THE-FUTURE-BUILDER Final Chapters From 1-3

Senior High School
POLOMOLOK NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics
Brgy. Cannery Site, Polomolok, South Cotabato
Tel. No. (083)887-5849, Fax (083)887-5849 e-mail:polnhs@yahoo.com
Repellency Level of Lemon Grass

(Cymbopogon citrarus) Humidifier
Against Mosquito (Culicidae)
A Research Project
Presented to the
Faculty of the Senior High School Department
Polomolok National High School
In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements for the Course
Research Project in Senior High School
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
By:
ALIM, JYRELL JADE S.
BAUTISTA, ROCKZEL B.
DELA PENA, JYTT IVANN
DESCALZO, HINANO U.
FRIAL, CAMERON E.
Researchers
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Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Mosquito is a harmful insect that can carry lot of complications such as dengue,
malaria, Zika virus, West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus and many more. Mosquitos’
expansion to the environment is the number one problem most of the community
encounters.
The developing countries in the tropical region mosquito menace has been very
acute leading to many diseases (International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2018).
mosquitos transmit disease-causing parasite such as malaria, yellow fever and
encephalitis, to mention a few and the severity of these diseases in some parts of the
world is a major source of concern for many health organizations (Rose and Geier,
2004).
Many chemicals have been used for the purpose of mosquito repellence or
killing; however, they are extremely harmful for human beings as well. Recently,
commercial repellent products containing plant-based ingredients have gained
increasing popularity among consumers, as this are commonly perceived as “safe” in
comparison to long established synthetic repellence. Mosquito repellents created from
chemicals are usually hazardous to the skin and neurological system, causing rashes,
swelling, eye irritation, and even more serious disorders such as low blood pressure.
Before the used of synthetic pesticides, the repellent qualities of plants against
mosquitoes and other pest insects where well known. People have traditionally
employed natural chemicals to defend themselves from insects. Sukumar (1991)
emphasized the possibility for the plants to be used as mosquito repellents larvicides, or
insecticides or in a previous study.
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To address this problem, we think of an alternative solution. The use of lemon

grass (Cymbopogon citratus) as repellant to deflate mosquito diseases. Lemon grass
(Cymbopogon citratus) has a lot of benefits that can help to treat several diseases, it
might help prevent the growth of some bacteria and yeast. Also, it contains substances
that are thought relieve pain and swelling, reduce fever, improve levels of sugar and
cholesterol in the blood, stimulate the uterus and menstrual flow, and have an
antioxidant property (Jeff Arnold, 2015).
Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) plays a vital role to prevent expansion or

fast growth of mosquitos in our environment. Lemongrass is a tall herb that is
abundantly found in tropical areas of Asia, Africa, and Australia. China and India
accounts to maximum production of lemongrass, with an annual production of at least
two million pounds. Lemongrass can be grown at home and its role is not limited as an
herb. Lemongrass can always double up as a mosquito repellent, lizard repellent, bee
repellent and many other similar roles. This plant works as an excellent mosquito
filtering screen and have a refreshing odor.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to test the Repellency Level of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon
citrarus) Humidifier Against Mosquito (Culicidae). Specifically, this study aims to answer
the following questions:
1. Is lemon grass (Cymbopogon citrarus) oil effective as mosquito repellent?
2. What is the longevity of the product?
3. Is there any significant difference among other treatment based on repelling?
Hypotheses:
Null Hypotheses (H0)
There is no Repellency Level of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citrarus) Humidifier

Against Mosquito (Culicidae).
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Alternative Hypotheses
There is a Repellency Level of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citrarus) Humidifier

Against Mosquito (Culicidae).
Conceptual Framework/ Theoretical Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Effectiveness of Cymbopogon To test the efficacy of Repellency Level of Lemon
citratus oil as mosquito repellent Cymbopogon citratus Grass (Cymbopogon
to test the efficacy of oil as mosquito citratus) Humidifier Against
Cymbopogon citratus oil as repellent in the mini Mosquito (Culicidae)
mosquito repellent in the mini portable humidifier
portable humidifier and use it as and used it as
mosquito repellent. mosquito repellent.
Effectiveness of Cymbopogon
citratus oil as mosquito repellent
used in humidifier.
Longevity of the product any
significant differences among all
treatment based on repellent.
Scope and Delimitation
This study is focused on Repellency Level of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon

citrarus) Humidifier Against Mosquito (Culicidae). Furthermore, this study will determine
what efficacy rate does lemon grass (Cymbopogon citrarus) humidifier has as mosquito
repellent.
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However, this study is limited only to Mosquito (Culicidae) as the experimental

insect causing disease and Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citrarus) humidifier as the
source of repellency properties.
Significance of the Study
Department of Health. This study will serve as a guide to value the usefulness
of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citrarus) as a humidifier against Mosquito (Culicidae).
Community. This study will help to provide informationto those people in the
community regarding the Repellency Level of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citrarus)
Humidifier Against Mosquito (Culicidae).
Deped. This study is significant to provide an idea on developing and enhancing

more students to be motivated in creating plant-based repellence and for them to also
produce globally competitive students in this generation.
Teachers. This study is significant to give them knowledge about scientific

