BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018

Incorporating corrigendum July 2015

BSI Standards Publication

LPG equipment and accessories - Welded

steel pressure vessels for LPG road
tankers - Design and manufacture
BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018, incorporating corrigendum July 2015. It
supersedes BS EN 12493:2013+A1:2014, which is withdrawn.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is
indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to CEN text carry
the number of the CEN amendment. For example, text altered by CEN
amendment A1 is indicated by  .
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee PVE/19, LPG containers and their associated fittings.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2018
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2018
ISBN 978 0 580 93124 6
ICS 23.020.35
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2013.

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected

31 August 2014 Implementation of CEN amendment A1:2014

31 July 2015 Implementation of CEN corrigendum July 2015:

Formula D.11 modified

31 July 2018 Implementation of CEN amendment A2:2018

 BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 12493:2013+A2

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM June 2018

ICS 23.020.30; 23.020.35 Supersedes EN 12493:2013+A1:2014

English Version

LPG equipment and accessories - Welded steel pressure

vessels for LPG road tankers - Design and manufacture
Équipements pour GPL et leurs accessoires - Flüssiggas-Geräte und Ausrüstungsteile - Geschweißte
Réservoirs sous pression en acier soudés des camions- Druckbehälter aus Stahl für Straßentankwagen für
citernes pour GPL - Conception et construction Flüssiggas (LPG) - Auslegung und Herstellung

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 May 2014 and includes Corrigendum 1 issued by CEN on 1 July 2015 and
Amendment 2 approved by CEN on 22 January 2018.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Contents Page

European foreword....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 8
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................ 10
4 Materials.......................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.1 Environmental............................................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 Suitability ........................................................................................................................................................ 11
4.3 Pressure retaining parts............................................................................................................................ 12
4.4 Non-pressure retaining parts .................................................................................................................. 12
4.5 Welding consumables................................................................................................................................. 12
4.6 Non-metallic materials (gaskets) ........................................................................................................... 12
4.7 Inspection documents for materials ..................................................................................................... 12
5 Pressure vessel design ............................................................................................................................... 12
5.1 Design conditions ......................................................................................................................................... 12
5.2 Minimum thickness ..................................................................................................................................... 13
5.3 Surge plates .................................................................................................................................................... 13
5.4 Doubler plates ............................................................................................................................................... 13
5.5 Stresses due to motion ............................................................................................................................... 14
5.6 Self-supporting pressure vessels............................................................................................................ 14
5.7 Vacuum conditions ...................................................................................................................................... 14
5.8 Pressure vessel mountings ....................................................................................................................... 14
5.9 Internal pipework ........................................................................................................................................ 15
6 Openings .......................................................................................................................................................... 15
6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
6.2 Reinforcement of openings....................................................................................................................... 15
6.3 Threaded connections ................................................................................................................................ 15
6.4 Manhole ........................................................................................................................................................... 15
7 Non-pressure retaining parts .................................................................................................................. 16
7.1 Attachment welds ........................................................................................................................................ 16
7.2 Position of attachment welds .................................................................................................................. 16
8 Workmanship and construction ............................................................................................................. 16
8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
8.2 Environment .................................................................................................................................................. 16
8.3 Control of materials..................................................................................................................................... 16
8.4 Acceptable weld details ............................................................................................................................. 17
8.5 Heat treatment and forming .................................................................................................................... 17
8.5.1 Cold forming................................................................................................................................................... 17
8.5.2 Hot forming .................................................................................................................................................... 18
8.5.3 Testing of formed parts.............................................................................................................................. 18
8.5.4 Visual examination and control of dimensions ................................................................................. 19
8.5.5 Marking ............................................................................................................................................................ 19
8.6 Welding ............................................................................................................................................................ 19

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8.6.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 19

8.6.2 Longitudinal welds ....................................................................................................................................... 19
8.6.3 Welding procedure specification (WPS) .............................................................................................. 19
8.6.4 Qualification of WPS .................................................................................................................................... 19
8.6.5 Qualification of welders and welding operators ............................................................................... 19
8.6.6 Preparation of edges ................................................................................................................................... 20
8.6.7 Attachments and fastenings...................................................................................................................... 20
8.6.8 Preheat ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
8.7 Post-weld heat treatment .......................................................................................................................... 20
8.8 Manufacturing tolerances.......................................................................................................................... 21
8.9 Repairs to pressure envelope and direct attachment welds ........................................................ 21
8.9.1 General requirements ................................................................................................................................. 21
8.9.2 Repair of surface imperfections in the parent metal....................................................................... 21
8.9.3 Repair of weld imperfections ................................................................................................................... 21
9 Construction and workmanship of internal pipework ................................................................... 21
10 Manufacturing tests and examinations ................................................................................................ 21
10.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 21
10.2 Mechanical testing........................................................................................................................................ 22
10.2.1 Production test plates ................................................................................................................................. 22
10.2.2 Longitudinal welds ....................................................................................................................................... 22
10.2.3 Circumferential welds................................................................................................................................. 22
10.2.4 Mechanical tests ............................................................................................................................................ 22
10.2.5 Test requirements ........................................................................................................................................ 22
10.3 Non-destructive testing .............................................................................................................................. 23
10.3.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
10.3.2 Internal imperfections................................................................................................................................ 23
10.3.3 Surface imperfections ................................................................................................................................. 23
10.4 Non-destructive testing for welds .......................................................................................................... 24
10.4.1 Radiographic testing ................................................................................................................................... 24
10.4.2 Marking and identification of radiographs ......................................................................................... 24
10.4.3 Ultrasonic testing.......................................................................................................................................... 24
10.4.4 Magnetic particle testing............................................................................................................................ 24
10.4.5 Penetrant testing .......................................................................................................................................... 24
10.5 Qualification of non-destructive testing personnel ......................................................................... 24
10.6 Visual examination of welds ..................................................................................................................... 25
10.7 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 25
10.8 #Safety precautions at the hydraulic test$ .................................................................................. 25
11 External corrosion protection and finishing ...................................................................................... 25
11.1 External protection ...................................................................................................................................... 25
11.2 Finishing operations.................................................................................................................................... 25
12 Marking ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
13 Records and documentation..................................................................................................................... 25
13.1 Documentation obtained by the manufacturer ................................................................................. 25
13.2 Records prepared by the manufacturer ............................................................................................... 26
13.3 Retention and supply of documents ...................................................................................................... 26
Annex A (normative) Guidance on selection of material grades ................................................................ 27
Annex B (normative) Reference temperatures for design ........................................................................... 28
B.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 28
B.2 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 28
B.3 Developed pressure ..................................................................................................................................... 28

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

B.4 Filling ................................................................................................................................................................ 28

Annex C (informative) Alternative reference temperatures for design .................................................. 29
C.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 29
C.2 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
C.3 Developed pressure .................................................................................................................................... 29
C.4 Filling ................................................................................................................................................................ 29
Annex D (normative) Design ................................................................................................................................... 30
D.1 Design stresses.............................................................................................................................................. 30
D.2 Design pressure ............................................................................................................................................ 30
D.3 Design formulae............................................................................................................................................ 30
D.3.1 Cylindrical shell calculation ..................................................................................................................... 30
D.3.2 Dished ends .................................................................................................................................................... 31
D.3.3 Conical shell calculations .......................................................................................................................... 34
D.4 Nozzle reinforcement ................................................................................................................................. 38
D.5 Nozzle reinforcement by pads or flanges ............................................................................................ 40
D.6 Nozzle reinforcement by branches ........................................................................................................ 40
Annex E (informative) Example of joints ............................................................................................................ 45
Annex F (normative) Allowable tolerances ....................................................................................................... 49
F.1 Pressure vessels ........................................................................................................................................... 49
F.1.1 External diameter ........................................................................................................................................ 49
F.1.2 Out of roundness .......................................................................................................................................... 49
F.1.3 Deviation of straightness........................................................................................................................... 49
F.1.4 Irregularities in profile .............................................................................................................................. 49
F.2 Dished end tolerance .................................................................................................................................. 50
F.2.1 Thickness of material ................................................................................................................................. 50
F.2.2 Profile ............................................................................................................................................................... 50
F.3 Assembly tolerances ................................................................................................................................... 52
F.3.1 Middle line alignment ................................................................................................................................. 52
F.3.2 Surface alignment ........................................................................................................................................ 52
F.4 Attachments, nozzles and fittings .......................................................................................................... 52
F.5 Overall length ................................................................................................................................................ 53
Annex G (normative) Heat treatment .................................................................................................................. 54
G.1 Method of post-weld heat treatment .................................................................................................... 54
G.2 Temperature control .................................................................................................................................. 54
G.3 Temperature limit ....................................................................................................................................... 54
G.4 Temperature measurement ..................................................................................................................... 54
Annex H (informative) Typical method for measurement of shell peaking .......................................... 55
H.1 Profile gauge .................................................................................................................................................. 55
H.2 Peaking survey .............................................................................................................................................. 55
Annex I (normative) Welding imperfections and test specimens ............................................................. 58
I.1 Imperfections ................................................................................................................................................ 58
I.2 Test specimens .............................................................................................................................................. 61
Annex J (informative) Choice of non-destructive test methods for welds .............................................. 63
J.1 Internal imperfections ............................................................................................................................... 63
J.2 Surface imperfections................................................................................................................................. 63
Annex K (normative) Hydraulic pressure test.................................................................................................. 64
K.1 Temporary fittings....................................................................................................................................... 64
K.2 Pressure gauges ............................................................................................................................................ 64
K.3 Pressurizing agent ....................................................................................................................................... 64

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K.4 Avoidance of shock....................................................................................................................................... 64

K.5 Applied pressure........................................................................................................................................... 64
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 66

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

European foreword

This document (EN 12493:2013+A2:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 286
“Liquefied petroleum gas equipment and accessories”, the secretariat of which is held by NSAI.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2018, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2018.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.

This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 22 May 2014, Corrigendum 1 issued by CEN
on 1 July 2015 and Amendment 2 approved by CEN on 22 January 2018.

This document supersedes #EN 12493:2013+A1:2014$.

The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !"
and #$.

The modifications of the related CEN Corrigendum have been implemented at the appropriate places in
the text and are indicated by the tags ˜™.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.

This European Standard has been submitted for reference into the technical annexes of the ADR
#[12]$.

NOTE These regulations take precedence over any clause of this European Standard. It is emphasised that
RID/ADR/ADN are being revised regularly at intervals of two years which may lead to temporary non-
compliances with the clauses of this European Standard.

The following main changes have been introduced during the revision of EN 12493:2008+A1:2012:

— revision of the shell thickness calculations to avoid any confusion with ADR design pressures;

— revision of the hydraulic test pressure to avoid any confusion with ADR hydraulic test pressures
and to reduce the maximum tensile stress (at the time of the hydraulic test);

— the addition of minimum thickness calculations;

— clarification of the surge plate requirements;

— references to Annex C (normative) changed to informative.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

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Introduction

This European Standard calls for the use of substances and procedures that may be injurious to health
and/or the environment if adequate precautions are not taken. It refers only to technical suitability: it
does not absolve the user from their legal obligations at any stage.
#Protection of the environment is a key political issue in Europe and elsewhere, for CEN/TC 286 this
is covered in CEN/TS 16765 [7] LPG equipment and accessories — Environmental considerations for
CEN/TC 286 standards, and this Technical Specification should be read in conjunction with this
standard. This Technical Specification provides guidance on the environmental aspects to be considered
regarding equipment and accessories produced for the LPG industry and the following is addressed:
a) design;

b) manufacture;

c) packaging;

d) use and operation;

e) disposal.$

It is recommended that manufacturers develop an environmental management policy. For guidance, see
EN ISO 14000 series (#see [8], [9] and [10]$).
Provisions need to be restricted to a general guidance. Limit values are specified in national laws.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this European Standard that the execution of its provisions is
entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.
All pressures are gauged unless otherwise stated.
NOTE This European Standard requires measurement of material properties, dimensions and pressures. All
such measurements are subject to a degree of uncertainty due to tolerances in measuring equipment, etc. It might
be beneficial to refer to the leaflet “measurement uncertainty leaflet" SP INFO 2000 27 #[15]$.

