ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET

Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Business

Unit number and title Unit 31: Statistics for management

Submission date Date Received 1st submission

Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission

Student Name Tran Thi Ngoc Tam Student ID BH01016

Class BA0602 Assessor name Le Hai Anh

Student declaration

I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that
making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.

Student’s signature Tam

Grading grid
P1 P2 P3 M1 M2 D1

1
 Summative Feedback:  Resubmission Feedback:

Grade: Assessor Signature: Date:

Internal Verifier’s Comments:

Signature & Date:

2
Table of Contents
I. Introduction.....................................................................................................................................4
II. Define the research question, determine the population and sample and sampling strategy 4
III. Evaluate the nature and process of business, and economic data/information from a range
of different published source.............................................................................................................5
1. Data..............................................................................................................................................5
A, Definition................................................................................................................................5
B, Data sources............................................................................................................................6
C, Types of data...........................................................................................................................6
2. Information and Knowledge......................................................................................................7
3. The way of collecting database and transformation process of data into information and
knowledge........................................................................................................................................8
IV.Evaluate data...............................................................................................................................10
4.1. Descriptive statistics..............................................................................................................10
4.2. Exploratory data analysis....................................................................................................10
4.3. Confirmatory data analysis..................................................................................................11
4.4. Differences..............................................................................................................................12
V.Application in the dataset.............................................................................................................12
VI. Conclusion..................................................................................................................................15
VII. Reference...................................................................................................................................15

3
I. Introduction

As a Research Analyst of SSI Securities Joint Stock Company, I am honored to participate in the
business reporting process of companies in Vietnam. In the context of a strongly growing economy
and continuously fluctuating stock markets, applying statistical methods to evaluate and analyze
business data becomes extremely important. Using statistical techniques and analysis of various
data sources, this report aims to provide valuable insights into the performance and potential of
selected telecommunications companies in Vietnam. Through the use of advanced statistical
methods, there will be an opportunity to further analyze the business performance of
telecommunications companies, thereby providing specific and effective assessments and business
strategy recommendations. Contribute to improving understanding and investment decisions of
investors and businesses in the Vietnamese stock market.

II. Define the research question, determine the population and sample and sampling strategy

Research question

Research and analyze business performance of some Vietnamese telecommunications enterprises in

the period 2014 to 2021

Sample of research

Population: All telecommunications companies operating in Vietnam

Sample: 46 telecommunications companies listed on stock exchanges including HNX, HOSE and
Upcom

Sampling strategy

Choosing a judgment strategy for data sampling in research on factors affecting business
performance in the telecommunications industry in Vietnam and collecting financial data from
telecommunications companies is a decision. important. In Vietnam's economic context, many
small and medium-sized telecommunications companies are not required to disclose financial
information, making it difficult to collect enough data for research.

4
The judgment sampling strategy from telecommunications companies listed on the stock exchange
is considered the most appropriate method in this case. Listed companies are often required to
comply with financial information disclosure regulations, which help ensure the accuracy and
reliability of the data collected. In this way, the study can carefully and reliably examine and
analyze the business performance of telecommunications companies.

The judgment sampling strategy allows us to select companies that represent the potential of the
telecommunications industry and achieve diversity in the data collected. The results of the study can
provide deeper insight and comprehensive understanding of business performance in the
telecommunications industry in Vietnam. Investors, analysts and other stakeholders can use this
information to make sound investment decisions and strategic planning in the telecommunications
sector.

