Tutorial Sheet One

Differential Equation 1
January 29, 2024

Unit 1:Basic Concepts of Modeling (DE)

Objectives
• Classification Of DE :
1. Type
2. Order & Degree
3. Linearity
4. homogeneity

• Solutions To DE
Definition: Differential Equation is an equation involving an Unknown functions and its derivative.

Objective 1: Classification Of DE
Examples
Tabulate the classification of the following differential equation.

dv
m = F (t, v) (1)
dt

d2 u du
m = F (t, u, ) (2)
dt2 dt

ay ′′ + by ′ + cy = g(t) (3)

d2 y dy
sin (y) = (1 − y) + y 2 e−5y (4)
dx2 dx

′′ ′
y (4) + 10y − 4y + 2y = cos (t) (5)

∂2u ∂u
a2 2
= (6)
∂x ∂t

a2 uxx = utt (7)

∂3u ∂u
2
=1+ (8)
∂x ∂t ∂y

1
Objective 2: Solution Test for DE
Rules to Test a solution
1. State the solution
2. Differentiate to highest derivative
3. Substitute into the DE

Test for General Solution

Examples
′′
1. Is y(x) = c1 sin 2x + c2 cos2x, where c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants, a solution of y + 4y = 0
3 ′′ ′
2. Show that y(x) = x− 2 is a solution to 4x2 y + 12xy + 3y = 0 for x > 0.
′
3 c
3. Verify whether y(t) = 4 + t2 is a general solution to 2ty + 4y = 3.

Test for particular Solution

Examples
3 ′′ ′
1. Show that y(x) = x− 2 is a solution to 4x2 y + 12xy + 3y = 0 for x > 0 given y(4) = 81 , and
′
3
y (4) = − 64 .
′′ ′
2. Show that y = In(x) is a solution of xy + y = 0 on ϕ = (0, ∞) but is not a solution on
ϕ = (−∞, ∞).

Unit 2 : First-Order ODE

Objectives
1. Standard and Differential Representation

2. Solutions to FODE
(a) Separable Equation
(b) Homogeneous Equation
(c) Linear Equation
(d) Nonlinear Equation {Bernoulli Equation & Riccati Equation}
(e) Exact & NonExact Equation

1. Standard and Differential Representation

1. Standard Form
dy
y ′ = f (x, y) ≡ = f (x, y) (9)
dx
2. Differential Form
M (x, y)dy + N (x, y)dx = 0 (10)

Examples
Write the following differential equation in standard form.

2
 ′
1. xy − y 2 = 0
′
2. ex y + e2x y = sin x
Write the differential equation dy/dx = y/x / in differential form
dy y
1. = x
dx
′ xy+3
2. y = y 2 −2x−1

2. Solution to FODE
General form of FODE: ′
y = f (y, t) (11)

Separable Equation
The FODE is separable if it can be written in the form:
′
y = f (t)g(y) (12)

Examples
Solve for the following differential equations.
dy 1
1. = 6y 2 x, y(1) = 25
dx
′
2. y = (x + 1)e−x y 2
3. A certain radioactive material is known to decay at a rate proportional to the amount present.
If initially there is 50 milligrams of the material present and after two hours it is observed that
the material has lost 10 percent of its original mass, find
(a) an expression for the mass of the material remaining at any time t.
(b) the mass of the material after four hours.
(c) the time at which the material has decayed to one-half of its initial mass.
4. The population of a certain country is known to increase at a rate proportional to the number of
people presently living in the country. If after two years the population has doubled, and after
three years the population is 20,000, estimate the number of people initially living in the country.

Homogeneous DE
Degree of Homogeneous Test
A first-order differential equation

M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0

is said to be homogeneous if M (x, y) and N (x, y) are both homogeneous functions of the same degree.
Thus:

M (λx, λy) = N (λx, λy) (13)

n n
λ M (x, y) = λ N (x, y) (14)