ASSESSMENT OF BROWN SECTORS OF HETAUDA AND

CHITWAN AREA

A REPORT SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
TRI-CHANDRA MULTIPLE CAMPUS
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
NEPAL

SUBMITTED BY:

PUJA JOSHI

EXAM ROLL NO: 500370503

REGISTRATION NO : 5-2-37-1469-2018

PREPARED BY

GROUP-3
 LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION

This is to certified that the field report on “ASSESSMENT OF BROWN SECTORS OF

HETAUDA AND CHITWAN AREA" was prepared by GROUP 3 : Puja Joshi, Prativa
Dawadi, Nabin Bhattarai, Sumit Kumar Patel, Manoj Puri, Yukta Malasi, Anju Aryal,
Anisha Subedi, Kamana Kshatri, Puspa Kunwar, Sudikshya Pariyar, Suman Neupane,
Rashila Bhattarai, Kabita Dhital, Vijay Panthi, Alisha Kambang under my supervision for
the partial fulfillment of completion of 4th Year Bachelor’s Degree in Environmental Science.
In this Study, Primary as well as secondary data has been used along with field visits and the
results of the study have been presented which is recommended for the final evaluation to the
examination committee.

I therefore recommend this field report for the approval acceptance.

……………………..
Mr. Subash Duwadi
Faculty Member
Supervisor
Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus
Ghataghar, Kathmandu

ii
 LETTER OF APPROVAL

The report entitled “ASSESSMENT OF BROWN SECTORS OF HETAUDA AND

CHITWAN AREA” has been prepared and submitted by GROUP 3 as a partial fulfilment of
requirement of Environment Science in Bachelor 4th year, and has been approved by the
Department in the prescribed format. This field work forwarded for examination.

Mr. Subash Duwadi Prof. Dr. Danda Pani Adhikari

Faculty Member Head of the Department
Supervisor
Department of Environmental Science
Department of Environmental Science
Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus
Tri Chandra Multiple Campus
Ghantaghar, Kathmandu
Ghantaghar, Kathmandu

External Examiner

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to Tri Chandra Multiple Campus for providing
us an opportunity to use the theoretical knowledge in the practical field. A special gratitude to
Tribhuvan University for providing us such an opportunity.
We would like to express our special gratitude to our teachers; Prof. Dr. Danda Pani Adhikari
(Head of Department), Asst. Prof. Kamal Raj Gosai, Lecturer. Mr. Subash Duwadi, Mr. Prakash
Timalsina, Mr. Santosh Acharya, Mr. Hari Dutta Joshi for providing their indulgent co-
operation, guidance and valuable suggestions throughout the field. It is a matter of pride for us
to work with them.
Furthermore, We would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of
respondents and informants who provided us information in preparation of this report.
Additionally, we would like to extend our sincere thanks to Tour and Travels for helping us in
logistics during our field visit. Also thanks to all our friends and every other person who helped
us directly or indirectly for the preparation and finalisation of the report.

Thank you.

iv
 ABSTRACT

The report provides a comprehensive overview of various environmental factors in the cities of

Chitwan and Hetauda. It delves into the intricate details of pollution, waste water treatment

mechanisms, and the quality of wastewater. Additionally, it examines the current status of noise

and air pollution in Hetauda city. The report also assesses the waste management system in

Chitwan Medical College and studies the ground water distribution system in the Bharatpur area.

By combining all of these factors, the report provides a holistic conclusion on the environmental

state of these two cities. The study is a meticulous attempt to analyse and understand the complex

interplay of various environmental factors and their impact on the ecosystem of Chitwan and

Hetauda.

Key words:

Pollution, wastewater treatment, quality of wastewater, noise pollution, air pollution, waste

management, ground water distribution , Chitwan , Hetauda, Environmental state.

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1:Location map of Bharatpur and Hetauda Area 8

Figure 2:Location of Hetauda city and Waste Water Treatment Plant 10
Figure 3: Map of Hetauda City 16
Figure 4: Map of Chitwan Medical College at Bharatpur 20
Figure 5: Map of Groundwater Survey at Ward no. 6, Bharatpur 24

vi
 ABBREVIATION

WWTP - WasteWater Treatment Plant

WHO - World Health Organization

BP - British Petroleum

ADPJ - Agricultural Development

TDS - Total Dissolved Solid

EC - Electrical Conductivity

DO – Dissolved Oxygen

CMC – Chitwan Medical College

GPS - Global Positioning System

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
ABBREVIATION vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Noise pollution, effects, and control measures 1
1.2 Waste Water 2
1.3 Ground Water Distribution System 3
1.4 Objectives 4
1.5 Study Area 5
1.6 Limitations 5
CHAPTER 2: STUDY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT WORKING MECHANISM
AND QUALITY OF WASTE WATER IN HETAUDA 6
2.1 Background of the study 6
2.2 Objective 7
2.3 Method and methodology 7
2.3.1 Study Area 7
2.3.2 |Data Collection 8
2.4 Results and Discussion 9
2.5 Conclusion and Recommendation 11
CHAPTER 3 : STATUS OF NOISE POLLUTION IN HETAUDA CITY 12
3.1 Background 12
3.2 Objective 13
3.3 Materials and Methods 13
3.3.1 Study Area 13
3.3.2 Methods 14
3.4 Results and Discussions 14
3.5 Conclusions 15
CHAPTER 4: STUDY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN CHITWAN MEDICAL
COLLEGE, BHARATPUR 16
4.1 Background 16
4.2 Objective 17
4.3 Study Area 17

viii
 4.4 Methods 18
4.5 Results and Discussions 18
4.6 Conclusion 19
CHAPTER 5 : STUDY OF GROUNDWATER DISTRIBUTION IN BHARATPUR AREA 20
5.1 Background 20
5.3 Rationale 21
5.4 Study Area 21
5.5 Methodology 22
5.6 Results and Discussions 22
5.7 Conclusions 23
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 24
REFERENCES 25
PHOTOS 27

ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Noise pollution, effects, and control measures

Noise is defined as an unpleasant, disharmonic, undesired acoustic signal that interferes with
one’s hearing and concentration, on the other hand sound is referred as pleasant acoustic signal.
Noise pollution is a significant source of psychological stress that can adversely affect mental
and physical health. With increasing industrialization and modernization over the last decade,
the health hazard of this measurable pollutant has increased to label it a "Silent Killer" with lots
of health related issues. Prior studies have examined the harmful effects of noise on the auditory
systems of both animals and humans, showing that noise pollution can alter auditory perception
and behaviour. Noise is becoming an increasingly omnipresent, yet unnoticed form of pollution
even in developed countries. According to Birgitta and Lindvall (1995), road traffic, jet planes,
garbage trucks, construction equip-ment, manufacturing processes, and lawn mowers are some
of the major sources of this unwanted sounds that are routinely broadcasted into the air. (Firdaus
et. al., 2011)

According to the WHO, noise is a modern-day pollutant of the 21st century, affecting both the
short and long-term health issues. Short term issues like hearing impairment, sleep deprivation,
and stress whereas long term consequences could be cardiovascular, endocrine, and behavioral
issues. Noise is not only considered as an environmental stressor but is also labelled as a ‘silent
killer’ due to its enormous health hazards. Noise as a pollutant produces its direct effect on the
subject without polluting or modifying the environment like air, water or soil. Despite our ability
to measure the noise precisely, its adverse effects on human health have been unfortunately
neglected and are still continuing the world over. The increasing industrialization and
modernization of the last few decades contributed noise as an unseen etiological factor for many
of the diseases. All vital organs are adversely affected by noise and the most vulnerable are the
central nervous system, cardiovascular, endocrine and immune systems. The noise can be in the
form of social noise, recreational noise, environmental noise, transportation noise (train, car, bus,
aircraft) or originating from hospitals, markets etc. all are hazardous to human health. Measuring
its dimensions according to the WHO, around 6.3% of the population is affected by hearing
impairment and related diseases due to noise pollution. (Agrawal et. al., 2023)

Similarly Singh (1984) noted that the workers exposed to high noise levels have a higher
incidence of circulatory problems, cardiac diseases, hypertension, peptic ulcers, and
neurosensory and motor impairment. The adverse effects of noise have not even spared the birds
(Robins, sparrows, wrens and blackbirds). Those living near busy roads could not hear each other
and thus unable to contact for propagation (Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 2003)

Noise pollution can be effectively controlled at the receiver's end and at suppression of noise at
source. For people working in noisy installations, ear-protection aids like ear-plugs, ear-muffs,
noise helmets, headphones etc. must be provided to reduce occupational exposure. Noise can be
control at source by designing, fabricating and using quieter machines to replace the noisy ones,

1
proper lubrication and better maintenance of machines, installing noisy machines in sound proof
chambers, covering noise-producing machine parts with sound-absorbing materials to check
noise production and reducing the noise produced from a vibrating machine by vibration
damping i.e. making a layer of damping material (rubber, neoprene, cork or plastic) beneath the
machine.

1.2 Waste Water

Water pollution occurs when unwanted materials enter in to water, changing the quality of water
and harmful to environment and human health. Discharge of domestic and industrial effluent
wastes, leakage from water tanks, marine dumping, radioactive waste and atmospheric
deposition are major causes of water pollution. Oil Pollution caused by oil spills from tankers
and oil from ship travel. Oil does not dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge. Burning fossil
fuels into the air causes the formation of acidic particles in the atmosphere. When these particles
mix with water vapour, the result is acid rain. Fourteen billion pounds of garbage, which is
mostly plastic, is dumped into the ocean every year. The Ganges River in India is one the most
polluted rivers in the world with sewage, trash, food, and animal remains. According to United
States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) estimates, 1.2 trillion gallons of untreated
sewage, stormwater, and industrial waste is dumped into U.S. waters annually. About 700
million people globally drink contaminated water. Aquatic animals face an extinction rate of five
times more than that of terrestrial animals. Over 30 billion tons of urban sewage is discharged
into lakes, rivers and oceans every year. The massive oil spill that was caused by British
Petroleum (BP) in the year 2010 caused over 1,000 animals to die. Many of them were on the
endangered species list.
Sewage, fertilizer, and agricultural run-off contain organic materials that when discharged into
waters, increase the growth of algae, which causes the depletion of oxygen. The low oxygen
levels are not able to support most indigenous organisms in the area and therefore upset the
natural ecological balance in rivers and lakes. Industrial chemicals and agricultural pesticides
that end up in aquatic environments can accumulate in fish that are later eaten by humans. Fish
are easily poisoned with metals that are also later consumed by humans. Mercury is particularly
poisonous to small children and women. Mercury has been found to interfere with the
development of the nervous system in fetuses and young children. Ecosystems are destroyed by
the rising temperature in the water, as coral reefs are affected by the bleaching effect due to
warmer temperatures. Additionally, the warm water forces indigenous water species to seek
cooler water in other areas, causing an ecological damaging shift of the affected area. Oil spills
in the water causes animal to die when they ingest it or encounter it. Oil does not dissolve in
water so it causes suffocation in fish and birds.
Four common ways to treat wastewater include physical water treatment, biological water
treatment, chemical treatment, and sludge treatment. In the physical water treatment stage,
physical methods are used for cleaning the wastewater. Processes like screening, sedimentation
and skimming are used to remove the solids. No chemicals are involved in this process. Various
biological processes use In biological water treatment to break down the organic matter present

2
in wastewater, such as soap, human waste, oils and food. Microorganisms metabolize organic
matter in the wastewater in biological treatment. Chemical treatment process is done afterward
and sludge treatment is done at final state.

