Integration of Ripple Correlation MPPT Technique
with One-Cycle-Controlled Transformerless Inverter
for Single-Phase Single-Stage Photovoltaic Systems
Venkata R Reddy, Sreeraj E S
National Institute of Technology Goa, India
Email: venkatram637@gmail.com, sreeraj@nitgoa.ac.in
Abstract—With the advent of distributed generation, single-
phase rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) generators of small rating,
feeding power to the utility grid has become popular. Cost and
performance of the inverters used to integrate such systems
to the grid depends upon the topology of the inverter used,
modulation scheme employed, and the efficiency of auxiliary
functions like maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The
appropriate modulation scheme is generally decided by looking
at the topology of inverter. For example, a transformerless H-
bridge inverter is generally switched using bipolar modulation
in order to avoid large leakage currents. However, selecting the
appropriate technique for auxiliary functions like MPPT, is done
independently and is generally not integrated with the control
scheme. A large number of MPPT techniques were proposed in
the literature, and choosing an appropriate technique suitable
for the chosen inverter topology and the modulation scheme
might be advantageous. This paper proposes the integration of
one cycle control (OCC) modulation scheme for single-phase
single-stage transformerless PV inverter with ripple correlation
control (RCC) MPPT technique. Detailed numerical simulation
studies are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed
integrated method. Real-time simulation studies are also carried
out using the real-time digital simulator (RTDS) to verify the
efficacy of the system further.
Index Terms—PV system; ripple correlation; maximum power
tracking; one cycle control; RTDS.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic (PV) generation is one of the most promising
and fastest growing renewable energy sources. The concept of
distributed generation encourages single-phase grid connected
solar PV systems. The power processing unit of single-phase
grid connected PV systems can have one or more stages
with or without isolation. Single-stage systems do not have
a dc-dc converter and hence has reduced cost and complex-
ity compared to multistage systems [1], [2]. Transformerless
single-phase inverter systems are becoming more popular as
it improves the efficiency and reduces the overall cost of the
system [3]. The schematic diagram of single-phase single-
stage grid connected PV system with a transformerless H-
bridge inverter is shown in Fig. 1. The PV array is connected
across the dc link capacitor of the inverter, who does the job
of extracting the maximum available power from the PV array
and injecting it to the grid after synchronising with the grid.
Transformerless inverters for single-phase systems comes in
various topologies like H5, HERIC, NPC [3]. Such topologies
are derived for the purpose of reducing the leakage currents
l-)))
iPV(t) vPV(t)
S1 D1 S4 D4
L
iS
PV C
array vS
S2 D2 S3 D3
Fig. 1: Single-phase Single-stage PV system
by disconnecting the PV array from the grid when zero vector
is applied to the grid [4]. Usually, the selection of suitable
modulation scheme depends upon the topology of the inverter.
Bipolar modulation do not suffer from the problem of high
frequency common-mode voltage and leakage currents and
suits well for transformerless H-bridge inverter [4].
In general, service of phase locked loop (PLL) is required
for interfacing inverter with the grid [5], and implementation of
PLL is computational intensive under distorted grid conditions.
However, one cycle controlled H-bridge inverters does not
require the service of PLL to synchronize inverter output
with the utility grid [6] - [11]. These schemes are generally
implemented using bipolar modulation. The single-stage, grid
voltage sensorless one cycle controlled photovoltaic inverter
discussed in [10] is suitable for transformerless grid connected
applications. The PLL free scheme requires a reduced number
of components and sensors and can be implemented using
analog devices. A modified Perturb and Observe method is
used for tracking the maximum power point for the PV
generator connected to the inverter given in [10]. This paper
investigates the suitability of another maximum power point
tracking methodology for the OCC based inverter given in
[10], which can improve the performance of the system.
PV generator employs a suitable maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique to transfer maximum power con-
tinuously from the PV array to the utility grid during different
irradiance levels [14]. Different types of maximum power
tracking techniques for solar PV systems are depicted in
literature, and some of them are as follows: Perturb and
Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance, Fuzzy Logic, Hill
climbing, Ripple correlation control [10], [14] - [27]. Above

