‫ذ‪ .

‬اﻟﻔﻴﻮط ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫اﺳ ﻬﻼك اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺔ وﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺩﻫﻧﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻭﺍﺩﺍ ﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻋﺑﺭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺋﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺿ ﻭﺋﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺧﺯﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺿ ﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺫﺍﺗﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﺫﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻹﻧﺳ ﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺳ ﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺿ ﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺿ ﻣﻬﺎ ﺛﻡ ﺗﻭﺯﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺳ ﻡ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳ ﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻫﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻧﺔ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻛﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺻﻭﺻﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﻛﻭﺯ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻻ ﻟﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺏ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺿﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻡ‬

‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ‪CO2 + H2O +‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺭﻛﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫↓‬ ‫↓‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﺿﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫↓‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ATP‬‬

‫ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﻫﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﻛﻭﺯ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺳ ﻠﻛﻳﻥ ﺃﺳ ﺎﺳ ﻳﻳﻥ ﻟﻬﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﻛﻭﺯ ﻭﺍﺳ ﺗﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻧﺔ ﻓﻳﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻱ )ﻣﺳ ﻠﻙ ﻫﻭﺍﺋﻲ( ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺧﻣﺭ )ﻡﺳ ﻠﻙ‬
‫ﻻﻫﻭﺍﺋﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻳﺷ ﺗﺭﻙ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ ﻠﻛﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻧﺣﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﻛﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳ ﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺟﺑﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺷ ﻔﺎﻓﺔ )ﺍﻟﺳ ﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺳ ﺑﺢ ﻓﻳﺢ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺳ ﻳﺗﻭﺑﻼﺯﻡ( ﻭﺗﻧﺗﻬﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺈﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺗﻲ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺭﻭﻓﻳﻙ ﺍﻧﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﻛﻭﺯ‪ .‬ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳ ﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺭﻭﻓﻳﻙ ﺑﻁﺭﻕ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﺳ ﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ ﻠﻙ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻣﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺑﻧﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺧﺗﺯﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﻛﻭﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻣﺽ ﻟﺑﻧﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺣﻭﻟﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺧﺗﺯﺍﻝ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺭﻭﻓﻳ ﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻣﺽ ﻛﺣﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻧﺗ ﺎﺝ ‪ ،CO2‬ﺃﻣ ﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻱ ﻓﻳﺩﺧﻝ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺭﻭﻓﻳﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﻛﻭﻧﺩﺭﻱ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﺳ ﻠﺳ ﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺃﻛﺳ ﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺛﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳ ﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﻛﺳ ﺩ ﻟﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ‪ CO2‬ﻭ‪H2O‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ‪.ATP‬‬

‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺑﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻣﺽ ﻟﺑﻧﻲ‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪2NAD‬‬ ‫‪2NADH,H‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻣﺭ‬ ‫)‪(CH3CHOHCOOH‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻳﻛﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺭﻭﻓﻳﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺣﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪ +‬ﻛﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻳﺛﺎﻧﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪2CO2‬‬
‫‪2X‬‬ ‫)‪(CH3CH2OH‬‬
‫)‪(C6H12O6‬‬ ‫)‪(CH3COCOOH‬‬
‫)‪2(ADP+Pi‬‬ ‫‪2ATP‬‬ ‫‪2ATP‬‬ ‫‪34ATP‬‬
‫‪6CO‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺣﻼﻝ ﻛﻠﻳﻛﻭﺯ‬ ‫أﻛﺴﺪة ﺣﻤﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﺱ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺮوﻓﯿﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪6H2O‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﻛﻭﻧﺩﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﻛﻭﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳ ﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺟﺑﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺷ ﻔﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺩﺧﻝ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺭﻭﻓﻳﻙ ﻧﺣﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺭﻳﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﻛﻭﻧﺩﺭﻱ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﺳ ﻠﺳ ﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﻧﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺑﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻳﺩﺭﻭﺟﻳﻥ ﺗﺩﻋﻰ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ‪ KREBS‬ﻳﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺣﻣﺽ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺭﻭﻓﻳﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ‪ CO2‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﻧﺗﺎﺝ ‪ NADH,H+ ،FADH2+‬ﻭ‪ .ATP‬ﻳﻐﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫‪ CO2‬ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﻧﺗﻘﻝ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ‪ NADH,H+‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺷﺎء ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻳﺗﻭﻛﻭﻧﺩﺭﻱ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺗﻡ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻛﺳﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺣﺭﻳﺭ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻧﺎﺕ ‪ H+‬ﻭﺍﻹﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﺎﺕ )‐‪.(e‬‬
‫ﺗﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻹﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﻗﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺷﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﺗﺳﺗﻘﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺳﻳﺟﻳﻥ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪ ½ O2 + 2e‐→ ½ O2‐ :‬ﻓﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺳﻳﺟﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻘﺑﻼ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺎ ﻟﻺﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺯﺍﻣﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻘﻝ ﺍﻹﻟﻛﺗﺭﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺿ ﺦ ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻧﺎﺕ ‪ H+‬ﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺯ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻐﺷ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺣﻳﺙ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻛﻡ‬
‫‪2 x AP‬‬ ‫ﻣﺷ ﻛﻠﺔ ﻣﻣﺎﻝ ‪ H+‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺿ ﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷ ﻣﺭﺍﺥ ﻓﺗﺗﺩﻓﻖ ﻋﺑﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻭﺗﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻧﺣﺔ ﺇﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﺷ ﻛﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺎﺕ ‪ ATP‬ﺍﻧﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻥ ‪.ADP + Pi‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬
‫‪+‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪+‬‬