III. Evaluate the nature and process of business, and economic data/information from a range
of different published source

1. Data

A, Definition
Information that has been gathered, saved, and processed for use in management, research, and
decision support is referred to as data. There are numerous ways to represent data, including text
written on paper, bits or bytes kept in electronic devices' memory, data, photos, sound, and video,
among others. In order to solve complicated issues and enhance the quality and quantity of life, data
is used extensively in a wide range of disciplines, including business, science, health, and
education(Hoa, 2023).
All of the information gathered for a study is referred to as the data set. But until these data sets are
processed and contextualized into a format that is helpful, none of them have inherent meaning.
Processing and contextualization are crucial steps in turning unprocessed data into knowledge and
insights. By using this technique, data is made more relevant and meaningful, enabling analysts,
decision-makers, and researchers to come to relevant findings and take well-informed actions.
Contextualizing and evaluating data is essential for any kind of research, whether it be academic,

5
business, or scientific. These stages promote innovation and advancement in a range of sectors in
addition to deepening our grasp of basic processes.
B, Data sources
Primary Data: Is data collected directly from the original source, through survey, testing or direct
observation. This data provides researchers with direct insights into the phenomenon they are
studying because it is original and specific to the particular study or investigation being conducted.
Because information is collected directly from the person, thing, or event being studied, it is
considered a reliable source of data. To maintain the validity and integrity of their findings,
researchers must negotiate challenges including informed consent, participant confidentiality, data
integrity. Essentially, primary data serve as the foundation of empirical research, promoting deeper
understanding, comprehensive evaluation, and fact-based choices in a variety of fields and
situations.

Secondary Data: Information that has been gathered and combined from primary or pre-existing
data sources is referred to as "second-hand data." Secondary data, as opposed to primary data, has
undergone processing, analysis, or modification in order to produce valuable information for certain
uses. When compared to primary data, it is frequently more accessible because official information
sources make it easily accessible. Even after being vetted and verified for accuracy, the source and
mode of collection must be taken into account. Because of its hierarchical organization, secondary
data is easily analyzed and used in a variety of sectors for research purposes. Essentially, secondary
data is an important tool that is combined from primary data sources to support research, analysis,
and decision-making activities.

C, Types of data

Quantitative data

Quantitative data is data that can be counted or measured using numerical values. The two main
types of quantitative data are discrete data and continuous data. This type of data is often used to
measure and analyze quantitative variables. Quantitative data helps us better understand the world
around us and aids in decision making and prediction.

6
Interval Data is another form of quantitative data. It can also be measured and has a numerical
value, but does not have an absolute zero point. The distance between adjacent values is equal.
Example: Celsius temperature is an example of a distance scale. The difference between 20 degrees
and 25 degrees Celsius is 5 degrees and can also be measured using units such as degrees
Fahrenheit or Kelvin. However, there is not an absolute value for "zero" on this scale, just a relative
cause. 0 degrees Celsius does not mean no temperature, but just the point where water freezes.

Ratio Data is a form of quantitative data with special properties. Not only can it be measured and
has a numerical value, but it also has an absolute zero point. This means that there is an absolute
absence of the variable being measured. For example: ROA (Return on Assets), ROE (Return on
Equity), ROS (Return on Sales) are examples of ratio data because they are often expressed as a
percentage or relative ratio between values. .

Qualitative data

Qualitative data, descriptive data that fits into categories. Qualitative data is data where values are
not measured in numbers but instead are descriptions of properties, characteristics, or opinions.
Qualitative data is often collected from interviews, discussions, observations and text documents...
Sometimes categorical data can contain numeric values (quantitative values), but these That value
has no mathematical meaning.

Nominal data is a fundamental concept in statistics and research methods that classifies variables
into distinct, unordered categories or groups. Nominal data lacks a sense of quantity, focusing
instead on differences in quality. These categories serve to label or classify observations without
implying any inherent order or level. Analyzing nominal data often involves techniques such as
frequency counts, percentages, and statistical tests. For example: Refrigerator type: can be Sharp,
LG, Samsung, Sony, Panasonic, etc. Each type of condenser does not have a specific order
compared to other types.

