Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kenya 2010-En
Kenya 2010-En
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Table of contents
Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
CHAPTER 1. SOVEREIGNTY OF THE PEOPLE AND SUPREMACY OF THIS CONSTITUTION . . 5
1. Sovereignty of the people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Supremacy of this Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Defence of this Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
CHAPTER 2. THE REPUBLIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Declaration of the Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Territory of Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Devolution and access to services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. National, official and other languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8. State and religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
9. National symbols and national days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
10. National values and principles of governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
11. Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
CHAPTER 3. CITIZENSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
12. Entitlements of citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
13. Retention and acquisition of citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
14. Citizenship by birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
15. Citizenship by registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
16. Dual citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
17. Revocation of citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
18. Legislation on citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CHAPTER 4. THE BILL OF RIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Part 1. General Provisions Relating to the Bill of Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Part 2. Rights and Fundamental Freedoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Part 3. Specific Application of Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Part 4. State of Emergency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Part 5. Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CHAPTER 5. LAND AND ENVIRONMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Part 1. Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Part 2. Environment and Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
CHAPTER 6. LEADERSHIP AND INTEGRITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
73. Responsibilities of leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
74. Oath of office of State officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
75. Conduct of State officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
76. Financial probity of State officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
77. Restriction on activities of State officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
78. Citizenship and leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
79. Legislation to establish the ethics and anti-corruption commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
80. Legislation on leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
CHAPTER 7. REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Part 1. Electoral System and Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Part 2. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission and Delimitation of Electoral Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Part 3. Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
God or other deities ACKNOWLEDGING the supremacy of the Almighty God of all creation:
HONOURING those who heroically struggled to bring freedom and justice to our land:
PROUD of our ethnic, cultural and religious diversity, and determined to live in peace
and unity as one indivisible sovereign nation:
Protection of environment RESPECTFUL of the environment, which is our heritage, and determined to sustain it for
the benefit of future generations:
COMMITTED to nurturing and protecting the well-being of the individual, the family,
communities and the nation:
RECOGNISING the aspirations of all Kenyans for a government based on the essential
values of human rights, equality, freedom, democracy, social justice and the rule of law:
EXERCISING our sovereign and inalienable right to determine the form of governance of
our country and having participated fully in the making of this Constitution:
ADOPT, ENACT and give this Constitution to ourselves and to our future generations.
Accession of territory
5. Territory of Kenya
Kenya consists of the territory and territorial waters comprising Kenya on the effective
date, and any additional territory and territorial waters as defined by an Act of
Parliament.
Official religion
8. State and religion
There shall be no State religion.
11. Culture
1. This Constitution recognises culture as the foundation of the nation and as the
Right to culture cumulative civilization of the Kenyan people and nation.
2. The State shall-
a. promote all forms of national and cultural expression through literature,
Reference to art the arts, traditional celebrations, science, communication, information,
Reference to science
mass media, publications, libraries and other cultural heritage;
b. recognise the role of science and indigenous technologies in the
Reference to science development of the nation; and
c. promote the intellectual property rights of the people of Kenya.
Provisions for intellectual property 3. Parliament shall enact legislation to-
a. ensure that communities receive compensation or royalties for the use of
their cultures and cultural heritage; and
b. recognise and protect the ownership of indigenous seeds and plant
varieties, their genetic and diverse characteristics and their use by the
communities of Kenya.
CHAPTER 3. CITIZENSHIP
4. a. the values that underlie an open and democratic society based on human
Human dignity dignity, equality, equity and freedom; and
b. the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights.
5. In applying any right under Article 43, if the State claims that it does not have
the resources to implement the right, a court, tribunal or other authority shall be
guided by the following principles-
a. it is the responsibility of the State to show that the resources are not
available;
b. in allocating resources, the State shall give priority to ensuring the widest
possible enjoyment of the right or fundamental freedom having regard to
prevailing circumstances, including the vulnerability of particular groups or
individuals; and
c. the court, tribunal or other authority may not interfere with a decision by
a State organ concerning the allocation of available resources, solely on
the basis that it would have reached a different conclusion.
b. detained without trial, except during a state of emergency, in which case the
Protection from unjustified restraint
detention is subject to Article 58;
Emergency provisions
c. subjected to any form of violence from either public or private sources;
Freedom of assembly
Right of petition
37. Assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition
Every person has the right, peaceably and unarmed, to assemble, to demonstrate, to
picket, and to present petitions to public authorities.
a. to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future
generations through legislative and other measures, particularly those
contemplated in Article 69; and
45. Family
1. The family is the natural and fundamental unit of society and the necessary basis
Right to found a family of social order, and shall enjoy the recognition and protection of the State.
