NAME : ARSENE CAITANO

REGISTRATION NUMBER : R236437Q

PROGRAM CODE : HFET
MODULE : IDBS101
TOPIC : LITERATURE REVIEW

The tourism has been gradually evolving over the years and with it is also the aspect of how
tourism planning should be conducted.Governments,organisations and individuals should
consider sustainable tourism, responsible tourism and community based tourism in tourism
planning .
United Nations World Tourism Organisation [UNWTO] (2017) empasized on promoting
sustainable tourism as a part of Sustainable Development Goals. UNWTO (2017) defined
sustainable tourism as tourism which is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner
and at such a scale that it remains viable over an infinite period while safeguarding the Earth`s
life - support system on which the current and future generations depends on. Nevertheless,
Pratisto , Thompson and Potdar (2022) reviewed that although there is a search in sustainable
tourism, there is no desirable change in the tourism system. Sustainable models must be able to
adapt to new changes and face a wider fprm of societal transformations. All authors slightly
agree that sustainable tourism is fundamentally umable to continue indefinately. One is to agree
that sustainable tourism is difficult to implement except the most favourable circumstances as the
interests of equity, economy and social engagement often conflict with one another and require
tradeoffs.

According to the Center for responsible tourism [CRT] (2020) , reponsible tourism is a major
determinant in tourism planning .CRT (2020) defined responsible tourism as tourism that
maximizes the benefits of local communities, minimizes negative social and environmental
impact and helps local people converse fragile cultures and habitats or species. However, there
are pitfalls in the implemantation of responsible tourism. CRT (2020) pointed out that studies
have shown that the gegree to which individuals engage in responsible tourism is contigent upon
their engagement socially. Meaning, tourists behaviour will fluctuate depending on the range of
social engagement that each tourist chooses to take part in. And also that it is not only personal
behaviour of tourists that shape outcomes but also mechanisms put in place by governments. One
is to agree that responsible tourism is of great importance and should be considered by
governments and tourist in tourism planning.

According to the Community - Based Tourism[CBT] (2021) management aspects are key to
tourism planning. CBT (2021) state that the promotion of tourism practices are often connected
to the management of tourists` locations by locals. This form of tourism is based on the premise
that the people living next to a resource are the ones suited to protecting it. CBT (2021) states
that local knowledge is ususally used with wide general frameworks of ecotourism business
models. Therefore, the participation of locals at management level typically allows a more
intimate understanding of the environment. Notwithstanding, Johns (2019), pointed out that
economic linkages generated by CBT may not be sporadic and that the linkages with agriculture
are negatively affected by seasonality and by the small - scale of cultivated areas. This means
that CBT may only have small - scale positive results for these communities. One is to agree that
the management aspects put forward by CBT (2021) are of importance to tourism planning and
promote sustainable tourism.

In conclusion, sustainable tourism and responsible tourism are the major trends in tourism
planning and organizations, governments and individuals should consider them given that ttey
leave the tourist destination betteroff. Community based tourism should also be considered as it
contributes to the sustainance of local tourists destinations.

Reference

Chris Ryan (2000) Tourism Management http://www.elsevier.com/locate/tourman

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable _tourism

Sanjay Lama and Sojen Pradhan (2020) ICT in Sustainable Tourism. Published by Australasian
Conference of Information Systems

Pratitso, Thompson and Potdar(2022) Partial trends in Tourism within South Africa volume 6
p.2 https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v6i2.7
Center for responsible tourism (2020). Information Technology and Tourism 24.181-219
http://doi.org/10.1007/540558-022-00228-7

Guaita Martíneza, José Manuel, José María and Martín (2020) Technological Forecasting &
Social Change 161 120280 : www.elsevier.com/locate/techfore

Johns (2019). Effects of tourism planning and marketing strategies on destination brand equity: A
system dynamic model https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjsm20