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Procedia Computer Science 79 (2016) 100 – 111

7th International Conference on Communication, Computing and Virtualization 2016

Performance Analysis of Various Fuzzy Clustering Algorithms: A

Review
Anjana Gosaina, Sonika Dahiyab
a
Professor, USICT, GGS Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, Delhi-110075, India
b
Assistant Professor, USICT, GGS Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, Delhi-110075, India

Abstract

Fuzzy clustering is useful clustering technique which partitions the data set in fuzzy partitions and this technique is applicable in
many technical applications like crime hot spot detection, tissue differentiation in medical images, software quality prediction
etc. In this review paper, we have done a comprehensive study and experimental analysis of the performance of all major fuzzy
clustering algorithms named: FCM, PCM, PFCM, FCM-σ, T2FCM, KT2FCM, IFCM, KIFCM, IFCM-σ, KIFCM-σ, NC, CFCM,
DOFCM. To better analysis their performance we experimented with standard data points in the presents of noise and outlier.
This paper will act as a catalyst in the initial study for all those researchers who directly or indirectly deal with fuzzy clustering in
their research work and ease them to pick a specific method as per the suitability to their working environment.

©
© 2016
2016Published by Elsevier
The Authors. B.V.by
Published This is an open
Elsevier B.V.access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of ICCCV 2016.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of ICCCV 2016
Keywords: Fuzzy Clustering; FCM; PCM; FCM-σ; IFCM-σ; KFCM-σ; Type 2; Intuitionisitic; IFCM; DOFCM; CFCM; NC;

1. Introduction

Clustering is an important unsupervised form of classification technique of data mining [1,3]. It divides the data
elements in a number of groups such that elements within a group possess high similarity while they differ from the
elements of other groups. Clustering can of two types: Hard Clustering and Fuzzy Clustering[1,3]. When each
element is solely dedicated to one group, that type of clustering is called Hard clustering. In hard clustering, clusters
have crisp sets for representing element's membership, i.e. the membership of elements in a cluster is assessed in
binary terms according to a bivalent condition that an element either belongs or does not belong to the set. In
contrast, when the elements are not solely belonging to any one group, instead they share some fraction of
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 ; fax: +0-000-000-0000 .
E-mail address: sonika.dahiya11@gmail.com.

1877-0509 © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of ICCCV 2016
doi:10.1016/j.procs.2016.03.014
 Anjana Gosain and Sonika Dahiya / Procedia Computer Science 79 (2016) 100 – 111 101

membership in a number of groups, that type of clustering is called Fuzzy clustering. So, fuzzy clustering permits the
gradual assessment of the membership of elements in a set which is described by a membership function valued in
the real unit interval [0, 1]. Thus membership functions are represented as a fuzzy set which can be either Type-I,
Type-II or Intuitionistic. Algorithms proposed in the literature are based one of the three fuzzy set theory as shown
in figure 1.

Fig. 1. Classification of Fuzzy algorithms discussed.