2. Every adult has the right to marry a person of the opposite sex, based on the free
Regulation of marriage consent of the parties.
3. Parties to a marriage are entitled to equal rights at the time of the marriage,
Provision for matrimonial equality during the marriage and at the dissolution of the marriage.
4. Parliament shall enact legislation that recognises-
a. marriages concluded under any tradition, or system of religious, personal
or family law; and
b. any system of personal and family law under any tradition, or adhered to
by persons professing a particular religion,
to the extent that any such marriages or systems of law are consistent with this
Constitution.
2. p. between the time that the offence was committed and the time of
sentencing; and
q. if convicted, to appeal to, or apply for review by, a higher court as
Right to appeal judicial decisions prescribed by law.
3. If this Article requires information to be given to a person, the information shall
Trial in native language of accused be given in language that the person understands.
4. Evidence obtained in a manner that violates any right or fundamental freedom in
Regulation of evidence collection the Bill of Rights shall be excluded if the admission of that evidence would render
the trial unfair, or would otherwise be detrimental to the administration of justice.
5. An accused person-
a. charged with an offence, other than an offence that the court may try by
summary procedures, is entitled during the trial to a copy of the record of
the proceedings of the trial on request; and
b. has the right to a copy of the record of the proceedings within a
reasonable period after they are concluded, in return for a reasonable fee
as prescribed by law.
6. A person who is convicted of a criminal offence may petition the High Court for a
new trial if-
a. the person's appeal, if any, has been dismissed by the highest court to
which the person is entitled to appeal, or the person did not appeal within
the time allowed for appeal; and
b. new and compelling evidence has become available.
7. In the interest of justice, a court may allow an intermediary to assist a
complainant or an accused person to communicate with the court.
8. This Article does not prevent the exclusion of the press or other members of the
public from any proceedings if the exclusion is necessary, in a free and democratic
society, to protect witnesses or vulnerable persons, morality, public order or
national security.
9. Parliament shall enact legislation providing for the protection, rights and welfare
Protection of victim's rights of victims of offences.
55. Youth
The State shall take measures, including affirmative action programmes, to ensure that
the youth-
Right to water
57. Older members of society
The State shall take measures to ensure the rights of older persons-
d. to receive reasonable care and assistance from their family and the State.
State support for the elderly
Part 1. Land
but not including any public land held in trust by the county government
under Article 62 (2).
b. revise sectoral land use laws in accordance with the principles set out in Article
60 (1); and
c. enact legislation-
ii. to regulate the manner in which any land may be converted from one
category to another;
c. iii. marriage;
vii. to provide for any other matter necessary to give effect to the provisions
of this Chapter.
2. Parliament shall enact legislation providing for the classes of transactions subject
to ratification under clause (1).
c. providing for the application of this Chapter, with the necessary modifications, to
public officers; and
d. making any other provision necessary for ensuring the promotion of the
principles of leadership and integrity mentioned in this Chapter, and the
enforcement of this Chapter.
b. not more than two-thirds of the members of elective public bodies shall be of the
Second chamber representation quotas
same gender;
First chamber representation quotas
c. fair representation of persons with disabilities;
First chamber representation quotas
Second chamber representation quotas d. universal suffrage based on the aspiration for fair representation and equality of
Claim of universal suffrage
vote; and
i. by secret ballot;
Secret ballot
2. A citizen who qualifies for registration as a voter shall be registered at only one
registration centre.
3. Administrative arrangements for the registration of voters and the conduct of
elections shall be designed to facilitate, and shall not deny, an eligible citizen the
right to vote or stand for election.
84. Candidates for election and political parties to comply with code of
conduct
In every election, all candidates and all political parties shall comply with the code of
conduct prescribed by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission.
a. is not a member of a registered political party and has not been a member for at
least three months immediately before the date of the election; and
i. Article 99 (1) (c) (i) or (ii), in the case of a candidate for election to the
National Assembly or the Senate, respectively; or
ii. Article 193 (1) (c) (ii), in the case of a candidate for election to a county
assembly.
b. the votes cast are counted, tabulated and the results announced promptly by the
presiding officer at each polling station;
c. the results from the polling stations are openly and accurately collated and
promptly announced by the returning officer; and
2. a. has, at any time within the preceding five years, held office, or stood for
election as-
i. a member of Parliament or of a county assembly; or
ii. a member of the governing body of a political party; or
b. holds any State office.