innovations and to impart this knowledge to their students inside the school.
Students. This study is significant to give the students an idea and knowledge
about creating more scientific innovations that they can use to help the problems within
the community and school.
Future Researchers. This study, its findings and results, may help them with their
similar researches and may provide new information that could be applied on their
studies. It would open new doors for much more unique and beneficial research studies,
and new ideas worthy of in-depth research and analysis. And this could be use as
basis, additional source, and reference if they will do the same kind of research.
Definition of terms
Repellent- Able to repel a particular thing; impervious to a particular substance.
Humidifier- A device for keeping the atmosphere moist in a room.
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Cymbopogon- A Cymbopogon citratus, commonly known as West Indian lemongrass

or simply lemon grass, is a tropical plant native to maritime Southeast Asia and
introduced to many tropical regions. Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citrarus) - is a
fragrant tropical grass which yields an oil that smells of lemon, it is widely used in Asian
cooking, perfumery and medicine.
Accumulation- A mass or quantity gathered or been acquired.
Exogenous- A growing or originating from outside an organism.
Embryonic- Relating to an embryo.
Cutaneous- Relating to or affecting the skin.
Lymphocyte- A form of a small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus,
occurring especially in the lymphatic system.
Encephalitis- Inflammation of the brain, caused by infection or an allergic reaction.
Dengue- A debilitating viral disease of the topics, transmitted by mosquitoes, and

causing sudden fever and acute pains in the joints.
Elucidate- Make (something) clear; explain
Protozoans- A single-celled microscopic animal of a group of a phylum of the kingdom

Protista. Such as an amoeba, flagellate, ciliate, or sporozoan.
Chikungunya Virus- Is a viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes. It

is caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV). A CHIKV infection causes fever and
severe joint pain. Other symptoms include muscle pain, joint swelling, headache,
nausea, fatigue and rash.
Repellent Properties – is an active property used against a wide variety of biting

insects.
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Mosquito (Culicidae) – is a slender long-legged fly with aquatic larvae, the bite of
bloodsucking female can transmit a number of serious diseases including malaria and
encephalitis.
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Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents a compilation of research from main resources. These

studies well serve as a guide and source of information for our research. Our related
literature starts with the information about the use of Cymbopogon Citratus as a
mosquito repellent.
A major portion of the global disease burden is due to the vector-borne diseases
like malaria, dengue, yellow fever and chikungunya. Out of the total world’s population,
every second person is infected with at least one or more vector-borne disease (Beier
et al., 2008; Lemon et al., 2008) Mosquitoes are known to be very dangerous to
humans.
As per reports cited, more than seven hundred million people are affected by the
mosquito-borne illness resulting in high mortality (Caraballo and King, 2014). UNICEF
has reported that Malaria is the cause of mortality of over 1,200 children a day and
reports indicate 1 in 17 deaths are caused due to mosquitoes (UNICEF: Fact).
Dengue cases have also been seen as a worldwide increasing trend. If we look
at the statistics of these diseases, their burden falls more upon lower-income and
minority group communities who live in unhygienic surroundings and sleep in open
(Beier et al., 2018).
World Health Organization (WHO) quoted in their report that the prevailing
methods of preventing mosquito bite are spraying of pesticides at indoor areas and use
durable insecticidal nets (Control of residual malaria parasite transmission, 2014).
A textile substrate with the ability to repel/kill mosquitoes in order to save the user from
mosquito bites is one of the exhaustive ways and the much-needed innovation against
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mosquito-borne diseases. Methods of developing mosquito repellent textiles

include the application of permethrin (Banks et al., 2014), DEET (Teli and Chavan,
2018), cypermethrin (Hebeish et al., 2010) on textile substrate. But the issue with the
synthetic repellents is that it causes toxic reactions on the skin, harm to the aquatic
life and also do damage to plastic and synthetic fabric (Geethadevi and Maheshwari,
2015). The long term use of these chemicals has made the mosquitoes resistant,
creating a need to search for new repellents (Fane et al., 2012).
Application of essential oils on textiles fabrics has been tried by various

researchers (Bhatt et al., 2016; Chattopadhyay et al., 2015). Mosquito repellents that
use natural compounds like essential oils (EO) from various plant sources can act as an
alternative to synthetic and chemical based repellents. Microcapsules and nano
capsules of essential oils have also been tried to increase the durability of finish
(Ghayempour and Montazer, 2016; Marinkoviv et al., 2006).
But the problem associated with these techniques is that they use pad dry cure
as the application technique on fabric and oils being volatile in nature cannot withstand
high temperature and most of the oil gets lost in the processing itself, leading to use of
higher concentrations of essential oils. Also, these conventional techniques adversely
affect the hand of the treated substrate.
Hyde et al. developed an innovative technique for modifying textile fibers and this
technique can be carried out at room temperature (Hyde et al., 2005). Polymer-
based thin films can be applied onto a textile substrate using the layer-by-layer
(LBL) deposition method, the layers that form are termed as polyelectrolyte multilayers
(PEM). Successive dipping of a substrate in solutions of positively and negatively
charged polyelectrolytes followed by rinsing in water can lead to deposition of thin
polyelectrolyte films and one such complete cycle deposits one PEM. Many researchers
have shown their interest in this technique during the last 10 years (Mohammadi et al.,
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2017; Rezakazemi et al., 2017).
Some exogenous compounds found in the environment alter the development of