Bezdek's famous fuzzy clustering algorithm named as Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm and other algorithms such as
PCM, PFCM, FCM-σ which are derived from FCM algorithm have been useful in many technical areas like image
analysis, pattern recognition [3, 4, 5, 6,7]. FCM performs well with noise free data but are highly sensitized to noise
and outliers. As they fail to distinguish between data points and noise or outliers, so centroid is attracted towards
outliers instead of the center of the cluster. Though PCM and PFCM perform better in presence of noise in
comparison to FCM, but PCM fails to find optimal clusters in presence of noise[4]. PFCM fails to give appreciable
results when data set consists of two clusters which are highly unalike in size and outliers are present[5].
T2FCM and KT2FCM algorithms are based on Type-2 fuzzy sets, so some data elements contribute more in
computing appropriate cluster centroids [8,9]. Though they outperform earlier proposed algorithms but T2FCM fails
when the data structure of input patterns is non-spherical and complex[8]. KT2FCM overcome the problem of
T2FCM by introducing kernel, tangent function and lagrangian methods, with basic objective function of the
T2FCM algorithm and gives better segmentation over noisy data [9].
To further improve the effectiveness of clustering algorithms new concept of hesitation degree was merged with
membership degree, based on which IFCM, IFCM-σ, KIFCM, KIFCM-σ were proposed. IFCM extends
conventional FCM by adding intuitionistic feature to membership and objective functions. IFCM improved cluster
computation over existing algorithms but failed to efficiently cluster non-spherically separable data. Then next
Robust Intuitionistic Fuzzy C-means (IFCM-σ) was proposed that takes into account new distance metric to work
well with non-spherically separable data. KIFCM was proposed next by introducing Radial Basis kernel function to
improve the accuracy of the intuitionistic fuzzy c-means. KIFCM-σ is a hybridization of IFCM, kernel function, and
new distance metric in the feature space and in the data space and thus overcomes various problems of IFCM and
FCM-σ.
The main focus of all these algorithms is on improving the clustering or centroid computation without considering
the noise and outliers. NC and CFCM are proposed specifically to work efficiently with noisy data. They emphasise
on reducing the effect of outliers on resulting clusters rather than exactly identifying them. CFCM does this by
introducing a new variable named credibility. As these algorithms emphasis on reducing the effect of outliers on
resulting clusters. Therefore, the problem with these algorithms is that they fail to find accurate clusters. To
overcome this problem, DOFCM works on identifying outliers based on density of data set and then performs
clustering considering actual data points. Thus, it improved the accuracy of clusters.
In this paper we discussed all these algorithms in detail and experimentally showed a performance comparison of
all these algorithms.
102 Anjana Gosain and Sonika Dahiya / Procedia Computer Science 79 (2016) 100 – 111

Paper Organisation is like this: In 2nd section, a brief discussion of the fuzzy clustering algorithms. In 3rd
section, short description of datasets, used in this paper for experimental analysis. In section 4, experimental results
in the form of figure for comparison of algorithms are represented.

2. Literature Review

In this paper, the data-set is denoted by X, where X={x1, x2, x3, …… xn}, specify n points in 2-dimensional
space. Centroids of clusters are denoted by ‫ݒ‬௞ , and c is the total number of clusters present in the data-set, k is used
to denote cluster. Therefore, value of k is in the range [1,c].

2.1. The Fuzzy C-Means (FCM)[10]

FCM is one of the most renowned fuzzy clustering algorithm. It works on the assumption that number of clusters
'c' are known for the given dataset and minimizes the objective function (‫ܬ‬ி஼ெ ), given as:
c n

¦¦ u d [1]
m 2
J FCM
k 1 i 1
ik ik

Where '‫ݑ‬௜௞ ' is the membership of datapoint ‘xi’ in cluster ‘k’ and dik xi  vk is the Euclidean distance
between ‘xi’ and cluster center ‫ݒ‬௞ and membership '‫ݑ‬௜௞ ' satisfies the following relationship:
c

¦u
k 1
ik 1 i 1, 2,3..n [2]

and ‘m’ is a constant value known as the fuzzifier (or fuzziness index) as it controls the fuzziness of the resulting
clusters. In our implementation m is taken to be 2. Minimization of ‫ܬ‬ி஼ெ is performed by the alternating
optimization technique [6]. Membership of every point is updated using following equation:
[3]
1
u ik 2
k , i
c
§d · m 1

¦ ¨ d ki ¸
© ji ¹
j 1

where k is an integer in range [1,c] and i is an integer in range [1,n]

and
n

¦ u x
m
ik i
i 1 [4]
v k n

¦ u
m
ik
i 1

But FCM failed to detect noise and outliers, so it treats the noisy points and outliers same as the actual data
points. Thus, it's centroid is attracted towards outliers instead of the center of the cluster.

