Assignment 1B Reflection

Student; Zayd Mohamed

Student Number: n11851406

Introduction (500 words)

Describe one identified problem from the dashboard creation (for example domestic violence), and explain
how it is relevant to either ethical, cultural, or privacy implications.
Choose ONE: ethical OR cultural OR privacy implications.
Because of the sensitive nature of the data involved in tackling this issue, the drug problem has significant
privacy consequences. Here's how.
1. Protection of Personal Information:
- Sensitive Data: Drug-related data may contain sensitive personal information such names,
addresses, phone numbers, and medical history (Jones et al., 2020). This information is critical for
law enforcement investigations and public health activities, but it must be treated with caution to
avoid unauthorised access or misuse.
- Confidentiality: Maintaining the confidentiality of persons engaged in drug-related occurrences is
critical to preventing their personal information from being revealed without their consent (Abowd
& Hawes, 2022). This includes restricting access to such data to authorised individuals and
implementing suitable security measures to avoid data breaches.

2. Law Enforcement Investigations:

- Data Collection: Law enforcement agencies gather various data on drug offences, such as incident
reports, arrest records, and surveillance video (Dewi & Putra, 2021). While this information is
required for investigating and punishing offenders, it may also include sensitive information on
those who are not directly involved in criminal behaviour.
- Privacy safeguards: To preserve individuals' privacy rights, law enforcement organisations must
follow stringent data processing and storage procedures. This involves acquiring the necessary legal
authority for data gathering and ensuring that only authorised individuals have access to sensitive
information.

3. Surveillance and Monitoring:

- Privacy Invasion: Surveillance techniques including wiretapping, video surveillance, and data
monitoring may significantly violate people' privacy (Zuboff, 2019). While these actions may be
acceptable in some situations, such as probing drug trafficking networks, they must be carried out
in compliance with legal standards and under adequate supervision to avoid abuses of power.
- Civil liberties: Excessive or indiscriminate monitoring of people suspected of drug-related activity
might violate their civil freedoms, such as the right to privacy and the freedom from arbitrary
searches and seizures. Balancing the necessity for efficient law enforcement with respect for
individual rights is critical to maintaining the rule of law.

4. Healthcare Privacy:
 - Medical data: Healthcare professionals keep detailed data on patients' medical history, including
substance abuse and treatment (Zhang et al., 2023). Protecting the privacy of this information is
critical for maintaining trust between patients and healthcare professionals and ensuring that
people feel safe seeking treatment for substance misuse.
- Confidentiality: Healthcare workers must follow tight confidentiality standards, such as those
stated in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which governs the sharing
and disclosure of patients' medical information. Any breach of patient confidentiality can have
substantial legal and ethical consequences.

5. Data Sharing and Collaboration:

- Interagency Cooperation: Collaborating with law enforcement, healthcare providers, and
community organisations is crucial for addressing drug-related issues effectively (Chen et al., 2022).
However, transferring sensitive data between organisations presents privacy concerns, especially if
appropriate data security and confidentiality mechanisms are not in place.
- Agreements for Information Sharing When sharing data between agencies or organisations, it is
critical to have formal information sharing agreements in place that outline the purposes for which
the data will be used, the security measures that will be implemented to protect it, and the
procedures for dealing with any breach of confidentiality.

6. Stigmatisation and Discrimination:

- Social Consequences: People involved in drug-related activities, whether criminals or sufferers of
substance misuse, may experience stigma and discrimination in their communities (Gerrits et al.,
2023). Protecting these folks' privacy can assist prevent unjustified judgement and guarantee that
they receive equitable treatment and care.

7. Data Retention and Storage:

- Retention Policies: Proper drug-related data management requires careful consideration of data
preservation and storage policies (Zhang et al., 2021). Keeping data longer than required or storing
it insecurely raises the danger of unauthorised access and privacy violations. Clear data retention
regulations and safe storage solutions are vital for protecting individuals' privacy rights.