an organism from its usual path and worst, can cause embryonic abnormalities.
Specifically, this study sought to determine the effect of crude leaf extract of
Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) on the developmental stages of Pomacea
canaliculata (golden apple snail).
Three experimental treatments (i.e., 20%, 50% and 100% C. citratus), one
negative control (water) and one positive control (molluscicide) were employed in the
study. Results showed that crude extracts of C. citratus alters the normal growth of P.
canaliculate by preventing the development of the embryo, altering the incubation or
hatching period of the egg and increasing mortality rates on both adult and juvenile
stages. Moreover, leaf extracts of C. citratus is a valuable molluscicide since P.
canaliculate is considered an invasive rice field pest. C. citratus is a potential organic
substitute to synthetic molluscicide with no harmful effects to humans and to the
environment.
Environmental cues play a role in the development of an organism. Exogenous

compounds found in the environment can divert and alter development of an organism
from its usual path and cause abnormal effects (Gilbert 2000). Many of the embryos
express their abnormality so early that they fail to develop further into its next stage in
its life cycle. Others develop but fail to hatch. In a similar manner, developmental stages
of Pomace canaliculate (golden apple snails) are sensitive to these environmental
exogenous compounds.
Several studies have been reported that hatching of the snail eggs are inhibited
by reducing the air supply to embryos in the egg and decreasing of temperature of
incubation water (Schnorbach 1995; Horn et al 2008), or by blocking the penetration of
water into the egg (Pizani et al 2005).
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These related studies which alter the embryonic development of the snails are so
important since P. canaliculata is considered a major exotic rice pest. It is highly prolific
and reproduces ten times faster than the native species (Marwoto & Isnaningsih 2011;
Suharto 2002). Since golden apple snails reproduce rapidly, egg destruction is a very
effective control strategy, hence altering its normal embryonic development.
1. Serious matters of mosquito’s bite
Subjective
The mosquito injects saliva into your skin as it feeds. The saliva causes your
body to react, resulting in lump and itching. Some people simply of have a minor
reaction to a bite or a series of bites. Other has a stronger reaction, resulting in a huge
region of swelling, discomfort, and redness.
Dengue is the most rapidly spreading viral disease in the world. Kerala had
reported high incidence of dengue cases recently including deaths. Integrated vector
management is the most effective method of vector control which requires community
participation. As high incidence of dengue cases is reported in Palakkad district, it is
imperative to assess the knowledge level and preventive practices followed by
the community. This will help to formulate further action plans
including awareness creation and behavior change. (Chakkanmattil, S., Zachariah, S.
M., Soman, D. K., Jayalekha, J. J., KP, A., & Naina, M. J. (2020).
Being bitten by mosquitoes is a common, but generally minor irritation. However,

mosquitoes are vectors for many infectious agents that affect humans and have the
potential to transmit deadly diseases like malaria, dengue, yellow fever and Zika virus-
associated microcephaly (1,2). Understanding the interactions between mosquitoes and
humans, including genetic factors, may lead to the development of methods to reduce
the spread of mosquito-borne infections and predict risk of infection.
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Following a mosquito bite, mosquito salivary antigens elicit a cutaneous

hypersensitivity reaction, predominated by mast cell degranulation of pruritic mediators,
lymphocyte recruitment and localized inflammation. Longstanding evidence has
suggested a natural history of sensitization and subsequent desensitization to mosquito
saliva antigen in humans.
As well as this within-individual variation, levels of mosquito antigen

hypersensitivity are known to vary between individuals with bite reaction sizes ranging
from mild wheals to large papules. It has been suggested that bite reaction size
correlates with the level of pruritus. Previous studies have also shown that mosquitoes
prefer to bite some individuals over others who are in close proximity (6).
Variation in host attractiveness to mosquitoes is thought to be mediated by body

odor composition. Mosquitoes have evolved odorant receptors that are acutely sensitive
to compounds unique to human odor (7). Twin studies have suggested that host
attractiveness to mosquitoes is a highly heritable trait (8), suggesting that there may be
a genetic basis to both hypersensitivity to bites and attractiveness, but no factors have
been so far described (8,9).
To identify genetic factors related to mosquito bite traits, we analyzed data from
three self-reported phenotypes: mosquito bite reaction size (hereon described as ‘bite
size’), itchiness caused by mosquito bites, and perceived attractiveness to mosquitoes.
We identified a high degree of pleiotropy between these traits, and our GWAS identified
a collective total of 15 independent genome-wide significant (GWS) loci, all of which
map to immune genes.
Further annotation with epigenetic functional data and mining of immune cell
phenotyping datasets identified evidence for a prominent role for activated T cells, and
overlap with predisposition factors identified for allergic diseases. Using Egger
regression, we demonstrate evidence for a causal relationship between bite size and
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perception of both itch intensity and self-reported attractiveness to mosquitoes. (Jones,

