Building Science II

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Research Unit for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture

BUILDING SCIENCE II Assignment 1:

[ARC 3313]

Lighting and Acoustics Performance Evaluation and Design

HONG KONG DESSERT SHOP BY: Chong Vui Lung Jonathan Lee Rehan Osman Stephen Feng Tan Yuet Lee 0907 P 74522 0907 P 74524 0907 P 74443 1007 P 11163 1007 P 50257

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LIGHTING

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Table of Content 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Daylight 2.2 Artificial Light 3.0 Case Study 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Site 3.2.1 Concept and Function 3.2.2 Drawing 3.2.3 Photos 3.3 Data 3.3.1 Readings 3.3.2 Materials 4.0 Analysis 4.1 Windscreen Glare 4.2 Direct Artificial Lighting Glare 4.3 Waste of Energy 4.4 Reflectance Glare 5.0 Conclusion & Recommendation 5.1 The use of Electro Chromic Glazings 5.2 Lighting Layout 5.3 PSALI Method 5.4 Lighting Design 5.5 New Colours & Materials Selection 5.6 Automated Shading Devices with Daylight Control

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1.0 Introduction The aim of this project is to understand the characteristics of lighting in a space through critical analysis and observation. Identifying lighting issues were one of the objectives which would require new proposal to remedy the issues identified. A case study was carried out to help anchoring a space to analyse. Before going to the field, some background research had been performed. Data, drawings, photo and required materials are collected and prepared to assist in data analysing. From all the data available, it should be enough to identify problems. Calculations is done to assist in determining the situation, standard guides are used as a sample of the optimum lighting standard. Proposals would then be made to try remedy the problems and display in graphic and technical calculations.

2.0 Literature Review 2.1 Daylight Daylighting is the controlled admission of natural light into a space through windows to reduce or eliminate electric lighting. By providing a direct link to the outdoor illumination, daylighting helps create a visually stimulating and productive environment for building occupants, while reducing as much as one-third of total building energy costs. Daylighting is a key to good energy performance, as well as occupant satisfaction, productivity and health. Its important to distinguish between sunlight and daylight. In most situations, direct sunlight brings excessive heat and light leading to visual and thermal discomfort. A good daylighting system must study the following building elements in relation to the sunlight:

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a) the orientation and space organisation b) shape and size of glazing through which daylight will pass ( pass through or penetrate) c) internal ceiling wall, partition and floor surface properties d) the colour contrast between windows and internal adjoining walls and ceilings e) protection from solar gain or glare afforded by external and internal shading devices f) optical, solar and thermal properties of windows. Conventional and innovative daylighting systems that collect, transport and distribute light deep into buildings and systems will reduce the need for artificial lighting.

2.1.1 Daylight Factor It is a numerical ratio used to describe the relationship between indoor and outdoor daylight illuminances.

Fig 2.1.1a: Lighting zones created by different lighting level

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Lighting zones are areas in the building that use daylight and electric lighting jointly to provide luminance and link areas with the same daylight distribution characteristics. Lighting design incorporated is arranged based on the lighting zones to enhance the efficiency of the lighting used. Task Illuminance (Lux)
Lighting for infrequently used area Lighting for working interiors Localised lighting for exacting task 100 150 100 300 200 300-400 150 200 150 100 300-500 300 500 2000 Corridor, passageways Escalator, tavellator Entrance and exit Inquiry desk Infrequent reading and writing General offices, shops and stores Restroom Restaurant, canteen, cafeteria Bathroom Toilet Classroom, library Museum and gallery Proof reading Detailed and precise work 20 100 100 100 Minimum service illuminance Interior walkway and carpark Hotel bedroom Lift interior

Example of Applications

Fig 2..1.1b: Guidance for recommended light level in different work spaces

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Principles in providing daylighting into the interior spaces - Allow daylight to enter interior to light space. Use of tinted glass to prevent heat transfer through window.

- Deploy appropriate lighting amount in consideration of room height & user activities

Have required luminance and not over-sufficient lighting

to prevent heat gain and energy loss and higher flexibility to adjust intensity (dimming). Use of lighting zones to prevent too allow lights to be turned on in spaces required only.

- Use appropriate lighting type. The type of light can affect the ambience of the dining

Fig 2.1.1c: (Source: Atmosphere in a Restaurant, Quinn, Thomas, Michigan State University, 1981)

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Fig 2.1.1d: Actual louvers installation

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Fig 2.1.1e: Different type of shading devices

2.1.2 Lighting Control Strategies Time clocks and photocells, simple, reliable and costeffective methods of controlling lighting systems. Occupancy sensors, sound and heat-sensing technology used to detect the presence of people in a space and turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied. They include delays and logic systems to avoid false or too frequent turningoff of light fixtures. Dimming technologies include common manual dimming switches as well as more sophisticated technology that automatically reduce light output according to the availability of daylight or other ambient light. While dimming of incandescent lamps is common, dimming of fluorescent fixtures can only be accomplished if they have ballasts designed specially for dimming applications. Daylighting controls adjust light output levels from fixtures in perimeter areas next to windows or under skylights in response to natural outdoor light entering the building. Daylighting controls are available in continuous dimming and stepped reduction models. 2.2 Artificial Light Application of artificial light is unavoidable in current modern living. It provides additional light to spaces where the amount of light is not sufficient for certain specialized task. During night time, every functions or activities would need artificial lighting to provide necessary light. LAMP TYPE Incandescent PROPERTIES Low initial cost, good color rendering, instant on. USAGE Auditoriums, Casino, Church Energy Efficiency Poor, short live.

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Cold Cathode

Fluorescent

high heat output, high glare, easy failure, high operating cost. Small, customized-able shape, many colors, low glare, instant on at least 50%. Required transformer, high initial cost, high voltage cabling issue Low heat output, good color rendering, large area lighting, soft/diffuse, instant on at least 50%. Required Ballasts, high initial cost, temperature sensitive, difficult to dim, inconsistent low voltage selection

naves, historical setting, hair styling Atrium, Casino, Facades, Lobbies, Signage, dance clubs. Fair, Long live.

Art studios, gyms, Excellent, concourse, filing long life room, healthcare space, library, laboratory, videoconferencing, sidewalks, workbenches

Electrodeless

Metal Halide

High Pressure Sodium

Diffuse, good color rendering, decorative. Need transformer for low wattage, ballast for high wattage, limited application, no warm tones Good color rendering, good optical control, sharp focused. Required ballast, high initial cost, difficult to dim, inconsistent low voltage selection Good optical control, sharp focused. Monochromatic, highinitial cost, non for low light, not suitable for most application.

