DC Motor

DC-Machines
UniTrain-Course
"DC Machines"
Course no.: CO4204-7R Version 1.0.0.0
Author: Christoph Müssener
Lucas-Nülle GmbH · Siemensstrasse 2 · D-50170 Kerpen (Sindorf) · Tel.: +49 2273 567-0
www.lucas-nuelle.com www.unitrain.com
Copyright © 2021 LUCAS-NÜLLE GmbH.
All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
Training objectives 5
Equipment 6
Experiment card CO4213-7R 7
Armature 9
Stroboscope 11
Introduction 12
History 13
Advantages and disadvantages 14
Modern applications 15
Fundamentals of magnetism 16
Current linkage/magnetomotive force 17

Magnetic field strength 19
Magnetic flux 20
Magnetic flux density 21
Electromagnetic induction 22
Lorentz force 23
Right-hand rule 24
Knowledge test 25
Principle of DC machines 26
Basic principle 27
Double-T armature in a magnetic field 28
Triple-T armature 30
Practical description of armature winding 31
Generator mode 32
Construction 33
Stator, stator iron core and exciter winding 34

Exciter winding 35
Armature, armature core and armature winding 36

Bearing 38
Commutators and carbon brushes 39

Rating plate 41
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Knowledge test 43
Types of DC machine 44
Terminal designations and circuit diagrams 45

Circuit diagram of a shunt-wound machine 46
Connection and operation 48

Measurement of speed 50
Brush shifting 53
Circuit diagram of a separately-excited machine 55

Series-wound motor 58
Compound-wound machine 62
Commutator winding 66
Compensation winding 67
Universal machines 68
Influence of alternating voltage 71

Measurement of reactance at 50 Hz 72
Main equations 76
Magnetisation characteristic 78
Knowledge test 79
Control of a DC machine 82
Reversing rotation direction 83

Experiment: Rotation direction 84
Armature series resistance 86
Experiment: Armature resistance 88
Voltage change at the armature 90

Experiment: Armature voltage 91
Changing the exciter voltage 94
Experiment exciter voltage change 96
Starting current and starting resistors 99

Experiment: Starting resistors 100
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Braking 105
Experiment braking resistor 106
Knowledge test 110

Copyright 112
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Training objectives
Welcome to the UniTrain DC-Machines course! The LUCAS-NÜLLE team wishes you loads of fun and
success performing the experiments. The following pages provide you with an overview of the
course contents and the required equipment.
In this course knowledge, both theoretical and practical, is conveyed on the subject of "commutator
machines", i.e. DC and universal machines.
Experiment-based investigations performed on series-wound, shunt-wound and universal machines are at
the focal point of this course and provide an understanding of how these machines operate and respond.
Training objectives:
Electromagnetic induction, Lorentz force
Motor, generator
Magnetic fields
Components and design of DC machines
Commutator, carbon brushes
Series-wound, shunt-wound and compound-wound windings
Brush shifting (lead)
Commutating field and compensation windings
Measurements of the armature and exciter current and voltage
Universal motor
Operation with alternating voltage
Rated data, rating plate
Adjusting rotation speed
Reversing rotation direction
Field weakening
Armature and field resistors
Speed measurement using a stroboscope
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Equipment
CO4203-
UniTrain Interface
2A
CO4203-
UniTrain-Experimenter
2B
CO4213- UniTrain card commutator machine

7R with rotor and stroboscope
UniTrain instrument accessories

CO4203-
(shunts board, leads, connection
2J
plugs)
LM2330 Optional multimeter Multi 13S
Optional second
CO4203-
UniTrain Experimenter for use as
2B
docking station
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Experiment card CO4213-7R
The experiment card contains a fully operational DC machine for connection to the DC power supply unit
of the UniTrain system. For training and educational purposes the machine has been constructed with an
open design and equipped with an interchangeable rotor and adjustable carbon brushes. Both motor and
generator operating modes are possible.
Move the mouse pointer over the diagram to view details on the card's individual components.
Technical data:
two-pole, 2 separate
Stator:
windings
Winding resistance
22 Ω
(20°C):
Nominal voltage for