A. V., Tilley, M., Gutteridge, A., Hyde, C., Nagle, M., Ziemek, D., ... & Scollen, S. (2017).
B. General
Zika virus is a mosquito-borne infection mainly transmitted via the bite

of Aedes mosquitoes (Ae. Aegypti and Ae.Albopictus), the same species that transmit
dengue, yellow fever, West Nile and Chikungunya). These mosquitos’ species has
already spread to 31 countries and territories in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Until 2015, Zika had rarely appeared in the Western hemisphere. However, the
recent rapid spread was declared a public health emergency of international concern by
the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 1, 2016, due to reported outbreaks
and ongoing transmission incremental trend with public phobia of hinted potential
linkage to cases of congenital microcephaly, neurological disorders and still-birth in
Brazil, Columbia and other ZIKV-affected countries including sub-Saharan Africa,
Middle East and parts of Asia-pacific areas.
It is perhaps difficult, if not impossible to screen all human reservoirs with the
prevailing asymptomatic and sub syndromic co-infections. Nonetheless, more
evidence to decipher the molecular basis of the virus, research endeavor to
include pregnant women case-control studies to compare rates of Zika infection in
babies who are born with increasing risk of microcephaly and in those without it, genetic
sequencing of the virus and efforts to develop a molecular diagnostic test for Zika
infections are ongoing in affected populations.
Much of the fear and uncertainty around Zika stems from a potential linkage
between pregnant women infected with ZIKV and risk of their babies being born with
microcephaly, a birth defect characterized by an abnormally small head and brain
damage. Nevertheless, more research is needed to elucidate the role of reservoir-hosts
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seroconversion in transmission dynamics, influence of innate versus acquired arboviral

immunity, early diagnosis and long-term physio-pathological consequences of ZIKV
infections on maternal and fetal-childhood development. The intriguing aspect of the
disease lies on the fact that Zika virus often causes minimal (or no) symptoms in
infected patients. Pregnant mothers might not need to have symptoms to transmit the
virus to their fetuses, and there is neither reliable nor prompt point of care diagnostic
test nor treatment and vaccine to combating arboviral diseases. Equally, there is limited
steady and proven advice on local/international travel or tourism; specially to places
where the virus is circulating or transparent and equitable actions in morally acceptable
alternatives with limited or without harms “do no harm” versus “precautionary principle
or uncertainty in justification” to the family/population as a whole benefit.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a travel alert for
pregnant women, advising them to postpone travel to areas where ZIKV transmission is
ongoing. The CDC has since created an algorithm for testing pregnant women who may
have been exposed to the virus, but it is exceedingly complicated and more troublingly
for it may lead to the detection of microcephaly outside the window period of birth defect
when it is too late to do anything about it resulting to possible pregnancy termination.
In the prevailing scenario, when it does happen that there is detection of ZIKV
infection and risk of potential birth defect to a pregnant mother exposed to ZIKV, what is
next? What is the appropriate medical decision or advice to the pregnant mother or
couple? Does the currently available evidence support the hypothesis that prenatal
ZIKV infection is a cause of microcephaly and other brain anomalies? Are we taking the
right action or are we applying the most effective solutions? So far, two lines of
seemingly compelling evidence support a link between the virus and microcephaly.
First, in an epidemiological study conducted during the outbreak in Brazil, 88

pregnant women who had an onset of rash in the previous five-days were tested for
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ZIKV genetic material. Among the 72 women who had positive tests, 42 underwent
prenatal ultrasonography, and fetal abnormalities were observed in 12 (29%); none of
the 16 women with negative tests had fetal abnormalities. The abnormalities that were
observed on ultrasonography varied widely, and some findings lacked postnatal
confirmation because the pregnancies were on course. Secondly, in a complementing
retrospective analysis after the 2013–2014 outbreak of Zika disease in French
Polynesia identified eight cases of microcephaly; the authors used serologic and
statistical data and mathematical modeling to estimate that 1% of the fetuses and
neonates who were born to mothers who had been infected with ZIKVin the first
trimester had microcephaly, a prevalence that was approximately 50 times as high as
the estimated baseline prevalence. However, this estimate was based on small
numbers, confidence intervals were wide, and the risk of other adverse outcomes (e.g.,
other brain anomalies) was not assessed.
With different laws and constitutions in Latin America, The America, Africa and
other Zika-affected countries with increasing potential ethical, medical violations and
legal issues, it is difficult to approve local context legal policies, upholding Human
Rights under the UN Conventions on women and child health, Rights of the Child and
Disabilities framework perspectives. But also, governments and professionals shared
responsibilities to abide by the International Health Regulation 2005, ethical deontology/
consequentialism and standard practices to protect women experiencing reproductive
age pregnancies delay for the foreseeable future (or abortion), fostering proper and
robust case-control evidence and discussions on association between ZIKV infection,
Human Rights, maternal and child health promotion. Furthermore, despite accumulating
evidence that supports the link between ZIKV infection and microcephaly, most experts
have taken care not to state that ZIKV infection is causally related to these adverse
health outcomes leaving majority of the vulnerable at cross roads and suspicion.
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This paper addresses ethical, legal, medical and societal issues alongside
implications of ZIKV epidemics risk and devastating consequences on women and fetal
growth and development. It further advocates innovative solutions for strengthening the
sexual and reproductive health, and mental health preventive and control measures
alongside travel and transfusion medicine programs and interventions strategies. We
highlight key urgent contextual issues surrounding ZIKV interlocking complications, and
scaling-up prevention and control strategies. (Demetillo, M. T., Baguio, M. L., Limitares,
D. E., Madjos, G. G., & Abrenica-Adamat, L. R. (2015)
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2. Effects of mosquito repellent
A. Specific
This study examines the active component of Cymbopogon winterianus (Java