Low(w)- step lights, decorative, casino, dance club High(w)- Atrium, gym, fa ade, streets, sidewalk Concourse, studio, casino, healthcare, industrial plants, laboratories, parking lots, merchandising, machine room Storage

Excellent efficiency, extremely long life

Excellent, moderate life

Very long life

Table 2.2a: Different Lamp Types (Steffy, 2008)

There are various lamp types in the market with different properties (refer to Table 2.2a). Different task or function require different lamps. Lately, energy efficiency has become another trend when come to choosing lamps.
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A proper design with lighting and architecture intention in mind is important, without it the optimum lighting standard could not be achieved even though having the correct lamp. There would be different considerations or criteria in designing lamps in the space than daylight, such as amount of light, uniformity, glare, colour, directionality and so on. (Coaton & Marsden, 1997) In general, there are three installation lighting system types which involved different lamps and lighting system to accommodate different functions. (Pritchard, 1999)

Fig 2.2b: 3 Installation Types of lighting system (Coaton & Marsden 1997) Material surface reflectance properties will also affect lighting quality. High reflectance surface could reflect light and create excessive light or unwanted glare, therefore, selection of material

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for ceiling, floor, wall, openings and furniture should take into account as well. (Pritchard, 1999)

Fig 2.2c: CIBSE recommended range of reflectance & luminance

Fig 2.2d: Birch Wood pivoted panel Excessive light would cause unwanted glare which cause discomfort on the eyes. There are ways to determine the glare angle assisted by calculations. From height, layout to designing of the lamps could solve the glare issues.

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Fig 2.2e: Critical angle for glare calculations (Pritchard, 2008)

Fig 2.2f: Glare shields (Coaton & Marsden, 1997)

3.0 Case Study 3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 Research Approach Measurements and data recording were taken on various period of time - morning, afternoon and night in the Hong Kong Dessert Shop. It is taken on different hours of the day in order for the comparison to take place. A gridline system is introduced to record data on different assigned location with the interval of 2m and 3m apart.

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Fig 3.1.1a: Position of Digital Light Meter

3.1.2 Equipment A Digital Light Meter model Lutron LX-101 was used to obtain the light intensity of the Hong Kong dessert shop. This equipment provides precise reading which has accuracy about 5% and wider range.

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Model: Lutron LX-101

Features : Sensor used the exclusive photo diode & multicolor correction filters, spectrum meet c. I. E. Standard. Separate light sensor allows user to take consumption. Measurements of an optimum position. Precise and easy readout, wide range. High accuracy in measuring Lcd display can clearly read out even of high ambient light. Compact, light-weight, and excellent operation. Lcd display provides low power Lsi-circuit use provides high reliability and durability. Built-in low battery indicator.

Figure 3.1a: Digital Light Meter model Lutron LX-101

The Lux meter is a hand-held device to measure the intensity of luminance in any given area, Intensity of luminance has an SI unit of Lux, lx. The lux meter has two parts; the body and the light sensor. The light sensor is covered with a white integrating sphere which diffused light that enters through its minute hole. The light sensor is held at waist height in each of its reading.

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Camera also used as a tool to capture the photography of lighting condition inside and outside dining area of the dessert shop. Observation and recording on site from each of the members in the group also plays a important role in collecting precise and collective data and information.

3.2 Site The shop chosen was Hong Kong Dessert located at No. 57, Jalan SS15/8A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan. It occupied an end lot with exterior dining on the side lane between shop lots. SS15 is an established residential and commercial precinct of Subang Jaya. It is one of the most famous and wellknown precincts in the vicinity where it is labeled as the heart of Subang Jaya. The neighborhood of SS15 comprises residential and commercial properties. Hong Kong Dessert was surrounded with cafes; there is one caf next to it, a tea caf above it and Asia Caf located just across the road opposite the shop. It was facing a main road with constant traffic nearby a busy junction and parking lots just outside the five foot way.

Fig 3.2a: Location of Hong Kong Dessert Shop

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3.2.1 Concept and Function Hong Kong Dessert was a cafeteria that sells a variety of dessert, such as soup, stew milk, sogo, pudding, custard, mixed juice and so on. The food are not necessary filling like rice or other fast food chain. User target of the shop was aimed towards teenagers to young adults, due to its location near several educational facilities. The design of shop was also tailored towards the trends that would attract these targeted user groups.

Fig 3.2.1a: Major setting of interior Hong Kong was their conceptual atmosphere where they wanted to bring into the shop. With the huge painting of Hong Kong cityscape at the centre of the wall surrounded by arrangement of tables which are close together. The concept of the shop design was to create a bright and welcoming atmosphere for customer while enjoying the dessert. It was supposed to be cosy, warm and welcoming. The selection of lights warm tone matched the concept of warm.

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3.2.2 Existing Lighting Condition of the Dessert Shop

Fig 3.2.2a: Existing artificial lighting in the shop

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Lighting used in the dessert shop are mainly general lighting, ambient lighting and aesthetic lighting. Ambient lighting is used to light up every surface evenly and to mimics the sun and fills the space with even amounts of light. It radiates a comfortable level of brightness. Ideal ambient lighting is accomplished by overlapping the illumination from properly positioned fixtures arranged in a symmetrical plan.

Fig 3.2.2b: Ambient lighting in the outdoor dining area Aesthetic lighting is used mainly to highlight the drawings of dessert and Hong Kong City painting on the wall. This type of lighting are able to create dramatic and enlighten the effect of the painting thus creating a more artistic environment.

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Fig 3.2.2c: Aesthetic lighting in the shop General lighting is mainly used as to create a comfortable and safe environment for the spaces. It provides adequate level of light throughout the interior dining space without dark spots or shadows, as well as balancing the tone of the lights to work with other light sources such as aesthetic lighting.

Fig 3.2.2d: General lighting in comparison with aesthetic lighting the shop

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FLUORESCENT LAMP

COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP

8W/12W 12v fluorescent lamp overall dimensions. SPECIFICATION

Also known as compact fluorescent light or energy saving light

Advantages High Luminous Efficacy Average Life time 6,000 hours Model No. 8W 12W Flicker free rapid start up Supply Voltage Vdc 12 12 Optional Color Temperature Voltage Range Vdc 10 to 15 10 to 15 Warm White-2700K; CoolWhiteCurrent A 0.5 0.7 4200K; Daylight-6500K Watts W 8W 16W Save 80% energy Lumens Lm 350 600 Color Rendering Index(Ra)>82 Frequency KHz 40 40 Even glow Optimum C 20 Reduced size Temp. Efficient and uses low energy-i/5 Temp. Range C -10 to +40 of power compared to Weight Kg 0.28 incandescent Low output heat Long life span-last up to 13 times longer to incandescent Disadvantages Diffused Needs a ballast Gradually brighten-5mins to reach optimum brightness Fig 3.2.2e: Specifications of the lighting used

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HALOGEN SPOTLIGHT

Input: 230V AC Mounting: Track Mount Lamp Type: PAR38 100W MAX Control Gear: Magnetic or electtomic HID ballast 230V 100W Surface Finish: White/Black/Grey powder coating Adjustable direction: Gimbal Main Material: Aluminium Diffuser: 3.0MM tempered center-frost glass Minimum Distance to Illuminated Object: 50cm

