© _ _RNOW EDGE AND Reasoning : _. fUi-e comects dhetision)” rohicl is very ard, to i ALI ert Otinenis ev : 7 Knswiedge 6F action Anal outcomes en +L problem SIMI AGerrb Yo perform we Vi 1a complex eonvinonment acti 1 Ae evoroledge ba reel agyod cam Combine. general _ Lnoutedge uitio current Peatepts on Coy oP 2 pow te visilole -enviranment Lo infec hidden = __+| aspects of state ana take appropiiake Cesio0. . 3k ~PRearening inferring iS Avfinecl af AS cypaci fer congious|y raking conse 6 tmings anol zu apply wait Fer establishing nd verifying al Ruods availawle i Knaoledge base. _ — Example: John tmew tne bone‘ 69 the windlou ano broke ik. . :

New" problem 5 =} Knowledge repmxeniation deals Specify how to 7 spresentcnuroledge (facl iN KB so that con be ~ octarls manipulated > 4 Tn ofharwerds, we wawk 6 repr@ents {ueds Cut - a real sic. In Somme. chaser —— surobels) i+ Can be manipulate bey propa :. of 8S) jnfer. 1-20 Knowledge. 5. —Hhe crotal Corn ponent Knowledge based deent s Knowledge ~Base. oc KR >: =jA ER Is a collection oP sentences anc each >). Semtenwe 4 eweprresrcol 4sing Knoullealge ve preseoiat > Language: 7 Lon seotence epreseots some - in® (assertion) of 5 “the _woerld. J J - z 5 ax 5 2 —_ 2 \ KB agent performs _) Jacke. 4-TELC pees KB ulur 4b perceied Unng sens as 2. ASK : 7 ay Asks KB about The gatien to be imp! mented (perl5 prsces io eS, Z Pek 4 be ‘ fi | . € ( 5. ewan execute athoo ai Pseudo cade 6f €B agente TE (KB, Make = PePcert-stmience9 (pecepl bb) ) ls kB w is wy . ‘ € « ( ( « action <= ASK CéB, MAKE-perion ~Queey ey) L_A9€nd awk 48 obras achtn 1 siemicl poder . $ 7 (xe qsonrny is dene nere by 4B 40 selena atkton TELL(KB_, MAKE ACTION ~ S€nrewee Saeten +7) (1 6re® achen 8 Selecteat by ER Then {Rag eral ve Corto& IM execute actien and inform RB of athen pectormek ‘ Lett | TELMana ASK re uajtlen coms knewled© _ 1 We presematen language. o | KB agent esecute, TEL Wony panposihecal hoy tc or FOL Fiesk 6rder Lowic)., raicten 1sGic PKR agen txeeute ASK _Usmg mesolitren fonwawh * —__; che ohas— Jbackward _chainiag. +toy PAs ob Wa mpus- World £ ivonmertt.. mT | — —pudum ps xcs a Comp Hee nsw as THs a bench mrcer} Cperforngn e Me dsure ) — a er mlehigent aigenk : - . = Consists of caves inawtng CONN pom a => Inside tne awe noses, Loumpur (east 7 Vs Who Si\t Ginane.. entengy won) but agent can * Sma] Sheob wymp by ane axes _he has a ‘The. cave algo hase feus P yYooms with pits to ~ bap agents : YI Huge amount at golcl is pesent in one of 1 Neon 86 Agent waiecs ne rayo = r Agent vie we cave to Hab the gold. witha L farting into pik or being Billed by car Linnpus: x 4 Ny Buy By ay y gxere? geet | PIT > al 3 3 23 33 43 a Beasr [Gurer | Pir [Qeeze 2 2 grec Qeere |’ a |% 0 Adent geet | PIT Quere ! 