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ARVALLI
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON
“Logic Gates”
ExternalTeacher SubjectTeacher
Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I am immensely indebted to almighty god for
his blessings and grace without which I could not have
undertaken this task and my efforts would never have
been a success.
I humbly consider a privilege and honor to
express my heartiest and profound gratitude to Mr.
K.D.Dhopte, principal JNV Arvalli. For his appropriate
direction, valuable suggestion, under judging assistance
so generously extended to me.
I wish to express my deepest feelings of gratitude to Mr.
Bishen Kumar Sir, physics department, JNV Arvalli. For his
erudite involvement and sustained guidance which has been
pivotal in my project work. His minute observation, precious
insights, critical comments have indeed greatly helped to
shape my ideas.
This guidance and support received from my
entire classmates who contributed and who are
contributing to this project, is vital for the success of this
project. I am grateful for their constant support and help.
I also owe sense of gratitude to my parents for
encouragement and support throughout the project.
- INDRAJIT DAMOR
Content’s.
Sr.no Title Page no.
1 Introduction 1
2 Principle 2
3 Basic Gates 3
4 The OR Gate 5
5 The AND Gate 7
6 The NOT Gate 9
7 The NOR Gate 11
8 The NAND Gate 13
9 The EX-OR Gate 15
10 The EX-NOR Gate 17
11 Conclusion 19
12 Bibliography 20
Introduction.
GATE: - A gate is defined as a digital circuit which
follows some logical relationship between the input and
output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows
a signal to pass through or stop it.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital
electronics. They are used in digital electronics to
change one voltage level into another accordingto
some logic statement relating tothem.
Truth Table: - A logic gate may have one or more than
one inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship
between the possible values of input and output voltages
are expressed in the form of a table called truth table.
Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all
the inputs and outputs that are possible for thelogic
gates.
Boolean Algebra: - The algebra which is based on
binary nature of the logic gates.
Boolean Expressions: - They are the logical
statement which are followed by logical gates.
1
Principle.
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with
the input and output, which represents the statement of
Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may be
complex, they may all be constructed from three basic
devices like a P-N junction diode, a resistance and a N-P-
N transistor.
We have three different type of logic gates and they are
the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT gate.
LOGICAL STATEMENTS.
1 0
High Low
Positive Negative
On Off
Close Open
Conducting Non-Conducting
Right Wrong
True False
Yes No
2
Basic Gates.
The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B to
give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs
and one output. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+),
is referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A+B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B.
3
The NOT Gate: - It is a device that inverts the inputs.
The NOT has one input and has one output. In Boolean
algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT.
The Boolean expression: 𝑨̅= 𝒀
This indicates that Y is not equal toA.
5
The following conclusion can be drawn from the
above circuit:
(i) If the switch A and B are kept open
(A=1, B=0), then bulb does not glow,
henceY=0
(ii) If switch A is kept closed and B is kept
open (A=1, B=0), then bulb does not
glow, henceY=0
(iii) If switch A is kept open and B is kept
closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb does not
glow, henceY=0
(iv) If switch A and B both are kept closed
(A=1, B=1), then bulb glows, henceY=1
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
6
The ANDGate.
Aim:
TO DESING AND STIMULATE THE AND
GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 andD2)
A resistanceR.
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
8
The NOT Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOT GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.
9
The following inference can be easily drawn from
the working of circuit:
(i) If the switch A is kept open(A=0) then bulb
glows, henceY=1
(ii) If the switch A is kept closed(A=1) then
bulb does not glow, henceY=0
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A OUTPUT Y
0 1
1 0
10
The NOR Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NOR GATE
CIRCUIT.
Component:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 andD2).
An ideal n-p-ntransistor
11
In Boolean expression, the NOR gate is expressed
as:
(𝑦=𝐴+
𝐵)
And is being read as “A or B negated”.
12
The NAND Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE NAND GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode(D1 andD2)
A resistanceR
An ideal n-p-ntransistor
Theory and Construction:
If we connect the output Y’ of the AND gate to the
input of a NOT gate then the gate obtained is the
NAND gate. The output Y is voltage at C with
respect to earth.
13
In Boolean expression, the NAND gate is expressed
as:
(𝑦 = 𝐴. 𝐵)
And is being read as ‘A and B negated’.
14
The EX-OR Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGNA AND STIMULATE THE EX-OR GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ANDgates
An ORgate
Two NOTgate
15
In Boolean expression, the EX-OR gate is
expressed as:
(𝑦 = 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵+ 𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵)
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
16
The EX-NOR Gate.
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND STIMULATE THE EX-NOR GATE
CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ANDgates
And ORgate
Three NOTgates
17
In Boolean expression, the EX-NOR gate is
expressed as
(𝑦=𝐴⋅𝐵+ 𝐴⋅𝐵=𝐴⊕
𝐵)
TRUTH TABLE:
Input A Input B OUTPUT
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
18
Conclusion.
Logic gates are used to develop many IC
circuits or microchips in today’s modern
world.
NAND gate and NOR gate are known as
universal gates because we can construct
all the three basic gates using NAND &
NOR gates.
19
Bibliography.
This project would be nearly incomplete if
I had not used the information given in
the followingwebsites.
My special thanks to the uploader of
information on these websites. If
considered, I have used everything that
GOOGLE shows me…….
20