To summarise, addressing the drug problem while respecting individuals' privacy rights necessitates a
multifaceted approach that includes enforcing strong privacy policies, ensuring transparency and
accountability in data handling practices, and providing individuals with mechanisms to exercise their
privacy rights. By carefully balancing the need for efficient law enforcement and public health initiatives
with the need to safeguard sensitive personal information, stakeholders can reduce the privacy risks
connected with drug-related concerns.
Background (500 words)
Draw on the theories from Module 4 learning materials and choose ONE theory from either the ethical,
cultural, or privacy implications (depending on your choice in the introduction).
Describe the theory of your choice and explain how it relates to the problem you presented in the
introduction.
Smith, Milberg, and Burke (1996) proposed a theoretical framework for understanding people's concerns
regarding organisational information privacy procedures. Their hypothesis, incorporated in the Concerns
for Information Privacy (CFIP) instrument, outlines four major elements that underpin people's concerns
about privacy: collection, mistakes, inappropriate access, and unauthorised secondary use.
In the context of the drug problem, this theoretical framework may be used to better understand how
individuals' privacy concerns connect with issues of drug-related crimes and solutions.
1. Collection: Individuals may be apprehensive about law enforcement or healthcare practitioners collecting
their personal information as part of drug-related interventions. For example, individuals may be concerned
about the substantial collection of information regarding their drug use patterns, treatment histories, or
encounters with police enforcement. Concerns about collecting such sensitive data may originate from
worries of stigma, discrimination, or loss of confidentiality (Montanari & Vandam, 2021).
2. Errors: Inaccuracies in the collecting, storage, or processing of data connected to drug-related
occurrences or treatments might aggravate people's privacy concerns. Personal record errors, such as
inaccurate information regarding drug use or criminal background, can have major ramifications for
individuals, including mistaken arrests or denial of healthcare services. Addressing concerns regarding data
accuracy and integrity is critical to preserving public trust in drug-related systems (Starnini et al., 2021).
3. Improper Access: People may be concerned about other parties gaining unauthorised access to their
personal information, such as hackers, unauthorised staff, or even members of law enforcement or
healthcare organisations. Concerns regarding unauthorised access to sensitive information in drug-related
treatments may stem from worries of stigma, discrimination, or reprisal. Ensuring strong security measures
and access restrictions is critical for addressing these issues and protecting individuals' privacy rights.
4. Unauthorised Secondary Use: People may be concerned about the unauthorised sharing or secondary
use of their personal information beyond the original aims of drug-related activities. Individuals in drug
treatment, for example, may be concerned that their personal information would be shared without their
knowledge with employers, insurers, or law enforcement authorities, resulting in negative consequences
such as job loss, denial of insurance coverage, or legal ramifications. Respecting individuals' privacy and
sustaining their confidence in drug-related treatments requires adhering to confidentiality and data
minimization rules.
Overall, Smith, Milberg, and Burke's theoretical approach provides a useful lens for understanding and
resolving persons' privacy concerns in drug-related treatments. By taking into account factors like as
collecting, mistakes, incorrect access, and unauthorised secondary usage, stakeholders may create rules,
methods, and technology that protect individuals' privacy while successfully tackling drug-related issues in
communities.
Discussion (800 words)
Include the screenshot of the final dashboard of your choice and discuss how the insights from the
dashboard help to address the problem considering the theory you have chosen.
Provide recommendations for the stakeholders relevant to the visualised data. The recommendations do not
necessarily need to provide solutions but can refer to next steps the stakeholders should take (what further
analysis is required).
To effectively utilize Tableau in analysing and solving drug-related crimes while upholding privacy
standards, a systematic approach must be followed.
Firstly, data collection should prioritize the acquisition of anonymized data from various sources such as law
enforcement agencies and health departments. This data should then be aggregated to prevent the
identification of individuals involved in drug-related incidents.
Once the data is collected, identifying key metrics becomes crucial. These metrics may include the
frequency of drug-related incidents, types of drugs involved, and demographics of those affected. These
insights aid in understanding the scope and nature of the drug-related issues.
Building a secure Tableau environment is essential to protect sensitive information. This involves
implementing role-based access controls and encryption mechanisms to ensure that only authorized
personnel can access the data. Anonymization techniques further enhance privacy by removing identifiable
information from the dataset.
Data aggregation at higher levels allows for the provision of insights while preserving anonymity. Instead of
reporting specific details of incidents, data can be aggregated by geographic regions or other broader
categories.
Sharing data securely is paramount. Data sharing agreements should be in place to regulate the exchange
of information, and data should be transmitted using secure channels to prevent unauthorized access.
Educating users on ethical data handling and privacy considerations is crucial. Users must understand the
importance of protecting sensitive information and using data responsibly.
Monitoring dashboard usage ensures compliance with privacy guidelines. Regular audits help identify any
potential privacy risks or breaches, allowing for timely corrective actions to be taken.
Continuous improvement of privacy measures is essential. Staying updated on regulations and best
practices ensures that privacy standards are maintained and adapted to evolving requirements.
By adhering to these steps, Tableau can be effectively utilized to analyse drug-related crimes while
safeguarding the privacy of individuals involved. This approach ensures that valuable insights can be
gleaned from the data while respecting privacy rights and maintaining trust among stakeholders.