2 x 7.5 V
excitation:
Nominal current for

0.3 A
excitation:
Maximum rotation 4500 (short-term 5000)

speed: rpm
Temperature sensor: KTY84-150 (data sheet)
Dimensions: 160 x 100 mm (H x W)
The experiment card is designed only

for operation with safety extra-low
voltage.
It may be operated exclusively with the
DC/AC power supply of the UniTrain
system.
If used in conjunction with other power
supplies there exists life threatening
danger.
Stator
2 separate windings
The ends of the windings are arranged as 2-mm connecting sockets for connection
configuration as desired for applications as a shunt-wound or series-wound machine
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Accessories
Connectible brake resistor 0.47 W
Resistor of 6.8 W to be used as armature-starting resistance or as exciter resistance
4 starting resistors switchable via relays for experiments on starting (solidly wired to the relays
1 to 4)
Temperature sensor KTY84-150 and constant current source 2 mA
ATTENTION - note
When using this experiment card together with other experiment cards, starting resistances
may collide with the fault simulation circuitry because they are connected in parallel to the
relays.
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Armature
Armature and fixing pin dismantled from a stator:
Commutator with 12 segments

12 windings, each with a cold resistance of 4.3 W and two carbon brushes
Armature's rated voltage = 15 V (short-term: 20 V)
Armature's rated current = 0.4 A (short-term: 1 A)
Max. speed = 5000 rpm (short-term: 6000 rpm)
When installing the armature in the stator, make sure that the fixing pin is inserted into the 4-mm socket
for 0 degrees.
WARNING
The armature unit is designed only to operate at protective low voltages. It must be used
exclusively with the UniTrain system's AC/DC power supply unit. A use of other power supply
units can prove life-threatening.
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Stroboscope
When connected to the UniTrain interface by means of a flexible cable, the LED unit serves as a
stroboscope which can be used for contactless measurement of rotational speed:
0.5 m connection cable with BNC socket

Flashing frequency: Adjustable from 1 .... 150 Hz via the virtual instrument control elements
Flash source: Ultra-bright, white LED
Further notes on using the stroboscope are provided in the related help documentation ("Stroboscope"
virtual instrument).
WARNING
To protect your eyes and retina, never look directly at the strobe LED.
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Introduction
Commutator machines are primarily operated on a DC voltage system and are thus generally referred to
as DC machines. However, in principle, they also work on alternating current.
Universal machines are designed like DC series-wound machines and have correspondingly similar
features, but are operated on an AC power system.
DC and universal machines are always equipped with a commutator, which operates like a mechanical
switch. For that reason they are called commutator machines.
As in all commutator machines, power is transferred to the rotating armature by way of the carbon
brushes and a commutator.
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History
Two discoveries in the first half of the 19th century were critical in the development of DC commutator
machines.
H.Ch. Oersted and

1810 Discovery of electromagnetic force.
A.-M. Ampère
Discovery of the principle of electromagnetic induction, mutual

1831 M. Faraday
inductance
Discovery of the principle of electromagnetic induction, self-

1832 J. Henry
induction
The first DC motor was developed. This was to lead to the

1832 H. Pixii
displacement of voltage generation by galvanic means.
Werner von
Siemens
Discovery of the dynamo-electric principle (self-excitation of
1866 generators), laying the groundwork for the construction of large-
scale machines
Discovery of the compensation and commutation pole winding to

1884 Henges and Mather
limit the armature reaction
In England and America the first carbon brushes are put into
1885
operation.
around With the advent of three-phase technology DC machines lose

1890 importance.
The development of static converter technology and speed-

around
controlled drive technology means a bigger market for DC
1940
machines.
With the increased popularity of converter-fed three-phase

Today machines (e.g. asynchronous machines) the influence of DC
machines begins to wane.
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Advantages and disadvantages
Up until today commutator machines have been the most often used. This is primarily
due to the following advantages:
High degree of familiarity, easiest to use