‫‪2 X CO2‬‬
‫‐‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ﻏﺷﺎء‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺯ ﺑﻳﻐﺷﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫‪Co.A‬‬ ‫‪FADH2‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺭﻳﺱ‬ ‫ﻏﺷﺎء ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫‪Co.A‬‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻑ‬
‫‪ATP‬‬

‫)‪2 X (2CO2‬‬ ‫‪FAD2+‬‬

‫‪NAD+‬‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪½ O2‬‬ ‫‐‪2‬‬
‫‪NADH,H+‬‬
‫‪½ O2 + 2H+‬‬
‫‪KREBS‬‬
‫)‪2 X (3NADH,H+ et 1FADH2‬‬
‫‪H2O‬‬
‫‪2 X ATP‬‬

‫ﺯﻳﺑﻭﺯﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﻙ‬

‫‪C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi  2CH3CHOHCOOH + 2ATP‬‬ ‫‪38 ATP‬‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻱ‬
‫‪C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi  2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP‬‬ ‫‪2 ATP‬‬ ‫ﻻﻫﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺑﻧﻲ‬
‫‪C6H12O6 + 38ADP + 38Pi  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP‬‬ ‫‪2 ATP‬‬ ‫ﻻﻫﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻛﺣﻭﻟﻲ‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫ذ‪ .‬اﻟﻔﻴﻮط ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﺎن‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﺳ ﻬﻼك اﳌﺎدة اﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺔ وﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺯﻣﺔ ﻋﺿﻠﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻭﻕ ﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺿ ﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻳﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺿ ﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺿﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻳﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺿﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻳﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺿ ﻠﻳ ﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻧ ﺎﻁﻖ ﺩﺍﻛﻧ ﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻛﺛ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛ ﻝ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺗﻳﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﺯﻳﻥ ﺗﺗﺧﻠﻠﻬ ﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘ ﺔ ‪ H‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﺯﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻳﻑ ﻋﺿﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻁ‪ ،‬ﺗﺗﻌ ﺎﻗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻛﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻖ ﻓﺎﺗﺣﺔ ﺃﻗﻝ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺗﻳﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺗﺗﺧﻠﻠﻬ ﺎ ﺑﻧﻳ ﺔ ﻣﻣﻳﺯﺓ ﺗ ﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺯ ‪ ،Z‬ﺗﻣﺛ ﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺯﻳﻥ ‪ Z‬ﻣﺗﻭﺍﻟﻳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺭﻛﻭﻣﻳﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﻳﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻳﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻛﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﺯﻳﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺿ ﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳ ﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﺎﺳ ﺑﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﺳ ﺟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﺔ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺷﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻹﻫﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻳﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻁﻁﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺇﻫﺎﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﻫﺎﺟﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﻟﻳﺗﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻹﻫﺎﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‬

‫ﺟﺩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺟﺩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺗﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺗﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺗﻳﻥ‬

‫ﻛﺯﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﺯﺍﺭﺍ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻋﺷﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺎﻡ ﺗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺎﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻋﺷﺗﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻋﺷﺔ ﻋﺿﻠﻳﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺿ ﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﺭﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺿ ﻠﻲ ﺗﺣﺭﻳﺭ ﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻟﻭﺳ ﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺑﺎﺷ ﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺿ ﻠﻲ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺭﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺳ ﻊ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻭﺗﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ﻗﺻ ﻳﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺑﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﺩﺓ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺭﻳﺭ ﺣﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺗﺄﺧﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺳ ﻊ ﺻ ﻐﻳﺭ ﻭﺗﺩﻭﻡ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻁﻭﻝ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻟﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻘﺻﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺭﻛﻭﻣﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﺧﺗﻔﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ‪ H‬ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺍﻧﺯﻻﻕ ﺧﻳﻳﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺗﻳﻥ ﻧﺣﻭ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺭﻛﻭﻣﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺯﻻﻕ ﺑﻔﻌﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﺯﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺣﺏ ﺧﻳﻳﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺗﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﺯﻳﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﺣﻠﻣﺄﺓ ﺟﺯﻳﺋﺔ ‪.ATP‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫‪ATP‬‬ ‫‪ADP‬‬
‫‪ADP‬‬ ‫‪ADP‬‬
‫ﻣﻳﻭﺯﻳﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺳ ﺎﻟﻙ ﺗﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳ ﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺳﺗﻬﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﻳﺔ ‪ ATP‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻠﺹ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﺔ ﻣﺧﺯﻭﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ‬
‫‪ ATP‬ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻭﺍﺯﺍﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺯﻭﻥ ﻟﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻔﺎﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﻟﻙ ﻟﺗﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻝ ‪:ATP‬‬

‫ﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ ﺍﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﻙ‬

‫ﺿﻌﻳﻑ‪ ،‬ﻁﻭﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﻁﻲء‬ ‫ﻫﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪C6H12O6 + 38ADP + 38Pi  6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‪ ،‬ﻗﺻﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﻻﻫﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪C6H12O6 + 2ADP + 2Pi  2CH3CHOHCOOH + 2ATP‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺧﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺑﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻭﻱ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻗﺻﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺳﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﻻﻫﻭﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪CP + ADP  C + ATP‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺳﻔﻭﻛﺭﻳﺎﺗﻳﻥ‬

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