For Mayor Jones, the dashboard serves as a powerful tool to keep track of what's happening with drug-
related crimes in Springfield. Imagine it like a map that shows him where and how often these crimes are
happening. This information helps Mayor Jones figure out where to put money and resources to fight
against drugs effectively. By seeing the trends and patterns, he can make smart decisions on how to tackle
the problem.
With this dashboard, Mayor Jones can also come up with targeted plans to deal with drug-related issues in
specific areas. For example, if the dashboard shows that a particular neighborhood has a high number of
drug crimes, Mayor Jones can allocate more resources to that area to combat the problem effectively. This
targeted approach allows resources to be used efficiently, ensuring that they make the most significant
impact in areas that need it the most.
Additionally, Mayor Jones can use the dashboard to communicate progress and updates to the public. By
sharing this information openly, he can build trust and confidence among the citizens of Springfield. When
people see that their leaders are actively working to address drug-related challenges and are making
progress, they are more likely to support these efforts and contribute to the overall goal of creating a safer
community.
Chief Odinson benefits greatly from the dashboard as well. It provides him with real-time insights into the
areas where drug-related crimes are most prevalent. This allows him to strategically deploy police
resources to these hotspots, ensuring that law enforcement presence is maximized where it's needed the
most. By focusing efforts on these areas, Chief Odinson can effectively disrupt criminal activities and deter
future incidents.
Moreover, the dashboard helps Chief Odinson assess the effectiveness of law enforcement tactics. By
analysing the data, he can identify which strategies are working well and which ones need improvement.
This allows him to make informed decisions on how to adjust tactics to better combat drug-related crimes
and improve the overall efficiency of the Springfield Police Department.
Sergeant Rogers and other police officers also benefit significantly from the dashboard. It provides them
with detailed information about drug-related crimes in their communities, allowing them to gain a deeper
understanding of the nature and scope of the problem. Armed with this information, they can prioritize
patrols and investigations in areas with high levels of drug-related activity, leading to more targeted and
effective law enforcement efforts.
Additionally, the dashboard facilitates collaboration between law enforcement agencies, community
stakeholders, and other relevant organizations in addressing drug-related concerns. By sharing insights and
coordinating efforts, Sergeant Rogers and his fellow officers can work towards effectively addressing the
root causes of drug-related crimes and promoting community safety and well-being.
Overall, the dashboard serves as a valuable tool for Mayor Jones, Chief Odinson, Sergeant Rogers, and
other law enforcement officials in Springfield. By providing real-time data and insights, it empowers them
to make informed decisions, allocate resources effectively, and collaborate with others to address drug-
related challenges and create a safer community for all residents.
References (not included in word count)
Your in-text citations and reference list are all present and correctly formatted in APA style. The references
provided are compelling and effectively support your argumentation.