1.3 Ground Water Distribution System

Groundwater is an important natural resource. The precipitation infiltrates into the ground and
travels down until it reaches the impervious stratum where it is stored as groundwater. It is stored
in the pores present in the geological formations such as soil, rock, sand, etc. There are four
different types of geological formations of groundwater are aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude and
aquifuge.
The above-described geological groundwater formations are compared in the table below which
gives a better idea about their properties.

Geological
formations/ Aquifer Aquitard Aquiclude Aquifuge
Properties

Water storage Yes Yes Yes No

Permeability of
Permeable Partly permeable Impermeable Impermeable
water

Yes but slow

Yield of water Yes Do not yield Do not yield
yielding

Compact rocks
Sand,
Examples Sandy clay Clay such as granite,
Gravel
basalt etc.

The Chitwan Valley is one of the largest Dun Valleys in the Himalayan foothills of Nepal. Dun
gravels perhaps deposited in the late Pleistocene to very early Holocene about 22,000–7000 yr.
B.P. Chitwan Dun Valley is underlain by Dun fan gravels or Dun gravels which form unconfined
to semiconfined or leaky confined aquifers. The study area, situated in the NW part of the valley
occupies an area of 70.8 km2 .The hydrogeological situation in the study area is inferred from

3
drilling data of Ground Water Resources Development Board (GWRDB), Agriculture
Development Project Janakpur (ADPJ) and several private drilling companies .The Chitwan Dun
Valley constitutes a closed groundwater system in the Siwalik Zone of Nepal Himalaya. The
study area reveals the existence of two definite groundwater sub-basin each having its own
hydraulic system and is a part of single large regional groundwater basin. Annual potential
evapotranspiration (PET) calculated at Rampur (station no 0902) for five-year period (1990–
1995) is 1.68 mm/day. Annual precipitation data recorded at Rampur is 2214 mm. Area of
recharge is 70.8 km2 and estimation of total groundwater storage(reserve) is 87.31 MCM per
year, and dynamic reserve or annual potential recharge is estimated as 48.60 MCM per year.
The main Dun valley aquifer is chiefly filled with highly porous and permeable unconsolidated
to poorly consolidated pedimont alluvium or fan deposits (late Pleistocene to Holocene), which
form the large aquifer system underlying the study area. These unconsolidated valley-fill
deposits consist of thickly bedded conglomerates with pebble- to-boulder clasts in a fine-grained
matrix, and are locally called the Dun Fan Gravels or Dun Gravels. The valley-fill deposits
forming the main aquifer system is homogeneous as evident in the tubewell logs and by their
hydraulic properties. River fans and ancient river terraces are found mainly in the valley. The
Bhabar Zone area in the Chitwan Ddistrict is estimated as 280 km2 (Sharma 1995) while area of
the Dun valley is estimated as 800 km2. The Chitwan Dun lies at a slightly higher elevation than
the Terai Plain. The porous and permeable pedimont deposits form the main large aquifer system
in this area. The aquifer system is multilayer in nature, as commonly found in alluvial deposits.
Groundwater is under unconfined or water table types in shallow aquifers and under semi-
confined or leaky confined conditions in deeper aquifers. Perched water table conditions are also
present in places. The deeper aquifers are productive and have been tapped through hundreds of
tube wells.

1.4 Objectives
1) Assessment of brown sector of Hetauda and Chitwan Area
2) To assess the underground water quality and its effectiveness
3) To assess the noise level of Hetauda Area

4
1.5 Study Area

Figure 1: Location map of Bharatpur and Hetauda Area

1.6 Limitations
● The measurement was taken within a short interval of time.
● The measurement was taken only at afternoon time.

5
CHAPTER 2: STUDY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT WORKING
MECHANISM AND QUALITY OF WASTE WATER IN HETAUDA

2.1 Background of the study

The quality of water is very important to be checked as water is the basic form of life.The demand
of water in the social and economic sectors has increased significantly due to increase in the
population and expansion in the economic and commercial activities in the urban areas. The
problems emerging from wastewater, especially the degradation of the water quality of the rivers
and other water bodies due to haphazard disposal of wastewater is leading to several public health
consequences and environmental problems (UNDP, 2006).
Waste water can be defined as the mixture of pure water with a large number of chemicals and
heavy metals produced from domestic as well as commercial sectors.It includes substances such
as human waste,food scraps, oils,soaps, and chemicals. Large amounts of waste water is
produced in our day to day life which consequently reaches the water sources through sewage
and drainage pipes pollute the water resources and make them inappropriate for daily usages
such as drinking, bathing, swimming, and fishing. (J Nathanson, 2014) Waste water treatment
plants are used to reclaim wastewater usually clean enough to be used for irrigation but it may
contain a greater number of dissolved solids than the source of water. Waste water treatment
plant is the last resort for purification of sewage and drainage that are to be disposed of in water
resources. Many domestic, commercial as well as industrial sectors produce waste water in large
amounts. In addition to that water resources directly receive many inputs from storm water and
runoffs from agricultural lands as well. Direct disposal of waste water into water resources can
pollute the water resources which lead to greater health as well as environmental problems such
as water borne diseases, greater forms of pollution such as air pollution or surface water
pollution, groundwater pollution etc.
The treatment of waste water is essential part of water pollution control.Various treatment
processes are carried out for the treatment.They are primary,secondary and tertiary treatment
processes.Primary treatment process involves removal of physical impurities which is done by
screening,grit removal and settling.Secondary treatment removes biological impurities through
trickling filter and activated sludge system.Removal of heavy metals is done by tertiary treatment
processes. Technology involved for waste water treatment is completely natural with screening
of floating The objects.There was an emergency tank,nine aerobic and two anaerobic ponds
along with other machineries have been constructed. A 6.8-km long underground sewer and a
10-km long surface sewer have been constructed to transfer the polluted water from industries
to the treatment plant. waste water is allowed to pass through grit chamber. Sand grit settles by
the force of gravity then followed by a sedimentation tank where silt, clay and organic matter
settle down. Various algae and microorganisms help with treating water.
Although it is believed that water resources can act as self-cleanser, it is practically impossible
for water resources to clean by it. Such water has high amount of organic, inorganic, radioactive
substances, Heavy metals and fertilizers which makes it inappropriate for daily use. Therefore,
in order to remove some part of the pollutants, a wastewater treatment plant is used. The solid
residues of waste water treatment plant are called biosolids; they are rich in macronutrients,
micronutrients and organic matters. They can be routinely applied to agricultural lands. Sludge
is a glutinous watery material produced during biological aerobic or anaerobic treatment of waste