3. A member of the Commission shall not hold another public office.
4. The Commission is responsible for conducting or supervising referenda and
Referenda elections to any elective body or office established by this Constitution, and any
other elections as prescribed by an Act of Parliament and, in particular, for-
a. the continuous registration of citizens as voters;
b. the regular revision of the voters' roll;
c. the delimitation of constituencies and wards;
Electoral districts d. the regulation of the process by which parties nominate candidates for
elections;
e. the settlement of electoral disputes, including disputes relating to or
arising from nominations but excluding election petitions and disputes
subsequent to the declaration of election results;
f. the registration of candidates for election;
g. voter education;
h. the facilitation of the observation, monitoring and evaluation of elections;
i. the regulation of the amount of money that may be spent by or on behalf
Campaign financing of a candidate or party in respect of any election;
j. the development of a code of conduct for candidates and parties
contesting elections; and
k. the monitoring of compliance with the legislation required by Article 82
(1) (b) relating to nomination of candidates by parties.
5. The Commission shall exercise its powers and perform its functions in
accordance with this Constitution and national legislation.
10. A person may apply to the High Court for review of a decision of the Commission
made under this Article.
11. An application for the review of a decision made under this Article shall be filed
within thirty days of the publication of the decision in the Gazette and shall be
heard and determined within three months of the date on which it is filed.
12. For the purposes of this Article, "population quota" means the number obtained
by dividing the number of inhabitants of Kenya by the number of constituencies
or wards, as applicable, into which Kenya is divided under this Article.
a. the reasonable and equitable allocation of airtime, by State owned and other
mentioned categories of broadcasting media, to political parties either generally
or during election campaigns;
a. women;
c. youth;
e. marginalised communities.
4. a. the respective Speaker shall, within twenty-one days after the occurrence
of the vacancy, give notice in writing of the vacancy to the Independent
Electoral and Boundaries Commission; and
b. a by-election shall be held within ninety days of the occurrence of the
vacancy, subject to clause (5).
5. A vacancy referred to in clause (4) shall not be filled within the three months
immediately before a general election.
2. If, in the opinion of the Speaker of the National Assembly, a motion makes
provision for a matter mentioned in the definition of "a money Bill", the Assembly
may proceed only in accordance with the recommendation of the relevant
Committee of the Assembly after taking into account the views of the Cabinet
Secretary responsible for finance.
3. In this Constitution, "a money Bill" means a Bill, other than a Bill specified in
Article 218, that contains provisions dealing with-
a. taxes;
b. the imposition of charges on a public fund or the variation or repeal of any
of those charges;
c. the appropriation, receipt, custody, investment or issue of public money;
d. the raising or guaranteeing of any loan or its repayment; or
e. matters incidental to any of those matters.
4. In clause (3), "tax", "public money", and "loan" do not include any tax, public
money or loan raised by a county.
Legislative committees
Standing committees
124. Committees and Standing Orders
1. Each House of Parliament may establish committees, and shall make Standing
Orders for the orderly conduct of its proceedings, including the proceedings of its
committees.
2. Parliament may establish joint committees consisting of members of both
Joint meetings of legislative chambers Houses and may jointly regulate the procedure of those committees.
3. The proceedings of either House are not invalid just because of-
a. a vacancy in its membership; or
b. the presence or participation of any person not entitled to be present at,
or to participate in, the proceedings of the House.
4. When a House of Parliament considers any appointment for which its approval is
required under this Constitution or an Act of Parliament-
a. the appointment shall be considered by a committee of the relevant
House;
b. the committee's recommendation shall be tabled in the House for
approval; and
c. the proceedings of the committee and the House shall be open to the
public.
Part 6. Miscellaneous
126. Location of sittings of Parliament
1. A sitting of either House may be held at any place within Kenya and may
commence at any time that the House appoints.
2. Whenever a new House is elected, the President, by notice in the Gazette, shall
appoint the place and date for the first sitting of the new House, which shall be
not more than thirty days after the election.