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

1 Scope
This European Standard specifies minimum requirements for materials, design, construction and
workmanship procedures, and tests for welded LPG road tanker pressure vessels and their welded
attachments manufactured from carbon, carbon/manganese and micro alloy steels.
There is no upper size limit as this is determined by the gross vehicle weight limitation.
This European Standard does not cover pressure vessels for pressure vessel containers.
NOTE 1 In the context of this standard the term "road tanker" is understood to mean “fixed tanks” and
“demountable tanks” as defined in ADR.

NOTE 2 The equipment for the pressure vessels and the inspection and testing after assembly is covered by
EN 12252 and EN 14334, respectively.

NOTE 3 The design type of the road tanker is subject to approval by the competent authority, as required by
ADR.

#
NOTE 4 This standard is intended for LPG only; however for other liquefied gases see EN 14025.$

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
#deleted text$

EN 837-2, Pressure gauges — Part 2: Selection and installation recommendations for pressure gauges

EN 10025-2, Hot rolled products of structural steels — Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-alloy
structural steels

EN 10028-2, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes — Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steels with
specified elevated temperature properties

EN 10028-3, Flat products made of steels for pressure purposes — Part 3: Weldable fine grain steels,
normalized

EN 10204:2004, Metallic materials — Types of inspection documents

EN 12252, LPG equipment and accessories — Equipping of LPG road tankers

EN 13445-2, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 2: Materials

EN 13445-3, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design

EN 14717, Welding and allied processes — Environmental check list

EN ISO 148-1, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method (ISO 148-1)

EN ISO 3452-1, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 1: General principles (ISO 3452-1)

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EN ISO 3834-2, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Comprehensive
quality requirements (ISO 3834-2)

EN ISO 4136, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Transverse tensile test (ISO 4136)

EN ISO 5173, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Bend tests (ISO 5173)

EN ISO 5178, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Longitudinal tensile test on weld metal in
fusion welded joints (ISO 5178)

EN ISO 5579, Non-destructive testing — Radiographic testing of metallic materials using film and X- or
gamma rays — Basic rules (ISO 5579)$

EN ISO 5817:2007, Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam
welding excluded) — Quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817:2003, corrected version:2005, including
Technical Corrigendum 1:2006))

EN ISO 6520-1:2007, Welding and allied processes — Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic
materials — Part 1: Fusion welding (ISO 6520-1:2007)

EN ISO 6520-2:2013, Welding and allied processes — Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic
materials — Part 2: Welding with pressure (ISO 6520-2:2013)

EN ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
(ISO 6892-1)

EN ISO 9016, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Impact tests — Test specimen location,
notch orientation and examination (ISO 9016)

EN ISO 9606-1, Qualification testing of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels (ISO 9606-1)$

EN ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (ISO 9712)

EN ISO 14732, Welding personnel — Qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters for
mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials (ISO 14732)

EN ISO 15609-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure specification — Part 1: Arc welding (ISO 15609-1)

EN ISO 15614-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure test — Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys
(ISO 15614-1)

EN ISO 17636-1, Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing — Part 1: X- and gamma-ray
techniques with film (ISO 17636-1)

EN ISO 17636-2, Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing — Part 2: X- and gamma-ray
techniques with digital detectors (ISO 17636-2)

EN ISO 17637, Non-destructive testing of welds — Visual testing of fusion-welded joints (ISO 17637)

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EN ISO 17638, Non-destructive testing of welds — Magnetic particle testing (ISO 17638)

EN ISO 17639, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Macroscopic and microscopic
examination of welds (ISO 17639)

EN ISO 17640, Non-destructive testing of welds — Ultrasonic testing — Techniques, testing levels, and
assessment (ISO 17640)

EN ISO 19232-1, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 1: Determination of the
image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators (ISO 19232-1)$

EN ISO 19232-2, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 2: Determination of the
image quality value using step/hole-type image quality indicators (ISO 19232-2)

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
liquefied petroleum gas
LPG
low pressure liquefied gas composed of one or more light hydrocarbons which are assigned to UN 1011,
UN 1075, UN 1965, UN 1969 or UN 1978 only and which consists mainly of propane, propene, butane,
butane isomers, butene with traces of other hydrocarbon gases

3.2
yield strength
upper yield strength ReH or, for steels that do not exhibit a definite yield (non-proportional elongation),
the 0,2 % proof strength

3.3
cold forming
forming at temperatures not less than 25 °C below the maximum permissible temperature for stress
relieving, in accordance with the applicable material specifications

3.4
hot forming
forming at temperatures above the temperature for stress relieving as stated in the material
specifications

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

3.5
sun shield
shield covering not less than the upper third but not more than the upper half of the shell surface,
separated from the shell by an air gap of at least 40 mm

3.6
pressure vessel
assembly of the pressure-retaining envelope (including the openings and their closures) and non-
pressure-retaining parts attached directly to it

Note 1 to entry: Also referred to as "tank" in the ADR.

3.7
competent authority
authority or authorities or any other body or bodies designated as such in each State and in each
specific case in accordance with domestic law

3.8
inspection body
independent inspection and testing body approved by the competent authority

3.9
competent person
person which by combination of appropriate qualification, training, experience, and resources, is able to
make objective judgments on the subject

4 Materials
4.1 Environmental

The manufacturer shall endeavour to acquire materials and components from suppliers who have a
declared environmental policy, see EN ISO 14021, EN ISO 14024 and EN ISO 14025.
4.2 Suitability

4.2.1 Unless otherwise specified by the design documents, the design temperature range shall be -
20 °C to +50 °C.

4.2.2 The materials of construction shall be suitable for operating within the envisaged temperature
range. If the pressure vessel could be subjected to more severe lower ambient or product temperatures,
the design temperature range shall be -40 °C to +50 °C.

4.2.3 Guidance on selection of material grades is given in Annex A.

4.2.4 If additional impact testing is required, it shall be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 148-1
to achieve the impact values specified in 10.2.5.4.

4.2.5 The materials of the pressure receptacle which are in contact with the contents shall not contain
substances liable to substantially weaken the material. The steel grades specified in EN 10028-2 and
EN 10028-3, listed in Table A.1, are considered compatible with LPG complying with the limitations on
corrosiveness as specified in ISO 9162.

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4.3 Pressure retaining parts

Pressure-retaining materials shall be of appropriate steels conforming to EN 10028-2 or EN 10028-3 or

shall conform to specifications agreed with the competent authority. All materials shall conform to
10.2.4 and the ratio of the specified yield strength (ReH) to minimum tensile strength (Rm) shall not
exceed 0,85 (i.e. ReH/Rm < 0,85). The percentage elongation at fracture shall be not less than 10 000
divided by the actual tensile strength in N/mm2, and in any case shall be not less than 16 % for fine
grained steels and not less than 20 % for other steels. Where fine grain steels are used, the guaranteed
yield strength, ReH shall not exceed 460 N/mm2 and the upper tensile strength, Rm, shall not exceed
725 N/mm2.
4.4 Non-pressure retaining parts

Non-pressure retaining parts that are directly welded to pressure retaining parts shall be of suitable
materials conforming to EN 10025-2 or materials with characteristics approved by a competent
authority. All materials used for non-pressure retaining parts shall be compatible with the material of
pressure retaining parts, and shall conform to the impact requirements of 10.2.5.4, tested in accordance
with the method specified in EN ISO 148-1.
4.5 Welding consumables

Welding consumables shall be able to provide consistent welds with properties at least equal to those
specified for the parent materials in the finished pressure vessel.
4.6 Non-metallic materials (gaskets)

Non-metallic materials (gaskets) shall be compatible with both phases of LPG over the range of
pressures and temperatures for which the road tanker is designed (see 4.2, Annex B and Annex C).
4.7 Inspection documents for materials

Pressure retaining parts and non-pressure retaining parts directly welded to the pressure vessel shall
be provided with the material manufacturers’ certificates conforming to EN 10204:2004 certificate type
3.1. Other parts shall have certificates conforming to EN 10204:2004 certificate type 2.2.

5 Pressure vessel design

5.1 Design conditions

5.1.1 Unless authorised by a national competent authority for use within its territory, in accordance
with the provision of EU Council Directive 2008/68/EC #[13]$, the reference temperatures shall
conform to Annex B.

5.1.2 Design calculations shall be carried out in accordance with Annex D.

5.1.3 Account shall be taken of the fatigue loading on all component parts of the pressure vessel and
its attachments by conducting an assessment or through proven operating experience.

5.1.4 The design of the pressure vessel should take into account the following:

— minimizing the use of materials;

— fittings required for efficient operation of the pressure vessel;

— minimizing the environmental impact of in service maintenance and end of life disposal.

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5.2 Minimum thickness

5.2.1 The minimum thickness for pressure vessels not exceeding a diameter of 1,8 m shall be 5 mm of
reference steel (as defined by ADR) or of an equivalent thickness if in a different steel.

5.2.2 For pressure vessels exceeding a diameter of 1,8 m, the minimum thickness shall be 6 mm of
reference steel (as defined by ADR) or of an equivalent thickness if in a different steel.

5.2.3 The equivalent thickness shall be calculated using Formula (1):

464e 0
e1 = (1)
( Rm1 A1 )
3 2

where
A1 minimum elongation at fracture (%) of steel chosen under tensile stress;
e1 minimum shell thickness in chosen steel, in mm;
e0 minimum thickness in reference steel, in mm;
Rm1 minimum tensile strength of steel chosen, in N/mm2.
#
5.2.4 The minimum shell thickness will not be less than calculated in accordance with the ADR.$

5.3 Surge plates

5.3.1 Where it is intended that pressure vessels will be operated in excess of 20 % full or less than
80 % full, surge plates shall be fitted. The surge plates shall be designed to permit full internal
inspection of the pressure vessel. The volume between any two plates or a plate and the end of the
pressure vessel shall not exceed 7 500 l.

#
5.3.2 The distance between surge plates shall not exceed 4 m.$

5.3.3 The area of each surge plate shall be at least 70 % of the cross-sectional area of the pressure
vessel in which the plates are fitted.

5.3.4 Surge plates shall be able to withstand the load imposed by a full capacity liquid content of the
section between the plates in either direction.

5.3.5 Surge plates shall be at least 2 mm thick.

5.3.6 Provision shall be made for communication and drainage between sections.

#deleted text$
5.4 Doubler plates

To reduce stress concentration on the pressure vessel, load-carrying attachments shall incorporate a
doubler plate between the attachment and the pressure vessel shell.
Non-circular doubler plates shall be designed with as generous as practicable corner radii (minimum
radius 25 mm) to reduce stress concentrations.

