Public Administration in Ethiopia From Emperial

Period Till Now

Name: Girum Tamiru

ID: UGR/ 8330/15
Department: PADM
Individual Assignment
Course: PA

Submitted to: Dr. Deferew

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 Catalog
Introduction: ..............................................................................................................................................1
PA During Haile Selassie period .............................................................................................................2
Administrative structure..........................................................................................................................3
Administrative Policies and Reforms ......................................................................................................3
Legacy of Emperor Haile Selassie .............................................................................................................4
PA During The Derg Regime .....................................................................................................................5
Historical Overview of the Derg Regime:.................................................................................................5
Changes of PA During the Derg Regime: ................................................................................................... 5
The Derg Regime and its policies ...........................................................................................................6
PA During The EPRDF ............................................................................................................................12
Structural changes in pa during eprdfs period .....................................................................................13
Policy initiatives and reforms during the EPRDF ..................................................................................14
human resource management .............................................................................................................15
Prosperity party...................................................................................................................................18
Evolution of PA during prosperity party ..............................................................................................19
Prosperty party ideology and political agendas...................................................................................21
Conclussion of PA in the Prosperity party..............................................................................................23
References..............................................................................................................................................23

Acronyms and Abbreviations:

PA Publcic Administration
PMAC Provisional Military Administrative Council
WPE Workers Party of Ethiopia
EPRP Ethiopian People Revolution Party
EPRDF Ethiopian People Revolution Democratic Front
TPLF Tigray People Liberation Front
AAU Addis Ababa University
OAU Organization of African Unity
ADLI Agricultural Development - Led Industrialization

Introduction:

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The evolution of public administration in Ethiopia has been shaped by a series of historical and
political transitions, from the era of Emperor Haile Selassie I to the present day. The period following
the overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie I in 1974 witnessed significant changes in the country's
governance structure, leading to the establishment of new administrative systems and policies.
Subsequent regimes, including the Derg military junta and the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary
Democratic Front (EPRDF), have each left their mark on the trajectory of public administration in
Ethiopia. The recent transition to the Prosperity Party under Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed has brought
further reforms and transformations to the country's administrative landscape. This paper aims to
provide an overview of the key developments and challenges in public administration in Ethiopia from
the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie I to the present day, shedding light on the continuities and
changes that have shaped the country's governance structures and practices. Through an analysis of
this historical trajectory, we seek to gain insights into the current state of public administration in
Ethiopia and its implications for governance and development in the country.

Public Administration During Haile Selassie I Period

I. Introduction
- Background information on Emperor Haile Selassie I
- Overview of administration in Ethiopia during his reign
nThe rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (1916–74)
Iyasu was replaced by Menilek’s daughter, Zauditu. Since it was considered unseemly for a woman to
serve in her own right, Ras Tafari, the son of Ras Makonnen and a cousin of Menilek, served as
Zauditu’s regent and heir apparent. The prince developed the rudiments of a modern bureaucracy by
recruiting the newly educated for government service. He also engineered Ethiopia’s entry into
the League of Nations in 1923, reasoning that collective security would protect his
backward country from aggression. To brighten Ethiopia’s external image, he hired foreign advisers
for key departments and set about abolishing slavery—a process possibly helped by the stirrings in
Ethiopia of a market economy.
By 1928, when Zauditu named Tafari king, the economy was booming, thanks mainly to the export
of coffee. In the countryside, local officials built roads and improved communications, facilitating the
penetration of traders and entrepreneurs. Ethiopians remained in charge of the economy, since Tafari
forced foreigners to take local partners and maintained tight control over concessions.

Emperor Haile Selassie I

On April 1, 1930, Zauditu died, and Tafari declared himself emperor. He was crowned Haile Selassie I
(“Power of the Trinity”; his baptismal name) on November 2. In July 1931 the
emperor promulgated a constitution that enshrined as law his prerogative to delegate authority to an
appointed and indirectly elected bicameral parliament, among other modern institutions. During
1931–34 Haile Selassie instituted projects for roads, schools, hospitals, communications,
administration, and public services. The combined effect of these projects was to increase the
country’s exposure to the world economy. By 1932 revenues were pouring into Addis Ababa from
taxes applied to 25,000 tons of coffee exported each year.

Conflict with Italy

Haile Selassie’s success persuaded Italy’s ruler Benito Mussolini to undertake a preemptive strike
before Ethiopia grew too strong to oppose Italian ambitions in the Horn of Africa. After an Ethiopian
patrol clashed with an Italian garrison at the Welwel oasis in the Ogaden in November–December
1934, Rome began seriously preparing for war. Haile Selassie continued to trust in
the collective security promised by the League of Nations. Only on October 2, 1935, upon learning
that Italian forces had crossed the frontier, did he order mobilization. During the subsequent seven-
month Italo-Ethiopian War, the Italian command used air power and poison gas to separate, flank,
and destroy Haile Selassie’s poorly equipped armies. The emperor went into exile on May 2, 1936.
For five years (1936–41) Ethiopia was joined to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland to form Italian East
Africa. During this period Italy carried out a program of public works, concentrating especially on

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highways and on agricultural and industrial development. Resistance to the occupation continued,
however. The Italians dominated the cities, towns, and major caravan routes, while Ethiopian patriots
harried the occupiers and sometimes tested the larger garrison towns. When Italy joined the
European war in June 1940, the United Kingdom recognized Haile Selassie as a full ally, and the
emperor was soon in Khartoum, Sudan, to help train a British-led Ethiopian army. This joint force
entered Gojam on January 20, 1941, and encountered an enemy quick to surrender. On May 5 the
emperor triumphantly returned to Addis Ababa. Defying the British occupation authorities, he quickly
organized his own government
II. Administrative structure
- The role of the emperor Haile Selassie I in the administration
- Government ministries and departments
- Regional and local administration
The administrative structure during Emperor Haile Selassie I's reign was characterized by a centralized
governance system, with the emperor holding significant authority and influence over the country's
administration. As the head of state, he played a key role in decision-making, policy implementation,
and the overall direction of the government.

Emperor Haile Selassie I's administration included various government ministries and departments
responsible for different aspects of governance and public service delivery. These ministries covered
areas such as finance, education, health, agriculture, infrastructure, and defense, among others. The
emperor appointed ministers to oversee these departments and carry out the government's policies
and initiatives.

In addition to the central government structure, Ethiopia also had a system of regional and local
administration. The country was divided into regions, each with its own administrative authorities
responsible for managing local affairs, implementing national policies, and representing the interests
of their respective communities. These regional and local administrators were appointed by the
central government and played a crucial role in ensuring effective governance and service delivery at
the grassroots level.

Overall, Emperor Haile Selassie I's administration aimed to establish a strong and unified governance
structure that could effectively manage the diverse needs of the Ethiopian population. His efforts to
centralize governance, modernize public services, and promote national unity were reflected in the
administrative structure of his reign, laying the foundation for Ethiopia's development and
governance systems in the years to come.

