4.2.2 Design Considerations 4.3.

2 Development

Sleeves will not affect the design of headed anchor bolts subjected to tensile Pre tensioned anchor bolts should be designed for an embedment development of
loads, because the tension in the bolt is transferred to the concrete via the anchor bolt at least 80% of their ultimate capacity (0.8 fut).
head and not by the bond between the bolt and the concrete.
4.3.3 Methods
In the design of an anchor bolt with a partial sleeve, the embedment depth of the
bolt should be determined as recommended in Chapter 3. However, the distance Methods that may be utilized to apply the required pre-load are as follows:
between the bottom of the sleeve and the anchor-bearing surface should be sufficient
to ensure that the concrete below the sleeve will not fail in shear from tensile loads a. Hydraulic jacking
causing the bolt head to snap through the sleeve. The minimum distance between
the bottom of the sleeve and the anchor bearing surface should not be less than 6- Hydraulic jacking is the most accurate method and is recommended if the
bolt diameters or 6 inches (150 mm), whichever is greater. hydraulic equipment is available and if the physical clearances that exist around
each bolt permit its use.
The applied shear force may be resisted by anchor bolts only if the sleeves are
filled with grout. If the sleeves are not filled with grout, the anchor bolts will not be b. Turn-of-nut
effective in resisting the applied shear force. The sleeve, combined with isolation of
the bolt from the grout, is desirable to prevent short radius flexing of the anchor bolt Turn-of-nut is the easiest to perform by a construction crew and gives a
due to a horizontal component of the vibration or as a result of thermal growth of the reasonably accurate result provided that:
equipment and is an effective way to avoid the most common failure mode of
compressor anchor bolts. * Conditions of grout and base plate can give a consistent "snug-tight" resu It

4.3 PRETENSIONING * Stretching (spring) length of bolt can be accurately determined.

Certain conditions make it desirable to pretension anchor bolts to enhance the

Nut Rotation __ 360 I AfT
t t Ie (4.1)
performance of the bolt or the performance of the system.
E Ad

The recommended pretension load is one-third the tensile strength of the bolt where:
unless otherwise required.
bolt stretch length, in (mm)
Anchor bolts may need to be retightened one week after initial pretensioning to
tensile stress area of bolt, in2 (mm2)
compensate for pre-load losses from strain relaxation within the system.
desired tensile stress, ksi (kPa)
4.3.1 Pretension Applications bolt threads per unit length, thds/in (thds/mm)
elastic modulus of bolt, ksi (kPa)
Pretensioning of anchor bolts should be used for the following situations: nominal bolt area, in2 (mm2)

a. Tall process towers sensitive to wind (as a rule of thumb these are towers If the bolt is to be retightened to compensate for any loss of pre-load, this
over 100 feet (30 meters) tall or with a height-to-diameter ratio of 15 or method requires that nuts be loosened, brought to a "snug tight" condition, and then
more). turned the number of degrees originally specified.

b. Reciprocating compressors or other pulsating or vibrating equipment. c. Torque wrench

c. High-strength anchor bolts (to prevent load reversals on bolts susceptible to Torque wrench pretensioning provides only a rough measure of actual pretel1sion
fatigue weakening). load but can be the method of choice if equipment for item a. is not available and

4-3 4-4
stretch length of anchor cannot be fixed as required by the "turn of nut" method. "
The Industrial Fastener Institute recommends the following formula for determining
the proper tightening torque. UI-
1-" TAPE
~z
I-~
T = KDP BASE PL. - cn...J
~I::C
(4.2)
GROUT --
where:
A. BOLT T.O. ROUGH
T tightening torque, kip-in (kN-mm) FDN.
CONCRETE
K torque coefficient, dimensionless -~ TAPE _

D
P
fastener diameter, nominal, in (mm) ~----
bolt tensile load, kips (kN)
NOTE; STRETCHING LENGTH = THAT PORTION OF ANCHOR BOLT
ALLOWED TO FREELY STRETCH.
"K" varies from 0.06 to 0.35 (use 0.20 for typical anchor bolt)

