Dianna Grachelle A.

Dy BSN- 4

ACTIVITY-2
1. State several immunodeficiency’s disease define and classify them whatever they are
primary or secondary.
- Primary Immunodeficiency are usually present at birth and are genetic
disorders that are usually hereditary. They typically become evident during
infancy or childhood. These are the examples
• Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID): This is a severe disorder that
affects both T and B cells, leading to a nearly complete inability to fight
infections.

• Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID): This disorder primarily

affects B cells, leading to low antibody levels and increased susceptibility to
infection.

• DiGeorge Syndrome: This disorder is caused by a defect in several genes,

leading to poor development of several body systems. Immune system
problems can occur due to issues with the development of the thymus gland.

• Hyper-IgM Syndrome: This is a condition that disrupts the normal

production of antibodies, leading to a higher susceptibility to infections,
especially in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.

• Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome: This is a rare X-linked recessive disease

characterized by eczema, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), immune
deficiency, and bloody diarrhea (secondary to the thrombocytopenia).

- Secondary Immunodeficiencies, also known as acquired

Immunodeficiencies, are not genetic and occur when an outside source such as
a virus, chemotherapy, or malnutrition, suppresses or destroys the immune
system. Examples include:
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): Caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which attacks T cells, weakening the immune
system.

• Immunodeficiency due to medication or treatment: Some medications,

like corticosteroids or chemotherapy drugs, can suppress the immune system.

• Malnutrition: Lack of proper nutrients can lead to a weakened immune

system, as the body requires adequate nutrition for immune cells to function
correctly.
2. Explain hypersensitivity. What is immediate and delayed hypersensitivity?
- Hypersensitivity refers to an exaggerated or inappropriate immune response
to a substance that is normally harmless or would not cause an immune
 response in most people. These substances, known as allergens, can include
pollen, dust mites, certain foods, medications, or insect stings, among others.
• Hypersensitivity reactions are classified into four types: Type I, Type II,
Type III, and Type IV. The first three types are considered immediate
hypersensitivity reactions, while Type IV is considered a delayed
hypersensitivity reaction.

Immediate Hypersensitivity (Type I, II, III):

1. Type I Hypersensitivity: Also known as anaphylactic or allergic reactions.

These reactions occur rapidly, usually within minutes of exposure to an
allergen. They are mediated by IgE antibodies and can cause symptoms such
as hives, itching, runny nose, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis. Common
examples include hay fever, food allergies, and some types of asthma.
2. Type II Hypersensitivity: Also known as cytotoxic hypersensitivity. These
reactions involve IgG or IgM antibodies directed against antigens present on
the surface of cells or other tissue components, leading to cell damage or
destruction. Examples include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and
Goodpasture's syndrome.
3. Type III Hypersensitivity: Also known as immune complex-mediated
hypersensitivity. These reactions involve the formation of immune complexes
(antigen-antibody complexes) that deposit in tissues and trigger inflammation
and tissue damage. Examples include systemic lupus erythematosus and
rheumatoid arthritis.

Delayed Hypersensitivity (Type IV):

Type IV Hypersensitivity: Also known as cell-mediated or delayed-type

hypersensitivity. These reactions are mediated by T cells rather than
antibodies and typically take 48-72 hours to develop. They involve the
activation of T cells by antigens, leading to an inflammatory response and, in
some cases, tissue damage. Examples include contact dermatitis (such as
poison ivy rash) and the tuberculin skin test reaction.
3. Show a summary flow of anaphylaxis
- Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can
occur rapidly after exposure to an allergen. Here's a simplified flow of how
anaphylaxis occurs:m
• Exposure to Allergen: The individual comes into contact with an allergen.
This could be a certain food, medication, insect sting, or other substance that
the person is allergic to.
• Immune Response Activation: The person's immune system overreacts to the
allergen. It produces immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies that bind to the
allergen and to mast cells and basophils in the body.
• Release of Chemical Mediators: The binding of IgIgEo mast cells and
basophils triggers these cells to release chemical mediators, including
histamine and other substances.
 • Onset of Symptoms: These chemical mediators cause blood vessels to widen
(leading to a drop in blood pressure), airways to narrow (making breathing
difficult), and other symptoms such as skin reactions (like hives and swelling),
gastrointestinal symptoms (like vomiting and diarrhea), and heart palpitations.
• Severe Reaction: If not treated promptly, the reaction can become severe,
leading to anaphylactic shock. This involves a severe drop in blood pressure,
loss of consciousness, and potentially, death.
• Treatment: Immediate treatment with epinephrine (adrenaline) is needed to
reverse the symptoms. This is usually administered as an injection. Further
medical treatment may be needed, including oxygen, intravenous fluids, and
other medications.
4. Explain in summary autoimmunity
- Autoimmunity refers to a condition in which the immune system mistakenly
attacks and damages the body's own cells, tissues, or organs as if they were
foreign substances. Normally, the immune system is designed to protect the
body from harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses, but in autoimmunity, it
loses the ability to distinguish between self and non-self.
• Loss of Self-Tolerance: In autoimmunity, the immune system fails to
recognize certain parts of the body as "self" and begins to mount an immune
response against them.
• Autoantibody Production: The immune system produces autoantibodies,
which are antibodies that target the body's own cells, tissues, or organs. These
autoantibodies can cause inflammation and damage to the affected tissues.
• Inflammatory Response: The immune system activates immune cells, such
as T cells and macrophages, which release inflammatory substances. These
substances contribute to tissue damage and further immune response.
• Organ-Specific or Systemic Autoimmune Diseases: Autoimmunity can
lead to various types of autoimmune diseases. Some autoimmune diseases
target specific organs or tissues, such as the thyroid (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)
or joints (rheumatoid arthritis). Others, like systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE), affect multiple organs throughout the body.
• Environmental and Genetic Factors: The exact cause of autoimmunity is
not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic
predisposition and environmental triggers. Certain genetic factors can increase
the risk of developing autoimmune diseases, while environmental factors like
infections, hormones, and stress may trigger or exacerbate the immune
response.
• Treatment Approaches: Treatment for autoimmune diseases focuses on
managing symptoms, reducing inflammation, and suppressing the immune
response. This can include medications to control immune activity, lifestyle
changes, and sometimes, specific treatments targeted at the affected organs.