III. Administrative policies and reforms

- Modernization efforts in the administration
- Land reform and agricultural policies
- Educational and healthcare reforms
Administrative policies and reforms during Emperor Haile Selassie I's reign aimed to modernize the
Ethiopian administration and improve governance systems. The emperor sought to centralize and
streamline the government's operations, making it more efficient and responsive to the needs of the
population.

One of the key areas of focus was land reform and agricultural policies. Emperor Haile Selassie I
implemented measures to modernize the agricultural sector, improve land tenure systems, and
increase productivity. These policies aimed to address issues of land distribution, promote sustainable
farming practices, and improve the livelihoods of rural communities.

In the education sector, the emperor implemented reforms to expand access to education and
improve the quality of schooling. Efforts were made to establish more schools, train teachers, and
develop curricula that aligned with the country's development goals. These reforms aimed to increase
literacy rates and provide the population with the skills needed to contribute to the country's growth.

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Similarly, in the healthcare sector, Emperor Haile Selassie I implemented policies to expand access to
healthcare services, improve public health infrastructure, and enhance medical training and research.
These efforts aimed to address health disparities, reduce disease burden, and improve overall well-
being in the country.

Overall, Emperor Haile Selassie I's administrative policies and reforms were aimed at modernizing
governance systems, promoting economic development, and improving the welfare of the Ethiopian
population. These efforts laid the groundwork for the country's development and governance systems
in the years to come.
IV. Challenges and criticisms
- Opposition to the administration
- Economic and social challenges
- Human rights issues
Opposition to Haile Selassie relied largely of internal administration of his country. While Haile
Selassie made attempt to modernize the country and brought to global power since Italy's
occupation in 1936–41, the later administration met with negative public attitude especially among
educated people in universities and peasants.
Haile Selassie portrait
Several coups made to overthrow Haile Selassie government notability in 1960 and finally in the 1974
revolution. One of the most notorious events that degraded Haile Selassie reputations include
overtaxing system in Gojjam since 1930, famines in Wollo and Tigray since 1958, and autocratic land
seizure.
The first student movements were held in 1965 at Addis Ababa University seeking land redistribution
and abolition of feudalism in the Ethiopian Empire. Other aspect includes the Eritrean War of
Independence in 1962, seeking Eritrea autonomy from the Ethiopian imperial government.
V. Legacy of Emperor Haile Selassie I's administration
- Impact on modern Ethiopia
- Historical perspectives on his rule
- Continuing influence on Ethiopian governance
Many of the details of the modernizations made before the fascist invasion during the Second Italo–
Ethiopian War are written in Haile Selassie I's autobiography, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress Vol. I
(written 1938), particularly in Chapter 12, "About the improvement, by ordinance and proclamation,
of internal administration, and about the efforts to allow foreign civilization to enter Ethiopia".

As the Emperor himself noted in his Introduction to Volume I, "We were particularly convinced, by
the policies directed against Us, that the enemy's heart was stricken with envy at Our setting up a
constitution to strengthen and to consolidate Ethiopia's unity, at Our opening schools for boys and
girls, at Our building hospitals in which Our people's health was to be safeguarded, as well as at all
sorts of other initiatives of Ours by which Ethiopia's independence would be affirmed, not only in
terms of history but in actual facts.Abolition of slaveryedit
Slavery as practiced in what is modern Ethiopia and Eritrea was essentially domestic. Slaves thus
served in the houses of their masters or mistresses and were not employed to any significant extent
for productive purpose.
VI. Conclusion
- Summary of Emperor Haile Selassie I's administration

Emperor Haile Selassie's administration in Ethiopia was characterized by a long period of rule marked
by modernization efforts, international diplomacy, and economic development. However, it was also
marred by political repression, human rights abuses, and growing discontent among the Ethiopian
people. His reign ended with a popular uprising and a coup d'état that led to the establishment of the
Derg military junta.

In conclusion, Emperor Haile Selassie's administration in Ethiopia was a complex and contradictory
period marked by both progress and repression. While there were efforts to modernize the country
and engage in international diplomacy, his rule was also characterized by political oppression and

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human rights abuses. Ultimately, his reign ended with widespread discontent and a coup d'état,
leading to significant changes in the country's political landscape.

PA DURING THE DERG REGIME

1 .The Derg Regime: Overview
1.1 Historical Overview of the Derg Regime:

The Derg, officially known as the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia, was a
Marxist-Leninist military junta that ruled Ethiopia from 1974 to 1987. The regime came to
power following a period of political instability and economic hardship in Ethiopia.

The Derg was established in 1974 after a popular uprising against Emperor Haile Selassie,
who had ruled Ethiopia for decades. The Derg, led by Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam,
quickly consolidated power and began implementing socialist policies, including
nationalizing industries and redistributing land.
At the same time, an insurrection in Eritrea began among Muslim pastoralists in the western
lowlands. Additionally, a radical student movement emerged in Addis Ababa, denouncing
Haile Selassie as an agent of US imperialism and targeting the country's landowning oligarchs.
These students called for land reform and sparked debates on ethnicity, a long-standing
issue that had been marginalized by the emperor's rule. Some even advocated for the right
of nationalities to secede, providing ideological justification for the Eritrean rebellion.

By the early 1970s, one-third of Ethiopia's soldiers were stationed in Eritrea, while others
were suppressing rebellions in other regions. The country was also facing severe drought
and famine in the north, which was denied by the government and became an international
scandal. In June 1974, a series of mutinies erupted among junior officers and senior
noncommissioned officers who blamed the imperial elites for their suffering and the
country's problems. These mutineers formed the Coordinating Committee (Derg) of the
Armed Forces, Police, and Territorial Army, with Major Mengistu Haile Mariam elected as
chairman.

1.2. Changes of PA During the Derg Regime:

The Derg quickly moved to dismantle the monarchy's institutions and arrested Haile
Selassie's confidantes and advisers. In September 1974, the emperor was deposed, and the
Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC) was established. Led by Lieutenant
General Aman Andom as chairman and head of state, and Mengistu as the first vice-
chairman, the PMAC took over the functions of the government. However, tensions within
the Derg soon erupted into a power struggle that resulted in Bloody Saturday on November
23, 1974, where as many as 60 leaders were executed. Andom was replaced by Brigadier
General Teferi Banti, and on December 20, 1974, the new government declared socialism.

The government of the Derg consisted of Unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party

system with communist and later socialist ideology. Opposing feudal system of Ethiopia, the
Derg abolished land tenure in March 1975 and began sweeping land reform under Land
Reform Proclamation. All means of goods have been therefore nationalized by the regime
including housing, land, farms, and industry.
Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia (1974–1987)
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1987–1991)
Unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party provisional government under a military junta (1974–
1987)
Unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic (1987–1991)

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 Chairmen of Derg
Aman Mikael Andom (15 September 1974 – 17 November 1974)
Mengistu Haile Mariam (17 November 1974 – 28 November 1974) (1st term)
Tafari Benti (28 November 1974 – 3 February 1977)
Mengistu Haile Mariam (3 February 1977 – 10 September 1987) (2nd term, acting to 11
February 1977).