 TABLE I: Review of MPPT techniques with modulation scheme

Grid voltage Grid current Phase locked PV voltage PV current External

MPPT Technique
sensor sensor loop (PLL) sensor sensor perturbation
Incremental Conductance MPPT [12]
Hill climbing MPPT [29] x x
A novel MPPT proposed in [30] x
P & O MPPT with OCC [14] x
P & O MPPT with Sensorless OCC [10] x x
Proposed RCC MPPT with Sensorless OCC x x x

techniques vary in speed of convergence, effectiveness, cost 10

v~pv(t)
4
10 Left of
and implementation of hardware and some other aspects [17]. 2 MPP
In order to operate the PV array around maximum power point, VMPP Right of
9
MPP
an artificial perturbation is introduced into the system by most 89
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
of the techniques listed above [25]. Ripple correlation control 60 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 time
4
0.0
(RCC) is a technique discussed in [23] - [27], which uses p~pv (t)5

the ripple present in the system for tracking maximum power 00

from the PV array, without using artificial perturbation. The -
adoption of RCC technique for single-phase systems is suitable 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 time
4
because of the inherent 2ωgrid ripple, where ωgrid , represents ~ ~ 0.0
ppv (t)vpv(t)
5
grid frequency, present in the dc link voltage by virtue of the
fluctuation in instantaneous real power within a power cycle 00
[25]. However, Ripple correlation control MPPT technique -
0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
proposed in [24] requires four filters for tracking maximum Ti time
05 1
5 Region 1 Region
15 2 2 Region
25 3 3 Region
35 4 4
me
power, which slows down the response of the system and
Fig. 2: Dc-link voltage, power ripple and product of voltage and power ripple for different
makes implementation computationally intensive. The RCC operating points
method proposed in [25] requires only two filters and utilises
from an internal signal which is approximately proportional
the magnitude and sign of the error signal which makes the
to the power handled by the inverter [10]. It is a modified
system respond faster. This paper investigates the suitability of
P&O method, and the voltage reference is given an external
ripple correlation control described in [25] for the PV inverter
perturbation to determine the change in power, and do not
described in [10].
effectively utilize the 2ωgrid ripple present in the dc link
It is not very common to consider the effect of topology voltage. Moreover it takes considerable time to settle down
and modulation scheme while implementing auxiliary func- during a sudden change in irradiance.
tions like MPPT. However, there are few papers which has The paper integrates grid voltage sensorless OCC modu-
considered the topology of inverter and modulation scheme lation scheme with RCC MPPT technique to overcome the
employed while selecting the suitable maximum power point disadvantages of the method given in [10]. The proposed
tracking technique [1], [10], [12]- [14]. Table. I gives details integrated method can be implemented using simple analog
of the sensor requirements of such single-phase, single-stage, circuits or can be digitally implemented without implementing
grid connected H-bridge PV inverter system. The sensors PLL which is otherwise essential for grid synchronisation. The
are either required for the purpose of implementation of remaining parts of the paper have been organized as follows:
MPPT techniques or for the controller for generating the pulse The operating principle of RCC and OCC is briefly discussed
width modulation schemes. The RCC based MPPT technique in section II. The implementation of proposed integrated
described in [28] requires the service of PLL, while OCC method has been discussed in section III. Simulation results
based inverters can be implemented without PLL. The contra- are presented in section IV. Real time simulation results are
dictory requirements for the implementation of these essential presented in section V and conclusion is given in section VI.
functions necessitates an integrated approach to choose these
functions. II. O PERATING P RINCIPLES OF R CC AND O CC
The details provided in Table1 highlights the advantages of The detailed operation of the modified RCC MPPT tech-
integrating RCC MPPT technique with grid voltage sensorless nique and the operation of modified OCC is discussed in
one cycle control modulation scheme given in [10]. The [25] and [10] respectively. In this section the overview of
complete system can be implemented with 3 sensors, do the operating principles of RCC MPPT and grid voltage
not require the service of a PLL, and can be completely sensorless OCC switching techniques for single-stage system
implemented using analog devices, thereby results in reduced are given along with relevant expressions. The dc-link volt-
cost and computational complexity of the system. Moreover, age of a single-phase inverter contains 2ωgrid ripple as the
the MPPT scheme given in [10] is not a true maximum instantaneous real power injected into the grid from a single-
power point tracking technique as it estimates the power phase system has an oscillatory component of double the