6
water. Sludge is also rich in nutrients and organic matters. The effluent produced from the waste
water treatment plant is disposed in water resources. (M.L. Brusseau, 2004)One of the
fundamental issues in nature conservation in Nepal is the quality of river water upon which an
overwhelming proportion of population depends for. Hetauda Industrial District is the third
largest industrial district in Nepal. The Hetauda waste water treatment plant was established in
2002-2003 under financial and technical assistance from the Government of Denmark with
motive of purifying polluted water from HID, which is let out into Rapti River directly.
(pradhananga, 2012)

2.2 Objective
The overall objective was to study the working mechanisms and determine the physical and
chemical quality of wastewater treatment plants in Hetauda.

2.3 Method and methodology

2.3.1 Study Area

The study area, Central Wastewater Treatment Plant (CWWTP) of Hetauda industrial state was
located on the lowland in the northern part of Hetauda industrial state and occupies seven bigghas
and 15 kattha of land of Hetauda sub-metropolitan city of Makwanpur District, Narayani Zone
of Southern Nepal. Hetauda city is located at a distance of 76 km from capital city; Kathmandu
.Hetauda lies in 27025’N latitude and 85002’E longitude and is situated at the level of 300-390m
above the sea level. CWWTP was established in Hetauda Industrial District (HID) in 2002-2003
under the financial and technical assistance of Government of Denmark to treat the wastewater
generated in industrial district. The CWWTP has been designed as a biological process, waste
stabilization pond, which consists of 2 aerobic pond of volume 7500m3 and nine aerobic ponds
of volume 11800m3. Out of nine, three are facultative and six are maturation. (Teli, 2008)

Figure 2: Location of Hetauda city and Wastewater Treatment Plant

7
2.3.2 |Data Collection
Grab sampling method was applied while taking the samples from WWTP. The samples were
collected from inlet and outlet. Water samples were collected in a sampling bottle and the
stoppers of the sample container were closed properly to prevent outside contamination. For
samples to be analysed in the laboratory, water was filled up to the top in some litre volume
plastic bottle, seal, marked and stored. Following methods were carried out to calculate various
parameters present in water from inlet and outlet.

Table 1: Parameter analysed

SN Parameters Methods

1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Winker’s Iodometric titration method

2 Free CO2 Titration Method

3 pH Electrometrical Method

4 Electrical Conductivity Electrometrical Method

5 Temperature Electrometrical Method

6 Total Dissolved Solid(TDS) Electrometrical Method

7 Free Residual Chloride (FRC) Titration Method

Detail of the procedure are described below:

● pH, TDS, EC were measured by pH meter and EC meter on the site.

● Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

300 ml water sample was filled in BOD bottle carefully and 2ml of each r.ml of each Manganous
sulphate solution and alkaline potassium iodide was added using separate pipette. Then the
stopper was placed and shake the content in 8shaped.The bottle was kept was some time (8-10
min) to settle down the precipitate. 2ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was added and shake well
to dissolve the precipitate. 50 ml of the sample from the bottle was taken out and kept in the
conical flask and 2-3 drops of starch indicator was added. This solution in the conical flask was
titrated with sodium thiosulphate till the color changes from blue to colorless. Therefore,
Working Formula,

8
 DO (mg/l) = (ml*N) of Na2S2O3*8*1000/V2 (V1-V/V1)

● Total Hardness.

● 50ml of sample water was taken in the conical flask and 1ml of ammonium buffer
solution and a pinch of Erichrome Black-T indicator were added. The solution was
titrated against EDTA solution until the wine red color changes into blue at end point.

Total Hardness (mg/L) = Volume of EDTA used *1000/ Volume of sample taken
● Chloride Content
50 ml of water sample was taken in the conical flask and 3 drops of potassium chromate
indicator was added .The solution was titrated against 0.02N silver nitrate until the
reddish brown color appeared. Therefore,
Chloride (mg/L) = (ml*N) of AgNo 3* 35.5*1000/Volume of sample taken

● Free CO2: 50ml of water sample was taken in the conical flask and 3 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator was added. The solution turned pink that indicates the presence
of CO2. The content was titrated against sodium hydroxide solution, pink color was
appeared.
Free CO2 = (ml*N) of NaOH *44*1000/ Volume of sample taken

● Free Residual Chloride (FRC): 100 ml of water sample was taken in the conical flask and
acetic acid was added. 1gm of KI crystals was added and mixed well. The light color
appeared so few drops of starch was added and titrated against 0.025N sodium
thiosulphate until the content turned colorless from blue.
FRC (mg/L) = (ml*N) of Na2S2O3*35.5*1000/ Volume of sample taken

2.4 Results and Discussion

Water treatment plant efficiency depends on the raw water characteristics and the characteristics of the
treated water as compared with the regulatory standards. The test for various indicators or parameters of
water was carried out in order to evaluate the efficiency of WWTP. The parameters of water such as
FRC, free carbon dioxide, DO, etc. were determined. The physico-chemical parameter of the sample of
inlet and outlet of WWTP was found as given in table 1.