2 % 4 FG] UY yy yy Oy Oy "I"PEAS deceripkion ea Performanio. oe ‘ ts8y +1000 re grabbio, = 1000" fer fa\itng in pit or being killed by wna = = 1 fee eacn move 10 Fer using an Qinroud 7 “ Environment ‘ > Cove witin xu Qitd 20 oom > Agen enters aL 11) “there stnere iS ao z Warnpu / pit= . Acton /Achuadons = Move _Crnutnd Turn right 0° , tue lett AW gral gaid Shoot Warmpue (using @orasen Sensors bie > Breeze rooms next bo pib >. Stench Toon _adanoent to Waurmput > Glrter oon Udttin Seid 7 => il 3} = Bunop = Wal) lobstacle7 Percept Sequw nee. Chreeze, stench .g liHer, Seveam bi x _ a GRID Perceor Ssauenes} 2 FINDING & IEE pe ¥ 2 te (4)1.) | Crone nenestuene mene wendand! 62:1) & (12) are sak a hercee 6k: - ®: «| (2512 |C Breeze none none i Non ame )osme 3 | . 7 (12) | Crone stemen hone [C271 adel nasa \ none . pene .) but Ci 1) is Kana (9 y has vowm pur then stene b asi - must howe Sere at/2, y So wampus 13 af (13) SO 7 ids safe te mow te (252% f (292) | (nene pene Nene (2.290 adea2) ane ~ Yene none’) SUR jo-vred Wente Ok > AC213) |C Breeze stench git $ None none ) i game nds. : = sion Ci 7 7 awailable waPo_(¥B) and inference is Corneck ih 5 =| Quotable info is carect. : —? conclusion from available ints is 5 Caled LOGICAL REASONING J » > .domain. rere Logic is ane Su wo 4B. ( c Lun en we dati. of fey “henge i your Wan joference machine can —watecpre it and |_sernantit.c help ta understand mpanimg.co -Lanlerence mathine crn take Aecision, :Syntox are uted to _nepresent lang age ; LoMi\e Semantics nelp jo deleerivg. clétemmning tne -butth oF sentence wc paxiculay userid | model /domain. betty sungore Gnd sernantics nmouste be wy} avfined Bye Ve catb vat) =! { Here lowe statement i comeck fa ssintore bul ‘ Mok in Semainticas > machine o)\l Mob ve jolie te infer fro) ik se_we weed. to provide ¢ jnfa_volne \s_KiWed Joy ula Tan+A declarative shatemenb ushich i, einer” 7 fuk of False, outs wath pot is calival » G& Stotemenk OY proposition i? logic >: Evsampie: i x Arai is wteligent Comic propasition) —> P 3: Amit is: nomdwevling (Moni _prapasttia) — Q 7 ope Amit is_inteinGent-and Amite is hacer > ‘ : > — [CPO —> RT > 5 —pEn logic any atone statement i Oe pesented) 5 + using. ie en : >= Evert stelement consi of abjeet and Rinedion > Tin our enqmple Amit 1s an obj eet: while py - orki igvntk is cQilvd Mreted. =} S0__ Enteltigent (Amit) == Amib-(s uote) gent > ois true iF Amit 6 eolaiela Tam talking > Labout { jorenigents, “ , —?> Atomre SeMrevxes can be Combined tegetnen > ung legical Gperatecs 4 fmm A compound ~- _shebement, ‘ : > Ew » > PA is called Cathar sdgtement this > Statement: is no if slatement P and_slotenar > {8 beth an true tn iting “seme unrld.. >~— - — } i ee - )- 4. a ee — I | ii tr — ~4+) A set oF Leacy skcalich torment “atom t issiagrement & ¢ Can we tyne or forse i 2.