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A New Type Of Difference Sequence Spaces

Article · January 2006

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Binod Chandra Tripathy Ayhan Esi

Tripura University Adiyaman University
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International Journal of Science & Technology
Volume 1, No 1, 11-14, 2006

A New Type Of Difference Sequence Spaces

Binod CHANDRA TRIPATHY1 and AYHAN ESI2

1
Mathematical Sciences Division; Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology; Paschim Boragaon;
GARCHUK; GUWAHATI-781 035, INDIA
2
Inonu University, Science and Art Faculty in Adiyaman, 02040, Adıyaman, TURKEY
tripathybc@yahoo.com
(Received: 17.08.2005; Accepted: 12.12.2005)

Abstract: In this paper we introduce the notion of the difference operator ∆ m x k for a fixed m ∈ N. We define the
sequence spaces l ∞ (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) and c o (∆ m ) (m ∈ N ) and study some topological properties of these spaces.
We obtain some inclusion relations involving these sequence spaces.
2000 AMS . 40 A 05; 40 C 05; 46 A 45.
Key words: Difference sequence space, Solid space, Symmetric space, Completeness

Fark Dizi Uzaylarının Yeni Bir Şekli

Özet: Bu çalışmada sabit bir m ∈ N sayısı için ∆ m x k fark operatörü yardımıyla l ∞ (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) ve c o (∆ m )
dizi uzayları tanımlanıp, bu uzaylar için bazı topolojik özellikler çalışılmış ve bu uzaylara ait bazı kapsam bağıntıları
verilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Fark dizi uzayı, Solid uzay, Simetrik uzay, Tamlık

1. Introduction
Throughout the paper w, l ∞ , c, and co
denote the spaces of all , bounded, convergent, and
null sequences x = (xk) with complex terms,
respectively, normed by
|| x ||∞ = supk |xk| .
The zero sequence is denoted by θ = ( 0,0,0, . . ).
Kızmaz [3] defined the difference sequence
spaces l ∞ (∆), c(∆) and co(∆) as follows:
Z (∆) = { x = (xk) : (∆xk ) ∆ Z },
for Z = l ∞ ,c and co , where ∆x = (∆xk) = (xk -
xk+ı), for all k ∈ N.
The above spaces are Banach spaces, normed by
|| x ||∆ = | x1| + supk || ∆xk || .
The idea of Kizmaz [3] was applied to
introduce different type of difference sequence
spaces and study their different properties by
Tripathy ([6], [7] ), Et and Esi [8] and many
others.
2. Definitions and Preliminaries
A sequence so ace E said to be solid (or
normal) if (xk) ∈ E implies (αkxk) ∈ E for all
sequences of scalars (αk) with | αk | ≤ 1 for all n∈
N.
A sequence space E is said to be monotone if
it contains the canonical preimages of all its step
spaces.
A sequence space E is said to be convergence
free if (yk) ∈ E whenever (xk) ∈ E and yk = 0
whenever xk = 0.
A sequence space E is said to be a sequence
algebra if (xk.yk) ∈ E whenever (xk) ∈ E and (yk)
∈E.
A sequence space E is said to be symmetric if
(xπ(k)) ∈ E whenever (xk)∈E, where π(k) is a
permutation on N .
For r >0, a nonempty subset V of a linear
space is said to be absolutely r-convex if x, y ∈ V
 Tripathy and Esi

r r m
and λ + µ ≤ 1 together imply that x = ∑ x r + sup | ∆ m x k | = 0.
∆m
λx + µy ∈ V. A linear topological space X is said r =1 k

to be r-convex if every neighborhood of θ ∈X ⇒ xr = 0 for r = 1, 2, - - - , m and | ∆ m x k |= 0 , for

contains as absolutely r-convex neighborhood of all k ∈ N.
θ ∈X (see for instance Maddox and Roles [5] ). Consider k = 1 i.e. | ∆ m x1 |= 0 ⇒ | x1 –x1+m | =
⇒ xm+1 = 0, since xm = 0.
Let m ∈ N be fixed, then we introduce the
following new type of difference sequence spaces Proceeding in this way we have xk =0, for all k ∈ N.
Z (∆ m ) = {x = ( x k ) ∈ w : ∆ m x ∈ Z }, m

for Z = l ∞ ,c and co , where

|| x + y || ∆ m = ∑ | x r + y r | + sup | ∆ m ( x k + y k ) |
r =1 k
∆ m x = (∆ m x k ) = ( x k − x k + m ) , for all k ∈ N. m m