2. d. one man and one woman appointed by Parliament from among persons
who are experienced in public affairs, but are not members of Parliament.
3. The Clerk of the Senate shall be the Secretary to the Commission.
4. A member of the Commission shall vacate office-
a. if the person is a member of Parliament-
i. at the end of the term of the House of which the person is a
member; or
ii. if the person ceases to be a member of Parliament; or
b. if the person is an appointed member, on revocation of the person's
appointment by Parliament.
5. Despite clause (4), when the term of a House of Parliament ends, a member of
the Commission appointed under clause (2) (c) shall continue in office until a new
member has been appointed in the member's place by the next House.
6. The Commission is responsible for-
a. providing services and facilities to ensure the efficient and effective
functioning of Parliament;
b. constituting offices in the parliamentary service, and appointing and
supervising office holders;
c. preparing annual estimates of expenditure of the parliamentary service
and submitting them to the National Assembly for approval, and
exercising budgetary control over the service;
d. undertaking, singly or jointly with other relevant organisations,
programmes to promote the ideals of parliamentary democracy; and
e. performing other functions-
i. necessary for the well-being of the members and staff of
Parliament; or
ii. prescribed by national legislation.
may not exercise the powers of the President specified in clause (2).
2. If the Deputy President-elect dies before assuming office, the office of the
Deputy President shall be declared vacant on the assumption of office by the
person declared elected as the President.
3. If both the persons declared elected as the President and the Deputy President
die before assuming office-
a. the Speaker of the National Assembly shall act as President from the date
on which the President-elect would otherwise have been sworn-in; and
b. a fresh presidential election shall be conducted within sixty days after the
second death.
6. a. have not been substantiated, further proceedings shall not be taken under
this Article in respect of that allegation; or
b. have been substantiated, the Senate shall, after according the President
an opportunity to be heard, vote on the impeachment charges.
7. If at least two-thirds of all the members of the Senate vote to uphold any
impeachment charge, the President shall cease to hold office.
6. The term of office of the Deputy President shall run from the date of the
swearing in of the Deputy President, and shall end-
a. when the person next elected President at an election under Article 136
(2) (a) is sworn in;
b. on the Deputy President assuming the office of President; or
c. on resignation, death or removal from office of the Deputy President.
7. The Deputy President may resign from office at any time by notice, in writing,
addressed to the President and the resignation shall take effect on the date and
at the time specified in the notice, if any, or if a date is not specified, at noon on
the day after the notice is delivered.
8. A person shall not hold office as Deputy President for more than two terms.
2. Parliament shall establish courts with the status of the High Court to hear and
determine disputes relating to-
a. employment and labour relations; and
Establishment of labor courts b. the environment and the use and occupation of, and title to, land.
3. Parliament shall determine the jurisdiction and functions of the courts
contemplated in clause (2).
4. The subordinate courts are the courts established under Article 169, or by
Parliament in accordance with that Article.
d. to recognise the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further
their development;
e. to protect and promote the interests and rights of minorities and marginalised
communities;
2. The members contemplated in clause (1) (b) and (c) shall, in each case, be
nominated by political parties in proportion to the seats received in that election
in that county by each political party under paragraph (a) in accordance with
Article 90.
3. The filling of special seats under clause (1) (b) shall be determined after
declaration of elected members from each ward.
4. A county assembly is elected for a term of five years.
Subsidiary unit government 180. Election of county governor and deputy county governor
1. The county governor shall be directly elected by the voters registered in the
Scheduling of elections county, on the same day as a general election of Members of Parliament, being
the second Tuesday in August, in every fifth year.
2. To be eligible for election as county governor, a person must be eligible for
election as a member of the county assembly.
3. If only one candidate for county governor is nominated, that candidate shall be
declared elected.
4. If two or more candidates are nominated, an election shall be held in the county
and the candidate who receives the greatest number of votes shall be declared
elected.
5. Each candidate for election as county governor shall nominate a person who is
qualified for nomination for election as county governor as a candidate for deputy
governor.
6. The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission shall not conduct a
separate election for the deputy governor but shall declare the candidate
nominated by the person who is elected county governor to have been elected as
the deputy governor.
7. A person shall not hold office-
a. as a county governor for more than two terms; or
b. as a deputy county governor for more than two terms.
8. For the purposes of clause (7), a person who has assumed the office of county
governor shall be deemed to have served a full term, subject only to Article 182
(3) (b).