|Aset.oF logical operators Tawoit), 08) Naik Implication (=>), Bidtreetienal amptieaton co] _« S| Tree 1 & Paete) Gee ceitiecd logical constant | £ Note ¢ +A senience i$ alia coliech aS WEE «| | Bermed_ faymulg) ( TEP a KR contains NS Io t\' —p Implication (>) means 1F P then its loqairvclleont to (PV @ 2 Bi ciwettrenal__impircatton Ce-F) Means LE AND ONLY IF ye equanatent £2 (Pog AGF Sdateme in acy (Sad £ demain is covech —“Tautotosis (ive “and. [shatement volieh iS tod ys dice Pose jf 2 OP Me domain is cortect tenta.dieticn Cpe: A siateMeniwntth an be pe ec Pale ts CH\ed Cortmaern y, ‘; > Equnatence sentence. Hal pede Ek ~s atts Ovp=p 2. [Paes Donat PAG =QAP = HARV AQ a a _ q =p) XPV BIOCLAN PD ¢ 4 ¢ Pa9IACH| 7 - pa SE, - Hirst Opber | ogc [Predicate Logic] ie . _ y — yp __lAmt is Studenb => P ea — Student CAmib) : yo 5 »: @|-AM studenb . é de “| > Wa: StudenkCn9 * If =>Unwesal Suan - : . » @| Some student ». : > Ew! Studentém- | = => Extensia\ Quontht | 2» : 2 _@ |All _stuclewt ere _tnveltrqent d ss 7 S Student (AI—> m js studlerk 2 Tintelligendiny —> nts _raretregent » “ ms Wn Student (xy — > Tteiirgenttn) —_—— errs > _@)Svme students are mbenrgent >. “dau Student (m7 A Toleltiaent | x A — ——— aie 2 na - 2 2 _ _ a. ——_— erie — —— oe = — ot arsWrite fon sentences Sing EOL _ —LAllsig¢ \Wigent ‘ Audent (mo: 21 iS Student 2 \ heayn (Yay) + % pram Subject 4 i ih Ww | Tolenigent(ao: Nis toie\igent An Student (ny A leon CaS) > sntetiigent Ov Every) likes ice-cream ~ | Perton (1 —> mn is 4 persan : Vikef nu) — likes 4 Vx = fersentny — like ‘tom: Tee-cream’) { Not ar like icecream Ae Some like fcecw@n Perionta,——=> Wis Pewon Wee Guy) => n Likes ey ~perssorn) A Vike Cn Teeereara’) i | i { | | L (| Evert dolphin ic _a mammal Mammal ln} —*n 1§ os _ 5 Some mammal Veg, - delphininy > ws dell, _rmamaal Alms Dolphin (™) — _tnamnattn? | ‘ « €6 [All indyay Students ore harduserking a — ‘ ~ >. Shudeak (nm) —>_» is A sbudlionet = {Nationality (19 y-) ey hag ys natonarrtyy - ~ hroickiuerteong @)— ns laditeluwoclns, Ma: Student(ms n nattenahits(a, Tad in) = havduey “Lx NO indian Student is hardworking : | Su. Studoateny AV nationah|y(n Teck) ladon | g Al Students which are nat Tneliay ave taiduot Pvfau: Student(m) A © Sndiom Cv) + hinduacltiog/ ni q_|Thercis atieast one caty in maharash Wa, sh has a tern ple : x» y 2 » ~ f dy x» Ci ity ta — ms city Locatrortnre) em 1S ecated 7 iad tnastempler no » hos temple % Shui cityens located én Maan’) A besten ple (n) 10 So Everyone likes. Ciba “iP ib has atleast eine temp City ny) —s wis city + sl hastemplena = » has temple | people Cy) == 4 is people | Wke a a oe u PEER PE PEPE RPP ree OfGardener (x) — ~*~ is gardener J ikecon 9.9 =? mirikes 4 “th Every gardener Kes Suns 1i2| You can fool someone. ak ALL time ————— a Wet qacchenencn) —>-\ke (a, Sand xD (1) —> Time Cyd y_is +me Can _Coig) — 9a can, Pooled gh + be. | Ths! pesiontnd n iyTimety — G \5| AV purple mushrooms ave poi onus. LMushyoom in) —> n is mushroom | f (a) —> Axis purple a -poisenau > MH Is es NOM | : | Nou: pausloxoorn ny %_ purple cm) > Poisenous(n) Vel No i i fed N. purple mushroom is poisonous. i . t Nou mushsoom cm A puy ple (nj =? © poisonou'ng i pur} f 15 [There are exactly 2 purple _mus\nreoms f Ne6 | Markus was'man Man(w) —> «is man. man (Mareuy 9° Mackus was Pam peyan_ Pomperan (%) —> » is porpren pornpevan (.Mareus ) I pompeiav are _feman: VP PPD PDP PY DDD vy Na: pompeian (x1 —> Remaneny Casear was 9 -niten Rulereny —sn is Ruler ay Ruter(Caseae) 7 p Ail yemans were either loyal ve Casear or hatal Roman (nd lojabte Cay) —> mia Loyal do g hated (44) — >” habs ¥ Y Pp ?- D g 2 2 mk a 2. 2 x - ao om 2. pa 2. Jo fa: Roman (ny —> yale (milasear) Y hatred fy, (asecoD ae 2 | Evenjone is \eyal te Someone __ 3 isleyal > mm ts _Igyal te - = T Now Fy: ia logal Guy) 2 Bomeane is loyal. 4O everyone : igs Talogau™g> 5 Evenjone is loyal bo Eveyone : PAY « Isloya Ung )- 3 it People only dry 42 assassinate the miler 2 they A ome nob \oyal te ~ Peoplecn) , Rulerty > Trytooamsindiesa.y) “—> » Gasassmater 4. Joya (n, 4D > es weyal 4 Ni: eople om ANG Quleeryy ” Tryloassas nate —* lowed /y, 3 All men ane created equal mrencn) mena) ‘ iSequal Cnr 42 ms equal te a Vu men (ny A Vig moneys Nv (n= g) —> iseguad Ou) §es 26 Every Studert awho Aakes, Frene h pases th - D> oO Gtudlenttny <2 is student Jp doke (x 49 24 dake y = ~ pass On SH a passdS ack} st me Mn chudentony Atate Confer) —= pass (7 Flew D— OR INn: sSuudentty VitakeCa, Reach) V pdsstii, Benny CP? ow hl No : =: Some person Tos nn ~€r MeM.. Wiens cay ou bays N hen (iS ureng as we ga Aasaenn g Tak eyayene utteasi- hugs @ plies) Peoplerny ‘ as Q Netsarn boyy (ng ou bys policy as ~patsntn * bustin non = erp foley) 23 Not Q\ student date bain history £ byslory LR Some student. . Shudendony Hote Cn ry \—> A Aa be yly 4 TTT T TT PEP ETP PP ee PPP Pee Shs Studenke ny A Jakeouhstyy 7 take (n, bislegs)24 Only one student Pailed in history Gudlenteny + n is_a student Sho: Shudent ony _A failed Ca iistony).A shalolololololola a: FXG Bhuden fey A Ort) — fated Cy tate? 30] Only one student foiNecl_ in historsy and _bicleay. sghudentery A Failed (abi: A fatten bioto: A altal alalalalio ; Wij:eludendcy9 Aw (n=4) > eFailed Cy, histany) Ma itech yet S| No one likes she professor udless pressor is smach OrmFessorind =nis pmbessor a eanarL fin = NS smo Wee tmsy) —~ 4 Vike we Nin poe wien A WS moAtn) >: slike Cog) ___ Bas] Poltneran Soi of all the ime < Politician Cnd ——n is a politi tan | pecsonty) —>_y is_a_pecson i “Time (4) ——* _& is hime. wean fos)( m,4,t) —> A con Foo\ 4 ort time b- 4 va On A penpter na dime ld5 so 35 Fey's can feat. all the pg. «pple 2 ame_of tne ome > o> a Navy Fh : 980 Robby See hey cate “feo! out “ie people Qil the Alene ARG — peanbei Fa, ytd 25.] There is Singe takes 491 oun, FIG O 9.0. 9 Angcbectnys Wiser aches “Tn: borbee * [Nui acaay) > borbent 3) [ BC |Those and oaly Those who cde not show “thenrehe Ove shavd by Vrorey bavbertny —=n i>_ barbarr Sher@ Ch 4) > Wma Of 9 shave hy 4 Eo 2 Sr? Crean AK shorn “ Barber —p > ‘5 > e => J x a” oe x > y a a - x -a Qs SoruTian (Sulution by Contradiction) 5 This is most popula metnad te Gnd patented 2) hea soning Tt is based 6a peo ‘by ronvadichon Feo Assume wohab {Ss as £6. one. Hn 100 } — NTE