2.2. Fuzzy C-Means with new distance metric (FCM-σ)[18]

D. M. Tsai and C. C. Lin [9] proposed FCM-σ by changing the distance metric used in conventional FCM with a
new distance metric, '݀Ԣଶ௞௜ Ԣ, defined as:
2 x v
i k
d' ki
V k [5]
Where ߪ௞ is the weighted mean distance of cluster center '‫ݒ‬௞ Ԣ and is defined as:
n

¦ u .|| xi v k ||
m 2
ik
[6]
V i 1

¦ u
k n m
i 1 ik

and to be minimized objective function '‫ܬ‬ி஼ெିఙ ' is:

 Anjana Gosain and Sonika Dahiya / Procedia Computer Science 79 (2016) 100 – 111 103

|| xi v k||
2
c n

¦¦ u [7]
m
J FCM V
k 1 i 1
ik
V i

Membership function equation is -

1 [8]
u ik 2
k , i
c §d' · m 1

¦ ¨ ki ¸
© d ' ji ¹
j 1

where k is an integer in range [1,c] and i is an integer in range [1,n]

Cluster center equation is:
n

¦u x
m
ik k [9]
v k
i 1
n
i
¦u
m
ik
i 1

2.3. Possibilistic C-Means Algorithm (PCM) [12]

Krishnapuram and Keller proposed a new PCM algorithm, by relaxing the following constraint:
c

¦u
k 1
ik
1 i [10]

c n c n m [11]
ki.d ki ¦ K k ¦ 1 u ki
J PCM (U ,V ) ¦ ¦ um 2  
k 1i 1 k 1 i 1
where ߟ௞ are suitable positive numbers. The first term of this objective function tries to minimise the distance of the
data points to the centroids and the second term works on ‫ݑ‬௜௞ to be as large as possible, thus it avoids the trivial
solution [6, 12]. The updating of centroids are same as that in FCM (eq no. [4]) and membership of data points is
updated as:
1
u ki 1

§ || xi v k ||2 · m 1

1 ¨ ¸
© Kk ¹ [12]
PCM, sometimes helps with noisy data. But the problem is it suffers from the inconsistencies like instead of global
minimum of the underlying objective function, a suitable non-optimal local minimum provides the desired
clustering results.

2.4. Possibilistic Fuzzy C-Means (PFCM) [13]

N.R. Pal integrated the fuzzy approach from FCM and possibilistic approach of PCM. Hence PFCM has a
possibilistic membership (‫ݐ‬௞௜ ሻ and a fuzzy membership (‫ݑ‬௞௜ ሻ associated with data point. It works on minimising the
following objective function:
c n c n K
J PCM (U ,V ,T ) ¦¦ au
m
ki
 bt ki
K
d
2
ki
¦ b k ¦ 1t ki
k 1 i 1 k 1 i 1 [13]
subject to constraint that
c

¦u
k 1
ik
1 i

where 0 ≤ uik ˂ 1 and 0 ≤ tki ˂ 1

and m > 1, ߟ > 1, a > 0 and b > 0.
'a' and 'b' are constants define the relative importance of fuzzy membership and typicality values in the objective
104 Anjana Gosain and Sonika Dahiya / Procedia Computer Science 79 (2016) 100 – 111

function.
1
uik c 2
k , i [14]
¦ d ki m1

d ji
j 1
where k is an integer in the range [1,c] and i is an integer in the range [1,n].
and possibilistic membership '‫ݐ‬௞௜ ' is defined
1 as:
t ki 1
[15]
1 ¨
§b 2·
K 1

d ki ¸
©b ¹

where 1≤k≤c and cluster center '‫ݒ‬௞ ' is defined as:

n

¦ au
K
 bt ki
m

i 1
ki x i
[16]
v k n

¦ au
K
 bt ki
m
ki
i 1

This algorithm outperforms PCM and FCM but fails to give desired results when clusters are highly unequal
sized and when outliers are present.

2.5. Type-2 Fuzzy C-Means (T2FCM) [14]

Rhee and Hwang proposed this new algorithm by introducing the concept of type-2 fuzzy sets. The idea behind the
design of this algorithm is that all data points should not have same contribution in computing the cluster centers,
instead the data points with higher memership value should dominate the cluster center computation. Type-2
membership is computed via following equation:
1 u
a ik u ik  2 ik [17]

where ‫ݑ‬௜௞ and ܽ௜௞ are the Type-1 and Type-2 fuzzy membership respectively. ܽ௜௞ is used for cluster centers
computation in T2FCM other computations are same as conventional FCM. Following equation is used for updating
cluster centers '‫ݒ‬௞ ':

¦ a x
m

i 1
ik i
[18]
v k n

¦ a
m
ik
i 1

Cluster centers computed using ܽ௜௞ are more appropriate than the one computed using ‫ݑ‬௜௞ . T2FCM has been
proven to be effective for spherical stuctured datasets, but it fails when the input dataset is of non-spherical and
complex structures.