4.3.4 Stretching Lengths Figure 4.3: Anchor Bolt Stretch Length

Pretensioning should only be implemented when the stretching (spring) length of

the anchor bolt extends down to near the anchor head of the bolt. On a typical 4.3.5 Tightening Sequence
anchor bolt embedment, as a pre-load is placed upon the bolt, the bolt starts to shed
its load to the concrete through its grip (bond) on the bolt. At that time, there exists Anchor bolts should be tightened in two stages:
a high bond stress at the first few inches of embedment. This bond will relieve itself
over time and thereby reduce the pre-load on the bolt. Therefore, it is important that a. First stage should apply 50% of full pre-tension load to all bolts.
the bond be prevented on anchor bolts to be pretensioned. Bond on the bolt shaft
can be prevented by wrapping the shaft with plastic tape or by heavily coating the b. Second stage should apply full pre-tension load to all bolts.
bolt with grease immediately before placing concrete. Grout must not be allowed to
bond to the anchor bolt. Tape the portion of the anchor bolt through the grout zone Bolts should be tightened in a criss-cross pattern. (See Figure 4.4 for circular
and to within one inch (25 mm) of the bolt head, below the sleeve. (See Figure 4.3) bolt pattern sequence.)

Tape or grease should not be applied closer than one inch (25 mm) to the anchor
bolt head or anchor plate. Anchor bolt sleeves should not be positioned closer than
6D to the bolt head to preclude failure by the head of the bolt pulling through the :1
sleeve. 12
--- ..--..
......••..
5

g/ '\!
Sleeved anchor bolts to be pretensioned should have that portion of the bolt f \
beneath the sleeve taped or greased.
4£ : •. C EQUIPMENT
\ : /J

The stretching length of the bolt which is pre-loaded within the elastic range acts
10\ . /~
as a spring in clamping the base plate down against the foundation.

\'/"11
'-2 TIGHTENING SEQUENCE

Figure 4.4: Anchor Bolt Tightening Sequence

4-5 4-6
4.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR VIBRATORY LOADS PRE-TENSIONED ANCHOR BOLTS
IN ACCORDANCE WITH VENDOR'S
INSTRUCTIONS OR DESIGN DWG,
4.4.1 Sleeves
ASE PLA TE

Provide sleeves on all anchor bolts installed on vibratory equipment and isolate
bolt from any grout (see Figure 4.5).

4.4.2 Pretensioning

Pretension all anchor bolts installed on vibratory equipment, unless specifically

prohibited by the manufacturer.

This pretensioning (stretching) of the anchor bolts creates a spring effect that FILL ANCHOR BOLT
will absorb the vertical amplitude of the vibration without fatiguing. This spring SLEEVE WITH
ELASTOMERIC
effect also serves well in clamping the equipment base against the grout without the ANCHOR BOLT MATERIAL.
nut loosening if the amount of anchor bolt stretch exceeds the vertical amplitude of SLEEVE
the vibration.

Figure 4.5: Detail for Anchor Bolt for Vibrating Equipment

4.5 CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEISMIC LOADS (ZONES 3 AND 4)

Anchorage capacity, including capacity ofreinforcement, must exceed minimum

specified tensile strength (based on fut) of the bolt to ensure that any reserve capacity
of the bolt can be utilized and that the failure mode will be ductile and in the bolts.

Friction capacity from gravity loads shall not be considered effective in carrying
any seismic lateral loads.

Friction capacity may be considered if anchor bolts are pretensioned to twice the
calculated seismic uplift force. Friction may then be considered, except friction
shall not exceed 50% of that provided by pretension loads.

4-7 4-8
 NOMENCLA TURE friction coefficient
Jl

Ad nominal bolt area

r/J strength reduction factor
Aefr effective anchor bolt area for resisting tension r/J. strength reduction factor for tension load
A" the area of vertical pier reinforcement per bolt r/J2 strength reduction factor for shear load
A" area of cross-section of one leg of tie
AI anchor bolt tensile stress area

BC = bolt circle diameter

Bn = nominal bearing capacity

D = fastener diameter

E = elastic modulus of bolt

fI = actual tensile stress

FI = allowable tensile stress
fv = actual shear stress
Fv = allowable shear stress
fy = anchor bolt yield stress
Fy = minimum specified yield strength of reinforcement steel
K = torque coefficient

bolt stretch length

M = maximum moment on vessel

n = number of legs in the top 2 sets of ties resisting the shear force (V u)
N = number of anchor bolts

P = bolt tensile load

Pn = nominal tensile capacity of bolt

T = tightening torque
Tie = bolt threads per unit length
Tu = factored tensile load per bolt

Vu = factored shear force resisted by anchor bolt(s) located in the pier

V UJ = factored shear force per bolt

W = minimum weight of vessel

A-I A-2