URINARY ASSESSMENT

URINARY SYSTEM NEPHRONS

• Also known as the “renal system” • Functional unit of the kidney
• Produces, stores, and eliminates the • The structure that produces urine
urine – the fluid waste excreted by by removing waste and excess
the kidney substances from the blood.
• There are about 1,000,000
ORGANS INCLUDED nephrons in each human kidney
1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Urinary Bladder URETERS
4. Urethra • Slender tubes 25–30 cm (10–12
inches)
KIDNEYS • Attaches the kidney to the urinary
• The most important organ. bladder
• Two bean-shaped organs, each • Continuous with the renal pelvis
about the size of a fist, located just • Enter the posterior aspect of the
below the rib cage, one on each side urinary bladder
of your spine. • Run behind the peritoneum
• An adult-sized kidney is about 12cm
(5 inches) long and 6cm (2.5 inches)
wide URINARY BLADDER
• The urinary bladder is a temporary
FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEYS storage reservoir for urine.
1. Responsible for eliminating • It is located in the pelvic cavity,
waste products, drugs, and posterior to the symphysis pubis,
toxins through our urine. and below the parietal peritoneum.
2. Regulate electrolyte (salt) • The size and shape of the urinary
concentrations bladder varies with the amount of
3. Regulate the amount of fluid urine it contains and with the
within the body pressure it receives from
4. Help regulate blood pressure surrounding organs.
5. Help maintain acid-base balance

URETHRA
MORE INFO ABOUT KIDNEYS • The tube through which urine
• A kidney is composed of tiny leaves the body.
units called nephrons
• Nephrons consist of glomeruli FOR MEN FOR WOMEN
and tubules It is a tube that It is a tube
• Glomeruli are small blood serves as the that runs from
vessels that filter wastes and terminal region for your bladder to
excess fluids urinary and open in front of
reproductive your vagina.
• Tubules collect the waste to form
systems.
urines

STEPHANIE PRUE S. YEE BN1-F

URINE - If kidney function is not normal, the
• A liquid by-product of metabolism creatinine level in your urine
in humans and many other animals. decreases.
• Urine flows from the kidneys
through the ureters to the urinary ❖ THE HIGHER THE CREATININE
bladder. CONTENT, THE BETTER YOUR
• Urination results in urine being KIDNEYS WORK
excreted from the body through the
urethra AMMONIA
- The excretion of ammonia as
URINE COMPOSITION ammonium salts in the urine is
1. Water important in preserving the acid-
2. Urea (from amino acid base balance of the body.
metabolism)
3. Inorganic salts UROCHROME
4. Creatinine - It is a pigment that causes the
5. Ammonia yellow color in urine.
6. Urochrome – pigmented - It is a breakdown product of the
products of blood breakdown, blood's hemoglobin and is removed
one of which is which gives urine by the kidneys.
its typically yellowish color.
NORMAL VALUES IN URINE
WATER Color - pale yellow to deep amber
- Urine is about 95% water pH - 4.5 to 8.0.
Frequency - four to ten times a day. The
UREA average amount, however, is usually
- Urine is 2% composed of urea. between six and seven times in a 24-
- Urea is the major constituent of the hour period.
urine and the principal means Amount -800 to 2,000 milliliters per day.
for disposal of nitrogen derived
from amino acid metabolism.
URINARY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT
INORGANIC SALTS
- Urine is 1.5 % composed of Assessment of the system includes:
inorganic salts. 1. Inspection
- Includes sodium, potassium, 2. Palpation
chloride

CREATININE INSPECTION
- Creatine is a chemical the body Check for:
makes to supply energy, mainly to 1. Mass
muscles. 2. Skin Color
- This test is done to see how well 3. Lesions
your kidneys work. 4. Bruises
- Creatinine is removed by the body 5. Breaks in the Skin
entirely by the kidneys.