The term "Ethiopian socialism" embodying slogan "self-reliance", the dignity of labor, and
"the supremacy of the common good" allowed peasants to freely distribute their land and
form peasant associations. In 1984, the Derg formed Workers Party of Ethiopia (WPE)
headed by Mengistu Haile Mariam and formalized the establishment of the People
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in 1986.
The Derg devoted itself aligning Eastern bloc (Soviet Union, Cuba, and Eastern
European states) from the beginning with Soviet Union considered "naturalally to Ethiopia".
However, the fall of communism in East Europe in 1989 contributed decline of socialism and
loss of connection with the Soviet Union.
1. 3. Impacts of the Derg Regime on Public Administration:
Neither the political decision-making nor the bureaucratic processes were shared across the
country, precluding any form of move and step towards collective property and collective
action.Attempts that were made to address the recurrent famines, insecurity problems,
agricultural productivity declines, balance of payment declines, inflationary economic
realities and declining per capital income were largely reactionary, inadequately researched,
and exclusive of the responsible stakeholders. The government’s response to the deepening
economic crisis in the 1980s in the time of alarming resurgence and escalating insecurity
both from domestic and external actors was improper.

Towards the end of its era, the Derg regime was forced to introduce some economic
measures that, at least in principle, incorporated modest improvements.
The government’s approach and economic programs towards creating a sustainable and
environmentally resilient economy were weak. Rather, the government was concerned
more with building its muscle through cooperativization, villagization, and resettlement
programs than empowering the rural society. Scholars, including Sepehen, argued that the
country suffered famine between 1983 and 1986 due to the government’s aggressive and
non-consented implementation of socialist policies that were unsuitable to the existing
scenario.
2. The Derg Regime and its Policies

The Derg was established on 21 June 1974[7] as the Coordinating Committee of the Armed
Forces, Police and Territorial Army, by officers of the Imperial Ethiopian Army and members
of the police led initially by chairman Mengistu Haile Mariam. On 12 September 1974, the
Derg overthrew the government of the Ethiopian Empire and Emperor Haile Selassie during
nationwide mass protests, and three days later formally renamed itself the Provisional
Military Administrative Council. In March 1975 the Derg abolished the monarchy and
established Ethiopia as a Marxist-Leninist state with itself as the vanguard party in
a provisional government. The abolition of feudalism, increased literacy, nationalization, and
sweeping land reform including the resettlement and villagization from the Ethiopian
Highlands became priorities. Mengistu became chairman in 1977, launching the Red
Terror (Qey Shibir) political repression campaign to eliminate political opponents, with tens
of thousands imprisoned and executed without trial.

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 By the mid-1960s, many sectors of Ethiopian society favored land reform. University
students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's
reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to
integrated rural development.The "Land to the Tiller" policy was a significant land reform
program implemented by the Derg regime in Ethiopia in the 1970. By 1974 it was clear that
the archaic land tenure system was one of the major factors responsible for the backward
condition of Ethiopia's agriculture and the onset of the revolution. On March 4, 1975,
the Derg announced its land reform program. The government nationalized rural land
without compensation, abolished tenancy, forbade the hiring of wage labor on private farms,
ordered all commercial farms to remain under state control, and granted each peasant
family so-called "possessing rights" to a plot of land not to exceed ten hectares. The
Ethiopian Church lost all its land, and its clergy and lay people had to rely on stipends from
the Derg to live
The land reform destroyed the feudal order; changed landowning patterns, particularly in
the south, in favor of peasants and small landowners; and provided the opportunity for
peasants to participate in local matters by permitting them to form associations. However,
problems associated with declining agricultural productivity and poor farming techniques
still were prevalent.
Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land
fragmentation, insecurity of tenure and former tenants, and shortages of farm inputs and
tools. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to
accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. The process meant
not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered
into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. Consequently, individual
holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares.
A 1979 study showed that around Addis Ababa individual holdings ranged from 1.0 to 1.6
hectares and that about 48 percent of the parcels were less than one-fourth of a hectare in
size. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation
had been exacerbated since the revolution. For example, during the pre-reform period,
sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the
reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. The insecurity of the tenants was the
most prevalent problem especially in areas where few strong landlords dominate both the
political and economic environments of the region.

The Derg, a Marxist-Leninist military junta that came to power in 1974, sought to address
the issue of land inequality and feudal land tenure systems that had long characterized
Ethiopian society.

The Land to the Tiller policy aimed to redistribute land from large landowners, often
associated with the traditional nobility, to landless peasants and small-scale farmers. The
government sought to break up large landholdings and distribute the land among those who
worked on it, with the goal of creating a more equitable distribution of agricultural land.

The policy was part of the Derg's broader socialist agenda, which included nationalization of
industries and collectivization of agriculture. The Land to the Tiller policy was intended to
empower rural peasants and improve their living standards, as well as to weaken the
traditional power structures associated with large landownership.

However, the implementation of the Land to the Tiller policy faced significant challenges and
controversies. There were instances of resistance from some large landowners, as well as
difficulties in effectively redistributing and managing the land. The policy also disrupted

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traditional social and economic structures, leading to social upheaval and displacement in
some regions.

Overall, while the Land to the Tiller policy represented a significant effort by the Derg regime
to address land inequality in Ethiopia, its implementation faced challenges and had complex
social and economic impacts. The regime was characterized by the dominance of the military
in all aspects of Ethiopian society.

The Derg established a Soviet-style command economy and implemented socialist policies,
including nationalization of industries, collectivization of agriculture, and the redistribution
of land through the "Land to the Tiller" policy. Military officers held key positions in the
government, administration, and state-owned enterprises, exerting significant influence
over economic and political decision-making.

The killing of people suspected to EPRP began in September 1976 where 21 people were
executed on 21 October and the deaths of further 17 were announced on 18 November. It
was until the execution of General Tafari Benti by Mengistu in February 1977, culminating in
the official declaration of the Red Terror and mass killings began then.Mengistu labelled the
EPRP's sporadic campaign of the assassination the "White Terror" and Lt Col Atnafu
Abate promised "for every revolutionary killed, a thousand counter-revolutionaries
executed".The promise was not genuine commitment in this manner after Atnafu organized
"Defense of the Revolution Squads", distributing arms to Addis Ababa kebele members who
were considered to be loyal. On 17 April 1977, Mengistu delivered speech at Meskel
Square that threatened the people against "enemies of the revolution " and smashed three
bottles filled with blood-like liquid to signify the impending destruction of imperialism,
feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism.
On 26 February, 44 prisoners were taken outside Addis Ababa and executed.On 2 March
1977, several people were executed by the government for distributing EPRP literature
during a pro-government demonstration.May Day became popular revolutionary movement
that supports EPRP planned to stage large rallies.At the night of 29 April, the Defense Squads
arrived the capital and together with local kebele officials, began massacre suspected EPRP
supporters.