Type (code)

Colour rendering

Colour temperature (K) 2,7005,000 3,3003,800 2,0002,500 2,700 1,800 3,000 2,7006,500 3,000

Compact fluorescent lamps (FS) good High-pressure mercury lamps (QE) fair

High-pressure sodium lamps (S- poor to good ) Incandescent lamps (I) Low-pressure sodium lamps (LS) Low-voltage tungsten halogen lamps (HS) Tubular fluorescent lamps (FD) Tungsten halogen lamps (HS) good monochromatic yellow colour good fair to good good

Fig 3.2.2f : International Lamp Coding System (ILCOS)

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Fig 3.2.2g : General Lighting- Compact Fluorescent Lamps

Fig 3.2.2h : Aesthetic Lighting- Halogen Lamp 3.2.3 Materials

Type
Wall

Material
Concrete, Brick wall Glass Panels Wall

Colour
Painted

Texture
Smooth

Reflection factor
30-45%

Smooth, Reflecting, Transparent Light Brown, Various Color Slightly rough, smooth Smooth

90-95%

Floor

Tiles

15-30%

Ceiling

Plastered ceiling & Asbestos

White & Black

70-85%

Furniture

Plastic Chair TImber Chair & Table

Black Brown

Smooth Smooth

10-20% 60-80%

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Materials

Surface Area, S

Brick wall, painted Glass, large panels

65.89 29.2

Timber table Floor Tiles on Concrete Concrete ceiling

24 67 67

Plastic chair Human

12.25 20 (average)

Fig 3.2.3a : Table showing type of materials, reflection factor and surface area

Fig 3.2.3b : Interior Ceiling

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Fig 3.2.3c: Exterior Ceiling

Fig 3.2.3d : Wall

Fig 3.2.3e: Flooring Tiles

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Fig 3.2.3f : Timber furniture Materials used have various reflectance value thus creating different reflectance value. Ideal reflectance value will help permits sufficient daylight into the interior spaces by allowing diffused lighting thus reducing the need of artificial lighting. In fact, the ideal reflectance value for ceiling in the dessert shop would be in the range of 70-80%. Whereas, the ideal reflectance value for flooring and wall would be 20-25% and 50-70% respectively. It is so as darker color would help to absorb reflected light and lessen the generation of glare problem.

3.2.1 Photos

Fig 3.2.1a: Outside the shop

Fig 3.2.1b: Exterior Dining

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Fig 3.2.3c: Interior dining

Fig 3.2.3d: Towards Kitchen

3.3 Data 3.3.1 Readings

Morning- 10am

Afternoon- 2pm

Night- 8.30pm Fig 3.3.1a: Sky Condition During Data Collection

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Fig 3.3.1b: Morning Luminance level in different assigned spots Lux Meter Reading- Morning A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T: 750, E: 360 T: 600, E: 450 T: 430, E: 255 T: 380, E: 245 T: 330, E: 245 T: 290, E: 260 T: 220, E: 230 T: 196, E: 210 T: 225, E: 250 T: 210, E: 198 T: 215, E: 186 T: 450, E: 270 T: 265, E: 270 T: 225, E: 250 T: 210, E: 240 T: 240, E: 320 T: 210, E: 305 T= Table level, E= Eye level

Average indoor iluminance Level, Ei = 235.33, Outdoor illuminance= 3124

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Fig 3.3.1c: Afternoon Luminance level in different assigned spots Lux Meter Reading- Afternoon A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T: 998, E: 450 T: 578, E: 320 T: 465, E: 225 T: 400, E: 255 T: 315, E: 245 T: 300, E: 300 T: 232, E: 242 T: 205, E: 232 T: 200, E: 228 T: 223, E: 207 T: 220, E: 202 T: 500, E: 350 T: 280, E: 272 T: 233, E: 265 T: 223, E: 264 T: 228, E: 308 T: 286, E: 315 T= Table level, E= Eye level

Average indoor iluminance Level, Ei = 260.83 , Outdoor illuminance= 3345

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Fig 3.3.1d: Night Luminance level in different assigned spots Lux Meter Reading- Night A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
T: 30, E: 27 T: 35, E: 29 T: 66, E: 40 T: 85, E: 70 T: 83, E: 95 T: 151, E: 161 T: 120, E: 150 T: 128, E: 174 T: 178, E: 218 T: 186, E: 257 T: 170, E: 197 T: 166, E: 180 T: 156, E: 186 T: 155, E: 183 T: 224, E: 273 T: 230, E: 317 T: 205, E: 280 T= Table level, E= Eye level

Average indoor iluminance Level, Ei = 172.4, Outdoor illuminance= 25

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Fig 3.3.1e: Lighting Contour Diagram-Morning

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Fig 3.3.1f: Lighting Contour Diagram- Afternoon

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Fig 3.3.1g: Lighting Contour Diagram- Night

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3.3.2 Daylight Factor The daylight factor is defined as : x 100(%)

DF =

Morning DF

= = 7.53 %

x 100(%)

Afternoon DF

= = 7.80 %

x 100(%)

Where, Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors working plane Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky Zone Very bright Bright Average Dark Daylight Factor (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1 Distribution Thermal + Glare problem Good Fair Poor

Fig 3.3.1e: Daylight Factor and its illuminance distribution Based on the studies of daylight factor, it is shown that morning daylight factor is approximately 7.53% while afternoon daylight factor show the value of 7.8%. As a matter fact, based on the table given above, average daylight factor 3-6% generally give the impression of generous daylighting (except on a dull day or evening), while an average <2% would be judged gloomy considerable darker environment. It is obviously shown that the interior spaces are facing glare problems due to extensive daylight penetration into the indoor spaces which eventually affect the reflectance value of the materials used in the dessert shop.
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3.3.2 Materials and texture Floor

Fig 3.3.2a: textured grey ceramic tiles on interior

Fig 3.3.2b: tiles on exterior dining and five foot way in front Wall

Fig 3.3.2c: Painted walls with posters

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Ceiling

Furniture

Fig 3.3.2d: Ceiling

Fig 3.3.2e: Furnitures

4.0 Analysis 4.1 Exterior Glare

Fig 4.1a: Plan

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As most of the fa ades facing exteriors are full height glass, it provides huge exposure to the outside view. The advantage of using glass was able to capture view outside, but the disadvantage of it would be bringing in too much light.

Fig 4.1b: Exterior Glare Especially during afternoon time, the front part of the shop was white out with daylight. There are a row of 45parking lot in front of the shop, which also causes windscreen glare into the interior.

Fig 4.1c: Diagrammatic windscreen glare section

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4.2 Direct Artificial Lighting Glare

Fig 4.2a: Interior Lighting Different lamp designs are used in the shop. Inside the shop, there are two types of lamp designs, a cylindrical down light and spot light. Both lamp design do not have proper diffuse casing for the bulb, therefore create direct lighting which cause strong reflections and glare. On the other hand, the pendant lamps at the exterior dining area have a globe shade with a wire mesh metallic casing on the outside which provide a better diffuser than the interior ones.