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#Doubler plates shall be provided with vent holes or test sockets which shall be closed after
testing.$
5.5 Stresses due to motion

Pressure vessels and their permanent attachments shall be able to absorb, under maximum permissible
load, forces exerted by the design pressure, and the following dynamic forces:
— in the direction of travel: twice the total mass #deleted text$;

— at right-angles to the direction of travel: the total mass #deleted text$;

— vertically upwards: the total mass #deleted text$;

— vertically downwards: twice the total mass #deleted text$.

Under the forces defined above, the stresses in the pressure vessel and its fastenings shall not exceed
the following:
a) general membrane stress in the shell, remote from the supports:

— the normal design stress as defined in D.1;

b) stresses local to the supports, determined either by experimental analysis or calculation/special

analysis:

— the limits specified in EN 13445-3.

5.6 Self-supporting pressure vessels

Self-supporting pressure vessels shall be designed to carry bending stresses that would otherwise be
carried by the chassis or frame.
5.7 Vacuum conditions

Pressure vessels shall be designed to withstand vacuum conditions generated by the product during
operation or other operational conditions, but as a minimum, this shall be equivalent to an external
pressure of at least 40 kPa (0,4 bar) gauge pressure.
Suitable design methods may be applied from EN 13445-3.
NOTE Some liquefied petroleum gases have vapour pressures below atmospheric pressure at temperatures
that could occur during normal operations in winter, and this could create partial vacuum conditions within the
carrying pressure vessel.

5.8 Pressure vessel mountings

5.8.1 Mounting structures shall be fabricated in steel and designed to limit movement of the pressure
vessel in relation to the chassis.

5.8.2 Pressure vessel mountings and their method of attachment to the shell shall be of sufficient
strength to support the pressure vessel when full of water.

5.8.3 The design of the pressure vessel mountings shall be co-ordinated with the design of the vehicle
chassis. The designer shall assess the effect of the pressure vessel and its mountings, including the
additional loadings given in 5.5.

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The chassis manufacturer should be notified at the pressure vessel design stage that the pressure
vessel, while on the chassis, could be subjected to a hydraulic test, during which the pressure vessel can
contain twice the normal weight of carrying capacity.
5.8.4 Pressure vessel mountings designed as an integral attachment to the shell shall be fitted with
doubler plates as specified in 5.4. Stitch welding shall not be used.

5.9 Internal pipework

5.9.1 The mechanical strength of internal pipework and supports shall be sufficient to withstand the
service conditions, including dynamic load.

5.9.2 Internal pipework may be attached directly to a pressure vessel boss.

5.9.3 Pipework shall be located so as to avoid inadvertent entry of liquid LPG from the liquid inlet line
into other pipework terminating in the vapour space.

6 Openings
6.1 General

For the equipping of LPG road tankers, see EN 12252.

Valves and other accessories shall be protected against damage by external impact either by their
positioning on the pressure vessel, when mounted on the vehicle, or by specific pressure vessel design.
Provision in pressure vessel design shall be either by mounting and fitting valves and other accessories
in a recess within the contour of the pressure vessel shell or end, or by use of a guard able to withstand
a collision with another vehicle and the forces experienced in a pressure vessel roll-over.
6.2 Reinforcement of openings

Openings shall be reinforced and designed in accordance with D.4.

6.3 Threaded connections

The maximum nominal diameter of threaded connections shall be 80 mm.

6.4 Manhole

6.4.1 Pressure vessels with a volume over 3 000 l shall be fitted with a manhole either:

— at least 500 mm in diameter; or

— at least 420 mm, where reducing the diameter is acceptable to the competent authority.

Pressure vessels with a volume not exceeding 3 000 l may be fitted with inspection openings, instead of
a manhole, with dimensions conforming to EN 286-1.
6.4.2 Manholes shall be of forged construction, machined from plate, or fabricated from pipe and
standard flanges of the appropriate temperature and pressure rating. If plate is used for pad type
manholes, it shall be ultrasonically tested for laminar defects.

6.4.3 The manhole shall be positioned for ease of access.

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7 Non-pressure retaining parts

7.1 Attachment welds

Attachment welds shall be continuous.

7.2 Position of attachment welds

Attachments shall be designed not to trap water and to permit inspection of the weld. Wherever
possible, attachment welds shall be clear of vessel welds (longitudinal, circumferential and opening
welds), by a minimum distance of 40 mm. Where this is not possible, attachment welds shall fully cross
the main welds.

8 Workmanship and construction

8.1 General

8.1.1 Road tanker pressure vessels shall be manufactured in accordance with drawings and
specifications approved by a notified/designated !inspection" body.

8.1.2 The manufacturer shall be responsible for the competence, training and supervision of their
staff.

8.1.3 The manufacturer shall ensure, taking into account any instructions from the material supplier
that the materials of the finished pressure vessel conform to this European Standard.

8.1.4 The manufacturer shall have defined procedures for manufacturing operations, including
processes such as forming, welding and heat treatment.

8.2 Environment

8.2.1 The environmental impact of welding and allied processes shall be assessed in accordance with
EN 14717.

8.2.2 The manufacturer should endeavour to minimise wastage of materials by selecting

appropriately sized materials related to the finished parts required for the manufacture. Unavoidable
waste/scrap material should be recycled.

8.2.3 Noise levels from the production process should be evaluated and measures put into place to
minimise the impact upon the external environment.

8.3 Control of materials

8.3.1 The manufacturer of the pressure vessel shall maintain a system of identification for the
material used in the fabrication so that all material for pressure-retaining parts and non-pressure-
retaining parts directly welded to pressure-retaining parts in the completed work can be traced to
origin. The system shall incorporate appropriate procedures for verifying the identity of material
received from the supplier.

8.3.2 Verifying procedures shall be based on the material manufacturers’ certificates and/or
acceptance tests. The system shall ensure that before cutting and forming parts of the pressure vessel,
the original identification mark of the material is transferred to any parts of the pressure vessel that
could be without markings after the process. The manufacturer shall ensure that the material conforms
to the design and/or drawings specification.

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8.3.3 In laying out and cutting the material:

a) the material identification mark shall be clearly visible when the pressure part is complete; or

b) the manufacturer shall operate a documented system that ensures material traceability for all
materials in the completed pressure vessels.

8.3.4 If the material identification mark is unavoidably cut out during manufacture of a pressure part,
it shall be transferred by the pressure part manufacturer to another part of the component. Transfer of
the mark shall be carried out by a person designated by the manufacturer.

8.3.5 When identification on materials is transferred, the method of marking shall not have any
detrimental effect on the specified material properties.

8.3.6 Details of welding consumables shall be retained.

8.4 Acceptable weld details

8.4.1 The manufacturer, in selecting an appropriate weld detail, shall consider:

— the method of manufacture;

— the service conditions;

— the ability to carry out necessary non-destructive testing.

NOTE 1 Recommended weld details are given in EN 1708-1:2010.

The root faces of welding preparations shall be aligned within the tolerances given in the welding
procedure specification.
NOTE 2 Examples of typical welded joints used on the pressure vessel are given in Annex E.

8.4.2 If a pressure vessel is made from more than one shell strake, the longitudinal weld of adjacent
strakes shall be staggered by at least 100 mm between weld edges.

8.4.3 Where the pressure vessel volume is less than 3 000 l and no internal access is provided, joggle
joints are permitted for end to shell joints. Only dished ends shall be joggled.

8.4.4 Joggles shall be sufficiently clear of the knuckle radius to ensure that the edge of the
circumferential weld is at least 12 mm clear of the knuckle.

NOTE A typical joggle joint detail is shown in Figure E.2.

8.5 Heat treatment and forming

8.5.1 Cold forming

8.5.1.1 Heat treatment of cold formed cylindrical shells is not required.

8.5.1.2 Cold formed dished ends shall be heat treated unless the manufacturer can demonstrate
that the properties of the finished products conform to the original design.

8.5.1.3 Cold formed dished ends that have not been heat-treated shall not be welded or heated
locally in the knuckle area to temperatures above 550 °C without subsequent heat treatment.

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8.5.2 Hot forming

8.5.2.1 For normalised steels, because of the danger of excessive grain growth, the workpiece
temperature during hot forming shall not exceed 1 050 °C. Before the final stage of hot forming, or if hot
forming is performed only once, the workpiece shall not be heated above 980 °C.

8.5.2.2 The duration of hot forming should be kept to a minimum to avoid grain growth.

8.5.2.3 If no subsequent heat treatment is applied, hot forming shall be completed above 750 °C, or
above 700 °C if the degree of forming in the final stage does not exceed 5 % of the total forming
operation.

8.5.2.4 Cooling shall be carried out in still air.

8.5.2.5 If hot forming is carried out in conditions other than those specified in this subclause,
normalizing as specified by the steel manufacturer or supplier shall be carried out after hot forming.

8.5.2.6 A competent person shall specify the heat treatment procedure to ensure that the
properties of the finished product conform to the original design.

8.5.2.7 The hot forming process should be designed to minimise energy consumption and ensure
the environmentally friendly disposal of insulating material and other waste.

8.5.3 Testing of formed parts

8.5.3.1 For cold-formed parts not subject to heat treatment, no mechanical tests are required in
respect of the forming operation.

8.5.3.2 All other formed parts shall have tests carried out after the last forming operation or any
heat treatment to demonstrate conformity to the material specification. Test pieces shall be taken from
an excess length or a redundant piece of the formed part, or from a separate test piece formed to same
procedure. The test pieces shall consist of one tensile and three impact specimens.

8.5.3.3 In the case of formed ends, the test pieces shall be taken from sample ends selected as
follows:

— from initial production: one from ten of each family; and

— from production formed ends: one formed part in 1 000 production units, but not less than one per
two years.

8.5.3.4 Ends with the following characteristics are considered to be a family of ends:

— same material specification;

— same forming process;

— same heat treatment;

— geometrical similarity to ± 10 %.

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8.5.4 Visual examination and control of dimensions

Bought-in formed parts that require acceptance certificates conforming to EN 10204:2004 shall be
submitted by the pressure vessel manufacturer to visual examination and dimensional check in the
delivery condition, and the results shall be included in the pressure vessel acceptance certificate.
8.5.5 Marking

Formed parts of pressure vessels shall be marked so that the material and the manufacturer of the part
can be identified as specified in 8.3. For batch testing the relationship to the batch shall be evident.
8.6 Welding
8.6.1 General

Welding of the joints of the component parts of a pressure vessel shall conform to EN ISO 3834-2 and
shall only be carried out if all the following apply:
a) a welding procedure specification is compiled by the manufacturer;

b) the welding procedures selected by the manufacturer are qualified for the field of application. If the
design is based on material specifications agreed by an !inspection body", the welding
procedure shall be qualified using material with the higher properties;

c) the welders and welding operators are qualified for the work and their approval is valid (see 8.6.5);
and

d) the quality level of welded joints is quality level B of EN ISO 5817:2007, except as modified in
Annex I, for shell longitudinal and circumferential welds or if the design specification or drawing
has more stringent requirements.