Municipal government 187. Transfer of functions and powers between levels of government
1. A function or power of government at one level may be transferred to a
government at the other level by agreement between the governments if-
a. the function or power would be more effectively performed or exercised
by the receiving government; and
b. the transfer of the function or power is not prohibited by the legislation
under which it is to be performed or exercised.
2. If a function or power is transferred from a government at one level to a
government at the other level-
a. arrangements shall be put in place to ensure that the resources necessary
for the performance of the function or exercise of the power are
transferred; and
b. constitutional responsibility for the performance of the function or
exercise of the power shall remain with the government to which it is
assigned by the Fourth Schedule.
1. b. ii. the Senate, with the support of at least two-thirds of all of the
county delegations.
2. The boundaries of a county may be altered to take into account-
a. population density and demographic trends;
b. physical and human infrastructure;
c. historical and cultural ties;
d. the cost of administration;
e. the views of the communities affected;
f. the objects of devolution of government; and
g. geographical features.
Part 7. General
Subsidiary unit government
b. the public finance system shall promote an equitable society, and in particular-
ii. revenue raised nationally shall be shared equitably among national and
county governments; and
c. the burdens and benefits of the use of resources and public borrowing shall be
shared equitably between present and future generations;
Subsidiary unit government 203. Equitable share and other financial laws
1. The following criteria shall be taken into account in determining the equitable
shares provided for under Article 202 and in all national legislation concerning
county government enacted in terms of this Chapter-
a. the national interest;
b. any provision that must be made in respect of the public debt and other
national obligations;
c. the needs of the national government, determined by objective criteria;
d. the need to ensure that county governments are able to perform the
functions allocated to them;
e. the fiscal capacity and efficiency of county governments;
f. developmental and other needs of counties;
g. economic disparities within and among counties and the need to remedy
them;
h. the need for affirmative action in respect of disadvantaged areas and
groups;
i. the need for economic optimisation of each county and to provide
incentives for each county to optimise its capacity to raise revenue;
j. the desirability of stable and predictable allocations of revenue; and
k. the need for flexibility in responding to emergencies and other temporary
needs, based on similar objective criteria.
2. For every financial year, the equitable share of the revenue raised nationally that
is allocated to county governments shall be not less than fifteen per cent of all
revenue collected by the national government.
3. The amount referred to in clause (2) shall be calculated on the basis of the most
recent audited accounts of revenue received, as approved by the National
Assembly.
Spending bills
Budget bills
221. Budget estimates and annual Appropriation Bill
1. At least two months before the end of each financial year, the Cabinet Secretary
responsible for finance shall submit to the National Assembly estimates of the
revenue and expenditure of the national government for the next financial year
to be tabled in the National Assembly.
2. The estimates mentioned in clause (1) shall-
a. include estimates for expenditure from the Equalisation Fund; and
b. be in the form, and according to the procedure, prescribed by an Act of
Parliament.
3. The National Assembly shall consider the estimates submitted under clause (1)
together with the estimates submitted by the Parliamentary Service
Commission and the Chief Registrar of the Judiciary under Articles 127 and 173
respectively.
4. Before the National Assembly considers the estimates of revenue and
expenditure, a committee of the Assembly shall discuss and review the
estimates and make recommendations to the Assembly.
5. In discussing and reviewing the estimates, the committee shall seek
representations from the public and the recommendations shall be taken into
account when the committee makes its recommendations to the National
Assembly.
6. When the estimates of national government expenditure, and the estimates of
expenditure for the Judiciary and Parliament have been approved by the
National Assembly, they shall be included in an Appropriation Bill, which shall be
introduced into the National Assembly to authorise the withdrawal from the
Consolidated Fund of the money needed for the expenditure, and for the
appropriation of that money for the purposes mentioned in the Bill.
7. The Appropriation Bill mentioned in clause (6) shall not include expenditures that
are charged on the Consolidated Fund by this Constitution or an Act of
Parliament.
Budget bills
Spending bills
5. The Controller shall not approve any withdrawal from a public fund unless
satisfied that the withdrawal is authorised by law.
6. Every four months, the Controller shall submit to each House of Parliament a
report on the implementation of the budgets of the national and county
governments.
229. Auditor-General
1. There shall be an Auditor-General who shall be nominated by the President and,
with the approval of the National Assembly, appointed by the President.