Continuous speed adjustability over a wide range
High degree of speed stability (reduced speed variability even under load
when in unregulated operation)
Good synchronization
Highly dynamic response
Good controllability of current, torque and rotation speed
There are, however, some disadvantages,

which in some applications have led to the
complete marginalization of commutator
machines:
Maintenance requirement (the

carbon brushes and commutator
are subject to wear and tear)
Low protection classification (spark
formation caused by brush
sparking)
High price, expensive to construct,
(three-phase squirrel-cage
induction motors are simpler and
less expensive)
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Modern applications
Today commutator machines have been almost completely

replaced as power generators by three-phase power.
Even in drive technology the commutator machine is being used

less and less. Nevertheless, commutator machines continue to be
indispensible wherever the operating life of the machine does not
exceed the maintenance interval.
Small motors in the range of a few Watts (e.g.

children's toys, electric razors, windshield wipers)
Speed-controlled drives in the kW range, e.g. vehicular
drives, hoisting equipment (with decreasing tendency)
Large-scale machines in the 10 MW range (e.g. roller
motors, marine drives)
The range of speeds spans from a few revolutions per minute in large-scale drives up to approx. 10,000
revolutions per minute in small-scale drives.
Commutator motors can still be found in large numbers as so-called universal motors used in portable
electrical equipment and household appliances.
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Fundamentals of magnetism
The operating processes in electrical machines are based on the elemental physical principles of
Electromagnetic induction and

Lorentz force
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Current linkage/magnetomotive force
The magnetic field of a coil is similar to that of a bar magnet.
The field lines inside a coil are approximately parallel to and equidistant from each other. The magnetic
field there is uniform. By contrast, the field outside the coil is non-uniform.
The north pole forms where the magnetic field lines exit the coil. The south pole forms where the lines re-
enter the coil.
The higher the electric current and greater the number of turns in the coil, the stronger the magnetic field.
The product of the current I and the number of turns N of a coil is called its current linkage
or magnetomotive force Θ, although the term ampere turns (which derives from the units of
measurement) is used synonymously with both the former terms and in some areas is more common. The
current linkage is defined as a quantity equal to the electric current through any surface bounded by a
closed path, i.e. in this case the areas enclosed by the N loops of the coil, which each carry the same
current I.
Magnetomotive force is the cause of magnetic flux. In a comparison between magnetic and electrical
variables, magnetomotive force would be equivalent to voltage (electromotive force) and magnetic flux
corresponds to electric current.
In a coil conducting a current, electric energy is converted into magnetic energy.
Θ = I⋅ N
The unit is ampere turns:
[Θ] = A
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Magnetic field strength
The magnetic effect is influenced decisively by the concentration of magnetic energy. The concentration of
magnetic energy increases with magnetomotive force, or as the field lines become shorter on average.
The concentration of magnetic energy is indicated via the magnetic field strength H. The magnetic field
strength is the ratio between the magnetomotive force Θ and average length lm of the field lines.
The unit of magnetic field strength is amperes (or ampere turns) per metre:
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Magnetic flux
The entirety of the magnetic field lines of an energised coil or permanent magnet is termed magnetic flux
Φ, which serves as a measure of the magnetic force and is specified in volt-seconds (Vs) or webers (Wb).
In a comparison between magnetic and electrical variables, magnetic flux would correspond to electric
current.
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Magnetic flux density
The force exerted by an energised coil or permanent magnet increases as the field line pattern becomes
denser and as the permeated area becomes smaller. As the magnetic flux φ increases or the permeated
area decreases, the magnetic effect increases.
The magnetic flux density B is the ratio between the magnetic flux Φ and the area A and is measured in
units called teslas (T).
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Electromagnetic induction
When an electrical conductor and a magnetic field experience relative motion, a voltage is induced in the
conductor. The greater the number of conductors moved through a magnetic field, the higher the induced
voltage.
Used therefore in practice is not a single conductor, but one or more conductor loops. Multiple conductor
loops in series result in a coil.
The greater the number of magnetic field lines which are intersected per unit of time, the higher the
voltage induced in the conductor loop. Accordingly, the induced voltage is maximised if the conductor loop
moves perpendicularly with respect to the magnetic field lines. If the loop moves in parallel to the
magnetic field lines, none of them are intersected and no voltage is induced either.
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Lorentz force
To grasp how electrical machines work, it is important to understand not only the law of induction but how
the magnetic field acts on a current-carrying conductor:
Lorentz force
When a current-carrying conductor passes through an external magnetic field, a force is
exerted perpendicular to the direction of the current flow and to the magnetic field.
This force is proportional to the current I flowing through the conductor and to the magnetic
induction B of the external magnetic field.
This so-called Lorentz force is responsible for the motion induced in a current-carrying conductor in
a magnetic field. It is the basis for how every motor operates.
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Right-hand rule
A simple method of determining the direction of the Lorentz