8.6.2 Longitudinal welds

There shall be not more than one longitudinal weld on any strake. Longitudinal welds shall be full
penetration butt welds.
8.6.3 Welding procedure specification (WPS)

The manufacturer shall compile a welding procedure specification for each joint or family of joints in
accordance with EN ISO 15609-1.
8.6.4 Qualification of WPS

Welding procedures shall be qualified by welding procedure tests conforming to EN ISO 15614-1.
Production and testing of test pieces shall be certified by an !inspection body".
Welds shall be subjected to impact testing as specified in 10.2.5.4.
8.6.5 Qualification of welders and welding operators

Welders shall be approved in accordance with #EN ISO 9606-1$ and welding operators in
accordance with EN ISO 14732.
Production and testing of test pieces shall be certified by an !inspection body".
A list of welders and welding operators and records of approval tests shall be maintained by the
manufacturer.

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8.6.6 Preparation of edges

Material may be cut to size and shape by any mechanical or thermal cutting process or by combination
of these. Cutting may be carried out before or after forming.
The surface to be welded shall be cleaned of oxide scale, oil, grease, or other foreign substance that
could have a detrimental effect on weld quality.
Edges to be welded shall be kept in position, either by mechanical means or by tack welds or by a
combination of these. Tack welds shall be removed or fused again in the weld bead. The manufacturer
shall ensure that tack welding does not generate metallurgical or homogeneity defects.
The manufacturer shall ensure that for welds without a sealing run (single sided welds), the edges are
sufficiently aligned and spaced to ensure the required penetration at the weld root.
A joggle joint may be used on circumferential welds (see 8.4.3) to act as an integral backing strip.
8.6.7 Attachments and fastenings

Welding of attachments (temporary or otherwise), including supports, to a pressure retaining part shall
follow a qualified procedure.
Temporary attachments shall be removed by a technique that does not affect the properties of the metal
or pressure part to which they are welded.
Care shall be taken to ensure that the area of a removed attachment is free from surface cracks. The
area shall be dressed smooth and subjected to magnetic particle (10.4.4) or penetrant (10.4.5) testing.
Any cracks detected shall be repaired as appropriate.
8.6.8 Preheat

8.6.8.1 The manufacturer shall include the preheating temperature in the WPS. The preheating
temperature shall depend on the composition of the metal to be welded, the weld process, and the arc
energy.

8.6.8.2 Preheating should conform to EN 1011-2.

8.6.8.3 Welding shall not be carried out if the temperature of the parent metal near the joint is less
than +5 °C.

8.6.8.4 The preheating process should be designed to minimise energy consumption and ensure the
environmentally friendly disposal of insulating material and other waste.

8.7 Post-weld heat treatment

If post-weld heat treatment is required, it shall be carried out in accordance with Annex G.
Post-weld heat treatment is not required for the material types and weld thicknesses used on pressure
vessels built in accordance with this European Standard. Post-weld heat treatment may be carried out
on pressure vessels by agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
NOTE Pressure vessels contain many fillet welds that cannot be tested. Where residual stresses and pressure
plus dynamic stresses apply, there is a greater risk of crack initiation and crack growth. Lowering the residual
stresses with post-weld heat treatment lowers the risk of cracking.

The post-weld heat treatment process should be designed to minimise energy consumption and ensure
the environmentally disposal of insulating material and other waste.

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8.8 Manufacturing tolerances

Tolerances on the pressure vessel shape shall conform to Annex F.

NOTE Annex H gives a conservative method of measuring peaking (including ovality).

8.9 Repairs to pressure envelope and direct attachment welds

8.9.1 General requirements

Imperfections shall be repaired by a mechanical or thermal process or combination of these.

The thickness of the material, after repair is completed, shall be within the tolerances of the design and
not less than the minimum thickness specified in Clause 5. After the repair, the material shall be
subjected to the non-destructive testing originally applied.
For welding repairs, after any specified post-weld heat treatment has been carried out, the repaired
vessel shall be subjected to further post-weld heat treatment in accordance with the original
specification.
For welding repairs, undertaken after the hydraulic test, a further hydraulic test shall be carried out
unless otherwise agreed with the competent person.
NOTE EN 13109 gives advice on the scrapping of LPG pressure vessels.

8.9.2 Repair of surface imperfections in the parent metal

Minor surface imperfections (arc strikes, tool marks, cutting marks, etc.) shall be removed by grinding.
The ground-out area shall have a smooth transition into the surrounding areas.
Repairs that involve depositing of a weld metal shall be carried out in accordance with a welding
procedure qualified in accordance with EN ISO 15614-1. Welders shall be qualified in accordance with
#EN ISO 9606-1$.
8.9.3 Repair of weld imperfections

The extent of repairs of weld imperfections shall be determined by the position, size and type of defect.
Repairs may cover only the defect and the surrounding area or may involve complete removal of the
weld containing the defect. Repairs by grinding or other processes involving removal of material and
that do not include welding shall be finished with a smooth transition into the surrounding areas.
Thermal gouging shall be carried out using an electrode that minimises contamination of remaining
material surfaces.
Repairs shall be carried out in accordance with a welding procedure qualified in accordance with
EN ISO 15614-1. Welders shall be qualified in accordance with #EN ISO 9606-1$.

9 Construction and workmanship of internal pipework

Welding of internal pipework shall be to the same quality as for the pressure retaining parts.

10 Manufacturing tests and examinations

10.1 General

All tests shall be carried out after any heat treatment process and prior to any external corrosion
protection and finishing.

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Pressure vessels in accordance with this European Standard are subject to the conformity assessment
system outlined in Clauses 5, 6, 8, 10 and 12, consisting of the testing and approval of the design type,
the recognition of quality assurance systems for the production and the initial inspection and testing of
pressure vessels manufactured according to the design type.
10.2 Mechanical testing
10.2.1 Production test plates

To control the continuing quality of welded joints and to ensure their mechanical properties conform to
the specification, production test plates shall be welded and tested.
10.2.2 Longitudinal welds

For pressure vessels that include one or more longitudinal welds, the test plates, if practicable, shall be
attached to the shell plate on one end of the weld so that the edges to be welded in the test plate are a
continuation and duplication of the longitudinal weld.
The weld metal shall be deposited in the test plates continuously with the welding of the corresponding
longitudinal weld, so that the welding process, procedure and technique are the same. One test plate
shall be produced per pressure vessel.
10.2.3 Circumferential welds

If circumferential welds are welded by a different procedure to the longitudinal weld, the manufacturer
shall produce two further test plates per year or one test plate per pressure vessel, whichever is the
fewer.
Test plates shall be produced by the same procedure as used in construction of the pressure vessel.
10.2.4 Mechanical tests

Each production test plate shall be tested on specimens as required by Annex I.

10.2.5 Test requirements

The test specimens shall be prepared and tested as follows:

10.2.5.1 Bend test

Bend testing and test requirements shall be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 5173.
10.2.5.2 Tensile test

Tests shall be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 4136 or EN ISO 5178 as appropriate. The tensile
strength of the test specimen shall be not less than the corresponding specified minimum value used for
the design.
10.2.5.3 Macroscopic examination

Macroscopic examinations shall be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 17639 and shall show sound
build-up of weld beads and sound penetration.
10.2.5.4 Impact tests

Tests shall be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 9016 with a V-shaped notch, perpendicular to the
surface of the test specimen.
Impact-strength tests are not required on welds with a parent plate thickness less than 5 mm.

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

For plates under 10 mm but not less than 5 mm thick, test specimens with a cross section of 10 mm
wide by the thickness of the parent plate shall be used. Machining to either 7,5 mm or 5 mm may be
permitted if required.
If the thickness of the parent plate is ≤ 10 mm, tests shall be carried out on three test specimens with
the notch at the centre of the weld and three test specimens with the notch at the centre of the heat
affected zone (with the V-notch crossing the fusion boundary at the centre of the specimen).
If the thickness of the parent plate is > 10 mm, tests shall be carried out on three test specimens from
the centre of the weld and three test specimens from the heat affected zone (with the V-notch crossing
the fusion boundary at the centre of the specimen).
The average value obtained from each set of three test specimens shall be not less than 34 J/cm2. Not
more than one of the individual values shall be below 34 J/cm2 and shall, in no case be less than
24 J/cm2. This shall apply to specimens taken at the centre of the weld and in the heat-affected zone.
The normal test temperature shall be -20 °C but for pressure vessels that may be subjected to
temperatures below -20 °C, as defined in 4.2, impact testing shall be carried out at a temperature of -
40 °C.
10.2.5.5 Re-tests

Production factors can result in a scatter of mechanical test results that occasionally fall below the
agreed specification level. If the results of tests do not conform to 10.2.5.1 to 10.2.5.4, the following re-
tests shall be carried out:
— two tensile tests;

— two bend tests; and

— one impact test (with three specimens).

In a repeated impact test, on the weld deposit or the heat affected zone, none of the individual values
shall be below 34 J/cm2. The average value of all results of the original test and the retests shall be a
minimum of 34 J/cm2. If the retests fail these requirements then the welds represented by the test
specimens shall be deemed not to conform to this European Standard.
10.3 Non-destructive testing
10.3.1 General

Guidance on the selection of non-destructive test methods for welds is given in Annex J.
10.3.2 Internal imperfections

Examination for internal flaws shall comprise 100 % radiographic and/or ultrasonic examination of
shell longitudinal and circumferential welds in accordance with 10.4.1 and 10.4.2 or 10.4.3 as
applicable.
10.3.3 Surface imperfections

Examination for surface imperfections shall comprise 100 % magnetic particle and/or penetrant testing
of all welds that attach nozzles, branches and doubler plates to the shell and end plates and all other
attachment welds to pressure components in accordance with 10.4.4 and 10.4.5 as applicable.

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10.4 Non-destructive testing for welds

10.4.1 Radiographic testing

Radiographic examinations shall be carried out in accordance with #EN ISO 5579$ and
EN ISO 17636-1 and EN ISO 17636-2 (class B).
Radiographic sensitivity shall conform to #EN ISO 19232-1$ and EN ISO 19232-2.
Other radiographic techniques may be used by agreement between the purchaser, the manufacturer
and the competent person, provided it can be demonstrated that comparable sensitivities can be
achieved.
10.4.2 Marking and identification of radiographs

Each section of weld shall have suitable symbols affixed to identify the following:
a) the job or workplace serial number, order number or similar distinctive reference number;

b) the weld location;

c) the section of the weld;

d) arrows, or other symbols, alongside but clear of the outer edges of the weld to clearly identify the
position.

NOTE The weld location reference can be identified, e.g. with a letter “L” for a longitudinal weld and a “C” for
a circumferential weld, with addition of 1, 2, 3, etc. to indicate whether the weld was the first, second, third, etc. of
the type.

Symbols consisting of lead arrows, letters and/or numerals shall be positioned so that their images
appear on the radiograph of the section.
Sufficient overlap shall be provided to ensure that radiographs cover the whole of the weld. Each
radiograph shall exhibit a number near each end.
Radiographs of repair welds shall be clearly identified R1, R2, etc. for the first repair, second repair, etc.
10.4.3 Ultrasonic testing

Ultrasonic testing shall be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 17640.

10.4.4 Magnetic particle testing

Magnetic particle inspection testing shall conform to EN ISO 17638.

Particular care shall be taken to avoid damage to surfaces by misuse of magnetic equipment. Any
damage that occurs shall be repaired.
10.4.5 Penetrant testing

Penetrant testing of welds shall be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 3452-1.
10.5 Qualification of non-destructive testing personnel

Personnel performing and evaluating non-destructive examinations shall be qualified and certified in
accordance with EN ISO 9712. Non-destructive testing personnel and supervisors shall have adequate
knowledge of the job and basic knowledge of welding. Testing personnel shall be independent of the
personnel responsible for manufacture.

