MODULE 4
POLLUTION ENVIRONMENT
WHAT IS POLLUTION?
• When Harmful Substances Contaminate the environment
it is Called Pollution.
• It can be defined as any undesirable change in the
physical, chemical, biological characteristics of any
component of the environment which can cause harm to
life and property.
ENVIRONMENT AFFECTED BY POLLUTION
• Air Environment – affected by Air Pollutant
• Water Environment – affected by Water Pollutant
• Soil Environment – affected by Soil Pollutant
WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION
• Air pollution : An atmospheric condition in which certain
substances (including normal constituents in excess) are
present in concentrations which can cause undesirable
effects on man and his environment.
• They are in the form of gases (Nox, Sox, CO,VOC);
Particulate matter(dust, smoke, fumes, etc) & Radioactive
(rado-222, Iodine-131, etc)
CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Air pollutants may be particulate or gaseous
• Primary pollutants ---- Are emitted directly from
the point source. e.g. : CO, NO2, SO2
• Secondary pollutants ---- formed by interaction of
primary pollutants e.g. : PAN, Smog, Ozone etc
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
• Radon gas
• Burning of dung cakes for fuel, wood, kerosene
• Incomplete combustion produces CO
• Cigarette smoke.
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION:
Effect on Human health
• Main problems are related to Respiratory Track -
Asthma, hay fever, and other allergic diseases.
• Irritation of the eye, nose and throat. In severe cases
there may be headaches, nausea, and loss of
coordination.
• Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous
system, digestive problems, and in some cases cause
Lung cancer.
• It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
• CO has affinity towards Hb which cause disturbance
in transportation of Oxygen, impairing our
concentration, slow our reflexes, and make us
confused and sleepy.
• SO2 in the air leads to diseases of the lung and other
lung disorders such as wheezing and shortness of
breath.
• Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease,
and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or
kidneys.
• Effects of Arsenic, Asbestos, Mercury , Benzene etc.
Effect on Plants
• Pollutants enter through stomata
• Destroy chlorophyll and Affect photosynthesis
• Cuticle( Wax Layer on Leaves) is lost
• Necrosis – Damage to Leaf Structure
• Chlorosis - Loss/ reduction of Chlorophyll
• Abscission - Dropping of leaf
• Epinasty – Downward curling of Leaf
• DEATH
Effect on Animals and materials
• Corrosion of metal surfaces, fading
• SO2 & water form H2S – corrosion as well as
disfigurement of statues made up of limestone or
Marble
• Air pollutants mix with rain water and increase acidity
(Acid Rain) of water body and kill fish.
• Ozone causes crackling of rubber
Effect on Environment
• Visibility
• Pollutants in the presence of sunlight produce
photochemical Smog
• Emission of Green House Gases tend to Global
Warming
• CFC’s cause Ozone Depletion
Water Pollution
The Contamination of water with undesirable substances
which make it unfit for usage is termed water Pollution.
POLLUTION SOURCES:
• Point sources are direct discharges to a single point;
• Non-point sources are diffused across a broad area
and their contamination cannot be traced to a single
discharge point
DOMESTIC SEWAGE
• Refers to waste water that is discarded from households.
Also referred to as sanitary sewage, such water contains a
wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities.
• Domestic sewage is also very likely to contain disease-
causing microbes.
INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
• Mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic
pollutants.
• Waste water from manufacturing or chemical
processes in industries
SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS AND OILS
• Added because of washing clothes, cleaning utensils.
• In industries for washing
• Add surfactants and soaps to water
• Toxic to fish, aquatic life.
• Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from oil
spills, routine shipping, run-offs and dumping.
• Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that enters the
ocean. The rest come from shipping travel, drains and
dumping.
AGRICULTURAL RUN OFF
• Routine applications of fertilizers and pesticides for
agriculture and uncontrolled run off in water bodies.
• Causes Eutrophication and algal blooms
Ground Water Pollution
• Is less comparatively as soil acts as a filter Still...
• Septic tanks
• Mining
• Deep well injection
Effects of Water Pollution
• Depletion of dissolved oxygen
• Eutrophication
• Pathogen….spreading diseases
• Bio-magnification
• Genetic deformities
o Blue baby Syndrome
o Minamata disease
o Itai-Itai
PATHOGEN SPREAD
• Stagnant water and other untreated water provide a habitat
for the mosquito and a host of other parasites and insects