citronella) oil, as a green mosquito repellent, obtained through a steam distillation
method. Java citronella oil, which contains citronellol, citronellal, and geraniol, was
isolated by batch vacuum fractional distillation, and their effect was tested against the
dengue fever (DF) vector, known as Aedes aegypti.
Furthermore, air freshener gels were formulated with Java citronella oil,
carrageenan, gum, sodium benzoate, ethylene glycol, polysorbate 20, sodium chloride,
and distilled water, at varying concentrations. The results show that formula I has the
best controlled release evaporation for citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol, as well as the
best storage time of 16.82 days and 12.77 days for geraniol and citronellol, respectively.
The most significant specific gravity (0.0136) was recorded in formula V, while gel
formula I exhibited the highest level of instability at 35°C, with a syneresis value of
77.11% in t=72h and pH 5.33.
In addition, formula IV at 5°C demonstrated the highest syneresis (75.34%)

in t=75h, with pH 7.04, while a peak viscosity of 100,958 cP was recorded in formula IV.
The repellent activity of each active component was measured based on the period of
protection conferred against the bites of Aedes aegypti within one hour, and the results
showed geraniol and citronellol, with respective activity of 78.00%± 4.83 and 77.34%±
3.57, as the most effective. (Eden, W. T., Alighiri, D., Supardi, K. I., & Cahyono, E.
(2020).
Aedes aegypti is the principal vector for Zika, chikungunya, yellow fever, and
dengue, worldwide and responsible for historic and ongoing outbreaks of these arboviral
diseases (Gubler 2004). The geographical distribution of Ae. aegypti has expanded
significantly over the last two decades (Jansen and Beebe 2010). This species can be
found in many regions across the world, including the Americas. This species has
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successfully established populations across the United States southern border (Jansen
and Beebe 2010, Joy et al. 2012). Zika virus is the latest of these arboviruses to invade
the Americas (Fauci and Morens 2016). It has established itself in Brazil and spread
explosively from there (Saiz et al. 2016). In June of 2016, the first autochthonous
transmission within the United States was reported from Miami Dade County in Florida.
Zika infection causes mild symptoms in about 18% of the infected patients, but has
been linked to debilitating developmental defects in infants (Mlakar et al. 2016, Rubin et
al. 2016).
B. National
We present an improved mathematical model of population dynamics of

mosquito-borne disease transmission. Our model considers the effect of mosquito
repellent use and the mosquito’s behavior or attraction to the infected human, which
cause mosquitoes’ biased distribution around the human population.
Our analysis of the model clearly shows the existence of thresholds for mosquito
repellent efficacy and its utilization rate in the human population with respect to the
elimination of mosquito-borne diseases. Further, the results imply that the suppression
of mosquito-borne diseases becomes more difficult when the mosquitoes’ distribution is
biased to a greater extent around the human population. (Aldila, D., & Seno, H. (2019).
For many viral, bacterial and protozoans’ diseases mosquitoes act as vector [16].
In term of disease transmission and public health importance mosquito are considered
as very important group of insects. Population of mosquito’s increases exponentially
that is major problem for many countries because mosquito spread the different
diseases such as filarial, Japanese encephalitis, Lyme disease, yellow fever,
encephalitis, malaria, chikungunya, dengue, and epidemic poly-arthritis [17]. In tropical
and subtropical countries mosquito borne diseases are main problem [16]. Mosquito
has approximately 3500 species and present in tropical and subtropical regions [11].
Major genera of mosquitoes that act as vector for various diseases are Culex (Japanese
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encephalitis, west Nile, chikungunya, Anopheles (filariasis, malaria) and Aedes

(chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever) [12].
Major cause for the chikungunya and dengue is Aedes aegypti that act as vector
for the disease and affect the 2.5 million people every year [30]. Feletti, vivax Grassi,
protozoal parasites, Plasmodium ovale stephens and Plasmodium falciparum welch are
the major cause of malaria that are spread by Anopheles mosquito [10].
Most important reason for the increase of dengue fever are increased breeding
places for the Aedes mosquitoes, less effective control of mosquito, more urbanization
and enhanced growth of population [47]. Annually worldwide the 200 million-450 million
infections are caused by the Anopheles mosquito that leads towards 2.7 million deaths.
In more than 100 rising countries it remains endemic disease [22]. Virus of Japanese
encephalitis occurs in the children with malnutrition and present in the areas that are
linked with animal reservoirs particularly with pigs.
On the other hand, main cause for the encephalopathy is encephalitis [58].
According to the BBC world service health program the mosquito is considered as the
world’s most dangerous animal [30]. Mosquito is vector and it causes severe diseases
which can lead toward death so accurate action is necessary to get away from the
disease as soon as possible [10]. There are various methods that can be adopted to
protect itself from the bite of mosquitoes. When we are working outdoor, we should
wear long pants inserted into socks and long-sleeved shirts [17].
As well as when we are in inside, we should present in the areas that are
screened, live in airconditioned and can use bed nets [29]. Mosquito breeding can be
stopped by clearing the standing water from the drains and can use repellents to kill the
mosquitoes [35]. In the middle of the 20th century modern pesticides were firstly
introduced that were used for the control of pest [40]. At that time, it was considered the
best control for the mosquitoes. (Naseem, S., Malik, M. F., & Munir, T. (2016).
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3. Solution and preventive measures of accumulation of mosquitoes’
We researchers discussed about the solutions and preventive measures of