 Fig. 4 shows the control block diagram of grid voltage
vpv(t) sensorless OCC [10]. The dc-link voltage, vpv (t) is compared
_ - + with reference voltage vref (t), which is generated from MPPT
vpv(t) vpv(t) v~pv(t) technique and the error is given to the PI controller to generate
LPF Ȉ modulating voltage VM . A saw-tooth wave form is generated
p~pv(t)v~pv(t) using VM and is compared with iO RS where RS is current
vref(t) sensor gain and iO is sum of grid current iS and fictitious
_ PI
e(t) current iF . The fictitious current component generated in
ipv(t) ppv(t) ppv(t) this method is proportional to fundamental component of
LPF Ȉ the inverter output voltage ( vI1 ), which is estimated by
- p~pv(t) using second order bandpass filter from switching function of
vpv(t) + RCC based inverter and saturator. This component is added to the source
ppv(t) MPPT current to realize the switching control signal or modulating
signal. The modulating signal iO is expressed as
vI1
Fig. 3: Block Diagram of RCC MPPT Technique iO = iS + iF = iS + (4)
RP
power frequency. As the PV array is directly connected to
The modulating signal iO which is multiplied with sensor
dc-link capacitor, PV voltage, vpv (t), PV current ipv (t), and
gain RS , is compared with the sawtooth waveform to generate
PV power ppv (t) contains 2ωgrid frequency components. The
the switching pulses. When iO RS exceeds the sawtooth wave
principle of RCC based maximum power point tracking can
form S2, S4 are turned on and the output of the inverter is
be explained based on Fig. 2, where the ripple contained in
vpv and iO RS is less than the sawtooth wave form S1, S3 are
PV voltage ( vpv (t)), PV power ( ppv (t)), and the product of
turned on and the output of the inverter is −vpv . The average
these two quantities ( ppv (t)
vpv (t)) corresponding to different
value of output voltage in one switching time period for the
operating points is shown. The average value of the product
inverter is given as follows,
of the voltage ripple and power ripple over half a power
cycle is zero, if the operating point is at MPP. The product is V M − i O RS V M + i O RS vpv
vI = (−vpv ) + (vpv ) = i O RS
positive if the operating point is towards the left of MPP, and 2VM 2VM VM
negative, if it is towards the right. Further, the magnitude of (5)
this average value of this quantity increases as the distance of From (4) and (5), the inverter output voltage averaged in one
operating point increases from the MPP. This fact can also be switching perid is given as:
 
mathematically shown, and is briefly given below: Let x(t) be vpv RS vI1
vI = iS + (6)
periodic function with x(t) as an average component over a VM RP
time period T and the ripple component x (t) can be defined III. P ROPOSED I NTEGRATED M ETHOD
as,
(t) = x(t) − x(t)
x (1) The proposed method integrates RCC MPPT technique with
voltage sensorless OCC switching scheme and the control
The power of PV array is given as product of voltage and block diagram of the proposed integrated technique is shown
current, in Fig. 5. PV voltage and current are sensed from the PV
ppv (t) = vpv (t)ipv (t) (2) array and, the voltage ripple vpv (t) and power ripple ppv (t)
Using (1) and (2), ppv (t) vpv (t) can be expressed as,
 
dppv (t)
ppv (t) 2
vpv (t) = vpv (t) 2
+ vpv (t)ipv (t) (3) 2nd order vpv(t)
dvpv (t) Band pass
1/RP
filter
As the vpv2
(t)ipv (t) average value over a cycle is zero, Saturator
the ppv (t)
vpv (t) is error voltage e(t) directly proportional to iF
dppv /dvpv . Therfore, we have an error signal which is pro- + iO iORS
iS Ȉ RS +
portional to the derivative of PV power and hence represents + R Q
the distance from the MPP. Fig. 3 shows the control block vpv(t) - S2,S4
diagram of the RCC based MPPT scheme given in [25]. The vref(t) - VM + S Q S1,S3
PI
ripple voltage and ripple power is obtained from the sensed PV +Ȉ Ȉ
-(VM-(2VMt)/Ts)
voltage and current with the help of two low pass filters, one 2/TS Integrator
multiplier, and two adders. Further the error signal is obtained
CLOCK Reset
by multiplying the two ripple quantities, and the error signal Sensor less OCC based
is given to a PI controller which generates the reference dc- switching for converter
link voltage vref (t), which serves as the output of the MPPT
block. Fig. 4: Block Diagram of Voltage sensorless OCC Switching Scheme