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10.6 Visual examination of welds

All welds shall be visually examined on completion in accordance with EN ISO 17637. The examined
surface shall be well illuminated and free from grease, dirt, scale, residue, or protective coating of any
kind. The examination shall apply to both sides of the welded joint as far as possible.
Visual examinations should be supplemented by magnetic particle or penetrant testing in case of doubt.
10.7 Acceptance criteria

Acceptance criteria for non-destructive and visual examinations shall conform to Annex I. Unacceptable
imperfections shall be repaired in accordance with 8.9 or the component shall be rejected.
Imperfections shall be as defined in EN ISO 6520-1 and EN ISO 6520-2.
10.8 #Safety precautions at the hydraulic test$

#deleted text$
The first pressurization shall be carried out under controlled conditions with appropriate safety
precautions.
NOTE A recommended procedure is given in Annex K.

11 External corrosion protection and finishing

11.1 External protection

Pressure vessels shall have sufficient external protection against corrosion arising from atmospheric
effects.
11.2 Finishing operations

The pressure vessel shall be protected from the ingress of foreign matter during transportation,
handling and fixing to the chassis, and other finishing operations.
Any packaging and protection used during storage/transport of the finished products should be
selected to have the minimum environmental impact, i.e. use of recyclable or bio-degradable materials,
minimum use of energy.

12 Marking
Markings conforming to the requirements of ADR shall be permanently placed on a corrosion-resistant
metal nameplate permanently attached to the pressure vessel or its supports, in a place readily
accessible for inspection.
NOTE 1 See sections 6.8.2.5 and 6.8.3.5 of ADR.

NOTE 2 The marking of cylinders/pressure vessels is regulated by RID/ADR which take precedence over any
clause in this European Standard. The European Directive on Transportable Pressure Equipment 2010/35/EU
#[14]$ includes additional marking requirements (π-marking).

13 Records and documentation

13.1 Documentation obtained by the manufacturer

The following documentation shall be obtained by the manufacturer:

a) type approval certificate;

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b) certificates showing chemical analysis and details of the mechanical properties of the steel used in
construction of the pressure retaining parts of the pressure vessels (see 4.7);

c) a certificate for formed parts conforming to EN 10204:2004 if required (see 8.5.4).

13.2 Records prepared by the manufacturer

The manufacturer shall prepare the following records:

a) fully dimensioned drawings including material specification and design criteria;

b) records of heat treatment, if applicable;

c) records of mechanical tests;

d) records of visual examination and dimensional checks on formed parts;

e) welding procedure specifications and qualification certificates conforming to EN ISO 15614-1;

f) a list of the welders and records of their approval tests conforming to #EN ISO 9606-1$;

g) records of any weld repairs;

h) a certificate of the hydraulic pressure test;

i) radiographs and results of non-destructive tests;

j) a certificate of water capacity measurement;

k) a certificate of conformity to this European Standard, endorsed by a notified/designated body.

13.3 Retention and supply of documents

The manufacturer or agent shall retain copies of all documentation for at least twenty years.
Documentation shall be supplied to the purchaser or operator on request.

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Annex A
(normative)

Guidance on selection of material grades

Table A.1 lists material grades from the standards specified in Clause 4 that may be used for fabricating
the pressure vessel.
Not all of the grades listed have guaranteed mechanical properties that conform to Clause 4. Some
grades may require special testing to demonstrate conformity.
The steel group as defined in EN 13445-2 is also listed for each of the grades. The grouping is referred
to in Table I.4.
Table A.1 — Steel grades

Specification Grade Yield Tensile Minimum impact values (V-notched Elongation Steel
Point a Strength b test pieces) after group
fracture d
ReH Rm
%
N/mm2 N/mm2 Toughness Energy c Test
J/cm2 J temperature
°C
EN 10028-2 P235GH 235 360 34 27 0 24 St 1.1
P265GH 265 410 34 27 0 22 St 1.1
P295GH 295 460 34 27 0 21 St 1.2
P355GH 355 510 34 27 0 20 St 1.2
EN 10028-3 P275NH 275 390 37,5 30 -20 24 St 1.1
P275NL1 355 490 43,75 35 -20 22 St 1.1
P275NL2 460 570 e 37,5 30 -40 17 St 1.1
P355N 37,5 30 -20 St 1.2
P355NH 37,5 30 -20 St 1.2
P355NL1 43,75 35 -20 St 1.2
P355NL2 37,5 30 -40 St 1.2
P460NH 37,5 30 -20 St 2.1
P460NL1 43,75 35 -20 St 2.1
P460NL2 37,5 30 -40 St 2.1
EN 10025-2 S 235J2 235 360 34 27 -20 26 St 1.1
S 275J2 275 430 34 27 -20 23 St 1.1
S 355J2 355 #470$ 34 27 -20 22 St 1.2
a The values of ReH only apply to thicknesses up to 16 mm.
b The values of Rm are the specified minimum values.
c The impact absorbed energy values refer to a standard 10 mm × 10 mm specimen.
d Lo = 5,65√So in accordance with EN ISO 6892-1.
e Maximum tensile strength not to exceed 720 N/mm2, see 4.3.

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BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Annex B
(normative)

Reference temperatures for design

B.1 Introduction
The liquid volume and developed pressure of LPG in a closed system are a function of the ambient
temperature.

B.2 General
The reference temperatures designated in this annex shall be applicable for the design of road tankers
operating in the countries subject to the ADR Agreement #[12]$, unless a competent authority of a
country with lower ambient temperatures, in accordance with updated EU Council
Directive 2008/68/EC #[13]$, authorises, for transport within its territory, the reference
temperature designated in Annex C.

B.3 Developed pressure

The reference temperature for developed pressure shall be as specified in Table B.1. The corresponding
pressure value shall be not less than the minimum test pressure specified in ADR #[12]$.
Table B.1 — Reference temperature for developed pressure

Sun shield Pressure vessel diameter

D ≥ 1,5 m D < 1,5 m
(°C) (°C)
Without sun shield 65 70
With sun shield 60 70

B.4 Filling
B.4.1 The reference temperature used for calculation of maximum allowable fill shall be 50 °C.

B.4.2 Pressure vessels shall be designed to be filled in accordance with the following formula:

a = 0, 95 ρ

where
a is the degree of filling, in kg/l;
ρ is the density of the liquid phase at the reference temperature (50 °C).
B.4.3 Pressure vessels shall not become 100 % liquid full at 60 °C.

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Annex C
(informative)

Alternative reference temperatures for design

C.1 Introduction
The liquid volume and developed pressure of LPG in a closed system are a function of the ambient
temperature.

C.2 General
The reference temperatures designated in this annex shall be applicable for the design of road tankers
when authorised by a national competent authority for use within its territory, in accordance with EU
Council Directive 2008/68/EC #[13]$.

C.3 Developed pressure

The reference temperature for developed pressure shall be as specified in Table C.1.
Table C.1 — Reference temperatures for developed pressure

Sun shield Pressure vessel diameter

D ≥ 1,5 m D < 1,5 m
(°C) (°C)
Without sun shield 50 55
With sun shield 50 a 55 a
a Lower values of temperature with a sun shield may be used if justified by
experience or experimental testing.

C.4 Filling
C.4.1 The reference temperature used for calculation of maximum allowable fill shall be 32,5 °C.

C.4.2 Pressure vessels shall be designed to be filled in accordance with the following formula:

a = 0, 95 ρ

where
a is the degree of filling, in kg/l;
ρ is the density of the liquid phase at the reference temperature (32,5 °C).
C.4.3 Pressure vessels shall not become 100 % liquid full at 40 °C.

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BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Annex D
(normative)

Design

D.1 Design stresses

D.1.1 The nominal design stress, f, shall be the lesser of Formula (D.1) or Formula (D.2):

# f = R eH / 1, 5 $ (D.1)

f = R m / 2, 4
# $ (D.2)

where
f is nominal design stress;
ReH is the yield strength specified in the material standard or specification;
Rm is the tensile strength specified in the material standard or specification.
D.1.2 The following units shall be used in the formulae in this annex:

— pressure – N/mm2;

— stress – N/mm2; and

— dimensions – mm.

D.2 Design pressure

The design pressure shall be no lower than the developed pressure according to Annex B or Annex C
(where authorised).
#deleted text$

D.3 Design formulae

D.3.1 Cylindrical shell calculation

The minimum required thickness shall be the greater of Formula (D.3) or Formula (D.4):
0, 833 pD0
e min = (D.3)
2 fz + 0, 833 p

and
D0
e min
= + 1, 5 (D.4)
500

where
D0 is the outside diameter of the shell;

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

p is the design pressure;

z is the joint efficiency = 1,0;
f is the nominal design stress.

#The minimum thickness will not be less than that calculated in accordance with the ADR.$
D.3.2 Dished ends

D.3.2.1 Minimum thickness

#Dished ends may be torispherical, ellipsoidal or hemispherical. The minimum thickness will not be
less than that calculated in accordance with the ADR.$
D.3.2.2 Torispherical end calculation

The following rules are limited in application to ends for which:

r ≥ 0, 06 Di (D.5)

r > 3e (D.6)

e ≤ 0, 08 Di (D.7)

R ≤ D0 (D.8)

The required thickness e is the greatest of es, ey and eb where:

0, 833 pR
es = (D.9)
2 fz − 0, 417 p

ey =
(
0, 833 β p 0, 75R + 0, 2Di ) (D.10)
f

and
 1 
 
 1,5 

 0,833 p  Di  0,825

˜ eb
= ( 0, 75R + 0, 2 Di )     ™ (D.11)
 111 f b  r  

where

R eH for all materials

fb =
1, 5
and
β factor determined from Figure D.1 or by calculation (see D.3.2.5);
Di inside diameter of end;
D0 outside diameter of shell;
e required thickness of the end;

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

eb minimum thickness of knuckle to avoid buckling;

es minimum thickness of end to limit membrane stress in central part;
ey minimum thickness of knuckle to avoid axi-symetric yielding;
f nominal design stress;
fb design stress for buckling calculation;
p design pressure;
R inside radius of curvature of central part of torispherical end;
r inside radius of knuckle;
z joint efficiency = 1,0.
The thickness of the spherical part of the end may be reduced to the value es over a circular area that
shall not come closer to the knuckle than the distance Re .
Any straight cylindrical flange shall conform to D.3.1 for a cylinder, unless the length is not greater
than 0, 2 × Di e , in which case the flange may be the same thickness as the knuckle.

D.3.2.3 Ellipsoidal end calculation

An ellipsoidal end is defined as able to produce a truly semi-ellipsoidal shape without distinct spherical
knuckle radii.
The design method converts these ends to equivalent torispheres that are calculated in accordance with
D.3.2.2.
NOTE These rules apply only to ends for which 1,7 < K < 2,2 and z = 1.