accumulated mosquitoes in the environment with the use of humidifier with
Cymbopogon citratus, as mosquito hates the smell of it and also all the smells that
seems appealing to human. we come up to this process to repel mosquitos and to aid
the problems that humans encountered.
According to Ukpong, Iniodu George, Ettah, Hannah Edim, Eshuong, Emmanuel

Edet of 2016 safety concerns over the use of chemical-based pesticides are provoking
intense studies and application of bio-pesticides in disease control and agriculture. Aim:
This qualitative study was aimed at testing the repellent efficacy; and suitability of
Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) for the development of natural product-based
mosquito repellent. Method: Cymbopogon oil (75ml) was extracted from 200g of fresh
Lemongrass leaves using Soxhlet method with n-Hexane as solvent. Human volunteers
were topically treated with 2ml and 6ml of Cymbopogon oil applied on exposed areas of
the body at night; and observed for 4hrs 30mins.
Direct test on mosquitoes in captivity was conducted using a 2-chambered insect

box treated with 4 ml of oil in one chamber. Results: Human subjects were free from
mosquito bites for 3 hours. Mosquitoes in captivity exhibited active movement away
from oil-treated chamber of the box within the first minute of application; 43% repellency
and 100% mortality were recorded after 18 minutes. Conclusion: Findings suggest that
Cymbopogon citratus extracts could be used for the production of potent chemical-free
and safe mosquito repellent and insecticide for vector control in the fight against malaria
and other mosquito-vectored diseases. However further studies and qualitative
analyses are necessary to determine suitable concentrations for human topical
application.
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4. How humidifiers help repel mosquitoes’
The spread of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) and growing threat of Lyme disease
transmission has increased demand for effective, safe and environmentally friendly
repellent products. Plant-derived essential oils are natural products that exhibit
insecticidal and repellant activities and represent a promising alternative to synthetic
repellants. However, mechanisms by which ticks detect odor stimuli and how such
stimuli may function as repellents are not well understood. We examined the repellent
activity of selected essential oil components towards I. scapularis in short- and long-
term dose–response trials.
To determine the specific olfactory organs involved in detection of chemical

stimuli, we tested tick behavioral response in repellency bioassays after removing
appendages that house chemosensory sensilla (e.g., fore tarsi or pedipalps). New
prototype formulae were tested in longevity trials repelling up to 95% of tested ticks after
1 h post-application. This study provides new insight regarding tick olfaction and
behavior, and innovative methods for selecting appropriate chemicals for development
of novel plant-based repellent products for protection from ticks.
5. why we use humidifier as mosquito repellent
As a researcher we came up with the idea of why we use of humidifier to repel

cluster of mosquitoes. Lemongrass is well-known for its mosquito repelling properties.
According to a study conducted in 2011, the powerful odor of lemongrass oil killed or
completely repelled roughly 95% of mosquitos from a specified range of species.
According to Ngan, T. T. K., Hien, T. T., Danh, P. H., Nhan, L. T. H., & Tien, L. X.
(2020, October). One of the most challenging issues associated with the use of artificial
scent is the harmful effects not always visible to the eyes. To meet the growing
consumer demand for the natural active ingredients of household products, the team
looked for new, rich ingredients that have ample amount of compound that create
scents and exhibit high antibacterial activities.
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The main objective of this study was to formulate a diffused product by replacing
the harmful synthetic ingredients with safe natural ingredients. After applying the hydro
distillation method for the extraction process, lemongrass essential oil obtained with
optimum efficiency of 0.29%. The process and formula of diffused products are
optimized through the process of influencing parameters such as platform oil, emulsifier,
solvent, Tween 80 and essential oil. The results indicate that lemongrass essential oil
can be used as an eco-friendly alternative, which can add up the aromatic and
deodorizing properties to the synthesized fragrance. The research into the application of
lemongrass essential oils in many products will provide insight into the potential
development of essential oils in the field of home care products.
Mosquito borne diseases are major human health problem and controls of such
serious diseases are becoming increasingly difficult because of the high rate of
reproduction and development of resistance to insecticides in mosquitoes. Synthetic
pesticides/repellants have been extensively used for mosquito control by either killing,
preventing adult mosquitoes to bite human beings or by killing mosquito larvae at the
breeding sites of the vectors.
However, its deleterious impact on non-target population and the development of

resistance prompted for the search of alternative, simple and sustainable methods of
mosquito control. The need for development of effective insecticides/repellents should
be taken into consideration due to the toxicity problems, together with the increased
incidence of insect resistance (Microspecies et al. 2010).
In most parts of the world, Synthetic chemical larvicides continue to be applied

