INDIAN SCHOOL SOHAR

CLASS X BIOLOGY
SESSION:2020-21

EXCRETI
ON
PREPARED BY-DILNA ANISH
 EXCRETORY ORGANS –MULTICELLULAR oRGANISMS
EXCETORY ORGANISMS
ORGANS
Protonephridia or  Platyhelminthes (Planaria), rotifers, and the
flame cells cephalochordate – Amphioxus

Nephridia (a tubular  Earthworms and other annelids.

excretory structure)

Malpighian tubules  Insects including cockroaches.

Antennal glands or  crustaceans like prawns.

green glands  help in the removal of nitrogenous wastes and
osmoregulation.

Kidneys  Higher organisms

 They remove wastes, control the body's fluid
balance, and keep the right levels of electrolytes.
 ORGANS OF EXCRETION IN MAN

-Sweat &
Sebaceous - CO2 & water
glands-
sebum

-Faeces

-Bile pigments, cholesterol, vitamins ,drugs - Urine

HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Urine produced in the

kidneys passes through the
ureters into the urinary
bladder where it is stored
until it is released through
the urethra.
Human EXCRETORY system
Longitudinal section OF KIDNEY

 On the inner concave surface of

the kidney is a notch through
which ureter, blood vessels and
nerves enter.
 The kidney is divided into two
principle regions—the peripheral
cortex and the central medulla.
 Each kidney has large numbers of
structural and functional units
called nephrons.
nephron
Each nephron has two parts:
Peritubular 1. Glomerulus -is a tuft of
capillaries capillaries
• The afferent arteriole- fine
branch of the renal artery
which supplies blood to
the kidneys.
• The efferent arteriole-
carries blood away from
the glomerulus.
• Peritubular capillaries
• Vasa recta
Nephron-Renal tubule

F
 :mechanism of URINE FORMATION

Glomerular filtration .1
 The blood enters the kidney
Endothelium
through the renal artery, which
branch into capillaries –
Glomerulus. Filtration of blood
takes place in the glomerulus under
pressure.
 Small volume of solutes in the
Epithelium
filtrate - such as glucose, amino
acids, salts and a major amount of
water, are filtered out and enter the
Basement Bowman’s capsule.
membrane  This process is- Glomerular
filtration/ Ultrafiltration.
 :REABSORPTION
 The filtrate passes into the proximal
convoluted tubule .
 The PCT selectively reabsorbs all the
useful components of the filtrate
(glucose, amino acids, vitamins, salts
etc.)
 Filtrate then moves into the Henle’s
Loop, where more water is
reabsorbed.
 The filtrate then moves into the DCT.
Selective reabsorption also occurs at
the distal convoluted tubule.
:TUBULAR SECRETION
 Tubular secretion is the transfer of
substances H+,K+, waste etc from the
capillaries into the renal tubule. The
secreted ions combine with the
remaining filtrate and become urine.
 From the DCT the filtrate moves into
the collecting duct.
 Concentration of urine occurs in the
collecting duct. It collects the urine
from many nephrons.
Human EXCRETORY system

 The urine formed in each kidney

enters the ureter.
 From the ureter it is transported to
the urinary bladder.
 Urine is stored in the urinary
bladder until the pressure of the
expanded bladder leads to the urge
to pass it out through the urethra.
:MICTURITION

 The bladder is muscular, and is

under nervous control, we can
usually control the urge to urinate.
 Micturition-The act of urinating.
Urination is the release of urine
from the urinary bladder through
the urethra to the outside of the
body.
 Amount of urine excreted per day
is 1.6- 1.8 litres.
URINE FORMATION
 Human kidneys can
produce urine nearly
four times
concentrated than
the initial filtrate
formed.
 Other constituents
include urea,
chloride, sodium,
potassium ,
creatinine and other
dissolved ions, and
inorganic and
organic compounds.
 Dialysis is the process of removing excess
:Haemodialysis water, solutes, and toxins from the blood
in people whose kidneys can no longer
 Malfunctioning of kidneys can lead to perform these functions naturally.
accumulation of urea in blood, which is
highly harmful and may lead to kidney
failure.
 In such patients, urea can be removed
by a process called hemodialysis.
 Hemodialysis ("artificial kidney” ):
A medical procedure to remove
nitrogenous waste from the blood and to
correct electrolyte imbalances through
dialysis. This is accomplished using a
dialyzer.
DIALYSING MACHINE
 Organ Donation

 Organ donation is a process of

removal and transplantation of viable
organs from donor to recipient.
 Donation may be done by the
consent of the donor and his/her
family.
 Organ transplants can save or
transform the life of a person.
 Transplantation is required because
the recipient’s organ has been
damaged/failed/ injured.
 Organ Transplantation
 The organ is surgically removed from
one person (donor) and transplanted
to another person (recipient) .
 Common transplants include: cornea,
kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, lungs,
intestine & bone marrow.
 While most organ and tissue
donations occur after the donor has
died, some organs (including a kidney
or part of a liver or lung) and tissues
can be donated while the donor is
alive.
EXCRETION IN
PLANTS
EXCRETION IN PLANTS
Strategies for excretion are as
follows:
 Oxygen can be looked upon as
a waste product of
photosynthesis and carbon
dioxide a waste product of
respiration.
 Plants get rid of excess water
by transpiration.
Storing waste products
are stored as resins, Waste products may
gums and latex be stored in leaves
especially in old xylem. that fall off.

Strategies for
Excretion
In plants

Waste substances are

released into the soil Waste products are
around them. stored in cellular
vacuoles.
?Q. How is the amount of urine produced regulated

 The amount of urine produced depends on the amount of

excess water and dissolved wastes that are present in the
body to be excreted.
 Hormone such as Anti-diuretic hormone(ADH)/ vasopressin -
regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood.
 [When there is excess water in the body, dilute urine is
excreted whereas when the water is less, the urine is
concentrated.]
Q. Describe the structure of a nephron.
 A nephron is the structural and functional unit (filtration unit) of the
kidney. The structure of nephron comprises two major portions: Renal
Tubule & Glomerulus.
 Glomerulus-tuft of capillaries formed by the afferent arteriole. Blood from
the glomerulus is carried away by an efferent arteriole- which forms a fine
capillary network around the renal tubule.
 The Renal tubule begins with a cup-like structure called Bowmans Capsule
which encloses the Glomerulus. The tubule continues further to form a
coiled part-Proximal convoluted tubule.
 PCT leads into the ‘U’ shaped Henle’s loop , it has a descending and an
ascending limb. The ascending limb continues as highly tubular region the
distal convoluted tubule. The DCTs of many nephrons open into a straight
tube called the collecting duct.
.Q. Describe the structure and functioning of nephron
• Nephron has a cup shaped upper end, called Bowman's capsule. It encloses the blood
capillaries, called glomerulus. The blood entering into the glomerulus is filtered out .All
constituents of the plasma except proteins and blood cells are filtered this process is
known as ultra filtration.
• In the PCT of the renal tubule reabsorption of essential substances like glucose, proteins,
amino acids, a major portion of electrolytes and water takes place.
• Filtrate then moves into the Henle’s Loop, where more water is reabsorbed.
• In the DCT, reabsorption of Na+ and water takes place .It also secretes ions such as
hydrogen, potassium and NH3 into the filtrate.
• Collecting duct is a long, straight tube .This is the region where the maximum
reabsorption of water takes place to produce concentrated urine.
 The urine formed in each kidney enters  ureter  urinary bladder  urethra.