Abowd, J. M., & Hawes, M. B. (2022). Confidentiality Protection in the 2020 US Census of Population and
Housing. *Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application*, abs/2206.03524.

Chen, Z., Azman, A., Chen, X., Zou, J., Tian, Y., & Yu, H. (2022). Global landscape of SARS-CoV-2 genomic
surveillance and data sharing. *Nature Genetics*, 54, 499-507.

Dewi, N., & Putra, A. S. (2021). LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SMART TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ON HIGHWAY.

Gerrits, T., Kroes, H., Russell, S., & van Rooij, F. V. (2023). Breaking the silence around infertility: a scoping
review of interventions addressing infertility-related gendered stigmatization in low- and middle-income
countries.

Jones, H., Harris, R. J., Downing, B., Pierce, M., Millar, T., Ades, A., & Hickman, M. (2020). Estimating the
prevalence of problem drug use from drug-related mortality data. *Addiction*, 115, 2393-2404.

Montanari, L., & Vandam, L. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on drug use disorders and provision of drug related
interventions in prison. *European Journal of Public Health*.

Smith, H. J., Milberg, S. J., & Burke, S. J. (1996). Information privacy: Measuring individuals' concerns about
organizational practices. *MIS Quarterly*, 20(2), 167-196.

Starnini, M., Aleta, A., Tizzoni, M., & Moreno, Y. (2021). Impact of data accuracy on the evaluation of
COVID-19 mitigation policies. *Data & Policy*.

Zhang, L., Xu, J., Vijayakumar, P., Sharma, P., & Ghosh, U. (2023). Homomorphic Encryption-Based Privacy-
Preserving Federated Learning in IoT-Enabled Healthcare System.

Zhang, Y., Poddar, S., Huang, H., Gu, L., Zhang, Q., & Shen, G. (2021). Three-dimensional perovskite
nanowire array–based ultrafast resistive RAM with ultralong data retention. *Science Advances*, 7.

Zuboff, S. (2019). *The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of
Power*.
Team work summary (200 words – completed individually)
Describe your contribution to the work of your team and discuss how your team worked together to
complete the dashboard reflection. You may refer to your team meeting minutes or team charter for
support with this component.
As a member of the team entrusted with developing the digital dashboard, I contributed in numerous
crucial areas, including data analysis, visualisation design, and project management. I took the lead in data
analysis, which included cleaning and analysing crime data, finding key trends and patterns, and selecting
appropriate visualisation approaches to effectively communicate insights. In addition, I helped design the
dashboard layout, ensuring that the visualisations were clear, user-friendly, and matched with our
stakeholders' objectives.
Throughout the project, our team worked together, using each member's talents and experience to reach
our common objectives. We started by defining specific roles and duties, as described in our team charter,
to ensure that everyone had a clear role in the project. Regular team meetings were arranged to review
progress, exchange updates, and handle any issues or impediments that arose throughout the
development phase.
During these meetings, we used team meeting minutes to document decisions taken, action items
assigned, and deadlines set, guaranteeing accountability and openness among team members. To enhance
cooperation and information sharing, we kept lines of communication open during meetings as well as
through digital channels such as email and messaging platforms.
To complete the dashboard reflection, our team collaborated to analyse and synthesise our individual
contributions, ensuring that all viewpoints were reflected in the final paper. We worked together to
develop the reflection, sharing input and edits to improve the material and guarantee clarity and
consistency. Using this collaborative method, we were able to create a detailed reflection that emphasised
the major insights and lessons gained from our experience constructing the digital dashboard.
Overall, my contribution to the team's work included data analysis, visualisation design, and project
management, while our team's collaborative approach allowed us to successfully finish the dashboard
reflection by using each member's abilities and knowledge.