that cause a large number of diseases especially in the
tropical regions.
• Among these, malaria is undoubtedly the most widely
distributed and causes most damage to human health.
BLUE BABY SYNDROME
• Blue Baby Syndrome or Methemoglobinemia is caused by
decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen, resulting in
oxygen deficiency in different body parts.
• Infants are more susceptible than adults.
• The lips or even the skin start to take on a blue
colouration, hence the common name, the blue baby
syndrome/ disease
MINAMATA DISEASE
• First detected in 1956
• In Minamata, Japan, mercury was used in the
industrial production of acetaldehyde.
• Discharged into the nearby bay and was ingested by
organisms.
• Fish and other creatures in the sea were soon
contaminated and eventually residents of this area who
consumed the fish suffered from MeHg (methyl
mercury) intoxication
ITAI-ITAI
• Itai-itai disease ("ouch ouch sickness"),
• Was the documented case of mass cadmium poisoning
in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, starting around 1912.
• The cadmium poisoning caused softening of the
bones and kidney failure. The disease is named for
the severe pains (Japanese: itai) caused in the joints
and spine.
• The cadmium was released into rivers by mining
companies. This Cadmium contaminated water was
used to irrigate rice fields.
Control of Water Pollution
• Treatment of water before leaving in water bodies.
• Restoration of polluted water bodies.
• Ganga Action Plan
• River Water Monitoring
Soil pollution
• Soil is upper layer of earth crust, contains organic
matter, fertile
• Dumping of wastes causes soil pollution
• Garbage
• Rubbish like glass, plastics, metallic cans, papers,
cloth rags, containers
• Discharge of Industrial wastes.
• Fly ash from Thermal power plants
• Fertilizers and pesticides: DDT, endrin, Lindane.
• Sewage sludge and radioactive wastes
SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
• Higher standards of living…generate more waste
• Quantities are enormous
• Management is very important
• Sources of solid waste include: Waste from homes,
hospitals, industries, parks, gardens, shops,
construction and demolition waste
• In each and every action of humans, Solid waste is
generated
EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
• Waste heap up on roads
• Litter surroundings
• Foul smells
• Vector breeding
• BURNING produces toxic gase
MODULE 5
Environmental Management System
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM?
▪ A management system is a structured framework of
practices and procedures that enables an organization to
execute its operations in a consistent and sustained
manner.
▪ The management system is intended to be system
dependent, not people dependent.
▪ The system is built on the Plan, Do, Check and Act Model.
SOME BASIC EMS DEFINITIONS
❑ Environmental Aspect (Cause) – The elements of an
organization’s activities, products, or services which can
interact with the environment.
▪ It is important to establish, implement and maintain a
procedure to identify the environmental aspects of
activities products and services that you “can control and
…can influence.”
▪ After identifying environmental aspects, you must
determine those which have or can have significant
impacts on the environment.
▪ Examples include air emissions, water discharges, , use of
raw materials, energy use, use of natural resources, use of
volatile organic compounds.
❑ Environmental Impact (Effect) – Any change to the
environment whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or
partially resulting from an organizations activities,
products, or services.
▪ Examples include depletion of natural resources, air
pollution, hazardous waste generation, soil and water
contamination.
PURPOSE OF EMS
➢ An EMS brings together the people, policies, plans, review
mechanisms, and procedures used to manage
environmental issues at a facility or in an organization.
BENEFITS OF EMS
✓ Helps maintain compliance
✓ Reduce operating costs
✓ Integrate environmental programs into mission
✓ Increase employee involvement
✓ Reduce environmental impacts
CONNECTING THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE PEOPLE
EMS helps each member of the organization understand their role
in the environment, and to see how what they do at the facility affects the
environment or It provides for responsibility, ownership, and accountability of
actions and related impacts, or Results? People that are more aware, better
trained, more motivated, and more enthusiastic.
BASIC EMS FRAMEWORK PDCA
• Plan
Planning, identifying environmental aspects and establishing goals
• Do
Implementing, includes training and operational controls
• Check
Checking, includes monitoring and corrective action
• Act
Reviewing, includes progress reviews and acting to make needed changes
EMS COMPONENTS 2. Industrial waste as hazardous waste

1. Environmental Policy • Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous

as they may contain toxic substances
• Issue a policy statement signed by facility manager • Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to humans,
animals and plants. They are corrosive and highly
• At a minimum, commit to inflammable or explosive
• In the industrial sector the major generators of
– Continual improvement hazardous waste are the metal’ chemical’ paper,
– Pollution prevention pesticide, dye and rubber goods industries.
– Environmental compliance • Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such
• Identifies EMS framework as mercury and cyanide can be fatal

• Publicly available 3. Biomedical waste or hospital waste as infectious waste

2. Planning • Bio-medical waste means “Any waste which is

generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
• Identify aspects and impacts from facility activities, immunization of human beings or animals or in
products, and services research activities pertaining thereto or in the
• Review legal requirements production or testing of biological” -Bio-medical
• Set objectives and targets waste rules ,1998
• Establish formal EMS program • It may include wastes like sharp waste, pathological
3. Implementation and Operation waste, pharmaceutical waste, genotoxic waste,
chemical waste, and radioactive waste etc.
• Define roles and responsibilities
• Provide EMS training EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE
• Establish internal and external communication
mechanisms A:Health hazard
• Establish document control system
• If solid waste are not collected and allowed to accumulate ,
• Establish operational controls
they may create unsanitary conditions.
• Integrate with or establish emergency preparedness • This may lead to epidemic outbreaks .
procedures • Many diseases like cholera. Diarrhea, dysentery, plague,
jaundice, or gastrointestinal diseases may spread and cause
4. Checking and Corrective Action loss of human lives
• In addition, improper handling of the solid wastes ,a health
• Conduct periodic monitoring of environmental hazard for the workers who come in direct contact with the
performance waste..
• Identify root causes of findings and conduct corrective
B: Environmental impact
and preventive actions
• Maintain environmental records
• If the solid wastes are not treated properly decomposition and
• Conduct periodic EMS audit putrefaction( decay) may take place .
• The organic solid waste during decomposition may generate
5. Management Review obnozious (intolerable odour)