Ordinal data is a type of data in descriptive statistics that classifies variables into ordered groups,
although the distances between groups are not necessarily uniform. Ordinal data contains
information about the relative order or degree between values. Ordinal data are often used to
compare items within groups and are often analyzed using statistics such as frequency distributions,
medians, and statistical tests. For example: Education level: can be elementary school, middle
7
school, high school, college, university, postgraduate. These educational levels are arranged in order
from low to high.

2. Information and Knowledge

A set of events in context that are relevant to one or more people at a particular time or during a
particular period of time is called information. Information is not just facts in context; it must be
relevant and timely. Information is considered unique (Brackett, 2015).

Knowledge is a perception, perception, fact, or condition of knowing something through experience

or connection. It is familiarity or knowledge of something, the fact or condition of being aware of
something, or understanding truth or truth. Knowledge is knowledge that has been retained with
awareness of its importance. Experience, research, familiarity, association, perception and/or
understanding are all examples of knowledge.

Additionally, there can be tacit knowledge or explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge, also known as
tacit knowledge, is information that a person has in their mind. Difficult to communicate to others
and widely distribute Explicit knowledge, also known as formal knowledge, is information that has
been formalized and stored in various formats, such as books, periodicals, recordings, presentations,
etc. and kept for the benefit of humanity, such as in a reference library or on the internet. It can be
easily transferred to different media and can be widely distributed (Brackett, 2015).

3. The way of collecting database and transformation process of data into information and
knowledge

An illustrative example is the article: "SOLUTIONS FOR FOSTERING SUSTAINABLE

GROWTH OF TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANIES IN VIETNAM" Assoc. Prof.PhD.
Nghiem Thi Tha - PhD. Bach Thi Thu Huong - MSc. Le Hai Anh, PhD. Pham Duy Khanh - MSc.
Pham Thuy Duong

The research is based on empirical research results: Factors include company size, return on
revenue, return on equity, financial leverage, asset turnover, payout ratio Dividends, company age
and inflation rate affect the sustainable growth of 46 domestic telecommunications
(telecommunications) companies in the period 2014 - 2021, the author proposes solutions to
promote development sustainability of telecommunications companies.

8
One of the most important parts of the lesson is collecting databases and turning them into
information and knowledge. The data used for research is collected from audited financial
statements of 46 listed telecommunications companies in Vietnam during the period 2014-2021,
data is taken from the data center provided by Finfinance. grant. In addition, the consumer price
index (CPI) is obtained from the database of the general statistical office. Among the 46 companies
mentioned above, there are 06 companies listed in HOSE, 23 companies listed in HNX and 06
companies listed in UPCOM.

Data processing and analysis is the next step after data collection. The author used analytical
research methods and examined the impact of factors on the sustainable growth of 46 listed
telecommunications companies in the period 2014-2021, according to a regression model in the
data. panel data using Stata 14. The authors conducted Hausman test and F test to decide the best
fitting model for the study sample. Using a fixed effects model allows controlling and eliminating
the effects of factors related to each company's characteristics to explain the variables, then
improving the reliability of the results. Besides, the authors also applied the VIF test to check for
multilinearity between explanatory variables and eliminate explanatory variables that are
significantly similar in economic nature. Results indicate that there is no significant relation
between firm size (SIZE) and the sustainable growth rate of listed telecom companies from 2014 to
2021, which is caused by the companies have not taken advantages of operation scale, capital scale
to enhance efficiency and effectiveness in managing and using financial resources, then improve the
business performances and growth. Return on equity (ROE) has a positive effect on the companies'
sustainable growth rate with meaning 1% and beta which is 1.00011, presents a significant effect. It
can be seen that owners' equity management creates the companies' financial capability, which is
the basis for sustainable growth. Return on sales (ROS), Leverage (LEV), and Asset turnover (TAT)
do not have an association with the sustainable growth rate, which indicates that financing policy,
capital management, and cost management of listed telecom companies do not affect to the
sustainable growth. Firm age (AGE) and consumer price index (CPI) do not have significant
relations with the sustainable growth rate of listed telecom companies in Vietnam.

