and directed that judgment be entered in favor
of you against Bert.
The transactions in modern society are so complex that few of us would risk making
them without first seeking legal advice. For example, buying or selling a house, setting up a
business, or deciding whom to give our property to when we die. On the whole it seems that
people all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal means to
regulate their relations with each other. Multinational companies employ lawyers to ensure
that their contracts are valid whenever they do business.

VOCABULARY AND COMPREHENSION CHECK

Exercise 10. Find the English equivalents to these word combinations:

 регулировать жизнь людей

 никто официально не вмешивался
 темпы повседневной деятельности
 управляют каждым нашим действием в обществе
 законы жизни в обществе
 разумные потребности в обществе
 обращаться в полицию
 контракт с юридическими обязательствами
 отказывается вести себя разумно
 получить увечья в железнодорожной аварии
 применение закона в повседневной деятельности
 начать судебное разбирательство
 иск против Берта
 стать истцом
 на суде
 давать свидетельские покзания под присягой
 обе стороны
 в пользу Вас
 более активный
 сделки в современном обществе
 мало кто рискнул бы
 все более привыкают
 нанять адвоката
 гарантировать законность контракта

Exercise 11. Answer the questions.

1. Were there any laws when the world was at a very primitive stage of development?
2. Why do we need rules and regulations nowadays?
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3. Do we notice laws? Why?

4. When do we start thinking about the legal implications of our everyday activities?
5. In what case may we sue against Bert
6. Where do we testify under oath?
7. Did Bert win or lose the case?
8. In what cases do people seek legal advice?
9. Why do companies employ lawyers?
10. What should people know to regulate their relationship?

Exercise 12. Retell the text “Law and society” as if you were:

A) A law-abiding person
B) A person whose neighbor refuses to behave reasonably
C) A plaintiff who sues against a debtor.
D) A lawyer

Exercise 13. Reconstruct the sentences:

1. / increase the tempo of / Scientific and social developments / make them more involved. /
our daily living activities, /
2. / The laws are based on / of the community / we don’t often notice them. / the reasonable
needs/
3. / or a train ticket / When we buy a TV set, / a lawyer may tell us / or loan money to
somebody / with legal obligations. / it represents a contract /
4. / to take legal action / You may wish / to recover your loss. /
5. / about the loan. / At the trial / you testified under oath /
6. / are so complex / without first seeking legal advice. / The transactions in modern society /
would risk / that few of us /making them /
7. / it seems that people / On the whole / are becoming more and more accustomed / all over
the world / to regulate their relations / with each other. / to using legal means /
8. / lawyers / are valid / Multinational companies / to ensure that / employ / whenever they do
business. / their contracts /

Exercise 14. Make up sentences of your own with the following word combinations:

 to regulate life of people

 to succeed in
 to interfer officially
 complicated world
 the tempo of our daily living activities
 make smb. more involved
 laws of community living.
 to be based on
 reasonable needs of community
 consult the police
 a contract with legal obligations
 to refuse to behave reasonably
 the legal implications of everyday activities
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 to recover your loss

 to testify under oath about smth.
 in favor of smb. against smb
 transactions in modern society
 to seek legal advice
 to set up a business
 to become more and more accustomed to using legal means
 to regulate their relations with each other

Exercise 15. Explain the meaning of the following expressions.

 to ensure
 a plaintiff
 a defendant
 to take legal action
 a contract with legal obligations
 to obey community rules

Exercise 16. Read the sentences. Put a suitable word from the box into each gap:

to investigate crimes, civil offences, to punish the guilty, law and order, is breaking the
law, obey the law, ignorance of laws, were prosecuted, legal codes, investigation, reform,
to be aware of the laws, harsh, prohibiting theft, dangerous driving, reflect social and
moral attitude.

1. They have many ways of making sure that citizens ____1___ (подчиняются закону). 2.
They make the public aware of what the law is and try to encourage social support for
____2__ (правопорядку). 3. They use police forces ______3____ (расследовать
преступления) and catch criminals. 4 They authorize courts to complete the ____4______
(расследование) of criminal and ___5______ (гражданских правонарушений) and to pass
sentences to _____6____ (наказать виновного) and deter others. 5. And they make efforts to
re-educate and ____7_____ (изменить) people who have broken the law. 6. The laws of all
countries are to be found in written records - ___8____ (правовые кодексы) of countries
with continental systems, the statutes and case-judgments of common law countries, warning
on official forms, and notice in public buildings. 7. Many people do not know where to find
these records and do not find it easy to read them, but ______9______ (незнание законов)
don’t relieve us of responsibility. 8. Governments usually expect citizens _____10____ (знать
законы) which affect their lives. 9. Sometimes this seems very _____11_____ (жестко) , for
example, when the law is very technical. 10. Shopkeepers in England ______12_____
(преследовались по закону в уголовном порядке) for selling books on Sunday, although
they were allowed to sell magazines. 11. However, there are many laws, such as those
_____13____ (запрещающие воровство), assault and _____14____ (опасное вождение
автомобиля) which simply _____15____ (отражают общественное и нравственное
отношение) to everyday behavior. 12. In such cases a person knows he ____16_____
(нарушает закон), even if he doesn’t know exactly which law it is.