2. To be qualified to be the Auditor-General, a person shall have extensive
knowledge of public finance or at least ten years experience in auditing or public
finance management.
3. The Auditor-General holds office, subject to Article 251, for a term of eight years
and shall not be eligible for re-appointment.
4. Within six months after the end of each financial year, the Auditor-General shall
audit and report, in respect of that financial year, on-
a. the accounts of the national and county governments;
b. the accounts of all funds and authorities of the national and county
governments;
c. the accounts of all courts;
d. the accounts of every commission and independent office established by
this Constitution;
e. the accounts of the National Assembly, the Senate and the county
assemblies;
f. the accounts of political parties funded from public funds;
g. the public debt; and
h. the accounts of any other entity that legislation requires the Auditor-
General to audit.
5. The Auditor-General may audit and report on the accounts of any entity that is
funded from public funds.
6. An audit report shall confirm whether or not public money has been applied
lawfully and in an effective way.
7. Audit reports shall be submitted to Parliament or the relevant county assembly.
8. Within three months after receiving an audit report, Parliament or the county
assembly shall debate and consider the report and take appropriate action.
4. a. set and regularly review the remuneration and benefits of all State
Compensation of legislators officers; and
b. advise the national and county governments on the remuneration and
benefits of all other public officers.
5. In performing its functions, the Commission shall take the following principles
into account-
a. the need to ensure that the total public compensation bill is fiscally
sustainable;
b. the need to ensure that the public services are able to attract and retain
the skills required to execute their functions;
c. the need to recognise productivity and performance; and
d. transparency and fairness.
Advisory bodies to the head of state 240. Establishment of the National Security Council
1. There is established a National Security Council.
2. The Council consists of-
a. the President;
b. the Deputy President;
c. the Cabinet Secretary responsible for defence;
d. the Cabinet Secretary responsible for foreign affairs;
e. the Cabinet Secretary responsible for internal security;
f. the Attorney-General;
g. the Chief of Kenya Defence Forces;
h. the Director-General of the National Intelligence Service; and
i. the Inspector-General of the National Police Service.
3. The Council shall exercise supervisory control over national security organs and
perform any other functions prescribed by national legislation.
4. The President shall preside at meetings of the Council.
5. The Council shall appoint its secretary.
6. The Council shall-
a. integrate the domestic, foreign and military policies relating to national
security in order to enable the national security organs to co-operate and
function effectively; and
b. assess and appraise the objectives, commitments and risks to the
Republic in respect of actual and potential national security capabilities.
7. The Council shall report annually to Parliament on the state of the security of
Kenya.
8. The Council may, with the approval of Parliament-
a. deploy national forces outside Kenya for-
i. regional or international peace support operations; or
ii. other support operations; and
a. strive for the highest standards of professionalism and discipline among its
members;
d. train staff to the highest possible standards of competence and integrity and to
Human dignity
respect human rights and fundamental freedoms and dignity; and
10. in a referendum.
11. Article 255 (2) applies, with any necessary modifications, to a referendum under
clause (10).
5. c. as years, the period of time ends at the beginning of the date of the
relevant year that corresponds to the date on which the period began.
6. If a period of time prescribed by this Constitution for any purpose is six days or
less, Sundays and public holidays shall not count when calculating the time.
7. If, in any particular circumstances, the period of time prescribed by this
Constitution ends on a Sunday or a public holiday, the period extends to the first
subsequent day that is not a Sunday or public holiday.
8. If a particular time is not prescribed by this Constitution for performing a
required act, the act shall be done without unreasonable delay, and as often as
occasion arises.
9. If any person or State organ has authority under this Constitution to extend a
period of time prescribed by this Constitution, the authority may be exercised
either before or after the end of the period, unless a contrary intention is
expressly mentioned in the provision conferring the authority.
10. Except to the extent that this Constitution provides otherwise, if a person has
vacated an office established under this Constitution, the person may, if qualified,
again be appointed, elected or otherwise selected to hold the office in accordance
with this Constitution.
11. If a function or power conferred on a person under this Constitution is exercisable
by the person only on the advice or recommendation, with the approval or
consent of, or on consultation with, another person, the function may be
performed or the power exercised only on that advice, recommendation, with
that approval or consent, or after that consultation, except to the extent that
this Constitution provides otherwise.