With the findings of regression analysis, the fixed effects model has helped the author come up with
optimal solutions to promote the sustainable development of telecommunications companies. First,
it is necessary to improve ROE by increasing capital scale, managing investment projects and

9
increasing the performance of investment evaluation and business operations. Especially for small
and medium-sized telecommunications companies, capital expansion requires detailed planning and
effective capital management. Second, it is necessary to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of
cost control and management, and take advantage of the 4.0 industrial revolution to expand
business networks and markets. Third, it is necessary to manage circulation effective cash flow,
determine the dividend payment policy in accordance with the current cash circulation situation,
business strategy and business performance. Finally, it is necessary to implement a comprehensive
restructuring strategy for listed telecommunications companies belonging to state-owned
telecommunications groups to improve governance mechanisms, enhance operational capabilities
and competitiveness, increase financial resources and minimize financial risks.

IV.Evaluate data

4.1. Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics is a statistical data analysis method used to describe and summarize the main
characteristics of a data set. Through the use of indices and graphs, descriptive statistics help us
better understand data distribution, mean, variance, and other characteristics (Bhandari, 2023). For
example, in an essay, I might use descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, dispersion,
and percentiles to describe Return on Assets (ROA) across companies, provide an overview of their
financial performance.

The advantage of this method is simplicity and ease of understanding. Descriptive statistics does
not require in-depth knowledge of statistics and still allows users to understand and analyze data
easily. It also helps summarize data in an overview, saving time and effort. In addition, descriptive
statistics also allow comparisons between different groups of data, helping to evaluate differences
between them.

However, there are also limitations to keep in mind. This method is limited to just describing the
data without providing information about the relationships between variables or predicting the
future. It also cannot reflect the diversity and complexity of a data set. Furthermore, descriptive
statistics can be affected by outliers, leading to misinterpretation of the nature of the data.

10
4.2. Exploratory data analysis

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) stands as a pivotal phase within data science endeavors. It
revolves around scrutinizing datasets to grasp their fundamental attributes, employing visualization
techniques to distill and explore the data. EDA serves as a compass for data scientists, aiding in
pattern discovery, anomaly detection, hypothesis testing, and assumption verification. Originated by
the American mathematician John Tukey in the 1970s, EDA remains a cornerstone of data analysis
methodologies. For example, we can use exploratory statistical methods to examine the relationship
between Debt-to-Asset Ratio (DAR) and company size, visualizing this relationship through
histograms. scattered to distinguish market trends.

The advantages of EDA are manifold. It furnishes invaluable insights into data, unraveling intricate
patterns and relationships. Techniques like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) facilitate feature
selection, while visualization proves adept at outlier detection. Moreover, EDA secures the validity
of results, ensuring their applicability to business objectives. Furthermore, it assists in confirming
they pose the right questions.

Nevertheless, EDA is not without its drawbacks. Improper execution can lead to misguided
problem-solving, and its effectiveness diminishes when handling high-dimensional data. Despite
these limitations, EDA stands as a potent instrument for comprehending data before embarking on
statistical modeling or machine learning endeavors. It serves as a guardian of data quality and
enlightens subsequent analyses.

4.3. Confirmatory data analysis

Confirmatory Data Analysis (CDA) stands as a pivotal phase in statistical research, focusing on the
validation or refutation of specific hypotheses derived from existing theories or prior knowledge. In
CDA, researchers establish a priori hypotheses and employ statistical methods to test them
systematically. This approach involves planned tests aimed at assessing whether the data aligns with
the formulated hypotheses. Common techniques encompass hypothesis testing, structural equation
modeling, and regression analysis (Blitz, 2017).