For m =1, l ∞ (∆m)= l ∞ (∆), c(∆m)= c(∆) and

≤ ∑| x
r =1
r | + sup | ∆ m x k | + ∑ | y r | + sup | ∆ m y k |
k r =1 k
c0(∆m)= c0 (∆). Hence the introduced notion generalizes = || x || ∆ m + || y || ∆ m .
the notion of difference sequences studied by Kizmaz
[3].
Finally
m
3. Main Results
|| λx || ∆ m = ∑ | λx r | + sup | ∆ m (λx k ) |
r =1 k
In this section we establish the results of this
article. The proof of the following result is a routine = |λ| || x || ∆ m .
verification.
Hence || . || ∆ m is a norm on the
Proposition 1. The classes of sequences spaces l ∞ (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) and c o (∆ m ) .
l ∞ (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) and c o (∆ m ) are normed linear This completes the proof.
spaces, normed by
m Proposition 2. (i) c o (∆ m ) ⊂ c(∆ m ) ⊂ l ∞ (∆ m ) and
x ∆m
= ∑ x r + sup | ∆ m x k | - - - - - - - (1)
k the inclusions are proper.
r =1
(ii) Z(∆) ⊂ Z (∆ m ) , for Z = c , c0 , l ∞ and the
Proof. Let α, β be scalars and (xk), (yk) ∈ l ∞ (∆m). inclusions are strict.
Then
Proof. Trivial.
sup | ∆ m x k |< ∞ and sup | ∆ m y k |< ∞
k k
- - - - - - - - - (2) Theorem 3. The sequence spaces
Hence l ∞ (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) and c o (∆ m ) are Banach spaces
sup | ∆ m (αx k + βy k ) | ≤ |α| sup | ∆ m x k | + | β| under the norm (1) .
k k

sup | ∆ m y k | < ∞, by (2). Proof. Let (x ) be a Cauchy sequence in l (∆ ) ,

n
∞ m

where (x ) = (x ) = (x , x , x ,...) ∈ l (∆ ) for

k
n n n n n
Hence l ∞ (∆m) is a linear space. Similarly it can i ı 2 3 ∞ m

be shown that c(∆m) and c0(∆m) are linear spaces. each n ∈ N .

Then
Next for x = θ, we have || θ || ∆ m = 0 . Conversely, m

let || x || ∆ m = 0 . xn − xi = ∑ x rn − x ri + sup | ∆ m x kn − ∆ m x ki |→ 0
∆m k
r =1
Then , as n, i → ∞. Hence for a given ε > 0, there exists no ∈
N such that
12
 A New Type of Difference Sequence Spaces

m Proposition 4. The spaces

xn − xi = ∑ x rn − x ri + sup | ∆ m x kn − ∆ m x ki |< ε l (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) and co (∆ m ) are BK-spaces.
∆m k ∞
r =1
, for all n, i ≥ n0. - - - - (3) Since the inclusions c(∆ m ) ⊂ l ∞ (∆ m ) and
Hence x − x
n
k
i
k < ε for all n, i ≥ n0 and c o (∆ m ) ⊂ l ∞ (∆ m ) are proper, the following result
k = 1,2, . . . , m. follows from Theorem 3.
( ) is a Cauchy sequence in C for k = 1,2, . . , m.
⇒ x
i
k
c(∆ m ) and c o (∆ m ) are
⇒ (x ) is a convergent in C for k = 1,2, . . ., m.
Proposition 5. The spaces
i
k
nowhere dense subsets of l ∞ (∆ m ) .
Let lim x ki = x k , say for k = 1,2, . . . , m.
i →∞
Theorem 6. The spaces
From (3) we have | ∆ m x k − ∆ m x k |< ε , for all
n i
l ∞ (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) and c o (∆ m ) are not solid spaces.
n, i ≥ n0 and all k ∈ N. Hence ∆ m x k is a Cauchy ( i
)
sequence in C for all k ∈ N. Thus ∆ m x k is ( i
) Proof. The proof follows from the following examples.

convergent in C, let lim ∆ m x ki = y k , say for each k ∈ Example 1. Let xk = k for all k ∈N. Consider the
i →∞
sequence of scalars (αk) defined by αk = im +1, for i =
N. Since lim x ki = x k ,exists for k = 1,2, . . . , m , so 0, 1, 2, . . . and αk = 0, otherwise. Then
i →∞
(xk)∈ c(∆ m ) ⊂ l ∞ (∆ m ) , but (αkxk) ∉ l ∞ (∆ m ) .
we have lim x ki = x k ,exists for each k ∈ N.
i →∞
Hence the spaces c(∆ m ) and l ∞ (∆ m ) are not solid.
We have
m m For the case c o (∆ m ), consider the sequence xk
lim ∑ | x ri − x rj |= ∑ | x ri − x r |< ε , =1 for all k ∈N and the sequence (αk) defined as above.
j →∞
Then (xk)∈ c o (∆ m ) , but (αkxk) ∉ c o (∆ m ) .
r =1 r =1
for all i ≥ n0 , and
lim | x ik − x kj − ( x ik + m − x kj + m ) | Hence c o (∆ m ) is not solid.
j→ ∞
, for all k ∈N and
=| x ik − x k − ( x ik + m − x k + m ) |< ε Theorem 7. (i) The space c o (∆ ) is symmetric.
i ≥ n0. (ii) The spaces l ∞ (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) and c o (∆ m )
Hence for all i ≥ n0 , we have
(for m > 1) are not symmetric spaces.
sup | ∆x ki − ∆x k |< ε .
k
Proof. (i) The first part is known. For the second part,
Thus consider the following example.
m