260. Interpretation
In this Constitution, unless the context requires otherwise-
"adult" means an individual who has attained the age of eighteen years;
"child" means an individual who has not attained the age of eighteen years;
"document" includes-
b. electronic files;
"effective date" means the date that this Constitution came into force;
"financial year" means the period of twelve months ending on the thirtieth day of
June or other day prescribed by national legislation, but the initial financial year
of any entity is the period of time from its coming into existence until the
immediately following thirtieth day of June, or other day prescribed by national
legislation;
"land" includes-
"legislation" includes-
i. nomadic; or
a. sunlight;
"older member of society" means a person who has attained the age of sixty
years;
c. intellectual property; or
b. any person, other than a State Officer, who holds a public office;
"public service" means the collectivity of all individuals, other than State officers,
performing a function within a State organ;
"State", when used as a noun, means the collectivity of offices, organs and other
entities comprising the government of the Republic under this Constitution;
a. President;
b. Deputy President;
c. Cabinet Secretary;
d. Member of Parliament;
i. Attorney-General;
l. Principal Secretary;
CONSEQUENTIAL PROVISIONS
8. beginning with the date of commencement of the term of the new Parliament.
9. If the new Parliament fails to enact legislation in accordance with clause (8), the
provisions of clauses (1) to (8) shall apply afresh.
SCHEDULES
35. Kericho
36. Bomet
37. Kakamega
38. Vihiga
39. Bungoma
40. Busia
41. Siaya
42. Kisumu
43. Homa Bay
44. Migori
45. Kisii
46. Nyamira
47. Nairobi City
Note– All dimensions given do not necessarily represent any particular measurement
and are merely proportional.
Description- Three major strips of equal width coloured from top to bottom black, red
and green and separated by narrow white strips, with a symmetrical shield and white
spears superimposed centrally.
1. Agriculture, including-
c. county abattoirs;
e. fisheries.
b. ambulance services;
3. Control of air pollution, noise pollution, other public nuisances and outdoor
advertising.
b. racing;
c. liquor licensing;
d. cinemas;
f. libraries;
g. museums;
a. county roads;
b. street lighting;
a. markets;
e. cooperative societies.
a. statistics;
d. housing; and
b. forestry.
Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission (Article 59)- One year
Vetting of judges and magistrates (Sixth schedule, Section 23)- One year
County assembly gender balance and diversity (Article 197)- Three years
Legislation to effect Chapter eleven (Article 200 and Sixth Schedule, section 15)
and- 18 months
General
Transitional provisions
SIXTH SCHEDULE. TRANSITIONAL AND
CONSEQUENTIAL PROVISIONS (Article 262)
Part 1. General
1. Interpretation
In this Schedule, unless the context requires otherwise-
a. shall receive regular reports from the Commission on the Implementation of the
Constitution on the implementation of this Constitution including reports
concerning-
iii. the process of establishing the infrastructure necessary for the proper
operation of each county including progress on locating offices and
assemblies and establishment and transfers of staff;
iv. the devolution of powers and functions to the counties under the
legislation contemplated in section 15 of this Schedule; and
c. take appropriate action on the reports including addressing any problems in the
implementation of this Constitution.
7. Existing laws
1. All law in force immediately before the effective date continues in force and shall
be construed with the alterations, adaptations, qualifications and exceptions
necessary to bring it into conformity with this Constitution.
2. If, with respect to any particular matter-
a. a law that was in effect immediately before the effective date assigns
responsibility for that matter to a particular State organ or public officer;
and
b. a provision of this Constitution that is in effect assigns responsibility for
that matter to a different State organ or public officer,
23. Judges
1. Within one year after the effective date, Parliament shall enact legislation, which
shall operate despite Article 160, 167 and 168, establishing mechanisms and
procedures for vetting, within a timeframe to be determined in the legislation,
the suitability of all judges and magistrates who were in office on the effective
date to continue to serve in accordance with the values and principles set out in
Articles 10 and 159.
3. does not apply to the review of boundaries preceding the first elections under
this Constitution.
4. The Boundaries Commission shall ensure that the first review of constituencies
undertaken in terms of this Constitution shall not result in the loss of a
constituency existing on the effective date.
2. would have acquired citizenship if Article 87 (2) read as follows: "Every person
who, having been born outside Kenya, is on 11th December, 1963 a citizen of the
United Kingdom and Colonies or a British protected person shall, if his father or
mother becomes, or would but for his or her death have become, a citizen of
Kenya by virtue of subsection (1), become a citizen of Kenya on 12th December,
1963."