begins bs or fad toting the faces 4 ‘et pevech l eed Oi 4 Tt neecl_ sentence ia NEC fonyuctive _Naamg y a >= Steps Lor canvern' ical _s: e CNE CNE > Conjunction] Conjuctve [Cacugt Nonna\ form )__9 a-|Remore icondition Q inapitcasiar asi > vfs Do unificatioo 2 ed ecs ifier c 4-2 Esistentrar quarifier + Fics replace sim bal - re No “is pecoitied in GN e UI Soka dea =k Note . vu and its net mandatory That a conclusion wil) __¢ need ail the acs (i TE onchsion broken 19 america, 4 5 tt sain_5nyj an. ook and see, aN\i ‘The_stner vant enor 1 Yerohuien Aye e poe —oppAN C Vay b NS ovh © = [eaneet Con be bec, reer ‘@l a mr : SS 4 4 ad. PF cnan Gaus > Ql Deg c puppy) Degen v Anintalin) \puped, Fi Pmal¢pyppsy) {MP SPY AY SST MT GY OP GG HO Gp QP OHO) Oh O' DY DO}, Oy DDB > I | weir | iEPROVE + Raja is angry 4 using cexaludtion _ 900502 “4 Rimi is hungys _ ie 2. IP Rimi is numer she barks %,. TF Rimi is barking, Race is angy ANSE Stet p Tt Ps Rimi is bun QB: Rimiis barki~g Re Raja is angna, OT CA we hare te peore ® ) Step: ESL > - P—@ |o—R ied “Hungry [| eee) Gi reva Step Ms Convert te CNE Ahab b eo Goa aGOO909 agver Ste p bx Assume rnvewse oF what is fo bbe proved - = Assume Raja is nob angry == OR. Step T Resslukon | ee @ wOvR wk Tweatene korn PxVpyg ~~ +9 % cmtnang Fave wre & - ‘EG Consider falloong Pacts : A Te ts Humid 2 rib is humid then ib is hot | 3 TRL is netand humid then [bi ramgeeas Prove . TH Is vamy » casey StepT| P. Ibis humid On 2) - - Q: Tk is hob R: eis fainy £eajoo Ste Ol” ke a @®P>e ‘ @® PER wal 5] Ite {| Convert do ONE | @ “pv@ me @rcerq)y v R => vPyvaveR \ She Assume WR, ' " Slept! Resolution a - VP VV 2 Lek Ni L aPN EG NPV et L PP - a ee + x a -BSitey we qet null Claus Assumption. MRIs Lwreng “Pisdue ve This y season5 Consider fo) rig a —_ 1620 Sept : Y J ZC maid stele tne _jtwellery tnen butler wes nol ih quilty 3 5 ay 2| Ener waddimid Stale Ine jevel\y ashe 5 miked ‘MeCow : 5 B[ =e mara milted, “tne Gow Then butler oF The cf 4 Ls iF bodor was guilty Then he get the’ gana ji | PRove Hive acd _ie ccnchusien ise: ‘ Slept] Ps Maid stele ane jewellery. a Se Butler was - Quilt ae &: Maid miked the ce te © PS legie’) | @ PVR “7 1@ RS ® ¢-s6 TS prove. @®. ¢. G22 (DVMPVVOE = ONE @ Py& S a ® VRVS z @ %8vS no Aalst AVS) = Oavs — iNCNEFqu} | Ravi tikes au tmds of feod 2. Appres ond Chicken ave [eed 3 Anta g anyone Cs qo is net Ki Med, His ae Ajay eats pea nuees. and is SHM alive 5. Qila eats exetytin 03- Ajay eas Prove tat Rawi likes peanut using Ressiution >| S Aeparirfood Cr) = 1s Pook LOD abiliedsal ein ketuys =n Tikes Pood 4 Todas # alivecuso4 isp cab Cnigh = x eats food. 1 (i killed 2} = His killed J daalivecay = % is alive ope Glepit |) Nou : Pood) —S like CRawi 7) CFOL > | @ food( Apple) A feed CChio¥en ) ie Oar sear Curd \ A WK illect (x9) —>foodcy > @ care Ajay, Peanut) * alive CAjay) _ @ xt ears( Bioy nD? > cat CRA. mw) SPST EOE SO) GG FO Te pore. like CRani , Peanut) SSM a i io | (Mr Pood (ny V like Ravi a0 wie) DB PoodCapple) (B) Pood Cenicken ) OMCeattnyy Nrenrtedony{ V Food y) = Neatcniy) V Killed Ou) ¥ Food C4) ©@_eat (Ajay, Peanut) (® Prive (Aya). (8) _KiMeaeny Naive nd @H2 eat (hay ad Veo CR ia 1) worn V ki iedeny Le Oa NB| Stepre | Ascume — Ravi_does net like - peanuts cs 0 ~ mlike CRAVI, Peanut? 