The military also played a central role in suppressing opposition and dissent. The Derg
regime was known for its authoritarian and repressive tactics, including widespread human
rights abuses, political purges, and the use of violence to maintain control. The regime's
security apparatus, including the military and security forces, was instrumental in enforcing
the regime's authority and quelling resistance.

Overall, the Derg regime was characterized by the pervasive influence of the military in
governance and administration, with military leaders wielding significant power and
authority over Ethiopian society. This militarized governance structure had profound and
lasting impacts on the country's political, social, and economic development during that
period.

In 1975 the Derg issued a proclamation making Edget be Hebret Zemecha mandatory for all
secondary (10th grade and up) and university students as well as teachers. It claimed that
the zemecha was intended to unite the country’s high school and university students with
their rural compatriots to collaboratively develop the country and implement the
proclamations of the revolution. Among the public however, there were different
interpretations as to the real purpose behind the Zemacha. Some thought it was intended to

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remove student activists (the Derg’s most vocal opponents) from urban areas by
dispatching them to remote parts of the country, allowing the Derg to consolidate its power

The Campaign was to serve the people wholeheartedly and with determination. Some of the
goals of the Edget be Hebret campaign included teaching the peasantry various skills, such
as reading, writing, and providing basic agricultural, health, technical and related topics. To
achieve this, more than 60,000 students, teachers, heath care workers etc. were drafted into
the Zemecha and sent across all corners of the country (except Eritrea), confirming, the
historical experience that Ethiopian youth were willing to sacrifice their lives for the sake of
equality.

The "Education for All" policy under the Derg regime was driven by the ideology of socialism
and the belief in the trans-formative power of education for societal development. The
government aimed to provide free and compulsory education for all Ethiopian citizens, with
a particular emphasis on rural areas and marginalized communities.

To achieve this goal, the Derg implemented various measures, including the establishment
of new schools and educational facilities, recruitment and training of teachers, development
of educational materials in local languages, and the promotion of adult literacy programs.
The regime also sought to reform the curriculum to align with its socialist principles and to
emphasize practical skills and ideological indoctrination.

Additionally, the Derg placed a strong emphasis on mobilizing youth and students to
participate in various development projects and political activities, viewing education as a
means of fostering loyalty to the regime and its socialist agenda.

While the "Education for All" policy represented a significant effort to expand access to
education in Ethiopia, it was also criticized for its ideological indoctrination and political
control over educational institutions. The Derg's authoritarian rule and centralized control
over all aspects of society, including education, led to concerns about academic freedom and
intellectual independence within the educational system.
Prior to 1974, Ethiopia had an estimated literacy rate below 50% and compared poorly with
the rest of even Africa in the provision of schools and universities. After the Ethiopian
Revolution, emphasis was placed on increasing literacy in rural areas. Practical subjects were
stressed, as was the teaching of socialism.

Overall, the "Education for All" policy under the Derg regime reflected the government's
commitment to promoting universal education as a means of achieving its socialist
development objectives, but it was also characterized by political instrumentation and
ideological influence over the education system.
2.1. Transformation of Public Administration Under the Derg Regime
The Derg regime, which ruled Ethiopia from 1974 to 1991, brought about significant
transformations in the country's public administration. The regime, led by Mengistu Haile
Mariam, implemented several policies and changes that reshaped the structure and
functioning of public administration in Ethiopia.

1. Centralization of Power: The Derg regime centralized power in the hands of the military
junta, leading to the establishment of a highly centralized system of public administration.
Decision-making authority was concentrated at the top levels of government, with little
room for local or regional autonomy.

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2. Nationalization of Economy: The Derg regime nationalized key industries and resources,
leading to the creation of state-owned enterprises and a command economy. This had a
significant impact on public administration, as government bureaucracies were tasked with
managing and overseeing these nationalized sectors.

3. Ideological Orientation: The Derg regime pursued a Marxist-Leninist ideology, which

influenced the orientation of public administration. Bureaucracies were restructured to align
with socialist principles, and civil servants were expected to adhere to the regime's
ideological framework in their work.

4. Repression and Control: The Derg regime was known for its authoritarian and repressive
tactics, which extended to public administration. Civil servants were closely monitored, and
dissent or opposition to the regime was met with severe repercussions. This climate of fear
and control had a profound impact on the functioning of public administration.

5. Militarization of Administration: The Derg regime heavily relied on military personnel to

govern and administer the country. This led to the militarization of public administration,
with military officials often appointed to key administrative positions at various levels of
government.

6. Emphasis on Development Projects: The Derg regime prioritized large-scale development

projects, such as infrastructure and agriculture initiatives, which required significant
coordination and management by public administration agencies.

Overall, the Derg regime's rule brought about a fundamental transformation of public
administration in Ethiopia, characterized by centralization, ideological orientation,
repression, and militarization.

2.2. Centralized control and bureaucratic structure:

The regime was highly centralized and bureaucratic structure.
The government was highly centralized, meaning that all power was concentrated in the
hands of the Derg committee and its leader, Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam. This led to a
lack of accountability and transparency in government decisions, as there was no system of
checks and balances to prevent abuses of power.
The bureaucratic structure of the Derg regime was also highly rigid and inflexible. The
government maintained a tight grip on the country's economy, and all economic activity was
controlled and regulated by the state. This led to inefficiencies and corruption, as
bureaucrats and officials had little incentive to work efficiently or effectively.
The centralized and bureaucratic structure of the Derg regime led to a lack of freedom and
democracy in Ethiopia, as well as economic stagnation and political repression.

3. Challenges and controversies:

There were several challenges and controversies associated with the Derg regime in Ethiopia.
One of the biggest challenges was the government's failure to address the country's
economic problems, which led to widespread poverty and food shortages. The Derg's
economic policies, such as nationalization of private industries and land redistribution, also
led to a decline in productivity and investment, which further exacerbated the economic
crisis.

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Another challenge was the government's human rights record, which was characterized by
widespread abuses and violations of civil liberties. The Derg was responsible for the deaths
of thousands of people during its rule, including political opponents and members of ethnic
minority groups. The regime also imposed strict controls on freedom of speech, association,
and assembly, making it difficult for citizens to express dissenting opinions or participate in
political activities.

The Derg's policies towards Ethiopia's ethnic minorities were also controversial. The regime
sought to promote a pan-Ethiopian identity and suppress regional identities, which led to
tensions and conflicts with ethnic groups that demanded greater autonomy or secession.
The Derg's attempts to impose a centralized and homogeneous identity on the country
ultimately failed, and contributed to the fragmentation and polarization of Ethiopian society.