for controlling mosquitoes but many of these chemicals are toxic to human, animal and
plant life and resistance can be problematic in regulating the control of the same.
Therefore, researchers are currently exploiting natural substances to be used as
insecticides for controlling larval mosquitoes or repellants for the same.
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According to a recent WHO pesticide evaluation, the main insecticides used

against mosquitoes in the Americas are pyrethroids and organophosphates. Common
chemical-based insect repellents used for mosquitoes are DEET (N, N diethyl- m-
toluamide) which is a registered pesticide, but possible side effects and warnings
include: skin and eye irritation, insomnia etc. Permethrin, permethrin and semithin are
also other synthetic pyrethroids commonly used in mosquito control programs to kill
adult mosquitoes. Many plant extracts have been identified as having insect-repellent
effects ~ 174 ~ The Pharma Innovation Journal and there has been increasing research
in the last decade proving plant-based mosquito repellents are just as, if not more
effective than DEET like Citronella Oil, Neem Oil etc.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter is very important because this will tell your readers the details of your
study. This will serve as your blue print in any activity that you will undertake. It should
contain specific information on how your research should be done. This will justify all
your actions that you may undertake since this will contain the detailed procedure,
particularly on the validity and reliability of your instruments. This section will describe
on how you will collect and analyse your data, and procedures are discussed.
Restatement of the Problem
This study will be conducted to determine the Repellency Level of Cymbopogon

citratus Humidifier as Mosquito Repellent, the possible side effects and how long it will
last.
Research Design
This research is Quantitative-experimental research. This section covered the

design on how the procedures or the method of the research were done. The
researchers wanted to know the repellency level of Cymbopogon citratus as cullicidae
Repellent used in Humidifier.
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Research Paradigm
REPELLENCY LEVEL OF
CYMBOPOGON
CITRATUS USED IN
HUMIDIFIER AGAINST Treatment 0
CULICIDAI
Commercial
Gather the Mosquito
Cymbopogon Repellent
citratus leaves to be Treatment 1
used for treatment
25% of Cymbopogon Essential oil is
citratus and 73% of ready for testing
water for testing the
Effectiveness
Treatment 2
50% of Cymbopogon
citratus for testing the
Effectiveness
Treatment 3
36% of Cymbopogon
citratus for testing the
Effectiveness
Essential oil is ready
for testing
To check the Data Gathering

effectivity test using
humidifier and
observed Interpretation of
Data
Testing the Data Analysis
longevity of the
essential oil by
observing
Conclusion
Testing the
differences among
other treatment
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Research Instruments
A. Preparation Process
The data obtained for this study will be gathered from the series of experiments
conducted. The researchers of this study will use various extraction tools for the
extraction process such as blender, knife, bottle, and curve cover pot, glass bottle for
separation. For making lemon grass insect repellent this was cullicidae repellent
mixture, the researchers will use a lemon grass essential oil, chopped lemon grass, and
alcohol.
B. Maceration Process
Extracting the lemon grass or the cymbopogon citratus oil will be done through
maceration process as most of the essential oils is extracted using the method.
Maceration process is an extractive technique that is conducted at room temperature. It
consists of immersing a plant in a liquid (lemongrass and alcohol). In order to increase
contact between the plant material being extracted and the liquid (solvent), the plant
needs to be cut into small pieces.
Research Methodology Materials Needed
 Aluminum bowl
 Bottles 10ml
 Container
 Miniport able air humidifier
 Old mosquito net
 Sifting cloth
 Syringe
 Wood pallets Ingredients
 Alcohol
 Cymbopogon citratus
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Extracting the oil from the Cymbopogon citratus leaves through maceration process
preparation prepare the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus to be washed and leave it under
the sun for a week to dry. And also, prepare the empty bottles for sterilizing with the
necessarily amount of boiled water.
Procedure prepare the Cymbopogon citratus plant after that, cut/tear/grind the
leaves into small pieces and put the Cymbopogon citratus leaves in a bowl. Slowly
place them inside the large empty jars that have been sterilized already. In the jar with
Cymbopogon citratus leaves, fill it up with any type of alcohol.
(Make sure to submerge all ingredients with the alcohol used). After pouring the
necessary amount of alcohol, place the jar in a dark room/ cabinet away from the sun.
Leave it for about 2 weeks and shake the jar 2 times a day. After storing it, prepare the
bowl for extract and pour the components of the jar sifting cloth to filter the substance.
After having the liquid substance, throw the residue in the trashcan. With the liquid
substance already prepared, turn on the stove at medium heat and fill half of the
stainless pot with water.
Prepare your stainless bowl and let it boil until all of the alcohol evaporates. Sift the
oil with sifting cloth to filter out some tiny components. After sifting the oil from each
ingredient, place it on the container for later purposes. 2. Production of essential oil
preparation prepare the 10ml empty bottles and the mixture itself. (Make sure to sterilize
the empty bottle) Procedures arrange your containers and label it with the treatments
and replications in a sheet of paper. Using the unused syringe, transfer the final
mixtures on the empty bottle. Testing after extracting using maceration process,
proceed now with the testing, to conduct the repellent testing, the mini portable air
humidifier will be used.
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Treatment
Table: 1 Treatment for the efficacy of the Essential Oil.
Treatment Replicat Replicate 2 Replicate 3 Mean score

e1
Treatment 0
Commercial mosquito
repellent
Treatment 1
3drops of Cymbopogon
citratus
Proportion in terms of
percentage:
Cymbopogon citratus oil
(25%)
Water (75%)
Treatment 2
citratus
percentage:
(50%)
Water (50%)
Treatment 3
citratus
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percentage:
(36%)
Water (64%)
Respondent of the study
This study will be conducted by the researchers. This study requires having 3
replicates each treatment which has three treatments.
Locale of the study
The locale of our study was been conducted in Prk Makugihon Barangay Upper
Klinan Polomolok South Cotabato in order to address the concerns of the respondents.
Sampling Procedure
This sampling procedure used in the study is random sampling procedure.