STEPHANIE PRUE S. YEE BN1-F

 PALPATION
• An empty bladder is not palpable.
• A full bladder presents as a pelvis
mass which is typically, regular,
smooth, firm, and oval-shaped. It
arises in the midline.
• The lower border cannot be felt.
• The upper border may reach as high
as the umbilicus.
• Size may be expressed in finger
breadths above the pubic symphysis.
A full bladder is distinguished as not
normal if:
a. There is a presence of other
features of urinary difficulty
b. There is pain – in acute urinary
retention
c. Discomfort on examination -
palpation typically worsens urge to
micturate
URINALYSIS
• A urinalysis is used to detect and
manage a wide range of disorders, such
as urinary tract infections, kidney
disease, and diabetes.
• A urinalysis involves checking the
appearance, concentration and content
of urine.
• Abnormal urinalysis results may point
to a disease or illness.
URINE SHOULD NOT INCLUDE:
1. Hemoglobin – breakdown of RBC
2. Nitrites – present if you have UTI
3. Red blood cells
4. White blood cells (pus)
5. Glucose – sign of diabetes
6. Bile – signs of liver disease
STEPHANIE PRUE S. YEE BN1-F
COMMON TYPES OF ABNORMAL URINE
- They are mostly referred to by the suffix
“-uria.”
1. Proteinuria—Protein content in
urine, often due to leaky or
damaged glomeruli.
2. Oliguria—An abnormally small
amount of urine, often due to shock
or kidney damage.
3. Polyuria—An abnormally large
amount of urine, often caused by
diabetes.
4. Dysuria—Painful or uncomfortable
urination, often from urinary tract
infections.
5. Hematuria—Red blood cells in
urine, from infection or injury.
6. Glycosuria—Glucose in urine, due
to excess plasma glucose in
diabetes, beyond the amount able
to be reabsorbed in the proximal
convoluted tubule.
URINE ABNORMALITIES
COLOR
Abnormal urine color may be caused
by infection, disease, medicines, or food
you eat.
1. Cloudy or milky urine – is a sign of a
urinary tract infection, which may
also cause a bad smell.
2. Milky urine – may also be caused by
bacteria, crystals, fat, white or red
blood cells, or mucus in the urine
FREQUENCY
- More than 7- 10 times per day is
abnormal.
URINE OUTPUT
- The normal range for 24-
hour urine volume is 800 to 2,000
milliliters per day (with a normal
fluid intake of about 2 liters
per day).
- Above that is abnormal.
COMMON SYMPTOMS OF URINARY
PROBLEMS
1. Abdominal cramping
2. Abdominal, pelvic, or back pain
that can be severe
3. Bloody or pink-colored urine
(hematuria)
4. Cloudy urine
5. Fever and chills
6. Foul-smelling urine
7. Frequent urination
8. General ill feeling
9. Leaking of urine
10. Pain or burning with urination
(dysuria)
11. Unexplained weight loss
12. Urgent need to urinate
COMMON URINARY PROBLEMS
1. Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
2. Bladder infections
3. Enlarged prostate
4. Incontinence
5. Kidney infections
6. Kidney stones
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
• A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an
infection in any part of the urinary
system.
• Most infections involve the lower
urinary tract — the bladder and the
urethra.
STEPHANIE PRUE S. YEE BN1-F
SYMPTOMS OF URINARY TRACT
INFECTION
UTIs don't always cause symptoms.
When they do, they may include:
• A strong urge to urinate that
doesn't go away (urgency)
• A burning feeling when
urinating
• Oliguria
• Milky urine
• Hematuria
• Strong-smelling urine
• Pelvic pain, in women —
especially in the center of the
pelvis and around the area of the
pubic bone
BLADDER INFECTIONS
- aka (Cystitis), usually caused by
bacteria.
- Most infections in women are
caused by bacteria from the bowel
that reach the urethra and bladder.
- Most infections in men are the
result of problems that restrict
normal urine flow, such as an
enlarged prostate
ENLARGED PROSTATE
- It means that the prostate has
grown bigger.
- Prostate enlargement happens to
almost all men as they get older.
- An enlarged prostate is often called
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
- It is not cancer, and it does not
raise your risk for prostate cancer.
INCONTINENCE
- is the involuntary loss of bladder
and bowel control
 TYPES OF INCONTINENCE
(INCONTINENTIA VESICAE)

1. Stress Incontinence – due to

increased abdominal pressure
under stress (weak pelvic floor
muscles)
2. Urge Incontinence – due to
involuntary contraction of the
bladder muscles
3. Overflow Incontinence – due to
blockage of the urethra
4. Neurogenic Incontinence – due
to disturbed function of the
nervous system

KIDNEY INFECTION
- Aka Pyelonephritis
- Happens when a bacterial infection
from the urinary bladder travels up
to the ureters and eventually
reaches the kidneys.

KIDNEY STONES
- Hardened mineral or salt deposits
inside the renal system

FOODS THAT CAN CAUSE KIDNEY

STONES
1. Foods high in sodium
2. Cola beverages
3. Fast foods
4. Processed meats
5. Certain supplements
6. Black tea
7. Chocolate
8. Spinach
9. Soy milk
10. Almonds
11. Cashews
12. Soy beans

STEPHANIE PRUE S. YEE BN1-F