The Derg regime's authoritarianism, economic mismanagement, and human rights abuses
led to widespread criticism and opposition both inside and outside Ethiopia.
3.1. Repression and Human Rights Violations:
The Derg was responsible for numerous human rights violations and repression of civil
liberties. The government targeted political opponents, journalists, and members of ethnic
minority groups. Thousands of people were imprisoned, tortured, or killed for their
perceived opposition to the regime. The government also imposed strict controls on
freedom of speech, assembly, and association, making it difficult for citizens to express
dissenting opinions or participate in political activities.
3.2.Economic policies and administrative Impacts:

The Derg's economic policies were also detrimental to Ethiopia. The regime implemented a
series of centralized economic measures that led to widespread poverty and food shortages.
The government nationalized private industries and businesses, which resulted in decreased
investment and economic growth. Additionally, the Derg's military campaigns and heavy
spending on the army drained the country's resources and contributed to inflation. The
regime's authoritarian nature and lack of transparency also discouraged foreign investment
and trade.

3.3.Opposition and resistance within the administrative apparatus :

There was significant opposition and resistance within the administrative apparatus of
Ethiopia during the Derg's regime. Many high-ranking officials, including military leaders and
government officials, were purged or executed by the regime. This created a power vacuum
that allowed for the rise of new leaders who were more radical and militant in their
approach to governing. Additionally, there were numerous uprisings and rebellions against
the Derg's regime across the country, particularly in the northern regions. These rebellions
were led by various ethnic and regional groups who sought autonomy or independence from
the central government.
3.4. Legacy of the Derg Regime on Public Administration in Ethiopia:

The Derg's regime left a lasting impact on public administration in Ethiopia. The regime
introduced significant changes to the country's political and economic systems, which had
lasting effects on public administration. For instance, the regime introduced a centralized
system of governance that emphasized state control over economic and social activities. This
led to the creation of new bureaucratic structures and institutions that continue to shape
public administration in Ethiopia to this day. Additionally, the regime's policies towards
ethnic and regional groups led to increased centralization and homogenization of public

11
administration, which has contributed to ongoing challenges with decentralization and
federalism in Ethiopia.
4. Conclusion and Summary of Public Administration During the Derg Regime in
Ethiopia:

In conclusion, the Derg regime's impact on public administration in Ethiopia was significant
and lasting. The centralized system of governance introduced by the regime led to the
creation of new bureaucratic structures and institutions that continue to shape public
administration in the country. The regime's policies towards ethnic and regional groups also
contributed to centralization and homogenization of public administration, which has
continued to pose challenges with decentralization and federalism in Ethiopia.

Public Administration During EPRDF

1. Introduction
-Overview of the EPRDF's Rise to Power:

The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) is a coalition of political

parties that came to power in Ethiopia in 1991, following the overthrow of the Derg regime.
The Derg, a Marxist military junta led by Mengistu Haile Mariam, had ruled Ethiopia with an
iron fist for nearly two decades, during which time the country experienced widespread
human rights abuses, economic mismanagement, and armed conflict.

The EPRDF's rise to power was the culmination of a protracted armed struggle against the
Derg, led by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and other ethnic-based rebel groups.
The EPRDF's victory in 1991 marked the end of the Derg regime and the beginning of a new
era in Ethiopian politics.

Upon assuming power, the EPRDF initiated significant political, economic, and social reforms
aimed at transitioning Ethiopia from a centralized, authoritarian state to a federal system
based on ethnic representation and self-determination. The EPRDF's governance model was
characterized by a commitment to ethnic federalism, which granted significant autonomy to
Ethiopia's diverse ethnic groups.

Under the leadership of Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, the EPRDF implemented policies to
promote economic development, improve social services, and address historical grievances
among Ethiopia's various ethnic communities. However, the EPRDF's rule was also marked
by allegations of human rights abuses, restrictions on political freedoms, and accusations of
authoritarianism.

The EPRDF's rise to power represented a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, ushering in a
period of significant political and social change. The coalition's governance approach and
policy decisions have had a lasting impact on Ethiopia's public administration and continue
to shape the country's trajectory to this day.
- Importance of Public Administration in EPRDF's Governance:

Public administration is of significant importance in the governance of the Ethiopian People's

Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) for several reasons:

Implementation of Policies: Public administration plays a crucial role in implementing the

policies and programs of the EPRDF government. It ensures that the government's agenda is
effectively carried out at the grassroots level, benefiting the citizens.

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 Service Delivery: Public administration is responsible for delivering public services to the
citizens. This includes areas such as healthcare, education, infrastructure development, and
social welfare programs. Effective public administration ensures that these services reach
the intended beneficiaries efficiently and equitably.

Accountability and Transparency: Public administration promotes accountability and

transparency in governance. By ensuring that government actions are transparent and
accountable to the public, it helps build trust between the government and the citizens.

Economic Development: Public administration is essential for economic development by

creating and implementing policies that promote investment, job creation, and sustainable
growth. It also plays a crucial role in managing public finances and resources effectively.

Social Justice and Equity: Public administration can help address social justice and
equity issues by ensuring that government policies and programs are designed to benefit all
segments of society, including marginalized and vulnerable groups.

Conflict Resolution: Public administration can play a role in conflict resolution and
peacebuilding efforts by facilitating dialogue, implementing reconciliation programs, and
promoting social cohesion.

Public administration is crucial for the effective functioning of the EPRDF's governance by
implementing policies, delivering services, promoting accountability, fostering economic
development, addressing social justice issues, and contributing to conflict resolution efforts.

2. Structural changes in Public Administration During EPRDF'S Period:

During the time of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), there
was a significant focus on decentralization as a key aspect of governance. The EPRDF aimed
to address historical centralization and marginalization of various ethnic groups in Ethiopia
by promoting a more decentralized system of governance. This was reflected in several key
initiatives:

Ethnic Federalism: One of the defining features of the EPRDF's governance was the adoption
of an ethnic federal system. This system aimed to devolve power to regional states based on
ethnic lines, allowing for greater autonomy and self-governance for different ethnic groups
within Ethiopia.

Regional Autonomy: The EPRDF government sought to empower regional states with a
significant degree of autonomy in decision-making and policy implementation. This included
the devolution of administrative, political, and fiscal powers to regional governments.

Local Governance Structures: The EPRDF promoted the establishment of local governance
structures, such as woredas (districts) and kebeles (sub-districts), to facilitate local decision-
making and service delivery. These structures were intended to bring government closer to
the people and ensure that local needs were addressed effectively.

Economic Decentralization: The EPRDF also pursued economic decentralization by

promoting regional economic development initiatives and empowering regional
governments to manage their own economic affairs to some extent.

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While decentralization was a prominent feature of the EPRDF's governance approach, it is
important to note that there were also elements of centralization, particularly in matters
related to security, defense, and certain key policy areas. The EPRDF sought to strike a
balance between decentralization and centralization, recognizing the need for a unified
national framework while also accommodating the diverse needs and aspirations of
Ethiopia's different ethnic groups.
The EPRDF's approach during its time in power was characterized by a deliberate emphasis
on decentralization as a means of addressing historical centralization and promoting greater
inclusivity and autonomy for Ethiopia's diverse regions and ethnic groups.

