ENVISCI REVIEWER metals, soil or dust particles, and allergens

(such as
LESSON 10 fragments of pollen or mold spores).
 POLLUTION
the introduction of • Ozone (O3)
harmful materials - Highly reactive gas found in the upper
into the atmosphere
environment. that serves as a shield from UV rays
- When found in ground level, (usually in the
•Pollution – a global problem form of
•Although urban areas are usually more smog) can be damaging to the health
polluted than - Smog = smoke + fog, product of the
the countryside, pollution can spread interaction
to remote places where no people live. between sunlight and emissions
•Pesticides and other chemicals have been
found in  Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
the Antarctic ice sheet. - Nitrogen dioxide is a highly reactive gas
•In the middle of the northern Pacific formed
Ocean, a huge by emissions from motor vehicles, industry,
collection of microscopic plastic particles unflued gas-heaters and gas stove tops.
forms what - Other indoor sources can be from cigarette
is known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch smoke or from cooking with gas

3 MAJOR TYPES OF POLLUTION • Carbon monoxide

•Air Pollution - a poisonous gas you can't see, taste or
•Water Pollution smell.
•Land Pollution - Usually comes from BBQs, outdoor heaters

 AIR POLLUTION ACID RAIN

• Contamination of the indoor or outdoor
environment
by any chemical, physical or biological agent
that
modifies the natural characteristics of the
atmosphere.
• May be visible or invisible.
 Particulate Matter (PM10 & PM2.5)
- Extremely small solid particles and liquid
droplets
suspended in the air.
- Can be made up of a variety of
components
including nitrates, sulfates, organic
chemicals,
-When air pollutants such as nitrogen oxide
and sulfur dioxide mixed with moisture to
change into acids.
-acid rain can kill all the trees in a forest. It
can also devastate lakes streams and other
waterways when lakes become acidic fish
can't survive.
 WATER POLLUTION
Occurs when harmful
substances—often chemicals or
microorganisms—contaminate a
stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer,
or other body of water, degrading
 water quality and rendering it
toxic to humans or the
environment.
 Common Water
Pollutants
• Fertilizer and Nutrients
- From agricultural
activities, factory liquid
deposits, direct disposal of
human wastes.
- This causes nutrient
pollution which then leads
to algal bloom causing the
famous red tide.
• Sewage and Wastewater
- It comes from our sinks,
showers, and toilets and from
commercial, industrial, and
agricultural activities.
- Stormwater Runoff – which
occurs when rainfall carries
road salts, oil, grease,
chemicals, and debris from
impermeable surfaces into
our waterways.
• Oil Spills
- Approximately 1 million tons of
oil that makes its way into marine
environments each year comes not
from tanker spills but from landbased
sources such as factories,
farms, and cities.
- However, oil is also naturally
released from under the ocean
floor through fractures known as
seeps.
 Land Pollution
the destruction or a decline in
quality of the earth's surface as a
result of human actions. This
could include anything from
mining to agriculture to building,
and consequences may be
intentional or unintentional.
 Common Land
Pollutants
•Litter and Waste
•Urbanization and
Construction
•Mining and Extraction
•Agriculture
 Philippine Environmental Laws
-RA 9003
• The Philippine Ecological Solid
Waste Management Act of
2000
• Talks about proper segregation,
collection and transport,
recycling, and composting of
wastes.
Article 6 of RA 9003 – guidelines for a
comprehensive waste management
strategy including but not limited to:
-Prohibition of open dumps,
-Requiring a permit for solid waste
management facility construction and
expansion,
-Guidelines for controlled dumps, and
-Criteria for siting, establishment, and
operations of sanitary landfills in the
country.
RA 9275 Commission or the Philippine
• Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 Coast Guard.
• This Act requires the acquisition of water
pollution
permits through the “Wastewater Charge LESSON 11
System” which
ensures that there are no unauthorized, What is Climate Change?
undocumented, • Climate change refers to long term shifts
and unregulated discharges in any water in temperatures and
body in the weather patterns.
Philippines. • Such shifts can be natural, due to
changes in the sun’s activity or large
RA 8749 volcanic eruptions, however, in this
• Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 generation, human activities
• Sets the emission limits for intensifies climate change.
various types of pollutants both
stationary and mobile, including  Evidences of Climate Change
smoking, fuel and fuel additives, 1. Global temperature rise
ozone-depleting substances, 2. Warmer ocean
greenhouse gases, and organic 3. Shrinking ice sheets and retreating
pollutants among many others. glaciers
4. Rising sea levels
RA 6969 5. Stronger typhoons, cyclones, and
• Toxic Substances and Hazardous and hurricanes
Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990 6. Increasing ocean acidification
• Importation, manufacturing,  Causes of
processing, sale, distribution, use, Climate Change
and disposal of substances that pose Natural Causes
an unreasonable risk and/or injury to ◦Volcanic Eruption
the health of the people and the ◦Solar Radiation
environment are prohibited under Fluctuations
this Act. ◦Tectonic shifts