The advantages of CDA lie in its focused testing approach, providing direct answers to specific
research questions. By adhering to pre-specified hypotheses, CDA ensures scientific rigor,

11
enhancing the credibility of research findings. Planned tests in CDA also bolster statistical power
compared to exploratory analyses, increasing the likelihood of detecting meaningful effects.
Moreover, CDA serves to validate or refute existing theories, contributing to the advancement of
scientific knowledge. Well-designed CDA studies are also more likely to be published, ensuring the
dissemination of high-quality research (Meyer, 2022) .

However, CDA has its limitations. Due to its focused nature, CDA may overlook unexpected
patterns or relationships in the data, limiting the exploration of novel insights. Additionally, it relies
on assumptions about the data and model, which may not always hold true in real-world scenarios.
There is also a risk of confirmation bias, where researchers may interpret results in favor of their
hypotheses, potentially influencing the objectivity of findings. Moreover, conducting CDA requires
careful planning and statistical expertise, adding complexity to the research process.

4.4. Differences

The primary goal of descriptive analytics is to give background knowledge and an overview of
business data. Investigating patterns, trends, and connections between variables in data using
exploratory analysis can help reveal new information and direct decision-making. In order to make
wise business decisions, confirmatory analytics verifies the dependability and correctness of
business data from many sources. Every technique has a unique function and adds significantly to
the overall examination of business and economic data.

V.Application in the dataset

Figure 1: Firm type

12
Figure 2: Describle of ROA

13
 Figure 3:Categorical ROA

Figure 4: Linear regression chart

14
 Figure 5: Relationship of ROA and DAR

VI. Conclusion

Through the above report, we also learned more about statistical methods as well as how to check
economic and business data collected from public sources. In particular, examine the nature and
process of business and economic data/information from a variety of public sources, as well as data
from several sources using different analytical methods. Furthermore, a critical analysis of the
analytical methods used to visualize economic and business data/information from various
published sources has been described in depth.

VII. Reference

Hoa, K 2023, DỮ LIỆU LÀ GÌ? CÁC LOẠI DỮ LIỆU VÀ CÁCH PHÂN TÍCH DỮ LIỆU, 200Lab
Blog, , https://200lab.io/blog/du-lieu-la-gi/.

15
Lan, M 2019, Dữ liệu thứ cấp (Secondary data) là gì? Ưu điểm và hạn chế, vietnambiz, ,
https://vietnambiz.vn/du-lieu-thu-cap-secondary-data-la-gi-uu-diem-va-han-che-
20191014234025361.htm.

Admin 2022, Types of Data in Statistics (4 Types - Nominal, Ordinal, Discrete, Continuous),
BYJUS, , https://byjus.com/maths/types-of-data-in-statistics/.

Types of Data | Introduction to Data Science n.d., ,

https://dept.stat.lsa.umich.edu/~kshedden/introds/topics/types_of_data/.

Brackett, M 2015, The Data-Information-Knowledge Cycle - DATAVERSITY, DATAVERSITY, ,

https://www.dataversity.net/the-data-information-knowledge-cycle/.

FAQs about Descriptive and Inferential Statistics | Laerd Statistics n.d., ,

https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics-faqs.php.

Bhandari, P 2023, Descriptive Statistics | Definitions, Types, Examples, Scribbr, ,

https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/descriptive-statistics/.

Pedamkar, P 2023, Exploratory Data Analysis, EDUCBA, , https://www.educba.com/exploratory-

data-analysis/.

Nabriya, P 2024, What is Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and How Does it Work?, Analytics
Vidhya, , https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2021/08/exploratory-data-analysis-and-
visualization-techniques-in-data-science/.

Blitz, S 2017, Exploratory and Confirmatory Analysis: What’s the Difference?, dzone.com, ,
https://dzone.com/articles/exploratory-and-confirmatory-analysis-whats-the-di.

Meyer, J 2022, One of the Many Advantages to Running Confirmatory Factor Analysis with a
Structural Equation Model, The Analysis Factor, , https://www.theanalysisfactor.com/advantage-
to-running-confirmatory-factor-analysis-with-structural-equation-modeling/.

16