2.6. Kernelized Type-2 Fuzzy C-Means (KT2FCM) [15]

Prabhjot Kaur, I.M.S Lambh and Anjana Gosain proposed KT2FCM by exploiting Hyper Tangent kernel function in
reckoning the distance among data points and cluster centers. Hyper Tangent Kernel function is:
§ 2

2 ·
¨ x y ¸ [19]
K x, y 1  tanh ¨  ¸
V
2
¨ ¸
© ¹
Objective function is:
 Anjana Gosain and Sonika Dahiya / Procedia Computer Science 79 (2016) 100 – 111 105

I x k I vi
c n 2
2¦¦ a ik
m
J KT 2 FCM
i 1 k 1 [20]
where ܽ௜௞ is Type-2 membership.
and ԡ˗ሺ‫ݔ‬௞ ሻ െ ˗ሺ‫ݒ‬௜ ሻԡ is the distance between ˗ሺ˜୧ ሻ and ˗ሺ‫ݔ‬௞ ሻ.
I x k I vi
2
I x k
I v i
. I x k
I v i

I x k
.I x k
 2I x k
I v i
I v i
.I v i

ൌK x ,x  2K x ,v K v ,v    ሾʹͳሿ
k k k i i i

In KT2FCM, ‫ܭ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬௞ ǡ ‫ݒ‬௜ ሻ is calculated using Hyper Tangent Kernel function from eq no. 21 and σ is defined as kernel
width and it is a positive number, then ‫ܭ‬ሺ‫ݔ‬௞ ǡ ‫ݔ‬௞ ሻ ൌ ͳ. Thus, eq no. 20 can be written as:
c n
2¦¦ a ik 1  K
m
J KT 2 FCM x ,v
k i
i 1 k 1 [22]
minimizing under the condition:
c

¦u
k 1
ik
1 i

thus,

1
§ · m1 § § ··
¨ x y ¸ ¸
2
¨ ¸ n
¨
¦  
m
¨ ¸ a ik x k v i ¨
K , 1 tanh ¨ ¸¸ xk
1
V ¸¹ ¸¹
2
¨ § 2·¸ k 1
¨ ¨
©
¨ tanh¨¨  x y ¸¸ ©
¨ V2
¸¸ v i
§ § ··
¨ x y ¸ ¸
¨ ¸ 2
© © ¹¹ ¨
aik 1 ¦
n
m
a ik x k v i ¨
K , 1  tanh ¨  ¸¸
V
2
§ · m1 k 1
¨ ¨ ¸¸
© © ¹ ¹ [24]
c ¨ ¸ [23]
¨ ¸
¦ ¨ §
1
x y
2·¸
i 1 ¨ tanh ¨  ¸¸
¨ ¨
¨ V2
¸¸
¸
© © ¹¹

2.7. Intuitionistic Fuzzy C-Means (IFCM) [19]

Intuitionistic fuzzy c-means [10] function contains two terms: (i) modified objective function of conventional FCM
using Intuitionistic fuzzy set and (ii) intuitionistic fuzzy entropy (IFE). IFCM minimizes the objective function as:
IFCM minimizes the objective function as:
K
Ke
c n c *

¦¦ u d ¦
*m 2 * 1
J i [25]
IFCM ik ik i
i 1 k 1 i 1
‫כ‬
with m=2, ‫ݑ‬௜௞ = uik + ηik , where uik* (uik) denotes the intuitionistic fuzzy membership of the kth data in ith class.
ηik is hesitation degree, which is defined as:
nik 1  uik  (1  uikD )1/D , D ! 0
n
and Ki* 1
N ¦K k 1
ik , k belongs to [1,N]
At each iteration, the cluster center and membership matrix are updated and the algorithm stops when the updated
membership and the previous membership.
106 Anjana Gosain and Sonika Dahiya / Procedia Computer Science 79 (2016) 100 – 111