Fig 4.2b: Exterior Lighting The exterior pendant lamp is a better lamp design than interior in terms of direct lighting glare. Especially there are television in the shop hanging below the ceiling requires people to look up. At the critical angle, most of the positions much further from the television tends to have expose to the direct down light glare.

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Fig 4.2c: Section with seats position towards tv

Fig 4.2d: Artificial Lighting glare

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4.3 Inefficient Energy

Fig 4.3a: Current Lighting Circuit Layout The shop was not energy efficient in terms of artificial lighting usage during the day. There are only 3 lighting circuit controlled by 3 different switches, 1 for exterior and 2 for interior. But they are not zoned to optimize the usage during day time causing excessive lighting level at some area and waste of energy.
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Fig 4.3b: Current Lighting Layout The current installation type for interior is general which spread in a linear layout without following the circulation route or furniture arrangement. But the grouping of lighting suggests otherwise, more spotlights are found above reception and the feature poster or painting art, which show a trace of localized installation type.

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By comparing the exterior lighting layout with interior, exterior showed to be more general than the interior layout. There is only a line of hanging light with lamp shades. The exterior dining use the same lighting for both circulation and task.

4.4 Reflectance Glare Different materials has different light reflectance value, the shinier the surface, the higher reflectance value. At the same time, different colour has different light reflectance value as well, depending on its colour warmth, hue and brightness.

Fig 4.4a: Reflecting furniture and painting. The surfaces of the laminated tables are smooth, hard and shiny which create reflectance glare from the lighting above. The glare is will caused discomfort for the patrons especially when they are savouring the food.

Fig 4.4b: Colour triangle

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The wall colours are yellow with light green. Yellow being the brightest primary colour has a rather high reflectance value and is also one of the primary colours that makes green. On the other hand, most of the exterior wall has full height glass fa ade with full exposure to the outside. There are also a few big paintings hung on the wall around the walls. Those were printed poster panels on matt finish with minimal reflectance.

5.0 Conclusion & Recommendation 5.1 The use of Electro Chromic Glazings Due to its concept and function, the Hong Kong Dessert Shop are using glass panels wall for the front and side facade design in order to permit higher level of visual connectivity to the passerby. However, by using glass panels it allow higher daylight penetration which eventually create the problem of glare. As a matter of fact, in order to solve the problem of glare while using glass panels for the facade, electro chromic glazing should be utilised. The Smart glass is electrically switchable glass or glazing which changes light transmission properties when electricity (or UV light in some cases) is applied, as well as making the glass change its appearance from transparent to opaque/dark. They effectively reduce the light transmission by up to 80%, making them an effective way to reduce the temperature of a room, it also reduces the transmission of UV rays by up to 95%, something regular windows almost dont do at all. Furthermore, their ability to turn opaque/dark removes the need for blinds of any kind.

Fig 5.1a: Ability to switch the visible transmittance from 60%-4%

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In order to achieve visibility and daylight penetration without creating glare problem, smart glass can be used as it can solved the problem of glare in the interior spaces. When the glazings were in the minimize glare mode the interior spaces would permit lesser daylight thus reducing the problem of glare which is as shown above.

Fig 5.1b: Electrochromic glazings

Electrochromic glazing will be able to change their color and light transmission properties when an electric charge is applied. The property changing effects dont require a constant supply of electricity, and when the electricity is let out (by a switch) the effect is reversed and the glass returns back to normal. Thus, it can be monitored and change based on different preference and period of time.

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5.2 Lighting Layout Artificial lighting layout could be modified to suit the operating time of the shop and also prevent excessive light during day time. The arrangement of lighting should be evenly spread out to achieve optimum energy efficiency and lighting level. Referring to the recommended lighting level, restaurant and cafeterias would require around 200 lumens. Energy saving compact fluorescent bulb was chosen due to its low operating cost and energy efficiency.

Table 5.2a: Standard Maintenance factor (http://www.erco.com/guide_v2/guide_2/simulation_95/lamp_lumen _2716/images/eur_erco_lamp_lumen_intro_1_1_.jpg)

ROOM INDEX L= W= H= RI = 11.7 6.5 2.2 L W H (L+W) RI = m m m RI = 11.7 2.2 6.5 ( 11.7 + 6.5 )

76.05 40.04

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RI =

1.899

Ideal Reflectance factor for restaurant: Ceiling = 50% Wall = 30% Floor = 10%

Table 5.2b: Utilization Factor extract from Room Index (http://www.lightsbylinea.co.za/media/technical/Utilisationfactor_table.jpg) Lamp selected: Compact fluorescent lamp, 7 watt, 290lm/watt (http://www.linanwindow.com/light/)

LUMEN METHOD N= E= A= F= MF = UF = nos of lights 200 lox 67 m 2030 0.83 0.43 N= 200 2030 13400 724.51 18.495 = 18 67 0.83 0.43

N=

N=

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Fig 5.2c: Plan Suitable installation type that responds to the needs of space could also benefit the different zoning of the dining area. A proper localized installation type is proposed which would focus the lighting base on activity area instead of artwork on the wall. The exterior dining area does not have any lighting problem during day time, but they could use more lighting during night time. Local installation type could enhance the lighting level during the night without redesigning the existing light. Local gave the same priority for both circulation and activity, therefore two different systems. The existing lighting could maintain for circulation and instead of wiring lamps, candles could be placed on each table to provide additional light.

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5.3 PSALI Method PSALI method was applied to come out with a better circuit layout to suit different time of the day.

Fig 5.3d: Contour for Morning, Noon and Night During day time, the exterior lighting shouldnt be turn on at all. The only darkest corner at zone A should be the only one lighting circuit that was on if necessary. As evening comes, zone B could be turn on when required. The only time when all lightings are use is during night time.

5.4 Lighting Design Lamp design should be properly designed to avoid direct exposure to human eye. Direct viewing towards the source of bulb causes glare and discomfort the eyes. There are several ways to avoid the problems by adding components like reflectors, which main intention was to reflect and spread the light in a controlled
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angle but it provides a kind of shield at an angle which was prone to eye contact.

Fig 5.4a: Different designs of lamp (Pritchard, 1999) Other components like lamp shade, cover or frosted surface casing that could diffuse the concentration of light source. It is suppose to encase the bulb to prevent direct visual exposure for the eyes.

