ELJ25 -- Programming Fundamentals EY Engr. Dr. M. Ghazanfar Uilak® Professor ~ Department of ElectricaEngineering Ret Na ore Ae EET « Usman institute of Technology ~ Spring 2020Topic Learning outcomes we ee ae . To be able to implem8ntrepetitive structures i.e, loops, a ay er . To be able to construtt syntactically correct loops inds® Or C ae . To be able tatonstruct count-controlled (Definite) sSops o . To be able tatonstruct event-controlled (Indefinite) loops . To besable'to choose the correct type of lodpbr a given problem. . To beable to construct a nested loopin§ structure. & s eo oo eo OaAhRON = gBasic program flows Three Basic program flows a cs ane oe wah a oy o oe ys fh Sequential Stricture r soot Statement’\ex@cuted one after the other in the order igitten 2 Selestign’ Structure sv o o wr 8 ‘fle next statement executed is not hohe one in sequence 3. Repetition Structure yr a" ‘Repeat some actions/processistatement™ eeé ae A ve “ » oe oe < EL- 125 qffamming Fundamentals oe The repetitive contréF’structure of oe 7 iThe Repetitive flow — loops v¥ Mechanisms for deciding‘tinder what conditions an action should be rebeated - also known as loops, v Aloop statement, allows us to execute a stateniatr a group of statements multiple times oe vA controhstcture that causes a statemeft or a set of stategrénts to be repeated. Oy iS v Repetition can be thought of as onfpeat an action oyer and over, as long as a cone or set of conditions is satisfied”The repetitive flow — loops Determining the average 4 ols v Suppose we want t algiilate the average apparent bri. htness: of a list of five star ma Site values + Can we do ies s + Yes, it agi ee easy v ae wen a to calculate the averagevspparent brightness of a list of 81479 stars visible from earth s ot ae we do it? -?'Yes, but it would be gruesome watt the use of iterationThe repetitive flow — loops Definite and Indefinite loops ae Conceptually, we distin ee 0 types of loops, which differ in tha” way in which the number of rations (i.e., repetitions of tee polly of the loop) is determipsgr® os p a Definite loops: the Giver of iterations is known before woe the execution of the body of, thle J6bp. Example. D repeat for 10 times printing out charactét * we Indefinite ba : the number of iterations is not kndigibefore we start to execute thé body of the loop, but depends on whena certain condition becomeS true (and this depends on what happegs 1 in the body of the loop) Example: while the user does not decidestd quit, play the game.wy ete Train ES structure * 3 RiThe for loop A for loop is a repetition contrdls structure that allows you to ae efficiently write a loop. disieeds to execute a specific numbesot i x se times. oy ‘ we Syntax nto Wg for (initelizabion; condition; increment/decrement oe om xs’Action Example si ” ot sa ~- are operators R= 0; 1 < 3; i++) ot offiat add and subtract one £ m their operands. E.g. oe > num=num+1; cae x cout << "iis"< using namespace std; int main() { int i; float no, avg, su cout<<"Program to cag numbers"< using namespace std; int main( (EER ys int: EN float no, avg, sum=0.0; A ae cout<<"Program to cake =1 W while(i<=5) ie * { og” cousenas Value "< ror Oy? * ot 0 ag g Sx" & wy eoRecommended reading Chapter 3: “i Object-Oriented Programpiig i in C++, Fourth Edition oO Robert Lafore ory ye ye & oe se Oo ve » 9 no x eo » zo) og ae no) i w ge Cy 7, ve ef 9 F a L125 Programming FundamentalsEL 125 Programming Fundamentals