3. Policy Initiatives and Reforms During the EPRDF:

-Public Sector Reform Programs during the EPRDF:

During this time (EPRDF), there were several public sector reform programs implemented
with the aim of modernizing and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of government
institutions. Some of the key public sector reform programs during the EPRDF era included:

Civil Service Reform: The EPRDF government initiated efforts to reform the civil service,
including measures to professionalize the civil service, improve recruitment and training
processes, and enhance performance management and accountability within government
institutions.

Administrative Decentralization: As mentioned earlier, the EPRDF promoted administrative

decentralization as part of its governance approach. This involved efforts to devolve
administrative powers to regional and local governments, with the aim of enhancing service
delivery and decision-making at the local level.

These public sector reform programs were part of broader efforts to transform governance
structures, enhance public service delivery, and promote good governance during the EPRDF
era. While progress was made in some areas, challenges and criticisms regarding the
effectiveness and inclusivity of these reforms have also been raised.

-Civil Service Reforms During the EPRDF:

Professionalization of the Civil Service: The EPRDF government aimed to professionalize the
civil service by improving recruitment processes, enhancing training and capacity-building
programs for civil servants, and promoting merit-based appointments and promotions.

Performance Management and Accountability: Efforts were made to introduce performance

management systems within the civil service, including setting clear performance targets,
conducting regular performance evaluations, and linking performance to career
advancement and rewards. Accountability mechanisms were also put in place to ensure that
civil servants were held responsible for their actions and decisions.

4. Governance and Accountability During EPRDF:

Role of Bureaucracy in Governance :

In this time the bureaucracy played a significant role in governance. The EPRDF government
relied on the civil service and bureaucracy to implement its policies and programs, deliver

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public services, and administer the day-to-day functions of government. Some key roles of
the bureaucracy in governance during the EPRDF era included:

Policy Implementation: Bureaucrats and civil servants were responsible for implementing the
policies and programs formulated by the government. This involved translating political
decisions into practical actions, managing resources, and coordinating activities across
different government agencies and departments.

Service Delivery: The bureaucracy was instrumental in delivering essential public services to
citizens, such as education, healthcare, infrastructure development, and social welfare
programs. Civil servants were responsible for ensuring that these services were provided
efficiently and effectively to the population.

Regulation and Enforcement: Bureaucratic agencies were tasked with regulating various
aspects of society, including economic activities, public safety, environmental protection,
and compliance with laws and regulations. This involved monitoring and enforcing rules,
standards, and legal requirements to maintain order and protect public interests.

While the bureaucracy played a crucial role in governance during the EPRDF era, there were
also challenges such as concerns about political interference, lack of transparency, and
issues related to accountability and corruption within the civil service. These challenges
highlighted the need for ongoing efforts to strengthen the professionalism, integrity, and
effectiveness of the bureaucracy in Ethiopia's governance processes.

-Transparency and Anti-Corruption Efforts:

In this Period, efforts to promote transparency and combat corruption were key priorities
for the government. The EPRDF recognized the detrimental impact of corruption on
governance, economic development, and social well-being, and took several steps to
address these challenges.
Legal Framework: The EPRDF government enacted and revised laws and regulations aimed
at preventing and punishing corruption. This included the establishment of anti-corruption
agencies such as the Federal Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission (FEACC), which was
responsible for investigating and prosecuting cases of corruption.

International Cooperation: The EPRDF government collaborated with international

organizations, donor agencies, and other countries to access technical assistance, expertise,
and resources to strengthen its anti-corruption efforts. This included participation in
regional and global initiatives to combat corruption and promote good governance.

While the EPRDF government made efforts to address corruption and promote transparency,
there were also criticisms regarding the effectiveness of these measures. Some observers
raised concerns about political interference in anti-corruption initiatives, lack of
independence of oversight institutions, and limited progress in combating high-level
corruption.

The EPRDF's efforts to promote transparency and combat corruption were part of a broader
agenda to strengthen governance and build a more accountable and responsive state. After
the EPRDF era, subsequent governments have continued to prioritize anti-corruption efforts
and institutional reforms to address governance challenges in Ethiopia.

15
5. Human Resource Manegment:

- Training and Capacity Building Initiatives:

At this period, the government implemented various training and capacity-building

initiatives aimed at enhancing the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of the Ethiopian
workforce across different sectors. These initiatives were part of broader efforts to promote
economic development, improve service delivery, and build a more skilled and productive
workforce. Some of the key training and capacity-building initiatives during the EPRDF era
included:

Education Reform: The EPRDF government prioritized education reform as a cornerstone of

its development agenda. Efforts were made to expand access to primary and secondary
education, improve the quality of teaching and learning, and enhance vocational and
technical training programs to equip students with relevant skills for the job market.

Civil Service Training: The EPRDF government focused on building the capacity of the civil
service through training and professional development programs. This included initiatives to
enhance public administration skills, improve management practices, and promote good
governance within government institutions.

Agricultural Extension Services: The government implemented agricultural extension

programs to provide farmers with training, information, and technical support to improve
agricultural practices, increase productivity, and enhance food security.

While these training and capacity-building initiatives aimed to address critical skill gaps and
enhance human capital development in Ethiopia, challenges such as limited resources,
infrastructure constraints, and uneven access to training opportunities persisted during the
EPRDF era. Subsequent governments have continued to prioritize investment in education,
skills development, and capacity-building initiatives to address these challenges and support
sustainable development in Ethiopia.

-Recruitment and promotion policies:

Recruitment and promotion policies were heavily influenced by the party's ideology and
structure. The EPRDF was a coalition of ethnically-based parties, and its policies reflected a
commitment to ethnic federalism and representation.

Recruitment - Ethnic representation: The EPRDF emphasized ethnic diversity in its

recruitment policies, aiming to ensure that members of all ethnic groups were represented
within the party and government institutions. Party loyalty: Membership in the EPRDF or its
affiliated parties was often a prerequisite for government employment, particularly in key
positions. Party loyalty and adherence to the EPRDF's ideology were important factors in
recruitment decisions.

Promotion - Performance and Loyalty: Promotion within the government and party
structures often depended on loyalty to party and adherence to its ideology.

6. Service Delivery and Development Projects:

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-Public Service Delivery Mechanisms:

public service delivery mechanisms were heavily influenced by the party's ideology and
governance structure. The EPRDF's policies aimed to decentralize governance and promote
regional autonomy, particularly through the framework of ethnic federalism. This had a
significant impact on how public services were delivered across Ethiopia.

Some key features of public service delivery mechanisms during the EPRDF era include:
Decentralization: The EPRDF implemented a system of decentralized governance, devolving
significant powers to regional states. This meant that public services, such as education,
healthcare, and infrastructure development, were often managed at the regional or local
level.

Ethnic federalism: The EPRDF's commitment to ethnic federalism meant that public services
were often designed and delivered with consideration for the specific needs and aspirations
of different ethnic groups. This sometimes led to variations in service delivery based on
regional or ethnic considerations.

Public service delivery mechanisms during the EPRDF era were characterized by a complex
interplay of ethnic federalism, decentralization, party influence, and efforts to engage local
communities. These policies had a significant impact on the provision of public services
across Ethiopia.