• Conduct periodic senior management review of

EMS WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT THE 4R’S
• Revise policies as needed
REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE RECOVER
BOTTOM LINE EMS REQUIREMENTS
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• Must have commitment of top managers.
Waste management is the
• An EMS doesn’t exist in isolation.
•STORAGE
• Must be consistent with other management systems (e.g., •COLLECTION
IT) in your organization. •TRANSPORT AND HANDLING
•RECYCLING
• An EMS must be owned by everyone in your organization. •DISPOSAL AND MONITORING OF WASTE
MATERIALS.
WHAT IS WASTE? METHOD OF DISPOSAL
• It is defined as Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, Dumping, Controlled Tipping or Sanitary Landfill, Incineration,
garbage, junk) is any unwanted or useless materials. Composting, Manure pits, Burial
SOLID WASTE WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER ?
It is defined as “ non liquid, non-soluble materials ranging Industrial wastes include liquid, solids and gases, we are
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that contain complex & presently concerned with liquid part, which is commonly known as
sometimes hazardous substances” industrial wastewater. Can cause harmful & hazardous effect to
human, animal, plants, aquatic & microbial life / different life forms
SOURCE OF SOLID WASTE
on the earth.
Agriculture Household
Source of INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
Fisheries Commerce and industry
• Agriculture Waste
BROADLY THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF WASTE WHICH AS FOLLOWS • Iron and Steel Industries
• Mine and Quarries
1. Household waste as municipal waste • Food industries
• Complex organic chemical industries
o Municipal solid waste consist of--- • Nuclear industries
• household waste • Textile industries
• construction and demolition debris • Dairy industries
o sanitation residue
o waste from streets
 OBJECTIVE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
To allow industrial effluents to be disposed of without
danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the natural
environment. To manage water discharged from homes,
businesses, and industries to reduce the threat of water
pollution
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
REMOVAL OF WASTE WATER CONSTITUENTS
PRIMARY TREATMENT
REMOVAL OF PORTION OF THE SUSPENDED SOLID AND
ORGANIC MATTER FROM THE WASTE WATER
SECONDARY TREATMENT
REMOVAL OF BIODEGRADABLE ORGANIC MATTER AND
SUSPENDED SOLIDS (DISINFECTIOS)
ACTIVATE SLUDGE PROCESS
WASTE WATER CONTAINING ORGANIC MATTER
AERATED IN AERATION BASIN
TERTIARY TREATMENT
REMOVAL OF RESIDUAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (AFTER
SECONDARY TREATMENT) USUALLY BY GRANULAR MEDIUM
FILTRATION OR MICRO SCREENS.
products, and manufactured products that interfere with the
normal function of your body's endocrine system.
CANCER AND HOW IT IS ARE DEVELOPED
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body.
Cancer develops when the body's normal control mechanism stops
working. Old cells do not die and instead grow out of control,
forming new, abnormal cells. These extra cells may form a mass of
tissue, called a tumor.
TOXICITY TESTING
designed to generate data concerning the adverse effects
of a substance on human or animal health, or the environment.
Acute toxicity testing
carried out to determine the effect of a single dose on a
particular animal species. it is recommended that acute toxicity
testing be carried out with two different animal species (one rodent
and one nonrodent). (observed for 14 days)
Acute inhalation toxicity testing is performed for aerosol-like
IS preparations.
Acute toxicity testing for topical preparations. The eye irritation
test and skin irritation test are very important for topical
preparations. Dermal and ophthalmic preparations can be tested
using Draize tests.
Skin sensitization tests are carried out using the guinea pig as a
model.

Repeated dose toxicity testing is carried out for a minimum of 28

MODULE 6 days.

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK Mutagenicity testing is used to assess submicroscopic changes in

ENGINEERING RISKS AND FAILURES
Engineering leadership calls for attention to the anthropogenic
aspects of a disaster—that is, the negative health or economic
consequences of human decisions.
Engineering decisions must rely on both sound science and
quantifiable risk analysis.
To scientists and engineers, at least, risk is a very straightforward
and quantifiable concept: risk equals the probability of some
adverse outcome. Risks are thus a function of probability and
consequence. Consequence can take many forms. In the medical and
environmental sciences, a consequence is called a “hazard.” Risk,
then, is a function of the particular hazard and the chances of a
person (or neighborhood, workplace, or population) being exposed
to the hazard.
the base sequence of DNA, chromosomal aberrations, and
structural aberrations in DNA including duplications, insertions,
inversions, and translocations.
Subchronic oral toxicity testing (repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity
testing)
Chronic toxicity studies are conducted with a minimum of one
rodent and one nonrodent species. The test compound is
administered over more than 90 days, and the animals are
observed periodically.
Carcinogenicity testing tests are carried out over the greater
portion of an animal's lifespan.

RISK PERCEPTION

Risk perception refers to people's subjective judgments about the

likelihood of negative occurrences such as injury, illness, disease,
and death. Risk perception is important in health and risk
communication because it determines which hazards people care
about and how they deal with them.

RISK PERCEPTION IS A FUNCTION OF MANY FACTORS:

• Anticipated Consequences

• Past Experiences

• Confidence

HAZARDOUS WASTE AND TOXIC CHEMICALS

Hazardous, or toxic, waste is the potentially dangerous

byproduct of a wide range of activities, including manufacturing,
farming, water treatment systems, construction, automotive garages,
laboratories, hospitals, and other industries. Toxic waste can harm
people, animals, and plants, whether it ends up in the ground, in
streams, or even in the air.

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING CHEMICALS

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are substances in the

environment (air, soil, or water supply), food sources, personal care