force is the so-called "right-hand rule".
The variables
Velocity v of electrons (opposite direction to current

flow)
Magnetic induction B of external magnetic field
Force F (Lorentz force)
are all located at right angles to each other. If you know the
directions of two variables, the direction of the third variable is
automatically given by the "right-hand rule".
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Knowledge test
In which year was the first DC motor developed?
1580
1914
1832
Which basic physical principles do all electrical machines employ?
Laws of gravitation
Electromagnetic induction and Lorentz force
Which wearing parts do commutator machines possess in contrast to asynchronous machines?
Stator windings
Terminal panel
Several answers
Carbon brushes may be correct.
Commutator
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Principle of DC machines
A conductor loop whose axis is rotatable is located within the

magnetic field of a permanent magnet.
A direct current flows through the conductor loop in the direction
shown by the arrows.
Due to the Lorentz force there are forces being exerted on the
upper and lower conductor rod which are precisely
perpendicular to the magnetic field and to the conductor rod.
These forces constitute a torque that is exerted on the rotor
resulting in the conductor loop's rotation around the illustrated
axis.
After a rotation of 90 degrees (with respect to the illustrated
starting position) a stable state is reached and the conductor
loop comes to a standstill.
If you now reverse the direction of the current flow, another
torque arises due to the Lorentz force which causes another rotation.
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Basic principle
The conductor loop is connected to a voltage source with the aid of carbon brushes and a commutator. In
the illustration only the commutator and the two conductor rods are shown.
The commutator ensures that the pole of the conductor loop is always reversed after half a turn, so that,
for example, the lower conductor rod is always connected again to the positive pole. Then the magnetic
field generated by the conductor loop always remains at a favourable angle to the external magnetic field,
thereby constantly generating torque. This is how the continuous rotation of the motor is achieved.
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Double-T armature in a magnetic field
The motor in the animation demonstrates the refined general principle of a two-pole DC motor. This time
the rotor is not depicted as a conductor loop, but comprises an iron core with winding. This achieves
considerably higher flux densities and correspondingly higher torques.
The illustrated armature is a so-called double-T armature. This is the simplest design possible for the
armature of a DC machine. The name is derived from its form which is reminiscent of two "T's" placed end
to end.
Rotor or armature:
Iron core (blue and red)

Winding (orange)
Commutator, collector with two laminated
sheets (orange)
Insulator (grey)
Stator:
Magnet with number of pole pairs

