VELS VIDYASHRAM SENIOR SECONDARY

SCHOOL,
PALLAVARAM
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
2023-24

LOGIC GATES

NAME: POOVARAAHAN. R
CLASS: XII- ‘A’
REGISTRATION NUMBER: ___________

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 Index
S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO

1 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE 2

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

3 INTRODUCTION 5

4 PRINCIPLES 6

5 BASIC GATES 7

6 THE OR GATE 9

7 THE AND GATE 11

8 THE NOT GATE 13

9 THE NOR GATE 15

10 THE NAND GATE 17

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 19

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my physics

teacher Mrs. Sowmiya and Vels Vidyashram for the vital support,

guidance and encouragement, without which this project "Logic

Gates" would not have come forth. This project helped me to acquire

knowledge and brought up new innovative ideas.

Secondly, I would like to thank my friend syed who

supported me all throughout the project. It benefited me to increase

my knowledge and fun learning.

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 Introduction

 A gate is a digital circuit that follows curtain logical

relationship between the input and output voltages.

 Therefore, they are generally known as logic gates — gates

because they control the flow of information.

 The five common logic gates used are NOT, AND, OR, NAND,

NOR. Each logic gate is indicated by a symbol and its function

is defined by a truth table that shows all the possible input logic

level combinations with their respective output logic levels.

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 Principle
Logic gates are based on Boolean algebra. At any given moment,

every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions, false or true.

False represents 0, and true represents 1. Depending on the type of

logic gate being used and the combination of inputs, the binary

output will differ.

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 BASIC GATES

(a) THE OR GATE is a device that combines A with B to give Y

as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs and one
output.

In Boolean algebra, the addition symbol (+) is referred to as the OR.

The Boolean expression:
A+B=Y, indicates Y equals A OR B.

(b) THE AND GATE is a device that combines A with B to give Y as

the result. The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output.

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In Boolean algebra, the multiplication signs (either x or.) is referred
to as the AND. The Boolean expression:
A. B=Y, indicates Y equals A AND B.

c) THE NOT GATE is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT is
one input and one output.

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 THE OR GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).

Theory and Construction:

An OR gate can be realizing by the electronic circuit, making use of

two diodes D1 and D2 as shown in the figure. Here the negative
terminal of the battery is grounded and corresponds to
the 0 level, and the positive terminal of the battery (i.e. voltage 5V in
the present case) corresponds to level 1. The output Y is voltage at C
w.r.t. earth.

INTERFERENCE: -
1. If switch A & B are open LEDs do not glow (A=0, B=0), Hence
Y=0.
2. If Switch A Opens B closes, then LED glow (A=0, B=1), Hence
Y=1.

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3. If switch A Closes B open then LED glow (A=1, B=0), Hence
Y=1.
4. If switch A & B are closed then LED glow (A=1, B=1), Hence
Y=1.

Truth Table: -

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 THE AND GATE
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components: Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2) and
resistance R.
Theory and Construction:
An AND gate can be realized by the electronic circuit, making use of
two diodes D1 and D2. The resistance R is connected to the positive
terminal of a 5V battery permanently.

Here the negative terminal of the battery is grounded and

corresponds to the O level, and the positive terminal of the battery

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corresponds to the level 1. The output Y is the voltage at C with
respect to earth.
The following conclusion can be drawn from the above circuit:
(1) If the switch A and B are kept open (A-1, B-0), then bulb does not
glow, hence Y-O
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A-1, B-0), then bulb
does not glow, hence Y-0
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A-0, B-1), then
bulb does not glow, hence Y-0
(iv) If switch A and B both are kept closed (A-1, B-1) then bulb
glows, hence Y-1

Truth table

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 THE NOT GATE

Aim:

TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:

An ideal n-p-n transistor.

Theory and Construction:

A NOT gate cannot be realized by using diodes. However, an

electronic circuit of NOT gate can be realized by making use of a n-p-
n transistor as shown in the figure. The base B of the transistor is
connected to the input A through a resistance Rb and the emitter E
is earthed. The collector is connected to a 5V battery. The output Y
is voltage at C w.r.t. earth.

INTERFERENCE: -
1. If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow, Hence Y=1.
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 2. If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow, Hence
Y=0.

Truth Table: -

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 THE NOR GATE

Aim:

TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:

Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an ideal n-p-n
transistor.

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y’ of the OR gate to the input of a NOT
gate the gate obtained is called NOR.
The output Y is voltage at C w.r.t. earth. In Boolean expression, the
NOR gate is expressed as Y=A+B, and is being read as ‘A OR B
negated’. The following interference can be easily drawn from the
working of electrical circuit is:
a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow,
hence Y=1.
b) If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow,
hence Y=0.
c) If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0.
d) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will
not glow, hence Y=0.

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Truth table:

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 THE NAND GATE

Aim:

TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT.

Components:

• Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2)

• A resistance R

• An ideal n-p-n transistor

Theory and Construction:

If we connect the output Y' of the AND gate to the input of a NOT
gate, then the gate obtained is the NAND gate. The output Y is
voltage at C with respect to earth.

Truth table:

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Inference:

The following inference can be easily drawn from the working of

circuit:

(i) If the switch A and B are kept closed (A=0, B=0) then the
bulb glows, hence Y = 1.
(ii) If the switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A = 0, B
= 1), then bulb glows, hence Y = 1.
(iii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0),
then bulb glows, hence Y = 1.
(iv) If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1) then
bulb does not glow, hence Y = 0.

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 Bibliography:

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate

https://electronicsclub.info/gates.htm

https://www.edrawmax.com/logic-gate/

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