2.8. Kernel Fuzzy C-Means with new distance metric (KFCM-σ)

Conventional IFCM and FCM-σ can only deal with linearly separable data points in observation space. The
observed data-set can be transformed to higher dimensional feature space by applying a non-linear mapping
function to achieve nonlinear separation. KFCM-σ incorporates a new distance measure into the mapped feature
space. New distance metric is defined as:
I xk  I vi
2
Id 2
Idc kc [26]
IV IV
2
kc
i i

where ʣఙ೔ is the weighted mean distance of cluster 'i' in the mapped featue space and is given by:
1/ 2
­ n m ½
° ¦ u .I 2
° k 1 ki dkc °
°
IV ® n ¾ [27]
° ¦ ukim
i
°
°
¯ k 1 °
¿
and objective function is:

c n

¦¦ u I xk  I vi
m 2
J KFCM V ik
i 1 k 1 [28]

2.9. Robust Intuitionistic Fuzzy C-Means (IFCM-σ) [17]

Prabhjot Kaur, A. K. Soni, and A. Gosain proposed this algorithm by incorporating a different distance metric from
IFCM to regularize the distance variation in each cluster. Hence, improved clustering performance for non-
spherically separable data where IFCM failed. Objective function is:
c n c
J KFCM V ¦¦ u
i 1 k 1
ik
m
.d kic2  ¦ S i e1S i
i 1
[29]

2
xk  vi
c2
where d ki and ߪ௜ is the weighted mean distance of cluster i.
Vi

2.10. Kernel version of Intuitionistic Fuzzy C-Means (KIFCM) [9]

This algorithm works by exploiting Radial Basis kernel function for calculating the distance between the cluster
centroid and data points. Hence improved the accuracy of IFCM. Objective function is:

c n c

¦¦ uikm I xk  I vi  ¦ S i e1S i
2
J KFCM
i 1 k 1 i 1 [30]

2.11. Noise Clustering [20, 21]

Dave proposed a robust clustering algorithm named Noise clustering. It took into the consideration the major
problem of FCM by minimising the following objective function:

c 1 N

¦¦
m 2
J U ,V uki d ki
k 1 i 1 [31]
 Anjana Gosain and Sonika Dahiya / Procedia Computer Science 79 (2016) 100 – 111 107

where out of 'c+1' clusters one is noise cluster and 'c' are good clusters and ሺ݀௞௜ ሻଶ = 2 for k = n= c+1. NC
outperforms PCM, FCM and PFCM. But it emphasises on reducing the influence of outliers on the cluster
computation rather than nullifying the outliers.

2.12. Credibilistic Fuzzy C-Means (CFCM)

Krishna K. Chintalapudi proposed CFCM algorithm by introducing a new variable, named credibility, which is
defined as:

k \ 1  max(1j T1..)nD(kD j ) ,0 d d 1 T [31]

where D k min(dik ) , this is distance of point ‫ݔ‬௞ from it's closest centroid 'j'.
i 1..c
Noisiest point '‫ݔ‬௞ ' gets its credibility value equal to Ф. and Ф is a parameter that controls the minimum value of
ߖ௞ . CFCM performs clustering by minimizing the following objective function:
c n
J CFCM (U ,V ) ¦¦ uk 1 i 1
m
ki d ki2 [32]

c
Subject to the constraint: ¦u
i 1
ik \k , k 1...n
CFCM lessen the effect of outliers on cluster computation. Thus, it is observed that it improves centroid
computation but still doesn't provide the accurate centroids and assigns some outlier points to more than one
cluster[5].