Random sampling procedure uses either a male or a female or just anyone.
Research Instrument
Table 2: Instrumentation for the Effectiveness
The product will be rated 4 as very effective if it can repel Culicidae
completely. 3 a as effective if it repels most of the Culicidae. 2 as effective if it repels

some of the Culicidae. 1 as not effective at all if it didn’t kill the Culicidae
Rate Description Remarks

4 It repels 100% of culicidae Very effective
3 It repels 75% of culicidae Effective
2 It repels 20% of culicidae Effective
1 It repels 0% of culicidae Not effective at all
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Table 3: Efficacy Test
DAYS Rate of how the product is effective

Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Day 5
Day 6
Day 7
Table 4: instrumentation for longevity:
The product will be rated 3 as it lasted for 3 weeks. 2 as product as lasted for 2
weeks. 1 as the product lasted for 1 week.
Rate Description
3 It lasted for at least 3 weeks.
2 It lasted for at least 2 weeks.
1 It lasted for at least 1 week.
Ethical Consideration
All information that are gathered or used in this study are with outmost
confidentially and no animals and human beings are harmed when conducting this
research.
Statistical Analysis
The research employed an ANOVA (analysis of variance) test that was used as a
statistical tool. For the output of the study to be obtained, this was used as guide.
Page 30 of 30

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Senior High School

POLOMOLOK NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Repellency Level of Lemon Grass

Faculty of the Senior High School Department

Polomolok National High School

Brgy. Cannery Site, Polomolok, South Cotabato

The Requirements for the Course

Research Project in Senior High School

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

ALIM, JYRELL JADE S.

DELA PENA, JYTT IVANN

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

To address this problem, we think of an alternative solution. The use of lemon

Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) plays a vital role to prevent expansion or

Statement of the Problem

Null Hypotheses (H0)

There is no Repellency Level of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citrarus) Humidifier

There is a Repellency Level of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citrarus) Humidifier

Conceptual Framework/ Theoretical Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Scope and Delimitation

This study is focused on Repellency Level of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon

However, this study is limited only to Mosquito (Culicidae) as the experimental

Significance of the Study

Deped. This study is significant to provide an idea on developing and enhancing

Teachers. This study is significant to give them knowledge about scientific

Repellent- Able to repel a particular thing; impervious to a particular substance.

Humidifier- A device for keeping the atmosphere moist in a room.

Cymbopogon- A Cymbopogon citratus, commonly known as West Indian lemongrass

Accumulation- A mass or quantity gathered or been acquired.

Exogenous- A growing or originating from outside an organism.

Embryonic- Relating to an embryo.

Cutaneous- Relating to or affecting the skin.

Encephalitis- Inflammation of the brain, caused by infection or an allergic reaction.

Dengue- A debilitating viral disease of the topics, transmitted by mosquitoes, and

Elucidate- Make (something) clear; explain

Protozoans- A single-celled microscopic animal of a group of a phylum of the kingdom

Chikungunya Virus- Is a viral disease transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes. It

Repellent Properties – is an active property used against a wide variety of biting

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a compilation of research from main resources. These

mosquito-borne diseases. Methods of developing mosquito repellent textiles

Application of essential oils on textiles fabrics has been tried by various

2017; Rezakazemi et al., 2017).

Some exogenous compounds found in the environment alter the development of

Environmental cues play a role in the development of an organism. Exogenous

1. Serious matters of mosquito’s bite

Being bitten by mosquitoes is a common, but generally minor irritation. However,

Following a mosquito bite, mosquito salivary antigens elicit a cutaneous

As well as this within-individual variation, levels of mosquito antigen

Variation in host attractiveness to mosquitoes is thought to be mediated by body

perception of both itch intensity and self-reported attractiveness to mosquitoes. (Jones,

Zika virus is a mosquito-borne infection mainly transmitted via the bite

seroconversion in transmission dynamics, influence of innate versus acquired arboviral

First, in an epidemiological study conducted during the outbreak in Brazil, 88

2. Effects of mosquito repellent

This study examines the active component of Cymbopogon winterianus (Java

In addition, formula IV at 5°C demonstrated the highest syneresis (75.34%)

We present an improved mathematical model of population dynamics of

encephalitis, west Nile, chikungunya, Anopheles (filariasis, malaria) and Aedes

3. Solution and preventive measures of accumulation of mosquitoes’

We researchers discussed about the solutions and preventive measures of

According to Ukpong, Iniodu George, Ettah, Hannah Edim, Eshuong, Emmanuel