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Fig 5.4b: Different lamp shades and its exposure http://www.furnitureinfashion.net/images/ivory-ceiling-light-shadelmh020.jpg http://www.comparestoreprices.co.uk/images/eg/eglo-lighting-aeromodern-ceiling-light-with-a-curved-white-glass-shade.jpg

Fig 5.4c: Application of both lamp designs for each zone

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5.5 New Materials Selection In order to achieve the appropriate lighting levels and effects necessary for custom dessert shop lighting, it is essential to select materials with the ideals reflection factor to avoid glare problem and to provide a soothing environment for the patrons. Color and texture of ceiling, wall, flooring and furniture selection should be revolving around the ideal environment for the patro and it should act as anchors around which the lighting design system is developed. Ideal Reflectance factor for restaurant: Ceiling = 50% Wall = 30% Floor = 10%

REFLECTION FACTORS OF SURFACES COLOURS AND MATERIALS

Colors Black Dark blue D a r k b r o wn Dark red D a r k g r e en P a l e b r o wn Light red Light blue Pink Light green Beige, light ye l l o w

R e f l e ct i o n f a c t or % 3-7 5-15 10-20 10-20 10-20 30-40 30-50 40-55 45-55 45-65 50-75

Ma t e r i a l D a r k wo o d D a r k b r i ck s Granite Pale bricks C l e a r wo o d O p aq u e a l um i n u m Burnished steel W hit e m a r b l e Polished aluminum Aluminum M i r r o r , s i l ve r - p l a t e d glass

R e f l e ct i o n f a c t or % 10-25 15-25 15-25 30-50 30-50 55-60 55-65 60-70 80-85 80-90

Fig 5.5a: Table of Reflection Factors

The colour scheme chose need to meet the needs of partially sighted people and its vital that colours not only complement each other but also provide a good level of contrast. Above highlighted colors and materials can be utilised as alternative to replace the existing condition in order to reduce the glare problem with enough daylight penetration.

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Fig 5.5b: Simulation of different colors for the wall

Fig 5.5c: Simulation of different colors for the flooring

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5.6 Automated Shading Devices with Daylight Control During certain period of time, the dessert shop may have various preference of daylighting penetration to the interior, thus, mechanical shading systems such as blinds or shades can be motorized and controlled by occupant action or by sensors and building controls.

Fig 2.3a: Section showing how the louvers work During periods that could produce unwanted outside thermal gain and glare problem, the louvres can be positioned at a steeper angle reduce the daylight penetration into the dessert shop. The advantage of this shading device is the optimal usage of passive sun energy.

Fig 2.3a: Illustrations showing the automated blinds system Smart controls on the automated blind systems keep direct sun out of the space, reducing glare and cooling loads.

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REFERENCE Coaton, J.R & Marsden, A.M. (1997). Lamps and Lighting (4th edition). Arnold : London. Pritchard, D.C. (1999). Lighting (6th edition). Addison Wesley Longman : England. Verges, M. (2007). Light in Architecture. Page One : Singapore. Steffy, G.R. (2008). Architectural Lighting Design(2nd edition). John Wiley : New York. Wilhide, E. (2004). Lighting : Creative Planning for Successful Lighting Solutions. Ryland Peters & Small : London & New York.

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ACOUSTIC

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1.0 Introduction 2.0 Literature Review 2.1. Sound Behavioural 2.1.1 Sound Reflection 2.1.2 Sound Absorption 2.1.3 Sound Diffusion 2.1.4 Sound Diffraction 2.2. Room Acoustic 2.2.1 Sound Pressure Level, SPL 2.2.2 Total Sound Absorption of a room, A 2.2.3 Reverberation Time, RT 2.2.4 Noise 3.0 Case Study 3.1. Methodology 3.2. Site 3.2.1 Concept and Function 3.2.2 Drawing 3.2.3 Photos 3.3 Data Collection 3.3.1 Readings 3.3.2 Materials

4.0 Analysis and Calculation 4.1 Interior 4.1.1 Total Noise Level 4.1.2 Total Absorption of a Room 4.1.3 Reverberation Time 4.1.4 Transmission Loss 4.1.5 Total Sound Level after Transmission Loss 4.2 Exterior (outdoor seating area) 4.2.1 Noise 4.2.2 Total Absorption 4.2.3 Reverberation 4.2.4 Transmission Loss 4.2.5 Total Sound Level after Transmission Loss 5.0 Issue and recommendation 5.1 Interior 5.2 exterior (outdoor seating area)

6.0 conclusions 7.0 References

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1.0 Introduction
In our daily lifetime, acoustic environment has become an imperative factor in order to provide comfortable spaces we occupy often, including both residential and commercial spaces. As such, acoustical environment prompts to numerous design solutions. Some of the reasons are:1. The perceived complexity of architectural acoustics 2. Many architecture programs are facing shortage of coverage of the topic area. 3. The peoples amazing ability to overlook less than desirable acoustical situations 4. Most building codes do not require good acoustic. 5. Green building rating systems does not define it as a key element.

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2.0 Literature Review Acoustic Content

In architecture or in interior design acoustics are concerns with the control of sound in spaces. It is to preserve and enhanced desired sound and reduce or eliminate the unwanted or disturbing sound that interfere with the activities. Acoustic can also be described into few points: - The branch of physics that deals with the production, control, transmission, Reception, and effects of sound - The total of sound especially as produced in an enclosed space - The scientific study of sound, especially of its generation, transmission and Reception. Sound can be transmitted into three different ways which is reflection, reverberation and even dispersion. Reflection Reflection is responsible for many interesting phenomena. Echoes are the sound of your own voice reflecting back to your ears. The sound you hear ringing in an auditorium after the band has stopped playing is caused by refection off the walls and other objects. In nonrectangular halls, the sound one hears consists of directly radiated sound and reflected sound.

Ceilings and sidewalls can be shaped or they can be fit with objects that create early reflections landing in the seating area. Balcony facings and balcony ceilings can provide substantial early reflections. Pillars (especially
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big, hollow fake ones) can be placed in special locations along the sidewalls to cause early reflections. They are also good for catching upper rear wall reflections and side scattering them. Softly rounded soffits placed high on the sidewalls provide a second set of early reflections, the open space above the soffits can be used for up lighting.

Reverberation A reverberation often occurs in a small room with height, width and length dimensions of approximately 17maters or less.