p = 1 (blue or red)
2 carbon brushes (black)
Copper wires (orange = current, black = no
current)
The beginnings and ends of the armature coils are connected to the laminated commutator. The
laminated sheets are insulated from each other by lining filler.
The current is supplied to the armature winding via the carbon brushes, which glide over the rotating
commutator thus establishing contact and supplying current to the coils.
A magnetic field forms there which interacts with the external magnetic field. Due to the fact that like poles
repel and opposite poles attract, the rotor is brought into a rotating motion. Right before reaching its
objective the current is interrupted because the carbon brushes are now making contact to the insulator
and not the conductive laminations. The rotor no longer has a magnetic field, in this position there are no
forces or torques being exerted. If the machine comes to a standstill it cannot start or resume rotation.
However due to the fact that the rotor still has momentum it is able to overcome this dead space, depicted
by the insulator between the laminations, and performs a full rotation. As soon as the brushes remake
contact to the next conductive lamination, the completed rotation has rotated the winding beginning and
end one half a rotation further thus reversing again the winding's polarity and the rotor's magnetic field.
Commutator and brushes can now be understood as a mechanical (reversing) switch, which
causes the current direction to be reversed when the collector passes through the dead point (zero
crossover).
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Triple-T armature
DC motors with a double-T armature have one serious disadvantage: They are not self-starting. When the
commutator brushes are located at the so-called dead point, it is not possible for current to flow .
DC motors with "triple" T-armature can start from any given position and have no dead point.
The collector is allocated three laminated segments (orange). The two adjacent windings are connected
to each laminated segment by attaching to this the beginning and ending of the respective winding. In
principle a current flows through all of the rotor windings regardless of where the rotor is located. The
magnetic fields of the three partial windings resulting from these currents are added together to make the
total magnetic field. Now there are three "current transfers" (from one winding to the next) for each rotor
revolution.
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Practical description of armature winding
In fact, real motors are designed to have a lot more armature windings and corresponding commutator
segments. This is done to achieve a much smoother rotation of the rotor in the machines. The following
illustration shows an excellent example of this. For the sake of simplicity, the windings are depicted on the
outside and the brushes on the inside. In reality, it is normally the other way round:
The coil ends are electrically connected to the two adjacent laminated segments of the commutator. A
beginning and ending of two coils are connected to each laminated segment, so that the rotor winding
appears as a self-contained winding system. This allows for a constant current flow to the rotor winding
below the exciter pole (despite rotor rotation).
The carbon brushes are in contact with either one individual laminated segment or two adjacent
segments. In the latter case the armature winding affected is briefly short-circuited.
In real motors the carbon brushes may be so wide that several armature windings are temporarily short-
circuited.
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Generator mode
Basically DC machines can be operated in accordance

with the principle of the "Lorenz force" as a motor or as a
generator according to the principle of "electromagnetic
induction". Naturally, as a supplier of electrical power DC
generators has long ago been displaced by three-phase
generators.
Nevertheless, DC machines operating in generator mode

still retain their importance in the area of drive
technology.
DC machines which normally operate as drives are

frequently also used for braking. The kinetic energy is
then converted by the DC machine operating in generator
mode and fed back into the DC mains.
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Construction
Commutator machines can have different designs. However, fundamentally they are comprised of the
following components:
1. Stator housing
2. Exciter winding (section 1)
3. Stator iron core
4. Pole piece
5. Armature windings
6. Commutator
7. Shaft
8. Bearing
9. Armature iron core
10. Exciter winding (section 2)
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Stator, stator iron core and exciter winding
The construction of the experimenter DC machine stator is depicted in the following photos.
The main poles and the entire magnetic circuit of the

stator are made up of a single core of stamped metal.
Besides providing the salient poles the iron core is also
designed to form the magnetic yoke. With
the exception of the air gap, this results in a closed
ferromagnetic circuit through which the field lines can
pass.
The experimentier DC machine is equipped with a pair

of main poles. In general additional pairs of main and
commutating poles can be realised and are standard
particularly in larger machines.
The main poles are outfitted with exciter windings.

Depending on the design of the machine the series
wound winding is set up for low impedance and the
shunt wound winding is high high-impedance.
In the adjacent photo you can discern the 15 individual

stator sheets fused together.
To avoid magnetic damping the magnetic circuit is not

made of solid iron but of stamped, insulated dynamo
sheeting instead.
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Exciter winding
The experiment machine has two exciter

windings, the ends of which are connected to
terminals F1, F2 and F3, F4. Each of these
windings has an ohmic resistance of approx.
22 W. This value is extremely temperature-
dependent and is furthermore subject to
variations in components*. During the
experiment you will determine its exact value.
Depending on the desired operating mode, the

two exciter windings are connected in parallel
or series. Correct polarity should be ensured
here, otherwise the magnetic fields will cancel
each other out.
To achieve the exciter windings' rated values

corresponding to the experiment machine's
shunt mode, the two partial windings must be
connected in series. This increases the
number of turns and the ohmic resistance.
To achieve the exciter windings' rated values

corresponding to the experiment machine's
series-wound mode, the two partial windings
must be connected in parallel. This doubles
the line cross-section and lowers the exciter
windings' ohmic resistance, permitting them to
be connected in series with the armature winding without excessively lowering the armature current.
*Variations in components = Differences caused by production tolerances
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Armature, armature core and armature winding
The iron core with armature windings, the commutator and the bearing are all situated on the rotating
shaft.
The iron core of the armature consists of insulated

dynamo lamina to keep magnetic losses low. The
sheets have peripheral grooves along the outside to
accommodate the armature windings.
In smaller machines the iron core including all of its

press rings is attached to the shaft either directly or
using a lug.
Design of the experiment machine

