SCIENCE

(LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT) ●Food Chain vs Food Web

POINTERS Food Chain:
BIODIVERSITY a linear sequence of organisms through which nutrients and
-refers to the variety and abundance of energy pass as one organism eats another. Typically, a food
Life-forms chain starts with a primary producer and ends with a top
● Genetic Diversity predator.
genetic composition Food Web:
● Ecosystem Diversity It consists of multiple food chains that are interconnected
Where organisms live and the within an ecosystem.
interconnections between them
1st Trophic level:
● Species Diversity
Organisms: These are usually green plants, algae,
different kinds of organisms
and some types of bacteria
Low Biodiversity- Healthy
Classification: Autotrophs(producer)
High Biodiversity- UnHealthy
Role: Primary producers
SPECIES RICHNESS
-number of species 2nd Trophic level:
SPECIES DOMINANCE Organisms: animals that feed on primary
-The name of dominant species producers
SPECIES EVENNESS Classification: Herbivores/Omnivores
-How many individual organisms Role: Primary consumers
ECOSYSTEM 3rd Trophic level
●Linnaean System of Classification Organisms: These are predators that feed on
(Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century) primary consumers.
-system used by biologists to categorize and Classification: Omnivores
organize all living organisms based on their shared Role: Secondary consumers

characteristics and evolutionary relationships. 4th Trophic level:

1. Domain Organisms: These are predators that feed on
At the highest level of classification secondary consumers.
2. Kingdom Classification: Carnivores
3. Phylum Role: Tertiary consumers
4. Class 5th Trophic level
5. Order Organisms: These are predators that feed on
6. Family Tertiary consumers.
7. Genus Classification: Carnivores
8. Species Role: Apex Predator
CYCLES ●Water Cycle
●Carbon Cycle ● hydrological cycle, describes the continuous
● movement of carbon through the Earth's atmosphere, movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and
biosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere oceans.
● Photosynthesis: CO2 gets absorbed from the ● Evaporation: water to evaporate and enter the
atmosphere during photosynthesis. atmosphere in the form of water vapor.

● Consumption: Animals consume other organisms, ● Condensation: Water vapor in the atmosphere cools
transfer carbon compounds through the food chain. and condenses forming clouds.

● Respiration: release CO2 into the atmosphere, where ● Precipitation: When cloud droplets fall to the
glucose is oxidized to release energy. Earth's surface as precipitation in the form of rain,

● Decomposition: Dead decompose. carbon compounds snow, sleet, or hail.

are broken down, releasing CO2 or methane. ● Surface Runoff: water flows over the land surface
● Fossilization: organic matter turns into forming fossil into bodies of water..

fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Burning them, ● Groundwater Discharge: Groundwater may
releases CO2 into the atmosphere. discharge into surface water bodies

● Exchange with Oceans: CO2 dissolves in ocean, TAXONOMY

release back into the atmosphere through diffusion. -the classification, identification, and naming of
●Nitrogen Cycle organisms based on their shared characteristics and
● the movement of nitrogen through the atmosphere, evolutionary relationships. To organize the diversity of
soil, water, and living organisms. Nitrogen is an
life into a hierarchical system
essential component of amino acids, proteins, and
Nomenclature: Taxonomy assigns unique
nucleic acids, critical for the growth and survival of
scientific names to organisms using binomial
all organisms.
nomenclature, where each species is given a
● Nitrogen Fixation: Atmospheric nitrogen converts
to ammonia or nitrate by bacteria in the soil two-part name consisting of its genus and species.
● Nitrification: Ammonia is converted into nitrite HOW TO WRITE:
● Assimilation: Plants absorb nitrate and incorporate HANDWRITTEN

nitrogen into organic compounds such as amino acids 1st letter of genus is capital while the species is

and proteins. lowercase(underlined)

● Consumption: Animals obtain nitrogen by eating EX: Genus species

TYPED
others
1st letter of genus is capital while the species is
● Ammonification: Decomposers break down organic
lowercase(italicized)
matter, release ammonium into soil.
EX: Genus species
● Denitrification: convert nitrate in the soil into
nitrogen gas, releasing in the atmosphere.
 MITOSIS vs MEIOSIS
PUNNETT SQUARE Chromosomes
is a square diagram that is used to PREDICT THE ✓ THREADLIKE structures
GENOTYPES of particular cross or breeding experiment. ✓ made of PROTEIN and SINGLE MOLECULE of DNA
Allows us to determine the POSSIBLE COMBINATIONS OF ✓ carry the genomic information
GENES in a cross. ✓ Resides in NUCLEUS
HOMOZYGOUS(PURE) ✓ upper arms shorter
● two alleles are THE SAME MITOSIS(1 cell to 2 cells)
● Can be DOMINANT ( TT, RR) or RECESSIVE (tt, rr) ● growth and repair
HETEROZYGOUS(HYBRID) ● somatic cells
● combination of DOMINANT and Recessive; the ● NO reduction in the number of chromosomes
same type of gene ● INTERPHASE(resting stage)
●Monohybrid -longer than M phase
Genetic cross involving a SINGLE PAIR of genes -chromosome replicates
(one trait); parents differ by a single trait. (TT x tt) ● G1
●Dihybrid ● formation until cell begins to replicate its DNA
Genetic cross involving a TWO PAIR of genes; ● Cell grows initially
parents differ by a two trait. (TT PP x tt pp) ● protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis
*USE FOIL ● SYNTHESIS