Defined as the time taken for a sound to decay by 60dB from its original level. It is measured in the unit, Seconds, s, using the formula:-

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Sound absorption As energy will not disappear, sound absorption is the change of sound energy to other form, usually heat when it passing through a material or strike a surface. Sound absorption reduces the reflectance of sound when it reaches a surface, and it can be used as sound insulation. This is the main factor needed to be concern for controlling a room acoustics, especially to control reverberation. Every material has their own absorption level, which is known as the absorption co-efficient. The value of this absorption are expressed as a ratio:( )

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Illustration: The absorption affects the level of transmission of sound through a medium

Floor Materials concrete or tile linoleum/vinyl tile on concrete wood on joists parquet on concrete carpet on concrete carpet on foam Seating Materials fully occupied - fabric upholstered occupied wooden pews empty - fabric upholstered empty metal/wood seats Wall Materials Brick: unglazed Brick: unglazed & painted Concrete block - coarse Concrete block - painted Curtain: 10 oz/sq yd fabric molleton Curtain: 14 oz/sq yd fabric molleton Curtain: 18 oz/sq yd fabric molleton Fiberglass: 2'' 703 no airspace Fiberglass: spray 5'' Fiberglass: spray 1'' Fiberglass: 2'' rolls Foam: Sonex 2'' Foam: SDG 3'' Foam: SDG 4'' Foam: polyur. 1'' Foam: polyur. 1/2'' Glass: 1/4'' plate large Glass: window Plaster: smooth on tile/brick Plaster: rough on lath Marble/Tile

125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.15 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.02 0.06 0.14 0.37 0.60 0.65 0.08 0.24 0.57 0.69 0.71 0.73 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz 0.60 0.74 0.88 0.96 0.93 0.85 0.57 0.61 0.75 0.86 0.91 0.86 0.49 0.66 0.80 0.88 0.82 0.70 0.15 0.19 0.22 0.39 0.38 0.30 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.36 0.44 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.35 0.07 0.31 0.49 0.75 0.70 0.60 0.14 0.35 0.55 0.72 0.70 0.65 0.22 0.82 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.05 0.15 0.45 0.70 0.80 0.80 0.16 0.45 0.70 0.90 0.90 0.85 0.17 0.55 0.80 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.06 0.25 0.56 0.81 0.90 0.91 0.24 0.58 0.67 0.91 0.96 0.99 0.33 0.90 0.84 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.13 0.22 0.68 1.00 0.92 0.97 0.09 0.11 0.22 0.60 0.88 0.94 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.35 0.25 0.18 0.12 0.07 0.04 0.013 0.015 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 60

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Sheetrock 1/2" 16" on center Wood: 3/8'' plywood panel Ceiling Materials Acoustic Tiles Acoustic Ceiling Tiles Fiberglass: 2'' 703 no airspace Fiberglass: spray 5" Fiberglass: spray 1" Fiberglass: 2'' rolls wood Foam: Sonex 2'' Foam: SDG 3'' Foam: SDG 4'' Foam: polyur. 1'' Foam: polyur. 1/2'' Plaster: smooth on tile/brick Plaster: rough on lath Sheetrock 1/2'' 16" on center Wood: 3/8" plywood panel Miscellaneous Material Water People (adults)

0.29 0.28

0.10 0.22

0.05 0.17

0.04 0.09

0.07 0.10

0.09 0.11

125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz 0.05 0.22 0.52 0.56 0.45 0.32 0.70 0.66 0.72 0.92 0.88 0.75 0.22 0.82 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.05 0.15 0.45 0.70 0.80 0.80 0.16 0.45 0.70 0.90 0.90 0.85 0.17 0.55 0.80 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.15 0.11 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.25 0.56 0.81 0.90 0.91 0.24 0.58 0.67 0.91 0.96 0.99 0.33 0.90 0.84 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.13 0.22 0.68 1.00 0.92 0.97 0.09 0.11 0.22 0.60 0.88 0.94 0.013 0.015 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.29 0.10 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.09 0.10 0.11 125 Hz 250 Hz 500 Hz 1000 Hz 2000 Hz 4000 Hz 0.008 0.008 0.013 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.25 0.35 0.42 0.46 0.5 0.5

Table of Absorption Co-efficient from http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculat

Even dispersion Sound is more pleasing if it is evenly dispersed, with no prominent echoes, no significant dead spots or live spots in the auditorium. This even dispersion is usually achieved by avoiding any focusing surfaces and avoiding large flat area which reflect sound into the listing area. Sometimes it is desirable to add some anti-focusing surfaces.

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Room Acoustic The quality of sound will based on how well the sound can be controlled, by either enhance wanted or eliminate unwanted sound to achieve certain level of satisfactory, depending on the usage of the enclosed space. Factors such as room layout, placing of furniture, room context, noise source, sound insulation, types of materials installed, etc., are all affecting the acoustic of a room.

Sound Pressure Level, SPL It is the logarithmic measure of the effective sound pressure of a sound, relative to a reference value. It is measured in unit, decibels, dB, using the formula:( )

Where, (
( )

) ( )

Total Sound Absorption of a room, A The sum of the absorptions provide by each surface in the room. It is measured in the unit, msabins using the formula:( ( ) )

Where, Effective Absorption of Surface = Area of Surface, S x Absorption Co-efficient of surface,

7 tips of architectural Acoustic

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Watch out for sound reflections. Straight surfaces reflect sounds back into the central space making sound clarity muddy. Select acoustical treatment carefully. Different materials absorb sound frequencies differently. Make sure your acoustical treatment are absorbing the right sound frequencies Diminish echoes when necessary. Be aware that sound travelling within 30 milliseconds of each other are perceives with echo. A sound travelling after the 30 milliseconds threshold becomes echoes of the original sound. Dont let other building systems get in the way. Noise control is important to keep in check as other building systems (like HVAC system) operate. Keep such clashing noises to a minimum. Keep objects or other obstruction out of the way. Objects that obstruct the sound path can block high frequency sounds. (Low frequency sounds can bend around the objects) Get good pattern control. Make sure sound systems for a room get good sound coverage. This will prevent feed back and other sound distortions. For out of the way listening areas get distributed sound systems. Such delayfill speakers operate with an electronic delay so the sound matches and is synchronized. The acoustic performance can be improved by using mechanical or the building components itself such as wall, ceiling, floor, furniture etc. below are some example of building components that could improve the acoustic performance of a building.

Curtain wall A curtain wall is define as thin, usually aluminium-frame wall containing in-fills of glass, metal panels or thin stone. The framing is attached to the building structure and does not carry the floor or roof loads of the building. The acoustic performance of curtain wall is primarily a function of the glazing mass and composition, and the quality of the internal seals to stop air leakage. Sound insulation of curtain walls can be improved by installing attenuating infill and making constructions as airtight as possible. The parameters to control the acoustics performance of a glazed wall are: - glass thickness-air infiltration-type of glass(annealed, laminated, etc) - type of spacer-insulating glass fins-air space between glass lites - type of glass fill-edge effects-glass size

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Acoustic Panels Acoustic panels can be used in a variety of areas - stadiums - galleries - restaurant - cafes - lecture theatres - schools - kindergartens - cinemas Acoustic panels, super sound panels, super sound panel LF, super sound panel IS are acoustical design specialise in acoustic panelling products which allow users to reduce echoing or reverberation in their home, office or entertainment venue. Features and benefits of acoustic panels - Panel have 2400mm by 1200mm standardised sizing - Panels can also be customized to requirements - Range of finishes include fabrics, powercoat and timber - can be custom suited in size to suit buyers needs - increased acoustic performance - improved acoustic absorption
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- can be applied to walls, ceiling and a range of other surfaces - have an NRC rating of up to 1.0 - High performance over a range of sound spectrums including low frequency

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Furniture Furniture can make a huge difference to the acoustic performance of a room. The usual rules apply of hard furnishing reflecting sound and soft furnishings absorbing sound apply. However, furniture containing acoustic foam will have a far higher acoustic property than furniture without, meaning that acoustic furniture can solve acoustic problems in area where traditional acoustic treatments are not possible.