34. Currency
Nothing in Article 231 (4) affects the validity of coins and notes issued before the
effective date.
Topic index
A
Accession of territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Advisory bodies to the head of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Approval or veto of general legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 37
Attendance by legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Attorney general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 49
B
Budget bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70, 71
C
Cabinet removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 41, 47, 48
Cabinet selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 47
Campaign financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 30
Census . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Central bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Civil service recruitment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Claim of universal suffrage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 27, 43
Compensation of legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Compulsory education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Conditions for revoking citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9
Constitution amendment procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 82, 83
Constitutional court powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Constitutional court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Constitutional interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52, 84
Constitutionality of legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 52, 84
Counter corruption commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
D
Deputy executive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 46
Designation of commander in chief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Division of labor between chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Duty to obey the constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
E
Economic plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Electoral commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28, 80
Electoral districts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27, 28, 29
Eligibility for cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 47
Eligibility for const court judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Eligibility for first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 33
Eligibility for head of government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Eligibility for head of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 42
Eligibility for second chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 33
Eligibility for supreme court judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Emergency provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 20, 41, 62, 78
F
Federal review of subnational legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Finance bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
First chamber representation quotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 27, 30, 32
First chamber reserved policy areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 35
First chamber selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32, 33
Free education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Freedom of assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Freedom of association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Freedom of expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Freedom of movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Freedom of press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Freedom of religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
G
General guarantee of equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 12
God or other deities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 91
Guarantee of due process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
H
Head of government removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Head of state immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Head of state powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40, 41
Head of state removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44, 45, 46
Head of state replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43, 46
Head of state selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 43
Head of state term length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42, 44
Head of state term limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Human dignity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9, 11, 12, 19, 78
Human rights commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 80
I
Immunity of legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Initiation of general legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Integration of ethnic communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19, 74
International law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
J
Joint meetings of legislative chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 39, 69
Judicial independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Judicial precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
L
Leader of first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 34
Leader of second chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 34
Legal status of treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 44
Legislative committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Legislative initiatives by citizens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Legislative oversight of the executive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31, 41, 45, 48
Limits on employment of children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
M
Mandatory retirement age for judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Media commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Minimum age for first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Minimum age for second chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Minimum age of head of state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Motives for writing constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Municipal government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59, 60
N
Name/structure of executive(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
National anthem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 90
National flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 90
National vs subnational laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Number of supreme court judges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
O
Oaths to abide by constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 44, 46, 91
Official or national languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 38
Official religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ordinary court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Outside professions of legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 33
Ownership of natural resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 24
P
Power to declare/approve war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Power to pardon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Powers of cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Q
Quorum for legislative sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
R
Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Reference to art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 13
Reference to science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 13
Referenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 27, 28, 82, 83
Regulation of evidence collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Regulation of marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Removal of individual legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 34
Replacement of legislators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Requirements for birthright citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 104
Requirements for naturalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 9
Restrictions on political parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Restrictions on rights of groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Restrictions on the armed forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 26, 77
Restrictions on voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 27
Right of petition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 38
Right to academic freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Right to appeal judicial decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Right to counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Right to culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 16, 76
Right to examine evidence/witnesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Right to fair trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 17
S
Scheduling of elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 42, 58
Second chamber representation quotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 27, 30, 32
Second chamber reserved policy areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 35
Second chamber selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, 32
Secret ballot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 27, 43
Size of first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Size of second chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Source of constitutional authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Spending bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65, 70
Standing committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
State operation of the media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
State support for children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
State support for the disabled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
State support for the elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 19
Status of religious law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 55
Structure of legislative chamber(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Structure of the courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51, 52, 55
Subsidiary unit government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 76, 93
Supermajority required for legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 37, 83
Supreme court opinions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Supreme court powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Supreme court selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Supreme court term length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Supreme/ordinary court judge removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
T
Tax bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35, 67
Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Television . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Term length for first chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 34
Term length of second chamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 34
Transitional provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88, 97
Treaty ratification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Trial in native language of accused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Type of government envisioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
U
Ultra-vires administrative actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
V
Veto override procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37