Ellipsoidal ends shall be designed as nominally equivalent torispherical ends with:

 0, 5 
=r  − 0, 08  Di (D.12)
 K 

and
=R (0, 44K + 0, 02) Di (D.13)

where

K = Di 2hi

K is the shape factor for an ellipsoidal end;

hi is the inside height of the ellipsoidal end.
D.3.2.4 Hemispherical ends

The required thickness of a hemispherical end is given by Formula (D.14). The thickness of the cylinder
to which the end attaches shall be kept at or above the minimum determined by D.3.1 for the cylinder
up to the tangent line.
This method is valid for e/D0 ≤ 0,16:
0, 833 pR
es = (D.14)
2 fz − 0, 417 p

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

D.3.2.5 Formulae for calculating β

(
Y = min e R ; 0, 04 ) (D.15)

( )
z = log 1 Y (D.16)

X = r Di (D.17)

 
 1 
=N  1, 006 −  (D.18)
( )
4
 6, 2 + 90Y 
 

For X = 0,2:

{ (
β 0,2 max 0, 95 0, 56 − 1, 94Y − 82, 5Y 2 ; 0, 5
= ) } (D.19)

For X = 0,1:

(
−0, 1833 Z 3 + 1, 0383 Z 2 − 1, 2943 Z + 0, 837 N
β 0,1 = ) (D.20)

For X = 0,06:

(
−0, 3635 Z 3 + 2, 2124 Z 2 − 3, 2937 Z + 1, 8873 N
β 0,06 = ) (D.21)

For 0,1 < X< 0,2:

(( ) (
β 10 0, 2 − X β 0,1 + X − 0, 1 β 0,2
= ) ) (D.22)

For 0,06 < X< 0,1:

(( ) (
β 25 0, 1 − X β 0,06 + X − 0, 06 β 0,1
= ) ) (D.23)

NOTE The formulae for β, given above, lead to an iterative calculation. A computer procedure is
recommended.

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BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Figure D.1 — Parameter β for torispherical end – Design

D.3.3 Conical shell calculations

D.3.3.1 General requirements

This calculation is for offset cones between two cylinders (see Figure D.2).
The cylinders shall have parallel centre lines offset from each other by a distance not greater than the
difference between their radii.
A thickness shall be calculated in accordance with D.3.3.3 for the junction at the large end.
A thickness shall be calculated in accordance with D.3.3.4 for the junction at the small end.
The greater of these shall apply to the whole cone.
The calculations do not apply to cones for which the half angle at the apex of the cone is greater than
60°, or for which (e cosα)/Dc ≤ 0,001, where Dc is the mean diameter of the cylinder at the junction with
the cone.
D.3.3.2 Thickness of conical shell

The minimum permissible thickness of a cone, at any point along its length, shall be the greater of es and
ej, where:
0, 833 pDi 1
=e × (D.24)
2 fz − p0, 833 cos α

or

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 BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

0, 833 pDe 1
=e × (D.25)
2 fz − p0, 833 cos α

where
α is the greatest semi-angle of the cone at the apex in degrees;
Di is the inside diameter of the cone at the point under consideration;
De is the outside diameter of the cone at the point under consideration;
e is the required thickness of the cone;
f is the nominal design stress;
p is the design pressure;
z is the joint efficiency = 1,0.
The thickness of the cone may be increased locally or generally to provide reinforcement at branches or
openings or to carry non-pressure loads.
D.3.3.3 Junction between large end of a cone and a cylinder without a knuckle

This subclause applies provided that the joint is a butt weld in which the inside and outside surfaces
merge smoothly with the adjacent cone and cylinder without local reduction in thickness.
NOTE 1 The junction is the intersection of shell centre-lines (see Figure D.2 b)).

 
   
1  Dc × tan α  − 0, 15
β = (D.26)
3  ej    
  1+  1  
 cos α
  

0, 833 pDc β
ej = (D.27)
2f

where
β is a factor defined above;
Dc is the mean diameter of the cone at the section under consideration, generally at the large
end;
ej is a required thickness at a junction at the large end of a cone;
e1 is the required thickness of the cylinder at the junction;
e2 is the required thickness at the cone at the junction;
f is the nominal design stress.
NOTE 2 Formula (D.26) and Formula (D.27) are a trial and error calculation for ej. The answer is acceptable if
the value is not less than that assumed to calculate β. Figure D.3 gives β directly as a function of 0,833p/f and α.

The minimum thickness e1 of the cylinder adjacent to the junction is the greater of ec and ej, where ej is
the thickness calculated using Formula (D.27), and ec is the required thickness of the cylinder as
specified in D.3.1.
This thickness shall be maintained for a distance of at least 1,4 l1 from the junction along the cylinder,
where l1 = Dc e1 is the length along the cylinder.

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 BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

The minimum thickness, e2, of the cone adjacent to the junction is the greater of e and ej, where e is the
thickness of the cone specified in D.3.3.2 and ej is the thickness calculated using Formula (D.27).
This thickness shall be maintained for a distance of at least 1,4 l1 from the junction along the cone,
where l 2 = ( Dc e 2 / cos α ) .

D.3.3.4 Junction between the small end of a cone and a cylinder

This subclause applies provided the thicknesses conform to D.3.1 and D.3.3.2.
The required thicknesses e1 for the cylinder or dished ends or e2 for the cone are determined by
applying the following procedure.
Assume initial values of e1 and e2:
e2
S = (D.28)
e1

 D 
c tan α 
β H= 0, 4  × + 0, 5 (D.29)
 e τ 
 1 

If S < 1:
 
S 1 + S2
=τ S +  (D.30)
 cos α 2 
 

If S ≥ 1:

 1 + S2 
1+ 
τ = ×S (D.31)
 2 cos α 
 

Formula (D.28) and Formula (D.29) do not provide values for e1 and e2 separately. These may require
adjustment relative to each other to suit the design. If:
2 fze 2
0, 833 p ≤ (D.32)
Dc β H

then e1 and e2 are acceptable, where βH is a factor defined in Formula (D.29). If:
2 fze 2
0, 833 p > (D.33)
Dc β H

repeat with increased values of e1 and e2. The final derived thickness for e1 and e2 shall be maintained
for a distance l1 and l2 from the junction, respectively, where l1 and l2 are determined in accordance with
D.3.3.3.

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 BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Key
1 offset
a) Offset cone

b) Cone/cylinder intersection without knuckle: large end

c) Cone/cylinder intersection: small end

Figure D.2 — Conical shells

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BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Figure D.3 — Values of coefficient β for cone/cylinder intersection without knuckle

D.4 Nozzle reinforcement

D.4.1 The design method specified in D.4.2 to D.4.10 shall only apply to cylindrical shells and dished
ends with circular or elliptical openings, with which the conditions specified in D.4.1 and D.4.2 apply.

The size of openings shall be limited as follows:

— cylindrical shells: d i Di ≤ 1

— dished ends: d i 2rim ≤ 0, 6

where
Di is the inside diameter of the cone at the point under consideration;
di is the inside diameter of the opening or branch;
rim is the inside radius of the main body (shell or dished end).
The ratio of branch thickness to main body thickness eb/em shall conform to the limits of Figure D.4.
D.4.2 The distance between openings or branches, measured from the outside of the branches or
pads, shall be not less than 2lm, where:

=lm (2rim + e m ) e m (D.34)

where
for shells:

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 BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

rim = Di/2 (D.35)

for torispherical ends

rim = rih (D.36)

and for ellipsoidal ends

 0, 22Di 
=rim Di  + 0, 02  (D.37)
 h 
 i 

where
Di inside diameter of shell or straight flange of dished end;
em analysis thickness of main body (shell or dished end) maintained within the length lm;
hi inside height of an ellipsoidal dished end;
lm length of main body considered as effective compensation, measured along the material
centreline from the edge of the opening without a branch or outside of the branch (or pad)
(see Formula (D.34));
rim inside radius of main body (shell or dished end ) as specified in D.4.2;
rih inside radius of hemispherical dished end or spherical portion of torispherical head.
#The distance between openings or branches (measured from the outside of the branches, pads, or
compensation plates) may be reduced by using the relevant compensation calculations from
EN 13445-3.$
D.4.3 Openings and branches and their reinforcements in dished heads shall be located entirely
within the spherical portion of the torisphere.

D.4.4 Cylindrical shells and dished ends with openings shall be reinforced where required.
Reinforcement of the main body may be obtained by the following measures:

a) by set-in welded pads (see Figure D.5);

b) by set-on or set-in welded branches as shown in Figure D.6.

D.4.5 The reinforcement area of the main body with openings cannot be calculated directly but shall
be assumed in the first instance. The assumption may be verified by means of the method given in D.4.6
to D.4.10. The applied method is based on basic pressure thicknesses derived from Formula (D.3) for
cylindrical shells and from the formulae in D.3.2 for dished ends, and leads to relationships between a
pressure loaded area Ap and a stress loaded cross sectional area that is given by Afm + Afp + Afb
(see Figure D.5). The calculation may be repeated using a corrected assumption of the reinforcement
area.

D.4.6 #Sufficient$ reinforcement shall be provided in all planes through the axis of the opening
branch.

NOTE For branches in cylindrical shells, the longitudinal cross section (upper figure in Figures D.5 and D.6)
will in general govern the design calculation.$

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BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

D.4.7 For elliptical openings the ratio between the major and the minor axis shall not exceed 1,5. For
elliptical openings in cylindrical shells and dished ends, the opening axis parallel to the longitudinal axis
of the cylinder shall be considered as the diameter for design purposes. For elliptical openings in dished
ends the major axis shall be considered as the diameter.

D.4.8 Set-on or set-in welded branches, fillet welded only, may be considered as reinforcement if they
conform to Figure D.5, Figure D.6 and Figure D.7. Each fillet shall have a throat thickness not less than
0,7 times the pressure vessel wall thickness.

D.4.9 Reinforcement of openings by compensating plates shall not be permitted.

D.4.10 All openings shall conform to the following general relationship:

( (
0, 833 p Ap + 0, 5 Afm + Afb + Afp )) ≤ ( fAfm + f p Afp + f b Afb ) (D.38)

where
Ap is the pressure loaded area as shown in Figure D.5, Figure D.6 and Figure D.7, calculated using
internal dimensions;
Afb is the cross-sectional area of branch within the compensation limits;
Afm is the cross-sectional area of main body (shell or head) within the compensation limits;
Afp is the cross-sectional area of pad within the compensation limits;
f is the nominal design stress of either the shell or dished end;
fb is the lower of the nominal design stress of the branch and f;
fp is the lower of the nominal design stress of the pad and f.
p is the design pressure.
Simplified formulae for calculation of Afm, Afp and Afb for various geometries are given in Figure D.5,
Figure D.6 and Figure D.7. These formulae give acceptable results within the accuracy of the method.
However, the designer can choose to calculate more precise values, based on the true geometry, if
required.

D.5 Nozzle reinforcement by pads or flanges

Only pads of the set-in welded type conforming to Figure D.5 shall be used.
The width of the pads lp considered as contributing to the reinforcement shall not exceed lm.
The value of ep used in determination of Afp in formula in D.4.10 shall not exceed 2em.
ep is the thickness of pad;
em is the actual thickness of main body (shell or head), minus any thinning allowance;
lp is the maximum length of pad considered to be effective as compensation, measured from the
inside surface of the main body;
lm is as defined in Formula (D.34).

D.6 Nozzle reinforcement by branches

D.6.1 The wall thickness of branches (nozzles) shall, if required, exceed the thickness calculated to
withstand internal pressure for a length lb measured from the exterior wall of the main body.

40
 BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

D.6.2 Areas Ap, Afm, Afb, and Afp shall be determined in accordance with Figure D.6, where the lengths
contributing to the reinforcement shall be not more than lm for the shell (see Formula (D.34)), and
Formula (D.39) for the branch.

lb
= (d0 − e b ) e b (D.39)

The maximum value used in calculation of the part extending inside, if any, in the case of set-through
branches (see Figure D.6)) shall be lbi = 0,5lb.
do is the outside diameter of branch;
eb is the analysis thickness of the branch maintained within the length lb;
lb is the length of external branch considered as effective compensation measured from the
outside of the main body;
lbi is the maximum length of the part extending inside, if any, of a set-through branch.