The restaurant by Koichi Takada Architects is a sample of a good acoustic performance in a building or area. The aim is to change the way we eat and chat in restaurants. The acoustic quality of restaurants contributes to the comfort and enjoyment of a dining experience. They have experimented with noise levels in relation to the comfort of dining and the ambience a cave like environment can create. The timber profiles generate a sound studio atmosphere, and a pleasant noise of dining conversation, offering a more intimate experience as well as a visually interesting and complex surrounding. The series of acoustic curvatures were tested and developed with computer modelling and each timber grain profile has been translated and cut from computer-generated 3-D data, using Computer Numerical Control (CNC) technology. Architects: Koichi Takada Architects Location: Maroubra, Sydney, Australia Project Team: Koichi Takada, Robert Chen Construction: Bonar Interiors Project Year: 2009 Photographs: Sharrin Rees & KTA (under construction)

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3.0 Case Study 3.1 Methodology (Method of taking measurement)

Figure 1: IdB device The Sound meter is a hand-held device to measure the sound power level in any given area is measured in the unit of dB. The lux meter has two parts; the body and the light sensor. The light sensor is covered with a white integrating sphere which diffused light that enters through its minute hole. The light sensor is held at waist height in each of its reading. Range : 30 dB 120 dB Range Display Resolution : 1 dB Linearity :+/- 1.5 dB Weight : 150 grams

3.2.4 Noise Source

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Illustration: Shop Lot, Road and Asia Caf

One of the unwanted noises is from the road in front of the shop. Due to the traffic congestion at that area, it enhances the noise level from the road. There are also three air conditioning outdoor units located at the side lane, which mounted on the external wall. The air conditioning outdoor units also produce unwanted noise, which affect the outdoor dining area of the site. Asia Caf is operating at 24/7, attracted many people to that area. It is located just opposite the Hong Kong Dessert Shop, and created the unwanted noises.

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Illustration: Shop Layout Plan and Unwanted Noises There are three unit of air conditioner, located evenly on the layout to cover the whole area. As a result the air conditioners also produce the unwanted to the area.

3.2.5 Speaker
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Wall mounted speaker, LBG-5088, CCC approve. There are 6 Ling Ba brand speakers installed at this shop. The type of model is LBG-5088. These models are provided with flexible matching. This enables changing over from 100 Volt adaptations to low voltage operation.

Model Rated power Line voltage Sensitivity FREQ. RESP Dimension Material

LBG-5088 60W 100V 88db 90-20KHZ 417*289*255mm HIPS

Figure: All speakers installed at the ceiling level in the room

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Illustration: Location of speaker

3.3 Data
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3.3.1 Readings

11.00am sound off no operation low traffic

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11.30am sound on - no operation low traffic

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3.00pm medium operation - heavy traffic

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4.0 Analysis and calculation

Sound Transmission The sound transmission that happened between the interior and exterior is directly through the opening entrance and glass panel which both Air borne sound transmission and structure borne sound transmission were created.

Illustration : sound transmission diagram

Sound Absorption Sound absorption in the interior is relatively poor due to the material that is applied on the wall, ceiling and floor finishes. Sound Reflection The sound reflection is high due to the material surface and finishes of the interior are all high reflectivity smooth solid elements. Secondly is because of the furniture are all solid materiel such as timbers and plastics. Noise The noise source are mainly from the sound of people walking along the five foot way and sound of vehicles from the main road. Most of the noise can be categorize to be air borne due to the wide opening at the entrance. 76

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Illustration : Noise Contour Diagram The highest noise level is the entrance area with highest reading of 82 decibel and this is the place nearest to the noise sources. The second highest noise is the exterior sitting area with the highest reading of 78 decibel due to the air conditioner compressor attached on the wall next to the sitting area.

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4.1 Interior 4.1.1 Noise Basically, the HongKong Desrt Shop is located at the corner lots where right opposite the asiacafe which is the most happening food court in SS15. Most of the noise sources are created from there as well as the main road between the asiacafe and HongKong Desert Shop. The noise sources are divided into, 1. Activities Peoples activities along the five foot way and the asiacafe generate noise. 2. Traffic The crowded traffic in front of the shop due to the asiacafe is one of noise sources. 3. Mechanical Plants Noise source from mechanical plants basically created by the air conditioner and speakers.

4.1.1 Total Noise level

( )

Where, (
( )

) ( )

Five Foot way Sound Power,

Air Conditioner Sound Power, Iac

Table top sound power, In

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Total Noise Sound Power, I I=

+ )+( )+( )

=( = 4.4389 x
Total Noise Level

= 86.4727 db
4.1.2 Total Absorption of a Room

Glass, large panels Sound absorption co-efficient 0.04 at 500Hz

Concrete ceiling, rough finish Sound absorption co-efficient 0.04 at 500Hz

Brick wall, painted Sound absorption co-efficient 0.02 at 500Hz

Timber table Sound absorption co-efficient 0.08 at 500Hz

Plastic chair Sound absorption co-efficient 0.12 at 500Hz

Floor tiles on concrete Sound absorption co-efficient 0.15 at 500Hz

Illustration: interior Section and materials absorption co-efficient

85 db

81 db

78 db

Illustration : Section of interior and five foot way show the noise transmission.

The reading for the five foot way is an average of 85+ decibel during the peak hour where more people walking around and noise of traffic as well as the noise from mechanical plants. The reading at the entrance is around average 81db and getting lower inside. There is minor loss of sound wave transmission due to the sound wave travel through large glass panel which is been absorbed, reflected and loss of energy through time.

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(
Materials

)
Absorption Coefficient, Surface Area, S Effective Absorption, S 65.89 29.2 24 67 67 12.25 20 (average) 1.317 1.168 1.92 10.05 2.68 1.47 8.4

Brick wall, painted Glass, large panels Timber table Floor Tiles on Concrete Concrete ceiling Plastic chair Human

0.02 0.04 0.08 0.15 0.04 0.12 0.42 (per person)

Total absorption, A = 1.977+1.168+1.92+10.05+2.68+1.47+8.4 = 33.665

4.1.3 Reverberation Time

= 0.96s

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4.1.4 Transmission Loss Transmission loss is to calculate how much sound level is reduces when it passes through the glass panel from exterior to interior. ( Where, ( ( ) ( )) )

Interior Total glass panel surface area facing outside, with glass panel height, 2.5m = 29.2m (Glass panel SRI = 26db)

Total wall surface area facing exterior, with wall height, 2.5m = 10m (Brickwall SRI = 42db)

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4.1.5 Total Sound Level after transmission Loss Calculate the sound level of noise that transmit through structure bond from outside to the interior using the highest reading obtained from the exterior = 85db Sound level after transmission loss, 85db 41.825db = 43.1748db According to the reading obtained, the sound level for interior is 81db, which is much higher than 43.1748db that is calculated due to the big opening of the entrance which enable the sound transmit through directly as shown as diagram below.