PD No. 979  Human-initiated

• Marine Pollution Decree of activities
1976 ◦Greenhouse Gases
• Pursuant to this policy, ◦Agriculture
dumping of wastes and other ◦Deforestation
hazardous matter into the ◦Generating power /
ocean and inland waters of the electricity
Philippines is considered Greenhouse
unlawful unless due to Gases
unavoidable accidents or Carbon Dioxide – air that we
otherwise prescribed by the exhale
National Pollution Control Methane – animal agriculture,
 compostable materials
Nitrous Oxide – fossil fuel
and solid waste combustion
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) – air-conditioning,
refrigeration, aerosol cans
 Global Warming
-Climate change describes global warming.
-Global warming is the long-term heating of
-Earth's surface observed since the
preindustrial period (between 1850 and
1900) due to human activities, primarily
fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-
trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth's
atmosphere.
 El Niño - increased heat and drought
conditions in one
part of the world; but on the other side, it
triggers
increased rainfall in parts of southern South
America, the
southern United States, the Horn of Africa
and central Asia.
 La Niña - characterized by lower-than-
normal air pressure
over the western Pacific. These low-
pressure zones
contribute to increased rainfall causing
floods and
landslides.
 International Movements against Climate
Change
-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) - established under
the United Nations to provide a scientific
view of climate change and its
political and economic impacts.
-Kyoto Protocol - first global agreement to
reduce greenhouse gases. Adopted
in 1997.
- signed by President Bill Clinton, called for
reducing the emission of six
greenhouse gases in 41 countries plus the
European Union to 5.2 percent
below 1990 levels during the target period
of 2008 to 2012. However, in
March 2001, shortly after taking office,
President George W. Bush announced
the United States would not implement the
Kyoto Protocol
International Movements against Climate
Change
-Paris Climate Agreement - The United
States, under President
Barack Obama, would sign onto another
milestone treaty on
climate change, the Paris Climate
Agreement, in 2015. In that
agreement, 197 countries pledged to set
targets for their own
greenhouse gas cuts and to report their
progress.
It is a declaration to prevent a global
temperature rise of 2
degrees C (3.6 degrees F).
LESSON 12
 Energy Crisis
•Concern that the world’s demands on the
limited natural resources that are used to
power
industrial society are diminishing as the
demand
rises.
•These natural resources are in limited
supply.
 Causes of Global
Energy Crisis
1. Overconsumption
There is a strain on fossil fuels
such as oil, gas, and coal due
 to overconsumption – which
then, in turn, can put a strain
on our water and oxygen
resources by causing pollution.
1. Overpopulation
Increase in the world’s
population results in the
increase in demand and
supply.
1. Poor Infrastructure
Most of the energy-producing firms
keep on using outdated equipment
that restricts the production of
energy. It is the responsibility of
utilities to keep on upgrading the
infrastructure and set a high
standard of performance.
1. Unexplored Renewable Energy
Options
➢Solar Power
➢Wind Energy
➢Geothermal Energy
➢Hydroelectric Plant
➢Nuclear Powerplant
1. Wastage of Energy/Electricity
Not utilizing electricity wisely
because we are used to the
thought of having it in our daily
lives not thinking it comes from a
non-renewable source.
 Other Causes of
Global Energy Crisis
➢Poor Distrbution System
➢Natural Calamities
➢Changing in seasons
 Various Effects of the Global
Energy Crisis