5 a t @ : Cy 5 Greva) afeok.cw) v iieeCRavin) 3. | avtike @avi Peanued| fh > - —f fy pmol tHe rreee+Cn NY biltedt Co) ; as.” |G) foedty? ~ _ Foodl C-Peanuk) “a ney ae yarns om a ot y sigiemect olveanue amt. ° ; aise Ave leat Ryay peanut) . _7Y CHC peanut) Vk iNed C1) ‘Ort Gort on = > a : _ . wa wet om \Pyay . eer] Kiea CRAY) a Cla nen’ v killeet¢) _ 7 aine( tay) ~ aye CAIA4 4S 7. 3d -— eINA. Tf Ais onthe” top ae awn 8 Sup parts } 2. TF AS above 2 ana They ae touching ¢ Other Then Ais on top of ‘RB 3. A-Cup is Qbove the beok 4. Cup iS foaching the lock Provethot book supparks Cup. unng resol =pnlap-64 sy steel] @) Above CAB) _(Daniiop (A1%3 = A is on top GPR ® = A Sup pork 2 = Bis above B @Hluch( n,n) = AL touches B “N 7 é 7 Vv Te MaiNes onTop (ArB) —> Support By A) “Im Anna [Pbove (A.B) A Toneln (A,B) ] —> onTop (A+B) @_Above Coup, Book ) {s Touch (Cup , Rook) TPT —> Suppert Chosk Cup SEPT T TEEPE EATS SSG GAD IGG YS eo | aT if 6 \L_@_ on topC Ae) vy SuppotCBA 5. a A Abore CAB) VY Touch AB) v onTop CAR) @ _Aloove Coup, Rock) Cy Phew Touch (cup, book) Assume book cloes nok supped cup. Le Support Cbeckicup) _ fe suppectCbookic4p? | aon TepCArB) VSupost (8/1) ee TTS ae 4 Ron Tepl boek! oe) Adbaw (hiRyVAe«h _ ens | _“aerel op, beck) house (By? ae book PAR peas SSS peR)(tf 4 person has bunved aclass, he has clon 2 i” Something sro = TE one W@. cane someting wrong he caialt be pete b.f (amit isin VT _ " Be & Bony humans are imperfect (©) nw} one « Manis Knows ig non human @Anyone in vii-knows someone wna has punk tne class 7 : | | [Using resoluttoO , prove Manish is enact in VIT Sree |@viTend.: > ts io VIT Grows Cn ig) + % Knews Ag @bunk m= ~ dank class , | Jidddddd sd een UTC; @ronewrens 6%) 77 has de ereny pefectCn) = is perPecd I) umondn) = is human aus reo (Nady VTTCn) — > Knows Cuyr / punked Fon Rey Nous punk n)——> domewreng Cn) [DN + denewrong (ny_—> © perfeot 19 : MIT CAmib ) , humantn) <> © perfect 6) Mix Enos (Manish) —> ~ human Cx) aka (0, wViTOn) vi fanows Cn, SY) Afuak CV) * ~~ Mevircnd v Enowsta yd @avirend v ounr(¥9) @©wirt cy) : CY is a constant > Vhunk la) a2 NV donewtong (n> = (@_eadenewrengcny =v vperFect CN) vir Came : : shumant a Sepe Kecac a B peers) Vv @ uman Os, rary te)5 . o Eeal | Steve oniy \ikee easy courses oo [2 Science courses are hard & S. All tne courses. in Rasvet ee e departrnent- Ore e054 o h. BEZO\ is ba.sicer WweaMng course 5 ue fesstution te. er What courses Steve. like ike Cx, yo = % likes couwe y Science course. (mw) = is_@ Sciente coune handeoursecad =n is hard course. PwPlrd = ris based -weawigg Aepnrnan Mure LAsemense CA) = w% iS om easy course 21D x veastoourse Cry—> ike (Steve) FOLD [ay You: Seiencerouree (1) —> hardtourse(n) > 3) Atos BW D(A) ——> easyeouts nee.c) > sf) BWP CBK361) > VO ae & _ TFind like CStewe course } = BL @_weasycouse cay v like Coteve 7) Cone) alBy) VSctemenunse (AD V. hardcourte Cw) ~ Plu DOW Vv eQsu course C1) BwoeK1y © Step [4| Assume both: like (Steve, course) Vi « m\ike (Steve, course)a — 9 course OU_Y _ tive (Steve Course) V4 rot Ukecsteve,n) w\ike (Steve i Course Dg 9 re > z KLOET Sec a —9 CAsycourse x) Ve like (steve pn) wBwble Vg ae : easgcourseCn) py \ ‘ like tere n) V eBwPeny Brod (Bk301N.g af BE Sot \ike (Steve, BKZos) Ans: Steve likes course BK 301 rhoa bao Gd| | | | | | | | | i | | pyri fy y | | | | - Ui Pld e | it a i) iz + ' \< a Og ro a 1 fli 9 . : 5 _ Ss; ea ONIN G hype oF inferene technique _ ‘ - a ihe infererve technique Yack Wes _eviby mules to_ rau Jinfererite’ iS cate reasoning : ° Reasoning “is alse called chaining - 5 They ave EOF 2 tyypesi=- i2 sae 6 3 Fumaid é Chaining - gr 5h a process Sh eshich we add news sentemer.cPoeis? ink. This he\ps XB ta generate, Veo prev Cone) Mat tn dum gives new inference, Cresutt/ Finding) 2s ku! = TAS A process wher we Yysdint owe_sametnn, Cagal) so we use Faals available in kB +t Aer conglusion Cvesurts) | Foruarp CHAINING —> Tr tnis we stark witn atomic sentences QA” Gopla Modus Ponen's in Commuard. clirecticn ang we Add new atone comtemes S© eu inference” Lean be made (¢ new forts can be discovered. = TA IS ured to add mew farts to 6B =a Te apply fenwnrd. chaining euch sentence i KBs must be om sentence. uc ean sentence old be atemie af An implirahon witin roajunc Hen ofS Latemic senleme a+ LMS & single diom seatence a Rs) V7 Noaus fay KBs b hace 11 Ponews J al daafe 5 : ah as _ a Oh eed -caailing requunes nication GF. L simi Dd. Sentence, bet substitution SF yanables. . a. 2. 5 Example + knows (John, 21) is-a sentence 2 & 6 contains entence 3 knows (Jolin; Jon a JUMEY Cknows (John, i) Knows (Sshn Tne I =P XP Taney | a. a = Tonal enaining.“Is nomaliy “ngened by tne a vo 6c thet hen a. is w Bind allLimplicatyen That have p at pam | Q. Gnd 1 other premise hholol tue then 2. Gonsequrence ef implication te KB. A. QQ BGs s that. W4 dime fr America to 2_|seli_ weapons to hostile CunPipndiy nation - The 2__| county ene ain enemy of has a Some missiles Qnd. all tts missiles are Sold by 2 colonet West .who is Amencan . 2 ol Prove that Coleone] west is a criminal. 2. a2_AnS [Slep TL: Presentine gentence in Horn Ferm in KE 2, _ a, (J Amencancer” weap 2.4) Nation ¢z) Hostile (er settcryyZ) x af Cviminal (a) 2. 2. @)| Own _Cnano,%) “ Missile (x) —S Seti (west) None) 2. 2 @| Missile (x) —s Wweqpon Cx) 2. 0 f J 2____@ Enemy Cri Americar) —> Hostile cn) _ |= i ~ ms ~ a {{ = 9 ~ “3 f Cf a . _ 2 ~~ [fidd he KG jalemicsentevre aoe be ene deo tinad faveinng each me And ada additional Pacts generatek. 0 KR Amencan(we St) : “0 [ Sey 5 @®l|| BR, Nation Cnoned x) i» ‘ a a GB) RB. 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