Table 2: Physico- Chemical Parameter of CWWTP

Hence, pH, Temperature, TDS, EC, DO, Free CO2 of given water sample at outlet are shown in
the table below:

9
SN Parameter outlet

1 Ph 8.8

2 Temperature 21 ℃

3 EC 395 µS/cm

4 DO 10.54mg/l

5 Free CO2 35.2mg/l

6 FRC 1.775mg/l

7 TDS 601mg/l

The temperature of a body of water directly or indirectly affects several physical, chemical
and biological component of water. A rise in temperature of water leads to speeding up
chemical reaction in water reduces the solubility of gases and increases taste and odor. Water
in temperature range of 70C-110C has a pleasant taste and is refreshing. The temperature of
i outlet water sample was found to be 210. The temperature of outlet could not meet the
standard value for drinking water.
According to WHO standard value of EC for drinking water need to be 250µS/cm. But we
obtained high value of EC for the given water sample.Obtained EC was 395µS/cm.The EC
could not meet the WHO standard.
pH is a measure of intensity of acidity or alkalinity. The outlet water slightly basic . Most
fish can tolerate pH value of about 5-9 and outlet water is suitable for fish.
DO is a measure of concentration of oxygen present in a body of water . Value below
standard (5mg/L for freshwater) indicates poor water quality. The outlet water sample has
DO value more than 5mg/L that is 10.54mg/l which is high and indicates poor water quality.
Free CO2 depends upon the temperature water, depth , decomposition of organic matter.
Surface water normally contain less than 10mg/L free CO2. But high value of CO2 in sample
water indicates high decomposition of organic matter.
The optimum chloride residual in drinking water supply must be in the range of 0.2-0.5mg/L.
But still the outlet water has FRC value greater than o.5mg/L.
TDS reduces water clarity, contribute to a decrease in photosynthesis, combine with toxic
compounds and heavy metals. The TDS value 900-1200mg/L indicates poor quality of water.
Since outlet water have value less than 900 which indicates fair water quality.

10
2.5 Conclusion and Recommendation

In conclusion, it was found that WWTP of Hetauda is not much efficient to remove most of
indicators of waste water or effluents from industries. The outflow from the plant after the
treatment could be considered suitable to be discharged in perspective to the concentration of
FRC, DO, pH, temperature, EC, Free CO2 were reduced but unsuitable in case of Hardness and
TDS were not reduced. Overall, the plant is not seen to be efficient in the treatment of waste
water. Therefore, the efficiency of WWTP, Hetauda using the parameters of water, was
determined, which shows that the plant has low efficiency in treating effluents and it seems that
the outflow is also not much suitable to be discharged directly to the river and it needs some
more process of disinfection for the removal of wastes from water.

● Regular monitoring of the WWTP must be done.

● Dirt must be removed to avoid the damage of the instrument
● Water quality parametersssss must be checked in some interval to check the condition of
treatment plant.
● Trained labors must be hired for maintenance
● More treatment units must be added.

11
CHAPTER 3 : STATUS OF NOISE POLLUTION IN HETAUDA CITY

3.1 Background

The sound that is unwanted or disrupts one’s quality of life is called noise. Noise refers to any
unwanted or unpleasant sound that is loud, disrupted, or irritating. The environment, which can
have harmful effects on human health, well being, and the ecosystem. Noise pollution is the
excessive or prolonged presence of such noise which can have adverse impact on human health
and all other living beings. Noise pollution is a growing environmental concern worldwide,
affecting human health and well-being.

Hetauda, a city located in the central part of Nepal, has been experiencing rapid urbanisation
and industrialization, leading to increased noise levels in recent years. However, there is limited
information available on the status of noise pollution in Hetauda City, necessitating a
comprehensive study to assess the current situation.
According to the National sound quality standard of Nepal ,2069 (NSQI) , the permissible noise
level are given:

Table 1: Noise level standard of Nepal (2069)

Noise level dB(A)

S.N. Area
Day time
Night time

1 Silent zone 50 40

2 Industrial Area 75 70

3 Business Area 65 55

4 Rural Residential Area 45 40

5 Urban Residential Area 55 45

6 Mixed Residential Area 63 40

Table 2 : Safe/permissible noise level by WHO

S.N. Area Day time Night time

1 Industrial Area 75 65

2 Commercial Area 65 55

3 Residential Area 55 45

12
4 Silent Zone 45 35

3.2 Objective

● To assess the status of noise pollution in Hetauda City.

● To identify major sources of noise pollution.
● To measure noise levels in different areas(Residential, suburbs and urban) of the city.

3.3 Materials and Methods

3.3.1 Study Area

The study was conducted in Hetauda City, the capital of Bagmati Province in Nepal.
Geographically, Hetauda is situated 76 km away from Kathmandu. It is located between 300-
390 meters above sea level.Hetauda is an industrial and commercial hub, with various types of
industries, transportation networks, markets, and residential areas. The study area covered
different zones of the city, including residential areas, commercial areas and urban/industrial
areas to capture the diverse sources of noise pollution.

Figure 3: Map of Hetauda City

13
3.3.2 Methods

Noise levels were measured using a sound level meter and GPS location at different locations in
the study area. This instrument (SPL) is primarily designed for community noise survey. The
sound pressure level was adjusted at dB(A) and measurement was carried out at the range of 30-
130db. The sound level was measured at the interval of every minute and about 30 readings at
each sampling site. The data was recorded , analysed and compared with the noise level standard
of Nepal(2069) and WHO guidelines. The graph was plotted.