-Social welfare and development programs

Education Sector Development Program (ESDP): The government focused on improving
access to education and enhancing the quality of education through the ESDP. This program
aimed to build schools, train teachers, and expand educational opportunities, especially in
rural areas.

Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI) Strategy: The government emphasized

agricultural development as a key driver of economic growth and poverty reduction through
the ADLI strategy. This approach aimed to modernize agriculture, promote agro-
industrialization, and increase productivity in the sector.

These programs were part of the broader development agenda of the EPRDF government,
which sought to address poverty, promote inclusive growth, and improve social indicators
across Ethiopia.

7. Challenges and criticisms:

-Bureacratic inefficiencies
Some of the key bureaucratic inefficiencies included:
Corruption and Mismanagement: Corruption and mismanagement within government
institutions and agencies were significant challenges. This often led to the misallocation of
resources, diversion of funds, and the siphoning off of resources meant for development
programs.

Lack of Accountability: There were instances of limited transparency and accountability

within government institutions, which contributed to inefficiencies. Weak monitoring and
evaluation mechanisms also made it challenging to track the progress and impact of
development programs.

17
-Allegations of Authoritarianism : Some of the key allegations included;
Political Repression: The EPRDF government was accused of repressing political opposition
and dissenting voices. Opposition parties faced restrictions, harassment, and intimidation,
and there were reports of arbitrary arrests and detentions of political activists.

Human Rights Violations: Human rights organizations raised concerns about violations such
as extrajudicial killings, torture, and arbitrary detentions. There were also allegations of
restrictions on freedom of assembly and association.

8. Conclusion:
-Assessment of EPRDF's impact on Public Administration:
The EPRDF's impact on public administration in Ethiopia was significant and multifaceted.
Some of the key aspects of its impact include: Decentralization and Devolution: The EPRDF
implemented a policy of decentralization, aiming to devolve power and resources to regional
and local governments. This led to the establishment of regional states and the
empowerment of local administrations, which aimed to improve service delivery and
address local needs. However, there were criticisms that the decentralization process was
not fully inclusive and that power remained highly centralized within the ruling party.

Capacity Building: The EPRDF invested in building the capacity of the civil service through
training programs and institutional development initiatives. Efforts were made to
professionalize the public administration and enhance its effectiveness in delivering services
to the population.

Service Delivery: The government under EPRDF made efforts to expand access to basic
services such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. This
included initiatives such as the Health Extension Program, which aimed to bring primary
healthcare services closer to the community.
Overall, the EPRDF's impact on public administration in Ethiopia was complex, with both
positive and negative aspects. While there were efforts to improve capacity, service delivery,
and governance, there were also challenges related to political influence, centralization of
power, and inclusivity in the administration. The EPRDF's legacy in public administration is a
subject of ongoing debate and assessment as Ethiopia continues to navigate political and
administrative reforms.

Prosperity Party
1. Introduction:
-Overview of Prosperity Party
The Prosperity Party is a political party in Ethiopia that was formed in 2019 through the
merger of several ethnically based regional parties, including the Ethiopian People's
Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), which had been in power for nearly three decades.
The party was established under the leadership of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, who has
been at the forefront of political and economic reforms in the country.

The ideology of the Prosperity Party is centered around the principles of national unity,
economic development, and political inclusivity. It seeks to move away from the ethnic
federalism model that characterized Ethiopian politics for many years and instead promote a
more unified and cohesive national identity. The party aims to address historical grievances,
foster reconciliation, and build a more inclusive and prosperous society for all Ethiopians.

18
In terms of policy agenda, the Prosperity Party has prioritized economic liberalization,
privatization of state-owned enterprises, and attracting foreign investment to spur economic
growth. It has also emphasized the need for good governance, rule of law, and respect for
human rights as essential components of its vision for a more democratic and prosperous
Ethiopia.

The party's formation and subsequent governance have sparked both enthusiasm and
controversy within Ethiopia, with supporters viewing it as a catalyst for positive change and
critics expressing concerns about potential challenges to ethnic representation and political
stability.

Prosperity Party represents a significant shift in Ethiopia's political landscape and continues
to be a focal point of national and international attention as the country navigates through a
period of profound transformation.

Before and during Prosperity Party:

During the imperial era, which lasted until 1974, Ethiopia's public administration was
characterized by a highly centralized and authoritarian system under the rule of Emperor
Haile Selassie. The administrative structure was hierarchical, with power concentrated at the
top and little room for public participation or decentralized decision-making.

Following the overthrow of the monarchy in 1974, the Derg regime led by Mengistu Haile
Mariam implemented a socialist-oriented command economy and centralized administrative
system. This period saw significant state control over economic and social activities, with
public administration serving as an instrument for implementing the government's policies.

The 1991 overthrow of the Derg regime by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic
Front (EPRDF) marked a major turning point in Ethiopia's public administration. The EPRDF
introduced a federal system of governance, which aimed to accommodate the country's
diverse ethnic groups and promote decentralization. This led to the establishment of
regional states with their own administrative structures and powers, as well as the adoption
of ethnic federalism as a guiding principle.

In more recent years, particularly since the rise of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and the
subsequent formation of the Prosperity Party, Ethiopia has witnessed significant reforms in
its public administration. Efforts have been made to streamline and modernize
administrative processes, improve service delivery, and promote transparency and
accountability.

2. Evolution of Public Administration System During Prosperity Party:

The Prosperity Party, which was formed in 2019 following the merger of several political
parties, has brought about significant changes in Ethiopia's public administration system.
Under the leadership of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, the country has witnessed a range of
reforms aimed at modernizing and improving the efficiency of public administration. Some
key aspects of the evolution of the public administration system during the Prosperity Party
era include:

Decentralization and Devolution of Power: The Prosperity Party has continued to promote
the principles of federalism and decentralization, building on the foundations laid by the

19
previous EPRDF-led government. Efforts have been made to devolve more administrative
and decision-making powers to regional states, allowing them greater autonomy in
managing their affairs.

Anti-Corruption Measures: The Prosperity Party has emphasized anti-corruption efforts as a

key priority, aiming to root out corrupt practices within public institutions. This has involved
the establishment of anti-corruption commissions and the implementation of measures to
promote transparency and accountability in government operations.

Digital Transformation: The government has placed a strong focus on leveraging technology
to modernize public administration processes. Initiatives such as the digitization of
government services and the introduction of e-governance platforms have been pursued to
enhance efficiency and accessibility.

Civil Service Reforms: Efforts have been made to reform the civil service, including initiatives
to improve recruitment processes, enhance training and capacity-building programs, and
promote merit-based appointments within the public sector.

The evolution of Ethiopia's public administration system under the Prosperity Party reflects a
commitment to addressing historical challenges and adapting to contemporary needs. The
ongoing reforms aim to create a more responsive, accountable, and efficient public
administration system that can better serve the diverse needs of Ethiopia's population.