Our experiment machine is extremely compact in
design. For that reason the laminations only consist of
seven laminate cores.
The armature of the machine has twelve armature

windings, accommodated by twelve rounded grooves
in the laminate cores.
It is therefore possible to see two soldered wire ends
at each of the twelve laminations of the commutator.
These are the beginning of one winding and the end of
another.
The winding resistance when cool for each individual

winding is about 4.5 Ω. Between each pair of laminate
cores, though, the resistance measured is about 4.1 Ω.
The reason for this is that all the windings are linked
up into a circle, so each of them therefore runs parallel
to 11 other windings with which it is connected in
series.
It may be that there may be some variations in

the design. This will not adversely affect the
experiments.
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Bearing
The rotatable armature is situated on a shaft whose

ends are seated in ball-race bearings. It is their job to
keep the shaft in position while simultaneously
securing continuous low-friction rotation.
In our experiment machine it is only the lower bearing

that has to withstand any considerable load.
Nevertheless, the upper bearing is still important
because the armature terminal board and the carbon
brushes also have to be held in a stationary position.
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Commutators and carbon brushes
The main component of each commutator machine is made up of the commutator and carbon brushes.
They guarantee low dissipation current feed to the rotating armature winding and, as already
demonstrated, current transfer to each appropriate armature winding.
The commutator consists of wedge-shaped laminated

segments with intermediate insulation made of mica
and is held together by its own pressed construction.
Small and very small motors tend to have considerably
simpler commutators made of pressed epoxy resin
with hardened lamina.
Two brushes made of graphite-rich carbon provide

gliding contact to the rotating commutator and thus
supply the coils with current. Carbon is a relatively
good electrical conductor that also demonstrates
lubricating qualities in that tiny carbon particles are
chafed off the carbon brushes to collect as a slip or
lubricating agent on the surface of the collector.
Since carbon particles do chafe off the carbon

brushes, these brushes are subject to wear and tear
and must be replaced as soon as they become too
short.
The carbon pieces are situated in brush holders which

are connected to stators so that they can move and
are pressed against the commutator positioned to the
inside by springs.
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Rating plate
Each electrical machine has a

rating plate which is permanently
connected to it, normally at the
terminal board. The rating plate
contains not only the machine's
rating and size data but also specs
such as motor type designation
and manufacturer.
The fields have the following

significance:
1. Company logo
2. DC machine, recognisable
as a shunt wound machine
on account of the exciter
data
3. Rated voltage of the
armature winding = 220 V
4. The mechanical power 1+2
continuously available at
the shaft amounts to
0.15 kW 3 10
5. Rated speed = 2000 rpm
4
(min-1)
6. Rated exciter voltage = 5
220 V
7. Insulation class B, 6 11
describes the quality of the
winding insulation 7+8
8. Protection class (here
IP 20) describes the 9 12
protection against ingress
of water or foreign Rating plate of a small DC shunt wound machine
particles
9. The Lucas-Nülle motor
type designation
10. Rated current of the
armature winding = 1.0 A
11. Rated current of the
exciter winding = 0.1 A
12. The machine corresponds
to VDE 0530 stipulations
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Knowledge test
Commutator machines include:
DC machines
Asynchronous machines
Several answers
Universal machines may be correct.
Synchronous machines
What forms part of a commutator machine?
Exciter winding
Squirrel-cage rotor
Stator housing
Stator plates with pole pieces
Shaft Several answers
may be correct.
Commutator
Static converter
Armature with windings
Carbon brushes
What is the commutator's function?
It serves as a contact for the exciter winding.

It serves as a mechanical switch for interrupting the exciter
current.
It serves as a mechanical switch for transfering the armature
current from one winding to the next during rotation.
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Types of DC machine
An armature winding as well as an exciter winding form part of every electrically excited DC machine's
operating principle.
Armature winding: This winding is positioned on the rotating armature.