∑| x
r =1
i
r − x r | + sup | ∆x ki − ∆x k |< 2ε ,
k
Example 2. Let m = 2 and consider the sequence (xk)
defined by (xk) = 1 for k odd and (xk) = 2 for k even.
⇒ ( x − x) ∈ l ∞ ( ∆ m ) , for all i ≥ n0 .
i
Consider the rearranged sequence (yk) as
Thus x = xi – (xi – x ) ∈ l ∞ (∆ m ) , for all i ≥ n0 , ( y k ) = (x1 , x3 , x 2 , x 4 , x5 , x7 , x6 , x8 ,....)
since l ∞ (∆ m ) is a linear space .
Then ( y k ) ∉ c 0 (∆ 2 ) . Hence c o (∆ 2 ) is not
Hence l ∞ (∆ m ) is complete.
symmetric.
Similarly it can be shown that the spaces Next let m = 1 and consider the sequence (xk) defined as
c(∆ m ) and c o (∆ m ) are also complete. xk = k for all k ∈ N . Consider its rearrangement defined
The following result is a consequence of the above
result and the definition of BK-space.

13

as
 x1 , x2 , x4 , x3 , x9 , x5 , x16 , x6 , x25 , 
( yk ) = 
 x7 , x36 , x8 , x49 , x10 ,...
Then (xk)∈ c(∆ ) ⊂ l ∞ (∆ ) , but (yk) ∉ l ∞ (∆ ) .
Hence the spaces c(∆ ) and l ∞ (∆ ) are not
symmetric.
Theorem 8. The spaces
l ∞ (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) and c o (∆ m ) are not convergence
free.
Proof. The result follows from the following example.
Example 3. Let m = 2 and consider the sequence (xk)
defined as xk = 1, for all k ∈ N . Then (xk)
( ) ( )
∈ c o (∆ 2 ) ⊂ c ∆ 2 ⊂ l ∞ ∆ 2 . Now consider the
sequence (yk) defined by yk = k , for all k ∈ N, then
2 {
( )
(yk) ∉ l ∞ ∆ 2 . Hence the spaces
c o (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) and l ∞ (∆ m ) are not
convergence free .
Theorem 9. The spaces
l ∞ (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) and c o (∆ m ) are not monotone.
Proof. The proof follows from the following example.
4. References
1. Cooke, R.G. (1950). Infinite Matrices and
Sequence Spaces; MacMillan , London.
2. Kamthan, P.K. and Gupta, M.(1981):.Sequence
Spaces and Series ; Marcel Dekker Inc. ; New
York.
3. Kizmaz, H. (1981). On Certain Sequence Spaces,
Canad.Math.Bull.; 24 169-176.
4. Maddox, I.J.(1970). Elements of Functional
Analysis Cambridge Univ.Press.
5. Maddox I.J.,and Roles, J.W.(1969). Absolute
convexity in certain topological linear spaces,
Proc.Camb.Phil.Soc., 66, 541-545.
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Tripathy and Esi
Example 4. Let m =1 and consider the sequence x =
(xk) defined as xk = 1, for all k ∈ N. Then
 (xk)∈ c o (∆ ) . Now consider the sequence (yk) in its
 preimage space defined by yk = 1, for k odd and by yk
= 0, for k even, then (yk) ∉ c o (∆ ) . Hence the space
c o (∆ ) is not monotone.
Next consider the sequence x = (xk) defined as xk
( )
= k , for all k ∈ N . Then (xk)∈ c ∆ ⊂ l ∞ ∆ . Now( )
consider the sequence (yk) in its preimage space,
( )
defined as above, then (yk) ∉ l ∞ ∆ . Hence the
spaces c(∆ m ) and l ∞ (∆ m ) are not monotone.
Theorem 10. l ∞ (∆ m ) , c(∆ m ) and c o (∆ m ) are 1-
convex.
Proof. If 0 p δ p 1 , then
V= x = ( x k ) : x ∆ ≤δ }
m
is an absolutely 1-convex set, for let x,y ∈ V and
λ + µ ≤ 1 , then
λ x + µy ∆m
≤ ( λ + µ )δ ≤ δ .
This completes the proof.
6. Tripathy, B.C.(2003). A class of difference
sequence sequences related to the p-normed space
l p ; Demonstratio Math. ; 36(4), 867-872.
7. Tripathy, B.C.(2003).On some class of difference
paranormed sequence spaces associated with
multiplier sequences ; Internat. J. Math. Sci.;
vol.2(no.1); 159-166.
8. Et,M.,.and Esi,A. (2000).On Köthe-Toeplitz duals
of generalized difference sequence spaces; Bull.
Malaysian Math.Sci.Soc. (Second Series), 23,
1-8 .
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