THE MENDELIAN PRINCIPLES OF ● DNA synthesis or replication

● chromosomes are duplicated in preparation for the
INHERITANCE
(Austrian monk Gregor Mendel in the 19th century) next cell division
fundamental laws of heredity. He laid the foundation using pea ● G2
plants ● period of rapid cell growth to prepare for cell division
Law of Segregation: During gamete formation, the alleles for ● PROPHASE
each gene segregate so that each gamete carries only one allele ● chromatin in the nucleus condenses into visible
for each gene. Offspring inherit one allele for each trait from each chromosomes
parent, leading to predictable inheritance patterns. ● Centrosomes move to opposite poles
Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles of different genes ● nuclear envelope breaks down
segregate independently of each other during gamete formation.
● Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
The inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of
● METAPHASE
another trait, resulting in various combinations of traits in
● chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
offspring.
(metaphase plate)
Principle of Dominance: Some alleles are dominant, while
others are recessive. Dominant alleles mask the expression of ● spindle fibers align them
recessive alleles when they are present together in an organism. ● ANAPHASE
Only when an organism inherits two copies of the recessive allele ● the sister chromatids of each replicated chromosome
does the recessive trait become apparent. separate and are pulled towards opposite poles
● TELOPHASE ● ANAPHASE
● chromosomes reach the opposite poles ● (Tetrads separate)
● nuclear envelope reform around chromosomes. ● Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres
● return to their normal, diffuse form ● TELOPHASE
● Prep for cytokinesis ● Each pole now has haploid set of chromosomes
● CYTOKINESIS (however – still doubled).
● cell divides into two daughter cells. ● Two new nuclei form around each set of chromosomes.
MEIOSIS(1 cell to 4 cells) ● CYTOKINESIS
Sexual reproduction ● two haploid daughter cells formed.
half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell M2
Homologous Chromosomes ● INTERPHASE
✓ Pair of chromosomes that are similar No interphase II ✓ ( no more DNA replication) ✓
✓ Homologous pairs (tetrads)same inherited traits. Remember: Meiosis II is similar to mitosis
✓ Each locus (position of a gene) is in the same ● PROPHASE
position on homologues.
● 4 haploid sex cells to be created.
✓ Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.
● The chromosomes condense and the nucleolus breaks in
✓ a. 22 pairs of autosomes
both cells.
✓ b. 01 pair of sex chromosomes
● METAPHASE
M1
● The chromosomes align.
● INTERPHASE
● ensure sister chromatids separate in the next stage.
SAME
● ANAPHASE
● PROPHASE
● Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends.
● Longest and most complex phase
● This ensures the daughter cells remain haploid
● Chromosomes condense
(half the genetic material of the original parent cell.)
● nucleolus and nuclear envelope breaks down.
● TELOPHASE
● Synapsis occurs: homologous chromosomes come together
● 4 new nuclei form
to form a tetrad. (two chromosomes or four chromatids)
● The cytoplasms split and four (haploid) daughter cells
● CROSSING OVER
are formed.
● non-sister chromatids at the chiasmata.
● Cytokinesis occurs (2nd time).
● nonsister chromatids break and reattach to other
● Four haploid daughter cells produced
chromatids.
● Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossing over.
● METAPHASE
● Shortest phase; tetrads align on the metaphase plate.
● INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT occurs
● pairs of homologues line up independently
EXTRA
Global Warming
Greenhouse gases are gases in the Earth's atmosphere
that trap heat, causing the planet to warm up.
CAUSES
DEFORESTATION & FOSSIL FUELS
EFFECTS
HIGHER TEMP
CLIMATE CHANGE
DROUGHTS AND STORMS
HIGHER RATE OF NATURAL SELECTION
Environmental Laws
Republic act no. 9147-Wildlife
Republic act no. 9003-Solid Waste
Republic act no. 8749-Air pollution
VIENNA CONVENTION- activities on ozone layer
MONTREAL PROTOCOL- phasing out the production
and consumption of ozone-depleting substances
KYOTO PROTOCOL-Climate Change