Exciter winding: Positioned on the fixed stator, this winding generates the magnetic field.
These windings can be connected to the voltage supply in a variety of ways. The type of wiring
significantly influences the motor's properties, thus resulting in the distinctions described next.
Shunt-wound machines: The excitation winding is connected in parallel with the armature
winding.
Series-wound machines: The excitation winding is connected in series with the armature
winding.
Compound-wound machines: The excitation source is made up of a shunt winding and a
series winding.
Other winding types are found especially in large machines:
Commutating (field) winding

Compensation winding
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Terminal designations and circuit diagrams
In DC machines there are various types of windings whose terminals have the following designations:
A1 - A2 Armature winding
B1 - B2 Commutating (field) winding
C1 - C2 Compensation winding
D1 - D2 Series wound winding
E1 - E2 Shunt wound winding
F1 - F2 Separate excitation
The letters stand for the winding type, the number 1 stands for the beginning of the winding and number
2 stands for the end of the winding.
41/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Circuit diagram of a shunt-wound machine
The armature and exciter winding are connected in parallel here. Corresponding to the armature voltage,
the exciter voltage cannot be set independently:
UA = UE
The armature current is load-dependent. However, changes in the armature current do not influence the
exciter current or excitation.
The excitation can only be modified via the voltage, this naturally influencing the armature current too.
By connecting the exciter winding to a constant exciter voltage the DC shunt-wound motor obtains a
constant exciter current and thus a magnetic flux independent of the load.
42/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

As load (M) increases the rotating speed drops in comparison to the no-load speed n0 due to the voltage
drop in the armature circuit. Since the resistance of the armature winding is negligible, the rotation speed
only drops by a few percent up to nominal load.
A characteristic of this kind is described as a so-called "hard" shunt characteristic.
43/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Connection and operation
Experiment objective
In this experiment the DC machine is put into operation as a separately excited shunt-wound
machine.
Set up the experiment as shown in the animation. The shaft of the rotor is inserted into the stator
until the plexiglass housing clicks into place. When attaching the rotor make sure that the marking
on the plexiglass housing is located above the 0° mark on the stator scale.
44/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Please open the DC- Motor Supply from the menu Instruments / Motor
Control.
Adjust the following settings in the instrument:
U: 15 V
Press the POWER button.
Note: The actual reading may differ from the indicated value because the
voltage is unregulated.
In the case of new machines that have not yet been worked in, you might need to have to
increase the voltage by a few volts to get the machine started.
How does the machine behave?
It runs up quickly to its rated speed and maintains it.

It does not start.
Which statements about the DC shunt-wound machine are correct?
The armature current and exciter current are always the same.
The armature voltage and the exciter voltage are always the
same. More than one
answer may be
The armature current is load-dependent. correct.
The exciter current is load-dependent.
45/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Measurement of speed
In this experiment the speed of a DC shunt-wound machine is measured without making
physical contact using a stroboscope.
The set-up used in the previous experiment is kept unchanged. It is only supplemented by adding
the stroboscope which is used to flash the rotor but without making contact.
46/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Control.
U: 15 V
Connect the strobe light to the function generator's output.

Open the stroboscope instrument from the Instruments menu.
Configure the following settings:
FREQUENCY: 65 Hz
Press the POWER button. Illuminate the rotor with the strobe light, and reduce
the frequency slowly until a stationary image is obtained.
Point the flash at the rotating armature. Slowly reduce the flash frequency until you clearly obtain
a discernible standing image. For additional information on the stroboscope, have a look at the
help texts (e.g. by pressing the F1 key after you have opened the stroboscope in the virtual
instruments ((VI)). Read off the frequency and determine which speed results for this
measurement?
__ rpm
Note:
Apparently there are standing images for many different rotation speeds. But there are only very few flash
frequencies at which a truly sharp image emerges. Only then can you really draw a conclusion regarding
the rotation speed. After a brief period of practising, you will have enough experience to assess whether
the result is conclusive or not.
What also proves helpful in determining the speed is to focus on one fixed point on the armature. For this,
use the LN sticker on the rotor.
47/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Are there also other frequencies for the stroboscope flash that result in standing images?
Standing images only arise for one flash frequency