Figure D.4 — Maximum branch to body thickness ratio

41
BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Di  d 
=
# Ap  lm + 0  $
2  2 

Afm = e m l m

Afp = e p l p

rim  d 
# Ap
=  lm + 0  $
2  2 

Afm = e m l m

Afp = e p l p

Figure D.5 — Design of openings - Cylindrical shells with isolated openings - Reinforcement by
pads

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 BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Di  d  d
Ap=
2  2  2
(
 lm + 0  + i lb + em )

Afm = e m l m (set in)

( )
Afm e m l m + e b (set on)
=

rim  d  d
A=
p
2  2  2
(
 lm + 0  + i lb + em )

Afm = e m l m

Figure D.6 — Design of openings - Cylindrical shells with isolated openings - Reinforcement by
welded branches

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BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

rim  d 
=Ap  lm + 0 
2  2 

Afm = e m l m

(
Afb e b e b + l bi
= )

Figure D.7 — Design of openings - Cylindrical shells with isolated openings - Intruded branch in
a dished end

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 BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Annex E
(informative)

Example of joints

Figure E.1 — V-butt weld

Key
1 bevel optional
2 inside diameter
3 as desired
4 depth of offset = e1
5 avoid sharp break
NOTE The dimension limits (i.e. ≥ e, ≤ 2,5e) apply to weld preparation only.

The finished weld should have a smooth profile and should completely fill the grooves to the full
thickness of the plates being joined. 8.4.3 specifies where joggle joints can be applied.

The offset section that forms the weld backing should be a close fit within the mating section round its
entire circumference. This can be achieved by machining the spigot of the offset section, provided the
thickness remaining as backing material is not less than 75 % of the original thickness.

Figure E.2 — Joggle joint

45
BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

L = e/3 minimum but not less than 6 mm

Figure E.3 — Nozzle joints: set on

46
 BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Key
F is the minimum weld bead depth
e is the shell thickness

Figure E.4 — Nozzle joints - Set in

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BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Figure E.5 — Nozzle joints - Integral backing

48
 BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Annex F
(normative)

Allowable tolerances

F.1Pressure vessels
F.1.1 External diameter

The mean external diameter derived from the circumference shall not deviate by more than 1,5 % from
the external diameter shown on the manufacturer's design drawing.
F.1.2 Out of roundness

Out of roundness, O, the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum diameter and the
mean diameter as defined by Formula (F.1).

O=
(
2 Dmax − Dmin ) (F.1)
( Dmax + Dmin )
Out of roundness, O, shall not exceed 1,5 % of the specified external diameter, with a maximum (in
millimetres) of Formula (F.2):
D + 1 250
O= (F.2)
200

where
D is the mean external diameter, in mm;
Dmax is the measured maximum diameter, in mm;
Dmin is the measured minimum diameter, in mm;
O is the out of roundness ratio.
These tolerances shall apply to the shell, including the straight flange length on the dished ends.
At nozzle positions, a greater out of roundness may be permitted if justified by calculation or strain
gauge measurement. Single dents or knuckles shall be within tolerance. Dents (if present) shall be
smooth and their depth (i.e. the deviation from the surface of the shell) shall not exceed 1 % of their
length or 2 % of their width. Greater dents and knuckles are permissible if they are proven acceptable
by calculation or strain gauge measurements. Maximum stresses local to these deviations shall be in
accordance with the calculation method, e.g. EN 13445-3.
The cylindrical shell tolerance on pressure vessels designed for vacuum conditions, where the thickness
of the pressure vessel is governed by the vacuum criterion, shall be circular to within 0,5 % of radius
(i.e. 0,005R) measured from the true centre.
F.1.3 Deviation of straightness

The deviation from straightness shall not exceed 0,5 % of the total length of the pressure vessel.
F.1.4 Irregularities in profile

Irregularities in profile shall not exceed the following:

49
BS EN 12493:2013+A2:2018
EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

a) 2 % of the gauge length (checked by a 20° gauge); or

b) 2,5 % of the gauge length (checked by a 20° gauge) where the length of the irregularities does not
exceed one quarter of the tangential length of the shell strake part between two circumferential
seams, with a maximum of 1,0 m; or

c) if either of the above are exceeded, proof by calculation or strain gauge measurement shall be
required to show that the stresses are permissible.

If irregularity in the profile occurs at the welded seam and is associated with “flats” adjacent to the
weld, the irregularity in profile or “peaking” shall not exceed e/3 (see Figure F.1), where e is the wall
thickness.
NOTE A conservative method of measurement (covering peaking and ovality) is given in Annex H.

Other types of gauges (e.g. bridge gauges, needle gauges) may be acceptable for measurements.

F.2Dished end tolerance

F.2.1 Thickness of material

The thickness of the material after forming shall at no point be less than the thickness determined in
accordance with Annex D.
F.2.2 Profile

Dished ends shall be within the tolerances specified in Table F.1. The crown radius shall be not greater
than the value specified in the design, and the knuckle radius shall be not less than the value specified in
the design.

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Key
R crown radius
r knuckle radius
H dish height
h straight flange
e wall thickness
D external diameter
C circumference (πD)
O out of roundness (see F.1)
αi deviation of the bore from cylindrical shape: inner side
αo deviation of the bore from cylindrical shape: outer side

Figure F.1 — Example of a dished end profile

Table F.1 — Dished end tolerances

Feature Tolerance of the Notes

feature
D = 1 000 mm ± 0,4 % Special manufacturing conditions may require
C
D > 1 000 mm ± 0,3 % smaller tolerances.

O 1 % of D Special manufacturing conditions may require

smaller tolerances.
H + 0,015D or 10 mm The tolerance shall not fall below zero.
whichever is the
greater
e = 10 mm - 0,3 mm The actual wall thickness shall not fall below the
e > 10 mm - 0,5 mm minimum value calculated in Annex D.

αi 2° For dished ends where the outer side angle is

influenced by an upsetting due to the forming
αo 5°
process, the deviation of the straight flange from
the cylindrical shape shall be measured only on
the inside of the dished end.

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F.3Assembly tolerances
F.3.1 Middle line alignment

F.3.1.1 For longitudinal joints in the cylindrical shells, the middle lines of adjacent plates shall be
aligned within the following tolerances:

— 1 mm for plate thickness e up to and including 10 mm;

— 10 % of thickness for plate thickness e above 10 mm.

F.3.1.2 For circumferential joints, the middle lines of adjacent plates shall be in alignment with the
following tolerances:

— 1 mm for plate thickness e up to and including 10 mm; and

— the sum of 10 % of the thinner part and 1 mm for plate thickness e above 10 mm.

F.3.2 Surface alignment

The misalignment at the surface of the plates for plate thickness e shall either be as specified in a) and
b), or if this misalignment is exceeded, the surface shall be tapered with a slope of 1:4 over a width that
includes the width of the weld, with the lower surfaces built up with added weld metal, if required, to
provide the required taper. Trimming of plate surfaces shall not be permitted if this reduces the
thickness below the required minimum.
a) For longitudinal joints in shells the surfaces of adjacent plates shall be aligned within the following
tolerances:

— e/4 for thickness e up to and including 12 mm;

— 3 mm for plate thickness e over 12 mm.

b) For circumferential joints the surface of adjacent plates shall be aligned within the following
tolerances:

— e/4 for plate thickness e up to and including 20 mm;

— 5 mm for plate thickness e over 20 mm.

F.4Attachments, nozzles and fittings

Pads, doubler plates, lugs, brackets, supports, and other attachments shall fit closely to the shell. The
gap at all exposed edges to be welded shall not exceed 2 mm.
Except where specific dimensions are shown on the fully dimensioned drawing, the maximum gap
between the outside of any branch or shell and the inside edge of the hole in the shell, flange,
reinforcing ring, or backing ring shall not exceed 1,5 mm for openings up to 300 mm in diameter and
3 mm for openings over 300 mm. To achieve this gap it may be permissible to machine over a sufficient
length of the outside diameter of the pressure vessel or nozzle to accommodate the attachment to be
welded. The machined length shall not extend beyond the toes or edges of the attachment welds, and
shall not reduce the nozzle wall thickness to a value less than the design thickness.

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F.5Overall length
The length of the finished pressure vessel shall conform to the nominal length shown on the
manufacturing drawing (see 8.1).

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Annex G
(normative)

Heat treatment

G.1 Method of post-weld heat treatment

For post-weld heat treatment the pressure vessel shall be heated as a whole in an enclosed furnace up
to 550 °C to 600 °C and held at a steady temperature for 30 min.

G.2 Temperature control

During heating and cooling periods, variation in temperature throughout the pressure vessel or
component shall not exceed 150 °C within 4 500 mm and the temperature gradient shall be gradual.
Above 500 °C the variation shall not exceed 100 °C.
During the heating and holding periods, the furnace atmosphere shall be controlled to avoid excessive
oxidization of the surface of the pressure vessel or component.

G.3 Temperature limit

The temperature of the furnace when the pressure vessel is placed in or taken out shall not exceed
400 °C.
The rate for heating or cooling the furnace temperature shall not exceed 220 °C/h.

G.4 Temperature measurement

The specified temperature shall be the actual temperature of any part of the pressure vessel or heated
zone and shall be determined by thermocouples in effective contact with the pressure vessel.
A sufficient number of temperatures shall be recorded continuously and automatically.
Several thermocouples shall be applied to ensure that the whole pressure vessel or treated zone is
within the range specified. Additional pyrometers shall be utilised to check that undesirable thermal
gradients do not occur.
The heat treatment record shall be available. Thermocouples shall be calibrated at regular intervals.

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Annex H
(informative)

Typical method for measurement of shell peaking

H.1 Profile gauge

To measure peaking a profile gauge (see Figure H.1) shall be made for each size of pressure vessel.
The minimum inner arc length of the gauge shall be 0,175Do (20° of arc), where Do is the external
diameter of the pressure vessel. This diameter shall be checked by measurement of the pressure vessel.
For some pressure vessels the calculated arc length may not extend beyond the flats. Because of this,
the minimum arc length of the gauge should be sufficient to clear the flats. The width of the weld cut
should be 28 mm but this may be longer to ensure that the cut out is clear of the weld (see Figure H.1).

H.2 Peaking survey

The approximate zone of maximum peaking shall be determined by taking readings at intervals of
approximately 250 mm along the longitudinal welds. When the maximum zone has been found, the
maximum peaking P shall be determined by accurate measurement of P1 and P2 (see Figure H.1). Care
shall be taken to ensure that the gauge makes contact with the shell at the points indicated in the note
to Figure H.1.
It may be beneficial to make a taper gauge as shown in Figure H.2, for checking P1 and P2.
Approximate dimensions of the flats shall be measured at the point of maximum peaking and recorded.
If there is a significant high spot between points A and B or between points D and C in Figure H.1 b) then
this method may overestimate the peaking. A plaster cast shall be made to verify the amount of peaking.
Points A and D shall be clear of any flats.

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Dimensions in millimetres

Key
1 inner edge of gauge to match the nominal outside diameter (Do) of shell (to be checked)
a) 20° gauge details
b) P + P2
Measurement of outward peaking - maximum peaking, P = 1
4
c) Measurement of inward peaking
For Figure H.1 b) the gauge should touch the shell at point A and as near to point B as possible. When
the gauge touches point D it should be as near as possible to point C.