2.13. Density Oriented Fuzzy C-Means (DOFCM) [24, 25]

Prabhjot Kaur and Anjana Gosain proposed DOFCM by defining a density factor, neighborhood membership,
which measures the density of an object in a given dataset considering its neighborhood. For an object 'i' in dataset
'X', neighborhood membership is defined as:
i
Kneighborhood
i

M neighborhood X [33]
Kmax
where, Kneighborhood = count of points in the neighborhood of point i and Kmax Kneighborhood
i max i
i 1...n
, i is any
point in dataset X.
Any point 'p' is said to be in neighborhood of point 'i' if it satifies following condition:
p  X , i  X | dist ( p, i) d rneighborhood
where dist(p, i) is Euclidean distance between points 'p' and 'i'; and ‫ݎ‬௡௘௜௚௛௕௢௥௛௢௢ௗ is the radius of neighborhood.
j
Outliers are identified by setting a threshold value 'α' for the neighborhood membership. If M neighborhood ( X ) value
of a point 'j' is less than α than 'j' is an outlier, otherwise not.
This way DOFCM identifies outliers and by assigning zero fuzzy membership to those points performs clustering
using FCM algorithm.

3. Dataset Used

In this section we are discussing about a standard data set that is used in our experimental analysis. That is shown
in Fig. 2(a) , it consists of 10 data points, one noise point and one outlier [39].
108 Anjana Gosain and Sonika Dahiya / Procedia Computer Science 79 (2016) 100 – 111

10

-2
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Fig. 2. (a) D12 Dataset.

 Anjana Gosain and Sonika Dahiya / Procedia Computer Science 79 (2016) 100 – 111 109

Fig. 3. (a) FCM; (b) FCM-σ; (c) PCM; (d) PFCM; (e) IFCM (f) IFCM-σ; (g) T2FCM; (h) KT2FCM; (i) KIFCM; (j)KIFCM-σ; (k) NC; (l)
CFCM; (m) DOFCM .

4. Experimental Results

Result of all the discussed algorithms is shown in Fig. 3. All the point in input dataset are shown by blue or black
color rounds and computed centroids are shown by red cross or plus sign, except in DOFCM output, where
computed centroids are shown by black * and outlier by blue round and other point by green or red dots.
Table 1. Centroid coordinates produced on D12 data set

Name of Algorithm Cx Cy No. of Clusters

-2.985253772986806 0.5434110609849266 2
FCM
2.985487400172051 0.5436449613072387
-2.148192294321262 0.018929201953273432 2
PCM
2.1486856843141053 0.018920785303744362
-2.836 0.364
PFCM 2
2.836 0.364
2.9854499212176773 0.5436065816325185 2
FCM-σ
-2.9852920021190843 0.543449017252572
0.0 0.0
IFCM 2
0.0 36.8
2.1487 5.247
IFCM-σ 2
-3.39 -0.088
-0.20514829664189885 1.1817851109050154E-7 2
KIFCM
0.021250403677084577 2.4959344033267643E-9
2.86765284991924 0.525598677904248
T2FCM 2
-2.86762652652890 0.525784910953324
2.8757 0.5756
KT2FCM 2
-2.8757 0.5758
3.31 0.0
KIFCM-σ 2
-3.35 0.001
-3.219676117514328 2.733094769802608E-9 2
CFCM
3.2196794691751194 -2.0703916044325292E-10
110 Anjana Gosain and Sonika Dahiya / Procedia Computer Science 79 (2016) 100 – 111

-3.194 0.099
NC 2
3.193 0.099
-3.1674776298251195 -1.7719838377515058E-8 2
DOFCM
3.167200252455762 1.638450898897021E-8

5. Conclusion

In this review paper, as we experimentally analysed all major fuzzy clustering algorithms on a standard data sets
(D12) in presence of noise and outliers. It has been observed that PCM and PFCM improves performance of FCM in
presence of noise but not significantly; T2FCM and KT2FCM significantly improves clustering results over FCM,
PCM, PFCM and KT2FCM is even more robust than T2FCM in presence of noise; IFCM-σ significantly improve
centroid position over FCM and IFCM; NC and CFCM turned out to be most robust algorithms in presence of noise
and outliers as suppressed the effect of outliers. DOFCM worked best with to exactly identify outliers first and then
give best centroids compared to all other algorithms. As a future work, we will try to come up with a better proposal
to overcome the existing problems.

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