3.4 Results and Discussions

Table 2: List of noise level in different sector (Residential , commercial , Industrial area)

S.N Measurement Area Maximum sound level Minimum sound level Average sound level
[dB(A)] [dB(A)] [dB(A)]

1 Residential area
(Chauki tole – 76.3 39.7 58
Hetauda)

2 Commercial area 95.1 56.9 76

3 Industrial area
(Rapti road highway 88.2 59.7 73.95
)

The noise level of different areas ( residential , commercial ,industrial area ) were determined.
In residential areas , noise level was found between (39.7-76.3) dB(A). An average noise level
was found 58 dB(A). According to noise level standard of Nepal 2069, the permissible noise
level for residential areas was 50 dB(A) at night and 55 dB(A) at day time. The safe/permissible
sound level set by WHO for residential areas was 55 dB(A) at day and 45 dB(A) at night
time.Here , we found greater sound level than permissible standards. The high sound is due to
noise from cars , trucks , motorcycles ,buses, and emergency vehicles as well as human activity
including people talking , shouting, playing music as well as pets barking etc. construction of
houses was also a main source of noise pollution in urban residential areas.

In commercial areas , noise level was found between ( 56.9-95.1 ) dB(A) and average noise level
was found to be 76 dB(A). According to noise level standard of Nepal 2069, the permissible
noise level for business/commercial areas was 65 dB(A) at day time and 55 dB(A) at night time.

14
The safe sound level for commercial areas given by WHO was the same as noise level standard
of Nepal. Our observed sound level in commercial areas was more than permissible standards.
It is due to delivery and loading , outdoor dining , music and entertainment , traffic noise etc.
Mainly due to traffic noise , it was because commercial areas are often located near busy roads,
highways, or transportation hubs.

In industrial areas , noise level was found between (59.7-88.2) dB(A) and average noise level
was 73.95 dB(A). Manufacturing facilities , power plants , and transportation hubs can lead to
high sound levels in industrial areas. The permissible sound level for industrial areas was 75
dB(A) at day and 70 dB(A) at night time according to noise level standard of Nepal, but
according to WHO , safe/permissible sound level for industrial areas at night time was 65dB(A).
Industrial areas were in nearby residential areas especially in urban areas where space was
limited. The high noise level in industrial areas can be a major quality of life issue for nearby
residents.

To control noise pollution around commercial and residential areas, noise barriers could have
been installed. We can also plant trees/vegetation which can directly/indirectly act as a natural
barrier to control the noise. Noise absorbing materials in walls and ceiling of the house can also
help to reduce noise. It was a good idea to locate industrial areas away from residential areas,
but it was not always possible . In these cases , it was important for industrial facilities to
implement measures to reduce noise levels. Regulating local authorities could also play a major
role in controlling noise level by making the noise ordinance and implementing them for limiting
the noise generated from various sources.

3.5 Conclusions

Hence , the noise level in different areas of Hetauda were measured using a sound level meter
and GPS location. The measured sound level was compared with standard noise level set by
noise level standard of Nepal and WHO guidelines to assess the status of noise in residential ,
commercial and industrial areas of Hetauda city.

15
CHAPTER 4: STUDY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN CHITWAN
MEDICAL COLLEGE, BHARATPUR

4.1 Background

Hospital waste, also known as healthcare or medical waste, refers to any waste generated by
healthcare facilities such as hospitals, clinics, and laboratories. This waste can include materials
such as needles, syringes, gloves, blood and other bodily fluids, medications, and chemicals. The
improper disposal of hospital waste can pose significant risks to human health and the
environment.
According to a report by the World Health Organization (WHO), healthcare activities generate
a large amount of waste, with an estimated 5.9 million tonnes of healthcare waste generated
annually in the United States alone (WHO, 2018). The report further states that much of this
waste is not properly segregated, treated, or disposed of, which can lead to the spread of
infectious diseases and contamination of the environment
Chitwan Medical College (CMC) was established in 2006 as a private medical institution in
Bharatpur, Chitwan district, Nepal. The college was founded by a group of Nepali medical
professionals and entrepreneurs with the aim of providing quality medical education and
healthcare services to the community.Chitwan Medical College (CMC) has a waste management
system in place to ensure the safe and proper disposal of healthcare waste generated on its
premises.
The college has established a waste management committee, which is responsible for the
implementation and monitoring of waste management practices. The committee includes
representatives from various departments, including the hospital, academic departments, and
administrative staff.
The waste generated at CMC is classified into various categories, including general waste,
infectious waste, hazardous waste, and sharps waste. The college has designated separate bins
for each category of waste, and staff and students are trained to dispose of waste in the
appropriate bin.
CMC produces 60 kg to 150 kg per day. Among this waste 20% waste is hazardous and
remaining 80% is non infectious. The waste was collected in color dustbin such as shown as:

Color Dustbin Types of waste

Green Organic

Yellow Anatomic

Purple Cytotoxic

Brown Radioactive

16
 Red Blood

Blue General

4.2 Objective

To study the waste management system of Chitwan Medical College

4.3 Study Area

Chitwan Medical College is located in Bharatpur-10, Chitwan (27.687175N 84.430181E) Nepal,
which is about 146 km (91 miles) away from Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. It is situated
on the bank of Narayani River and is located about 5 km west of Bharatpur city center.

Figure 4: Map of Chitwan Medical College at Bharatpur

17
4.4 Methods

Direct Observation

Chitwan Medical College was observed directly. We observed the Nawstar machine that have
a role in autoclaving and crushing hospital solid waste. Different types of dustbins along with
pit was observed inside the hospital used to deposit various wastes.

Key Informant Interview:

We talked with quality assurance officer Mr. Ram Prasad Sharma and infection control nurse
Ms Sarita Gurung. They cleared out some queries and provided information regarding
management scenario of hospital solid waste.

4.5 Results and Discussions

The biomedical waste produced in Chitwan Medical College was well managed. The staff and
other people engaged in waste management were provided regular training and education from
time to time. Safety equipment was provided to the staff for handling the waste. The waste was
segregated by using different colored dustbins.