2.1. Challenges and opportunities:

The evolution of public administration under the Prosperity Party in Ethiopia presents both
challenges and opportunities. Some of these are:
Challenges:
Capacity Building: One of the key challenges is the need for extensive capacity building
within the public administration system. This includes enhancing the skills and expertise of
public servants, particularly in areas such as policy development, program implementation,
and service delivery.

Institutional Resistance: Reforms within public administration may face resistance from
entrenched bureaucratic structures and vested interests, which could hinder the effective
implementation of new policies and practices.

Political Transition: The transition to a new political party and leadership may lead to
uncertainties and disruptions within the public administration system, potentially affecting
continuity and stability.

Opportunities:
Modernization: The Prosperity Party's commitment to modernizing public administration
presents an opportunity to leverage technology and innovative practices to enhance
efficiency, transparency, and service delivery.

Service Delivery Improvement: Initiatives aimed at improving service delivery present an

opportunity to enhance access to essential services, address socio-economic disparities, and
improve overall quality of life for citizens.

20
While there are challenges associated with the evolution of public administration under the
Prosperity Party, there are also significant opportunities for positive transformation and
improvement in the delivery of public services.

3. The Prosperity Party: Ideology and Political Agendas

3.1. Origins and Formation of the Prosperity Party:
The origins and formation of the Prosperity Party in Ethiopia can be traced back to the
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), which was a coalition of
ethnically based political parties that came to power in 1991 following the overthrow of the
Derg regime.

3.2. Key Ideological Tenets of Prosperity Party:

The Prosperity Party of Ethiopia, led by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, has a set of key
ideological tenets that form the basis of its political platform. Some of the key ideological
tenets of the Prosperity Party include:

Pan-Ethiopianism: The party emphasizes the unity and solidarity of all Ethiopians, regardless
of their ethnic or religious background. It aims to promote a sense of national identity and
togetherness among all citizens.

Economic Liberalization: The party advocates for economic reforms and liberalization to
stimulate growth and development in Ethiopia. This includes promoting free-market
principles and encouraging foreign investment.

4. Public Administration During the Prosperity Party:

The Prosperity Party of Ethiopia has emphasized the importance of efficient and effective
public administration as part of its governance strategy. #Administrative Reform: The party
has been focused on reforming and modernizing the public administration system. This
includes efforts to streamline bureaucratic processes, reduce red tape, and enhance the
overall efficiency of government operations.

Capacity Building: The Prosperity Party has emphasized the need for capacity building within
the public administration, including training and professional development for civil servants
to enhance their skills and competencies.These efforts reflect the Prosperity Party's
commitment to improving the effectiveness and responsiveness of public administration in
Ethiopia.

4.1. Governance and Administrative Structure in Prosperity Party:

It has a governance and administrative structure that is designed to facilitate its operations
and decision-making processes. Some of them are:

Leadership: The party is led by a chairperson, who is supported by a central committee and
other leadership bodies. The chairperson plays a central role in setting the party's agenda
and guiding its overall direction.

Organizational Hierarchy: The party has a hierarchical structure, with various levels of
leadership at the national, regional, and local levels. This allows for coordinated decision-
making and implementation of policies across different administrative units.

21
Decision-Making Processes: The party employs democratic decision-making processes,
allowing for input from members at various levels of the organization. This includes the use
of general assemblies, party congresses, and other forums for members to participate in
shaping the party's policies and strategies.

5. Challenges and Controversies of Prosperity Party:

The Prosperity Party of Ethiopia has faced several challenges and controversies since its
formation. Some of the key issues include: Transition from the Ethiopian People's
Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF): The formation of the Prosperity Party involved the
merger of several political parties, including the EPRDF, which had been in power for nearly
three decades. This transition process was met with skepticism and criticism from various
quarters, with concerns raised about the party's commitment to democratic governance and
inclusivity.

Political Opposition: The Prosperity Party has faced opposition from other political parties
and groups within Ethiopia, particularly those who were not part of the merger that led to
its formation. This has led to tensions and challenges in building consensus and cooperation
across different political factions.

Human Rights Concerns: The Prosperity Party has faced criticism over its human rights
record, particularly in relation to the government's handling of protests and dissent.
Concerns have been raised about the use of force by security forces and restrictions on
freedom of expression and assembly.Regional Tensions: The party has had to navigate
regional tensions, particularly in areas such as Tigray, Oromia, and Amhara. These regional
dynamics have presented challenges for the party in terms of maintaining stability and
managing inter-ethnic relations.

6. Future Prospects and Recommendations :

The future prospects of public administration in the Prosperity Party will depend on its
ability to address the challenges it currently faces and implement effective governance
strategies. Here are some recommendations for the party's public administration:

Inclusive Governance: The Prosperity Party should prioritize inclusive governance by

ensuring that all ethnic groups and regions are represented in decision-making processes.
This can help to address concerns about ethnic tensions and promote national
unity.Strengthening Democratic Institutions: The party should focus on strengthening
democratic institutions, including the judiciary, electoral commission, and other oversight
bodies, to ensure transparency, accountability, and the rule of law.

Human Rights Protection: Prioritizing the protection of human rights and freedom of
expression is crucial. The party should work to address concerns about the government's
handling of protests and dissent, and take steps to ensure that security forces operate
within the bounds of the law.

Economic Reforms: Implementing economic reforms to address high levels of public debt,
inflation, and unemployment will be critical. The party should focus on policies that
stimulate economic growth, attract investment, and create job opportunities for the
population. Conflict Resolution: Addressing regional tensions and managing inter-ethnic
relations will be essential for stability. The party should prioritize conflict resolution efforts
and work to build consensus among different regional and ethnic groups.

22
Capacity Building: Investing in the capacity building of public administration officials and civil
servants will be important to ensure effective service delivery and governance at all levels of
government.Anti-corruption Measures: Implementing robust anti-corruption measures and
promoting transparency in government operations will be crucial for building public trust
and confidence in the party's administration.

By addressing these areas, the Prosperity Party can enhance its prospects for effective public
administration and governance in Ethiopia, contributing to the country's stability,
development, and prosperity.

7. Conclusion of Public Administration in the Prosperity Party:

Public administration in the Prosperity Party faces significant challenges, including

governance issues, human rights concerns, economic reforms, conflict resolution, capacity
building, and anti-corruption efforts. The party's future prospects depend on its ability to
address these challenges and implement effective governance strategies. Prioritizing
inclusive governance, strengthening democratic institutions, protecting human rights,
implementing economic reforms, resolving conflicts, building capacity, and promoting anti-
corruption measures are crucial steps for the party to enhance its prospects for effective
public administration. By focusing on these areas, the Prosperity Party can work towards
building a more transparent, accountable, and inclusive government that addresses the
needs of all Ethiopians.

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Ethiopia : Was /Is Ethiopia a Developmental State In EPRDF Regime ? A Study From 1991-
2018.
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Bahru Zewde .1991. History of Modern Ethiopia : 1855-1974, Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa
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Teketel Bekalo L. Public Administration Development in Ethiopia Under Three Different
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