Illustration : opening entrance allow noise to transmit into interior directly

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4.2 Exterior (outdoor seating area) The noise source for outdoor seating area basically comes from the compressor which attached to the wall of the next door building and the people walking beside the seating area.

Illustration : Section showing the noise source comes from air conditioner compressor and people walking

Illustration : photo shows the air conditioner compressor attached on next door building and people walking.

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4.2.1 Noise Air con compressor sound power, Ie

Human Conversation Sound Power, Ih

Total Noise Sound Power, I ( ) ( )

Total Noise Level

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4.2.2 Total Absorption

Glass, large panels Sound absorption co-efficient 0.04 at 500Hz

Plasterboard ceiling Sound absorption co-efficient 0.04 at 500Hz

Illustration :section shows the material absorption co-efficient Timber table & chair Sound absorption co-efficient 0.08 at 500Hz Floor tiles on concrete Sound absorption co-efficient 0.15 at 500Hz

Materials

Absorption Coefficient,

Surface Area, S

Effective Absorption, S

Glass, large panels Timber table & chair Floor Tiles on Concrete Plasterboard ceiling Human

0.04 0.08 0.15 0.04 0.42 (per person)

24.25 12 33 29 20 (average)

0.97 0.96 4.95 1.16 8.4

Total Absorption, A = 0.97 + 0.96 + 4.95 + 1.16 + 8.4 = 16.44

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4.4 Element Affecting Space Acoustic Wall The interior wall is built with material of brick wall with painting finishes and full height glass panel between interior and exterior. Sounds from exterior are transmit into interior easily Ceiling The interior ceilings are made of concrete with rough finishing. The concrete are high sound reflective but low sound absorption co-efficient. The outdoor seating area ceilings are made of plasterboard. The plasterboard ceilings are high reflective but medium sound absorption coefficient. Floor The interior floor finishes are tiles. Tiles have high sound reflective and medium sound absorption. The floor finishes has cover 1/6 of the entire volume surfaces of the space and has been one of the surface where most reflective sound wave happens. Opening entrance The entrance without doors are the major issue of noise transmitted from outside into interior. Furniture The furniture inside the desert shop is timber and plastic which have medium sound reflective and medium sound absorption.

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5.0 Issue and recommendation 5.1 Interior According to the data collected during case study, the highest sound level inside the desert shop was 83db. As the recommended noise criteria limit for restaurant type was 40 45 and obviously the desert shop had exceeded its limit by twice the amount it supposed to be. The major issue is the opening entrance which allow the noise transmit directly from outside into inside. The simple recommendation to solve the problem is propose a glass door for the opening in order to filter the noise from outside as well as provide sunlight to interior.

stration :proposed 2 new glass doors for the entrance

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Estimated Transmission Loss with 2 new glass doors installed Transmission loss is to calculate how much sound level is reduces when it passes through the glass panel from exterior to interior. ( Where, ( ( ) ( )) )

Interior Total glass panel surface area facing outside, with glass panel height, 2.5m = 29.2m Total glass door surface area with height, 2.1m = 7.2m (Glass panel SRI = 26db)

Total wall surface area facing exterior, with wall height, 2.5m = 10m (Brickwall SRI = 42db)

Estimated Total Sound Level after transmission Loss Calculate the sound level of noise that transmit through structure bond from outside to the interior using the highest reading obtained from the exterior = 85db Sound level after transmission loss, 85db = 42.4425db The estimated sound inside the desert shop with 2 new glass doors is around 42db which is under the noise criteria limit of 40 45.

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5.2 Exterior (outdoor seating area) The main noise sources for the outdoor seating area are from the air conditioner compressor and the people walking along the alley. To solve the problem, a partition wall is recommended in order to segregate the seating area from outside.

stration :section shows the planter box between outdoor seating area and alley.

stration :plan shows the planter box between outdoor seating area and alley.

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stration :rendered perspective shows the planter box between outdoor seating area and alley.

6.0 Conclusion The majority material usage in the HongKong desert shop is all high sound reflective value structure. It is very effective in reflecting the noise from the outside only if there is less air-bond transmission is allowed. Thus, reduce the air-bond transmission with simple solution by install the glass door on both opening entrance. As for the outside seating area, the noise from the mechanical and human activities can be filter by the planter box.

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6.0

References
th

John Wiley & Sons (1992). Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings 9 Edition. th Anonymous (n.d.). Retrieved 18 May 2011 from http://electronics.wups.lviv.ua/KREM_literatura/hyperphysics/hbase/sound/reflec.html th Custom Audio Designs (2008). Retrieved 20 May 2011 from http://www.domesticsoundproofing.co.uk/soundproofing/soundbarriermat.htm th Think Quest (n.d.). Retrieved 18 May 2011 from http://library.thinkquest.org/19537/Physics6.html th Sound Smart (n.d.). Retrieved 20 May 2011 from http://www.soundsmart.ca/soundabsorptiorn.aspx Coaton, J.R & Marsden, A.M. (1997). Lamps and Lighting (4 edition). Arnold : London. th Pritchard, D.C. (1999). Lighting (6 edition). Addison Wesley Longman : England. Robert S, Guariento N, 2009, Building integrated photovoltaics: a handbook, springer, Switzerland Lehman M L, 2005, Design tips for best architectural acoustics, retrieved from http://sensingarchitecture.com/649/7-design-tips-for-best-architectural-acoustics/ at 30 september 2011 The Physics Classroom, nd, Behavior of Sound Waves, retrieved from http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/u11l3d.cfm at 29 september 2011 3D news, 2009, Acoustic sofa furniture design, retrieved from http://3dnews.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/acoustic-sofa-furniture-design/ at 30 september 2011 Kick style, 2009, Stylish acoustic panels for sound optimization in the office, retrieved from http://kickstyle.me/2009/01/stylish-acoustic-panels-office-sound-optimization/ at 30 september 2011 Treffinger S, 2009, prepared for take off, retrieved from http://www.interiordesign.net/article/486150-Prepared_for_Takeoff.php at 30 september 2011 Vigener N, 2010, building envelop design guide-curtain wall, retrieved from http://wbdg.org/design/env_fenestration_cw.php at 30 september 2011 Acoustical design, nd, Acoustic Panels from Acoustical Design, retrieved from http://www.infolink.com.au/c/Acoustical-Design/Acoustic-Panels-From-Acoustical-Designp14182 at 30 september 2011 Saieh N, 2010, Cave Restaurant / Koichi Takada Architects, retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/56011/cave-restaurant-koichi-takada-architects/ at 30 september 2011 Wall mounted speaker. Retrieved 1 Oct 2011 from http://www.topfreebiz.com/product/5000115/Wall-Mounted-Speaker-LBG-5088-CCCApprove.htm
st th

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