Color Dustbin Types of waste

Green Organic

Yellow Anatomic

Purple Cytotoxic

Brown Radioactive

Red Blood

Blue General

The Newsteer machine was used in Chitwan Medical College also called as autoclave.This
machine was brought 1.5year ago. 70-75% wasted ws reduced and the weight was 20-25%
reduced. The capacity of the autoclave was 30 kg.The temperature of the machine was
maintained in between 120-150 degree celsius and the time for the completion of the process
was 35-45 minutes. CMC also used a placental pit for the disposal of anatomical waste. The pit
was 2-5m deep and 1-2m wide.

18
The biomedical waste generated in CMC was well managed. The segregation was done using
different bins for different types of waste. After segregation the waste was diverted to the
municipality. CMC used its own incinerator for the disposal of infectious, pathological and
anatomical waste.

4.6 Conclusion

In Conclusion, the waste management system of Chitwan Medical College was studied and had well-
managed waste disposal systems that comply with local regulations and guidelnes. This included proper
segregation, collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of different types of waste generated in the
hospital. Overall, hospitals ensured that they managed their waste in a safe and efficient way, and the
Chitwan Medical College is likely to have established systems in place to ensure effective waste
management practices.

19
CHAPTER 5 : STUDY OF GROUNDWATER DISTRIBUTION IN BHARATPUR
AREA

5.1 Background

Groundwater is defined as the water present beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and
in the fractures of rock formations (Gleick, 2019). It is a valuable resource that is used for a
variety of purposes, including drinking water, irrigation, and industrial processes.According to
the United States Geological Survey (USGS), groundwater is "the water that fills the cracks and
spaces in underground soil and rock layers" (USGS, 2021). This water can be accessed through
wells and springs and is replenished through processes such as precipitation and infiltration.
Bharatpur, a region situated in the Chitwan district of Nepal, heavily relies on groundwater as a
crucial water resource. Groundwater, defined as water present below the Earth's surface in soil
pore spaces and rock fractures, is essential for drinking, agriculture, and industry. The state of
groundwater in the Chitwan area varies considerably from the southern to the northern part. The
northern area has sedimented and highly porous soil, which is favorable for groundwater storage,
while the southern part has clay and hard rock formations, limiting groundwater storage and
availability.To assess the impact of groundwater on the state of the environment and farming of
local people in the Bharatpur area, a groundwater survey was conducted. To assess the impact
of groundwater on the state of the environment and farming of local people in Ward No. 6,
Bharatpur Metro-18 of Chitwan, a groundwater survey was conducted. The purpose of this
survey was to determine the effect of groundwater extractions in various aspects, such as the
environment, climate change, health, economy, and production. The methodology employed for
this survey involved one-to-one interaction with local people, visiting homes and conducting
interviews.Shree Krishna Ranabhat, an assistant hydrogeologist, provided scientific information
about the state of groundwater extraction and its mechanism with great care and concern. Several
studies have been conducted to investigate the groundwater resources in the Bharatpur area. One
such study by Dhakal et al. (2019) assessed the groundwater quality and quantity in the area.
They found that the groundwater was generally of good quality, but there were concerns about
over-extraction and contamination due to human activities.Another study by Adhikari et al.
(2020) used geophysical methods to investigate the groundwater resources in the area. They
found that the depth of the water table varied from 3 to 50 meters, and the aquifers were generally
highly permeable and suitable for groundwater extraction.In conclusion, the groundwater survey
conducted in the Bharatpur area of Chitwan revealed that groundwater is a critical water
resource. The highly porous and sedimented soil in the region makes it favorable for groundwater
storage and extraction using appropriate machines. However, there are concerns about over-
extraction and contamination due to human activities, which can impact the environment, health,
and economy of the region. Further investigations and monitoring of the groundwater resources
are necessary to ensure their sustainable use for future generations.

20
5.2 Objective

- Primary objective: Assess impact of groundwater on environment and local people's lives
- Understand local perspectives on groundwater use and management
- Investigate effects of groundwater on agriculture and food production
- Examine effects of groundwater on environment and climate change

5.3 Rationale

The groundwater survey conducted in Ward No. 6, Bharatpur Metro-18 of Chitwan was
undertaken to understand the impact of groundwater on the environment and local farming
practices. The survey aimed to determine the effects of groundwater extractions on various
aspects, including the environment, climate change, health, economy, and production.
Groundwater is a crucial water resource for the region, which heavily relies on it for drinking,
agriculture, and industry. The state of groundwater in the Chitwan area varies considerably, and
the region faces concerns about over-extraction and contamination due to human activities.
Therefore, the rationale for the survey was to assess the state of groundwater resources and their
sustainable use in the region, which can inform policymakers and stakeholders for better
decision-making and resource management. The survey also aimed to provide scientific
information about the state of groundwater extraction and its mechanism, which can help develop
strategies for sustainable use and management of the resource.

5.4 Study Area

The study was conducted in the region of Ward No. 6, Bharatpur Metro-18 of Chitwan district,
Nepal, which is situated between 27.6700° N, 84.4300° E and 27.6800° N, 84.4500° E. The area
of Bharatpur is highly dependent on groundwater as a vital water resource.

21
 Figure 5: Map of Groundwater survey at Ward no 6, Bharatpur

5.5 Methodology

The survey employed a primary methodology, which relied on one-to-one interactions and direct
observations through home visits to collect information on groundwater utilization for crops in
a local village. This method facilitated the gathering of comprehensive and accurate data from
households with varying economic backgrounds. Additionally, key informants were consulted
to provide an overview of groundwater utilization and its impact on the environment and climate
change. The collected data was subjected to detailed analysis to identify patterns and trends in
groundwater usage for agricultural purposes. The study provides valuable insights into the
impact of groundwater on crop yields and agricultural productivity, as well as the environmental
impacts and climate change implications of such usage.