 2nd order vpv(t)
1/RP Band pass
filter
Saturator
iF
vpv(t) + iO iORS
_ - iS Ȉ RS
vpv(t) + v~pv(t) +
vpv(t) + R Q
LPF Ȉ - S2,S4
~ (t) v (t) vpv(t)
p~pv(t)vpv ref - VM +
PI S Q S1,S3
_ e(t)
PI + Ȉ Ȉ
- (VM-(2VMt)/Ts)
ipv(t) ppv(t) ppv(t) 2/TS Integrator
LPF Ȉ Reset
- ~pv(t)
p CLOCK
vpv(t) + RCC based Sensor less OCC based
ppv(t) MPPT switching for converter

Fig. 5: Schematic Block Diagram of Proposed Integrated Method

are obtained by subtracting the average values from the cor-

responding signals using low pass filters (LPF). The product
of voltage ripple and power ripple is fed to a PI controller
to generate the output of the MPPT block given in the Fig.
5, which serves as the reference voltage signal vref (t) for
controlling the dc-link voltage.
The generated reference signal is compared with the dc-link
voltage, and the error generated given to PI controller as an
input. The PI controller generates a modulating voltage VM
as an output. Form the PI controller output signal, a bipolar
saw-tooth waveform of amplitude VM is generated by using an (a)

integrator with external resettable switch. The generated saw-

tooth waveform is compared with the modulating signal iO RS
to generate the switching pulses to the single-phase single-
stage transformerless inverter, where RS is current sensor gain
and iO is sum of grid current iS and fictitious current iF .
The actual dc-link voltage is maintained equal to the gener-
ated dc link voltage reference signal by the MPPT block using
a PI controller. The error voltage between the two voltage
signals is fed to a second PI controller to generate a modulating
voltage VM . Inside the OCC controller block given in Fig.5,
a bipolar saw-tooth waveform of amplitude VM is generated
using an integrator with external resettable switch, which acts
as the carrier waveform. The generated saw-tooth waveform
is compared with the modulating signal iO RS to generate
the switching pulses to the H- bridge inverter, where RS is
current sensor gain and iO is sum of grid current iS and
fictitious current, iF . The fictitious current component, iF
is proportional to the fundamental component of the inverter
output voltage (vI1 ), which is estimated by using second order
bandpass filter (BPF) from switching function of inverter and
saturator. The output of the saturator pulsates between zero
and dc-link voltage, vpv (t).
IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS
In order to evaluate the performance of voltage sensorless
OCC based single-phase, single-stage, transformerless PV in-
verter integrated with RCC MPPT technique, detailed numer-
ical simulation studies have been carried out using MATLAB-
Simulink. The steady state and transient operation of the PV
inverter has been evaluated under varying the irradiance level.
(b)
Fig. 6: Simulated results for (a).Grid voltage and current and (b). Harmonic spectrum of
grid current for 1000 W/m2 irradiance condition
Table. II gives the specifications of the PV array used for the
simulation studies under two irradiance levels (1000 W/m2
and 600 W/m2 ). The parameters selected for the controller
for simulation studies are given as:
• Switching frequency - 10 kHz
• DC-link capacitance - 1000 μF
• Series inductor - 15 mH
• Time constant for LPF - 2.5 ms
• Quality factor for BPF - 2
• Natural frequency of BPF - 50 Hz
The grid connected PV inverter system is simulated under two
different insolation levels, 1000 W/m2 and 600 W/m2 . For
an irradiance of 1000 W/m2 , the variation of current injected
to the grid under steady state and the grid voltage is given in
Fig. 6(a). The grid current is almost at unity displacement
factor, and the harmonic spectrum of the current injected
into the grid is shown in Fig. 6(b) and is within the limits



(a)
(b)
Fig. 7: Simulated results for change in irradiance from 1000 W/m2 to 600 W/m2
(a). Reference Voltage and dc-link voltage (b). PV power
Fig. 8: Real time simulation result of Grid voltage (150 V/div) and Grid current (10
A/div) for 1000 W/m2 irradiance condition. Time scale: 25 ms/div
Fig. 9: Real time simulation results for step change in irradiance (1000 W/m2 to 600
W/m2 ): Dc-link voltage (360 V/div), Reference voltage (360 V/div) and PV power
(600 watts/div). Time scale: 1s/div
prescribed in IEEE 519 - 2014.. In order to analyze the steady
state and transient response of the PV system, the system is
simulated such that the irradiance level is abruptly changed
form 1000W/m2 to 600 W/m2 at t=4 s. Fig. 7(a) shows the
variation of reference voltage generated by the MPPT block
and the variation of dc-link voltage while Fig. 7(b) shows the