Figure H.1 — Measurement of shell peaking

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Figure H.2 — Taper gauge

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Annex I
(normative)

Welding imperfections and test specimens

I.1 Imperfections
Acceptance levels for internal and surface weld imperfections shall conform to Table I.1 and Table I.2
respectively, and the maximum reinforcement for welds shall conform to Table I.3.
The following symbols are used in Table I.1, Table I.2 and Table I.3:
a nominal fillet weld throat thickness;
b width of weld reinforcement;
d diameter of pore;
h height of imperfection;
w width of imperfection;
l length of imperfection;
t wall or plate thickness.
Table I.1 — Acceptance levels for internal imperfections detected by NDT methods

Imperfection EN ISO 6520-1:2007 Limit for detectable imperfection

EN ISO 6520-2:2013
reference
Cracks and 100 Not permitted.
lamellar tears
Porosity 2011 d = 0,3t, maximum 4 mm.
Uniformly 2012 For any individual gas pore, see 2011.
distributed Not permitted if the total projected surface porosity
porosity exceeds 2 % of the considered projected surface of
weld.
Localised 2013 For any individual gas pore, see 2011.
(clustered) Not permitted if the total projected surface porosity
porosity exceeds 4 % of the considered projected surface of the
weld, which is the greatest of the following areas a:
— area 1: an envelope surrounding all the
pores;

— area 2: a circle with a diameter

corresponding to the weld width.

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Imperfection EN ISO 6520-1:2007 Limit for detectable imperfection

EN ISO 6520-2:2013
reference
Linear porosity 2014 Same as for uniformly distributed pores, see 2012, but
the distance between two pores shall be greater than
twice the diameter of the larger pore, and not less than
4 mm, to ensure there is no lack of fusion.
Elongated cavity 2015 l = 0,3t, maximum 5 mm; and w = 2 mm.
Not permitted if occurring at a stop or restart.
Wormhole 2016 Same as for elongated cavity, see 2015.
Shrinkage cavity 202.00 l = 0,3t, maximum 4 mm; and w = 2 mm.
Not permitted if occurring at a stop or restart.
Slag and flux 301 Not permitted if occurring at a stop or restart.
inclusions and 302
oxide inclusions
303
(parallel to the
weld axis)
Slag and flux 3012 Individual length, maximum 0,3t.
inclusions 3013
(random, not
3022
parallel to weld
axis) 3023

Tungsten 3041 Same as porosity, see 2011.

inclusions
Copper inclusions 3042 Not permitted.
Lack of fusion 401 Not permitted.
(side, root or
inter-run)
Incomplete 402 Not permitted
penetration
a area = maximum length of weld affected times local width of weld.

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Table I.2 — Acceptance levels of surface imperfections in welds found by visual examination
and/or NDT methods

Imperfection EN ISO 6520-1:2007 Limit for detectable imperfection

EN ISO 6520-2:2013
reference
Cracks and lamellar 100 Not permitted.
tears
Slag inclusions (all) 301 Not permitted if occurring at the surface (shall be removed
Flux inclusions (all) 302 e.g. by grinding).
Oxide inclusions (all) 303
Metallic inclusions 304
(all)
Lack of fusion (side, 401 Not permitted.
root or inter-run)
Lack of penetration 402 Not permitted.
Imperfect shape 500 These imperfections are normally accepted or rejected by
visual examination and the same acceptance criteria shall be
applied. These imperfections can occur on surfaces with no
access for visual examination (e.g. internal tubes). In these
cases other techniques should be considered as a basis for
acceptance.
Undercut 5011 t ≥ 16 mm: h = 0,5 mm long imperfections.
5012 6 mm = t < 16 mm: h = 0,3 mm for long imperfections;
h = 0,5 mm for short imperfections.
t < 6 mm: h = 0,3 mm for short imperfections.
Local protrusion 5041 Occasional local protrusion exceeding h (see 504) is
permitted with a maximum that shall be related to the
operating conditions.
Shrinkage groove 5013 Long imperfections: not permitted.
Short imperfections: h = 1 mm.
Root concavity 515 A smooth transition is required.
Excessive penetration 504 h = 1 mm + 0,6b, maximum 4 mm.
Excessive convexity 503 h = 1 mm + 0,15b, smooth transition required.
Excess weld metal 502 h = 1 mm + 0,15b, smooth transition required.
Excessive asymmetry 512 h = 2 mm + 0,15a.
of fillet weld
Irregular surface 514 Reinforcement shall be of continuous and regular shape with
509 complete filling of groove.
511
513
517

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Imperfection EN ISO 6520-1:2007 Limit for detectable imperfection

EN ISO 6520-2:2013
reference
Overlap 506 Not permitted.
Surface misalignment 507 See Annex F.
Spatter 602 Normally, shall be removed from all pressure parts and from
both load carrying/attachment welds. Isolated, non-
systematic spatter may be permitted on components made
from steel St. 1 (see Table A.1).
Arc strike 610 Grind smooth, accept subject to thickness and crack
Spatter 602 detection test.
Tungsten spatter 6021
Torn surface 603
Grinding mark 604
Chipping mark 605
Under flushing 606 Not permitted, any local under flushing shall be related to
the design characteristics (calculated thickness = minimum
thickness for base material). Thickness shall be measured by
ultrasonic method in case of doubt.
NOTE Short imperfections: one or more imperfections of length not greater than 25 mm in any 100 mm length of
weld, or a maximum of 25 % of the weld length for a weld shorter than 100 mm.
Long imperfections: one or more imperfections of total length greater than 25 mm in any 100 mm length of the weld, or a
minimum of 25 % for a weld shorter than 100 mm.

Table I.3 — Maximum reinforcement thickness for finished butt welds in plates

Thicker plate thickness Maximum reinforcement thickness

mm mm
b = 12 2,5
b > 12 3

I.2 Test specimens

Table I.4 gives the number of test specimens that shall be produced and tested from each test plate.

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Table I.4 — Test specimens

Steel Parent Face Root Macro- Impact Impact Longitudinal Transverse

group a metal bend bend examinatio test: test: heat weld tensile tensile test
thickness test test n weld affected test
e deposit zone
≤ 12 1 1 1 3b 3b — —
St. 1
12 — — 1 3 3 — —
≤ 12 1 1 1 3b 3b — —
St. 2
12 — — — 3 3 1c 1
Non-destructive testing may be applied on the test plate prior to cutting the test specimens so that they are
selected from sound areas.
a The grouping system is based on chemical analysis and material properties in relation to manufacture. The groupings are
as defined in EN 13445-2 and shall apply regardless of product form (i.e. plate, forging, piping etc.). Groupings for typical
steels are shown in Annex A. The groupings shall be assessed on the guaranteed properties used in the design. The steel
groupings are the groupings normally used in construction of road tanker pressure vessels. Materials that do not conform to
steel groups 1 and 2 shall be tested in accordance with EN 13445-2 for low temperature.
b Not required for thicknesses less than 5 mm.
c If difficulty is experienced in obtaining an all weld metal test, a full chemical analysis of the weld metal may be carried
out.

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Annex J
(informative)

Choice of non-destructive test methods for welds

J.1 Internal imperfections

Radiographic and ultrasonic methods both have advantages and disadvantages in flaw detection,
identification and sizing.
Radiography is particularly suitable for detection and identification of “volume” imperfections such as
cavities and solid inclusions and incomplete penetration where a gap exists. Ultrasonic flaw detection is
very suitable for detection and sizing of planar defects such as cracks, lack of fusion and “tight”
incomplete penetration in ferritic steels.
The two techniques should be regarded as complementary, and the most suitable method for the
particular application and material should be chosen in each case. Joint geometry may have an
overriding influence on choice of method.
If ultrasonic testing is used to determine the length of imperfections such as slag inclusions, sensitive
techniques can result in indications of length greatly in excess of indications that would be obtained by
radiography.
If ultrasonic testing is chosen, care shall be taken to limit the sensitivity to avoid detection of indications
within the limits for acceptable imperfections (see Annex I). Other suitable methods may also be used.

J.2 Surface imperfections

Magnetic particle and penetrant testing indicate surface imperfections but do not indicate the depth of
surface imperfections. These tests should be used to ensure that no unacceptable surface imperfections
are present. Other suitable methods may also be used.

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EN 12493:2013+A2:2018 (E)

Annex K
(normative)

Hydraulic pressure test

K.1 Temporary fittings

Temporary pipes and connections and blanking devices shall be designed to withstand the standard
test pressure.
Jointing materials for flanged joints shall be the same as used in service.
NOTE RID/ADR require that the use of a gas for the hydraulic pressure test is agreed with the competent
authority.

K.2 Pressure gauges

Pressure gauges shall be selected in accordance with EN 837-2. Pressure gauges shall have an accuracy
at least equal to 4 % of the reading. The test pressure of the pressure vessel shall give a reading on the
gauge between 50 % and 90 % of full scale deflection.
Alternative methods of pressure measurement (e.g. by transducer) may be used if they achieve
equivalent accuracy.

K.3 Pressurizing agent

Water shall normally be used as the pressurizing agent. Ensure that the pressure vessel is positioned so
that entrapped air is vented.
To avoid risk of freezing, the temperature of the water during the test should be not less than 7 °C.

K.4 Avoidance of shock

Pressure vessels undergoing pressure testing shall not be subjected to any form of impact or pulsation
loading.

K.5 Applied pressure

Gradually increase the pressure in the pressure vessel to the test pressure which shall be maintained
for not less than 30 min. There shall be no signs of leakage or yield and no pressure drop when the
pressure vessel is isolated.
On completion of the test, gradually release the pressure. There shall be sufficient venting to ensure that
no vacuum is created during draining.
After the test the pressure vessel shall exhibit no sign of permanent distortion.

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#deleted text$

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Bibliography

[1] EN 286-1, Simple unfired pressure vessels designed to contain air or nitrogen — Part 1: Pressure
vessels for general purposes

[2] EN 1011-2, Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Arc welding
of ferritic steels

[3] EN 1708-1:2010, Welding — Basic welded joint details in steel — Part 1: Pressurized components

[4] EN 13109, LPG equipment and accessories —LPG tanks and drums — Disposal

[5] EN 14025, Tanks for the transport of dangerous goods — Metallic pressure tanks — Design and
construction$

[6] EN 14334, Inspection and testing of LPG road tankers

[7] CEN/TS 16765, LPG equipment and accessories — Environmental considerations for CEN/TC 286
standards$

[8] EN ISO 14021, Environmental labels and declarations — Self-declared environmental claims (Type
II environmental labelling) (ISO 14021)

[9] EN ISO 14024, Environmental labels and declarations — Type I environmental labelling —
Principles and procedures (ISO 14024)

[10] EN ISO 14025, Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations —
Principles and procedures (ISO 14025)

[11] ISO 9162, Petroleum products — Fuels (class F) — Liquefied petroleum gases — Specifications

[12] European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR),
Geneva, 30 September 1957, as amended

[13] Directive 2008/68/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 September 2008 on
the inland transport of dangerous goods

[14] Directive 2010/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on transportable pressure
equipment, Brussels, 16 June 2010, as amended

[15] Measurement uncertainty leaflet (SP INFO 2000 27 uncertainty pdf), Magnus Holmgren et al,
published by Swedish National Testing and Research Institute

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