1. Environmental Effects –
pollution and ecological
degredation
2. Increasing prices of the fuel
resources
3. Political disturbances
4. Effect on tourism industry
Alternative Energy in the Philippines
 Hydroelectric Power
• Moving water is a powerful
source of energy. The power
harnessed from moving bodies
of water is called hydroelectric
power. The Philippines make
use of two methods in order to
harness power; dam storage or
impoundment, and run-ofriver.
Found in:
Pangasinan, Benguet, Laguna,
Isabela, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija,
Ilocos Sur, Bohol, Lanao del Sur,
Lanao del Norte, Bukidnon,
Davao del Sur, and Misamis
Oriental.
 Geothermal Power
• Geothermal energy comes
from the heat beneath the
Earth’s surface. There are
two methods of extracting
geothermal energy used in
the Philippines: the flash
steam and the binary cycle.
• Found in:
• Laguna, Sorsogon, Albay,
Batangas, Negros
Occidental, Leyte, and
North Cotabato
 Solar Power
Solar energy is used
as a source of
energy in the
Philippines through
industrial sized
photovoltaic plants
in the country.
Found in:
Cavite, Pampanga,
Ilocos Norte, and
Cagayan de Oro.
 Wind Energy
Like water, moving
air also generates
energy through wind
turbines that supply
kinetic energy
through mechanical
power. The turbines
then power a
generator to produce
energy.
• Found in:
• Ilocos Norte
• Rizal
• Guimaras
• Aklan
 Biomass Energy
• Biomass energy is similar to
fossil fuel in that it is
combusted in order to boil
water to produce steam that
will drive a generator. Being
an agricultural country, the
Philippines is rich in natural
resources like bagasse, rice
husks, and coconut husks are
used instead of fossil fuel.
• Found in:
-Isabela, Nueva Ecija,
Rizal, Laguna, Isabela,
and Metro Manila.
LESSON 14
 What is Sustainability?
• The ability to be maintained at
a certain rate or level.
• Avoidance of the depletion of
natural resources in order to
maintain an ecological
balance.
• Not just about renewable
energy and energy
efficiency. Realizing true
sustainability requires an
understanding of the
connections between the
environment, society and the
economy.
-Indigenous people have practiced
elements of sustainable living for
generations by being in tune with
the natural environment and its
limits, cycles, and changes. This
understanding is usually referred to
as traditional ecological knowledge,
or the deep knowledge and beliefs
about relationships between
people, animals, plants, natural
phenomena, landscapes, and
timing of events in a specific
ecosystem.
 United Nations Brundtland
Commission 1987: “meeting
the needs of the present
without compromising
the ability of future
generations to meet their
own needs.”
 Three Dimensions of Sustainability
• Although sustainability is linked to the
environmental movement, the notion
that it is only focused on the
environment is a misconception.
• ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
• SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
• ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY

Environmental
Sustainability
• Occurs when humanity’s rate of
consumption does not exceed
nature’s rate of replenishment,
an when humanity’s rate of air
pollution generation does not
exceed nature’s rate of
restoration.

Social Sustainability
• Ability of society to uphold
universal human rights and meet
people’s basic needs (healthcare,
education, and transportation).
• Healthy communities ensure
personal, labour, and cultural rights
are respected and all people are
protected from discrimination.

Economic Stability
• The ability of human
communities around the
world to maintain their
independence and have
access to the resources
required to meet their
needs.
• Secure sources of
livelihood are available to
everyone.