TABLE II: PV system specifications
For 1000 For 600
Specifications
W/m2 W/m2
Peak Power (P) 1.55 kW 0.9 kW
Short circuit current (Isc ) 3.78 A 2.28 A
Open circuit voltage (Voc ) 548 V 530 V
Peak power voltage (Vmp ) 445 V 435 V
Peak power current (Imp ) 3.5 A 2.1 A
variation of power produced by the PV array. For an irradiance
level of 1000 W/m2 at steady state, the PV array produces
1.55 kW and PV voltage is maintained at 445 V . These values
correspond to the peak power and voltage at maximum power
as shown in Table II. When the irradiance changed from 1000
W/m2 to 600 W/m2 at 4 sec, the maximum power of the
PV array is shifted to 900 W with PV voltage, 435 V . These
values also corresponds to the MPP points given in Table II.
Moreover, the system takes less than 0.5 seconds to reach the
new steady state corresponding to 600 W/m2. The dynamic
response is much more faster in comparison with the 2 kW
OCC based inverter given in [10]. The sampling period of
the modified P&O algorithm utilized to realize MPPT routine
given in [10] is 0.528 sec, and this value for the sampling
period is chosen so that the system attains a steady state in
each cycle of the P&O algorithm, as suggested in [18]. The
faster dynamic response of the proposed algorithm can be
attributed to the lack of external perturbation, and also to the
fact that the error signal which is used to change the reference
voltage increases as the point is further away from MPP.
V. R EAL T IME S IMULATOR R ESULTS
The proposed integrated PV system has been further veri-
fied by using the real time digital simulator (RTDS), which
provides the switching pulses to the PV system. The RTDS
hardware setup consists of the host computer and FPGA based
target for implementing the above mentioned system. In this
paper RTDS OP4500, is used for verifying the performance
of the PV system. The simulation time step of 10 μs is taken
in real time simulation for OP4500.
The parameters and the specifications of the system and
the PV array is the same as the one given for simulation
studies. irradiance of 1000 W/m2 . The grid voltage and the
variation of current injected into the grid under steady state
condition for the irradiance of 1000 W/m2 has been given in
Fig. 8. The grid current injected is almost unity power and
the harmonics injected into the grid is within limits. In order
to further analyze the steady state and transient conditions of
the PV system, the system is simulated such that, irradiance
is chaged abruptly from 600 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 at t= 4
s. Fig. 9(a) shows the variation of reference voltage generated
by the MPPT block and the variation of dc-link voltage while
Fig. 9(b) shows the variation of power produced by the PV
array. The steady state condition for irradiance of 1000 W/m2
PV maximum power obtained as 1.55 kW for with dc-link
voltage, of 445 V and for change in irradiance of 600 W/m2
PV power obtained in steady state condition is of 900 W with
dc-link voltage, vpv (t) of 435 V.
 From real time simulations also, the system shows that, it
takes less than 0.5 sec to reach the new steady state, when
step change in irradiance level. The dynamic response of the
system is much more faster, when compared with [10]. The
real time simulations of the proposed method has been verified
effectively and are able to track the maximum power according
to the change in irradiance conditions.
VI. C ONCLUSION
This paper deals with integration of ripple correlation MPPT
with voltage sensorless one cycle control switching scheme
for a single-phase single-stage transformerless grid connected
solar PV inverter system. The grid voltage sensor less, PLL
less, OCC based modulation scheme employed in this paper is
a suitable cost-effective candidate for transformerless inverter
due to the reduced number of sensors and components which
reduces the cost and computational complexity of the system.
The MPPT technique employed is RCC based, which is specif-
ically suitable for single-phase inverters. Numerical simulation
studies followed by real time simulation studies are carried out
to verify the effectiveness of the proposed integrated method.
The results shows improved power generation capability under
steady state and transient condition compared to existing OCC
based MPPT method given in [10].
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors are very thankful to SERB, Department of Science
and technology (DST), Govt. of India, for funding this project
under Grant Number: ECR/2016/000876.
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