5.6 Results and Discussions

The survey conducted in the Bharatpur area of Chitwan shed light on the impact of groundwater
services on the local community. The results revealed that some participants were not receiving
any groundwater services, and those who were getting the services were the relatives of
authorities who received priority. The majority of participants reported that groundwater services
did not have a significant impact on their crop production, as they were using primitive methods
of irrigation, and only two crops were being harvested per year. However, some participants
reported a change in temperature over the last few years, which was affecting their crop yield
and production. While those who were receiving full groundwater services reported an increase
in crop yield and were even able to sell their surplus crops, others felt that the services were not
benefiting them. Some participants were satisfied with the groundwater services they were
receiving, while others were still waiting for the services to reach them. Overall, the survey

22
emphasized the need for more equitable distribution of groundwater services to ensure that
everyone can benefit from this vital resource.
The groundwater survey in the Bharatpur area of Chitwan provided important insights into the
impact of groundwater services on the local community. While some participants were not
receiving any services, those who were receiving full services reported an increase in crop yield
and better production, highlighting the positive impact of effective groundwater utilization.
However, there is a need for more equitable distribution of services. The survey also revealed
the impact of climate change on crop production, emphasizing the importance of sustainable
groundwater management strategies. Overall, the survey results highlight the potential benefits
of groundwater services and the need for more equitable and sustainable management practices.

5.7 Conclusions
The study assessed the impact of groundwater extraction on the environment, health, economy,
and production in Ward No. 6, Bharatpur Metro-18 of Chitwan, Nepal. The study area's soil
characteristics make it favorable for groundwater storage and extraction using appropriate
machines. However, over-extraction and contamination due to human activities were found to
be major concerns. The study highlights the importance of sustainable groundwater management
practices for the future, as identified through primary methods such as one-to-one interactions,
home visits, and direct observations from key informants. The findings emphasize the need for
further investigations and monitoring of the groundwater resources to ensure their sustainable
use for future generations.

23
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Our 11days field visit was successfully completed providing an informative and
memorable experience for learning field-related study practically, under the guidance of
supportive teachers and cooperative key informants. The efficiency of WWTP, Hetauda using
the parameters of water, was determined, which showed that the plant has low efficiency in
treating effluents. The noise level in different areas i.e. residential, commercial and industrial of
Hetauda City were measured using a sound level meter and GPS location in which the measured
sound level was compared with standard noise level of Nepal and WHO guidelines. Also, The
waste management system of Chitwan Medical College was studied and had well-managed
waste disposal systems that comply with local regulations and guidelnes. Finally, the impact of
groundwater extraction on the environment, health, economy, and production in Ward No. 6,
Bharatpur Metro-18 of Chitwan, Nepal was assessed which emphasized on the need for further
investigations and monitoring of the groundwater resources to ensure their sustainable use for
future generations.

24
 REFERENCES

1. Agarwal Sumit, Adbi Arzi, Ghosh Pulak. Noise Pollution and Academic Performance in India,
13 January 2023, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square
[https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2327906/v1]

2. Ghuncha Firdaus, Ateeque Ahmad. (2011) Impact analysis of urbanization on rural livelihood –
an empirical study of an urban centre of Delhi, India. International Journal of Urban Sciences
15:3, pages 147-160.

3. Singh, P.: Noise pollution. Every Man’s Science. 25(1&2): 231-35 (1984). The Times of India.
New Delhi. Aug. 7 (2001). The Environment (Protection) Act. Universal Law Publishing Co.
Ltd., New Delhi (1986)

4. Deutche, Presse-Agentur: Noisy cities make them dumb. Business Line, May 10 ( 2003).

5. The Environment Protection Act, 2019

6. WangXiang An, Zhang Qing. Discussion on Noise Pollution and its Control Measures,
September 2014,Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650:6128-6131, DOI:
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.644-650.6128

7. Neupane Rajendra and Shrestha Das Suresh. Hydrogeologic assessment and

groundwater reserve evaluation in northwestern parts of Dun valley aquifers of
Chitwan, inner Terai. Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur,
Kathmandu, Nepal

8. BASP. (2002). the implementation and monitering of the bagmati area sewerage
construction/rehabilitation project.

9. M.L. Brusseau. (2004). environmental monitering and characterization. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/waste-water-
treatment-plant

10. Pradhanang Kayastha, S. (2015). Geochemical Parameters of Water Quality of Karra

River, Hetauda Industrial Area center.

11. pradhananga, S. (2012). Water quality status of karra river Hetauda, Nepal.

12. Teli, S. K. (2008, Dec). Performance Evaluation of Central Waste Water Treatment
Plant; A Case Study of Hetauda Industrial District, Nepal. Environment and Natural
Resource Journal , 36.

13. UNDP. (2006). Human Development Report-beyond scarcity* power, poverty and
Global water crisis.

25
14. Basner, M., Babisch, W., Davis, A., Brink, M., Clark, C., Janssen, S., & Stansfeld, S.
(2014). Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. The Lancet, 383(9925),
1325-1332.

15. Central Bureau of Statistics. (2021). National population and housing census 2021.
Retrieved from https://cbs.gov.np/nphc-2021/

16. World Health Organization. (2011). Burden of disease from environmental noise.
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/e94888/en/

17. Dhakal, K. P., Gurung, A. B., & Bhandari, R. K. (2019). Assessment of groundwater
quality and quantity in Bharatpur Metropolitan City of Nepal. Journal of Environmental
Science and Sustainable Development, 2(2), 129-136.

18. Adhikari, S., Gartaula, G., & Koirala, B. (2020). Groundwater Exploration using
Geophysical Methods in Selected Areas of Chitwan District, Nepal. International
Journal of Geology, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 8(2), 21-2

26
 PHOTOS

Photo 1 : Water quality test of WWTP

27
Photo 2 : Survey on Groundwater distribution in Bharatpur area.

Photo 3 : Group 3 at Hetauda Residential Area

28
29
30
31