Exercise 17. Say whether these statements are true (T) or false (F), and if they are false, say
why (see appendix 4).
T F 1. We usually think about the legal implications of everyday activities.
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T F 2. Few of us would risk making transactions without first seeking legal advice.
T F 3. People all over the world are becoming more and more accustomed to using legal
means to regulate their relations with each other.
T F 4. Even though the TV set fails to work and the owner of the shop didn’t return your
money or replace the TV set, we don’t start thinking of taking legal advice.
T F 5. When you buy a train ticket a lawyer may tell you it represents a contract with legal
obligations.
T F 6. You may not sue against the person who didn’t pay his debt.
T F 7. You can testify at the doctor’s.
T F 8. A defendant can accuse a plaintiff.
T F 9. The court may listen to testimony of one side.
T F 10. All transactions in modern society are very difficult.
T F 11. Nobody should have basic knowledge of law.
T F 12. People should know the basic laws.
T F 13. People may behave in society according to the state laws.
T F 14. People must obey the rulesof a sport club or another organization.
T F 15. People use laws to restrain their neighbours.

Exercise 18. Put a suitable word into each gap:

1. _____ is the party that is accused in court of a crime or a civil offence. 2. _____ is the
party that starts or carries out civil proceedings. It is usually a private citizen or a company. 3.
_____ is a civil legal proceeding against someone. 4. _____ is an official court decision on the
case. 5. _____ are an official body whose job is to make sure that people obey the law, to
catch, and to protect people and property. 6. _____ is someone whose job is to advise people
about laws, write formal documents or represent people in court. 7. ______ is a house or a
room where all the information about the crime is given so that it can be judged. 8. ______ is
a sum of money that you owe somebody. 9. _____ is a formal statement that something is
true, such as the one a witness makes in court of law. 10. ______ is money that has been lost
by a business, a person or a government.

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Они используют судебную систему, опирающуюся на право полиции принудительно

обеспечивать соблюдение закона.
2. Иванов понесет наказание в виде штрафа или временного отстранения от участия в
игре.
3. Рефери может подать гражданский иск против игрока и потребовать материального
возмещения за нанесенные ему телесные увечья.
4. Подобные деяния наказываются по закону так как государство рассматривает
антиобщественное поведение не как вопрос взаимоотношений между людьми, а как
угрозу благосостоянию и порядку в обществе.
5. Издавая законы для граждан, правительство использует систему судов при
поддержке (backed by) полиции.
6. Я думаю, что мы, прежде всего, работаем для общего блага.
7. Право - это нормы поведения, установленные государством и применяемые в
обществе в форме закона или обычая.
8. Мы следуем определённым нормам поведения.
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9. Я посоветуюсь с юристом.
10. Люди часто вспоминают Закон Мерфи.

Exercise 20. Prepare the report “Do we need laws?” (20 sentences).

UNIT 7.

THE UNITED KINGDOM LEGISLATION

WORD BUILDING. Suffixes

Суффиксы процесса, действия, явления (-ment, -ion, -ism)

Суффикс -ment нужен при формировании отглагольных существительных и означает
действие или его результат:
movement — перемещение
Суффикс -ion также означает действие, процесс или результат этого процесса:
revolution — революция
Суффикс -ism обозначает систему взглядов, убеждений:
racism — расизм
Суффиксы состояния, качества, свойства (-ance / -ence, -dom, -hood, -ity, -ness, -ship, -th)
Суффикс -ance / -ence в существительном, как правило, соответствует суффиксу -ant / -
ent в прилагательном:
different — difference (разный — разница)
Суффиксы -hood и -ship означают состояние человека, связанное с его возрастом,
социальными отношениями, иногда деятельностью; или же группу людей,
объединенных этим состоянием.
childhood — детство

Exercise 1. Read and translate.

Motherhood, childhood, monkhood, queenhood, beggarhood, beinghood, babyhood,

victimhood, sainthod, brotherhood, serfhood, fatherhood, selfhood, boyhood, manhood,
placement, priesthood, friendship, internship, neighborhood, entertainment, concealment,
isolation, restriction, communism, pacifism, important, importance, independent,
independence.

DEVELOPING VOCABULARY

Exercise 2. Listen and repeat the words. Practice correct and quick reading.

Parliament ['pɑːləmənt], Westminster[ˌwes(t)'mɪn(t)stə], the monarch [ðə'mɔnək], the House

of Commons [ðəˈhausəv 'kɔmənz], lord [lɔːd], similar ['sɪmɪlə], legislation [ˌleʤɪ'sleɪʃ(ə)n],
scrutiny ['skruːtɪnɪ], debate [dɪ'beɪt], current ['kʌr(ə)nt], issue ['ɪʃuː], compose [kəm'pəuz], peer
[pɪə], hereditary [hɪ'redət(ə)rɪ], private ['praɪvɪt], minister ['mɪnɪstə], individual [ˌɪndɪ'vɪdjuəl],
passage ['pæsɪʤ], through [θruː], formality [fɔː'mælətɪ], title ['taɪtl], opportunity
[ˌɔpə'tjuːnətɪ], theme [θiːm], proceed [prə'siːd], committee [kə'mɪtɪ], clause [klɔːz], determine