Standing images also arise for double the flash frequency
Standing images also arise for a 1.73 multiple of the flash
frequency
Standing images also arise at half the flash frequency
48/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Brush shifting
In this experiment the position of the brushes in the DC shunt-wound machine is modified and
the effects of this action monitored.
The set-up used in the previous experiment remains unchanged with the exception of the position
of the armature.
Alter the position of the carbon brushes by turning the rotor unit slightly.
Orient yourself here using the scale attached to the stator, see the chapter titled "Armature".
Control.
U: 15 V
49/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

What happens to the speed when the carbon brushes are re-positioned?
The speed remains unchanged.

The speed remains nearly constant over an angular adjustment
range of approximately -20 to +20 degrees.
The speed remains nearly constant over an angular adjustment
range of approximately -50 to +50 degrees.
Several answers
The speed remains nearly constant in the range beyond +/- 60
may be correct.
degrees.
The speed remains approximately zero in the range beyond +/-
60 degrees.
The brush position influences the speed over an angular
adjustment range of +/- (20 ...60) degrees.
50/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Circuit diagram of a separately-excited machine
Shunt-wound machines are frequently operated at a constant exciter voltage, in which case they are also
termed "separately excited".
A separately excited machine's mechanical design is fully identical to that of a shunt-wound machine. The
advantage of connecting the exciter winding to an external source is the ability to adjust the machine's
excitation completely independently of the armature voltage.
51/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

In this experiment the separately excited DC machine is put into operation.
52/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Control.
U: 15 V
In the case of new machines that have not yet been worked in, you might need to have to
increase the voltage by a few volts to get the machine started.

It does not start.
Which statements about the separately excited DC machine are correct?
same. More than one
answer may be
53/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Series-wound motor
The exciter winding is connected in series with the armature winding, so that the machine's excitation
depends on the armature current. Because this current is load-dependent, the excitation also rises with
the load.
I E = IA
Unlike a shunt-wound machine, a series-wound machine's excitation has a load-dependent magnetic flux.
Instead of the relatively "hard" characteristic of the shunt-wound machine, the speed curve of a series-
wound machine is hyperbolic.
The machine might start "racing" if there is a lack of counter-torque (no-load) with the motor's speed
assuming impermissibly high values. This does not apply for small machines, where friction losses cause
a sufficient no-load current to arise whose magnetic field limits the maximum attainable speed.
54/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

The series-wound machine produces a very high torque at low speeds.
The series-wound machine is primarily used in the area of light rail and industrial rail transport. Due to M
~ I2 the high torque required for start up can be achieved with less loading of the power supply than in a
shunt wound motor where M ~ I holds true.
55/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

In this experiment the DC machine is put into operation as a series-wound machine.
56/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Control.
U: 20 V

It does not start.
Which statements about the DC series-wound machine are correct?
More than one
same.
answer may be
57/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Compound-wound machine
Compound-wound machines are equipped with a shunt-wound winding and a series-wound winding.
To compensate for the "involuntary" field weakening caused by the voltage drop across the armature
circuit, a load-dependent excitation can be added to the constant excitation of the shunt-wound winding
by means of a series-wound winding.
58/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Also in terms of the load characteristic, the two excitation components give rise to a combination of a
shunt-wound and series-wound machine's characteristics.
59/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

In this experiment the commutator machine is put into operation as a compound-wound
machine.
60/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Control.
U: 24 V

It does not start.
Which statements about the DC compound-wound machine are correct?
The armature current is always twice as high as the exciter

current.
The exciter voltage is always twice as high as the armature More than one
voltage. answer may be
correct.
There is both a shunt-wound and a series-wound winding.
The excitation is partially a function of the load.
61/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Commutator winding
During the process of commutation, undesired commutation and induced voltages arise on the armature
winding. These voltages can be compensated for by replacing the armature field with an opposing,
commutating field.
This field is generated by means of commutator windings. Large DC machines additionally have wound
poles between the main poles. Their windings are connected in series with the armature so as to create
an opposing magnetomotive force proportional to the armature cross field.
Commutator windings improve commutation. They reduce brush sparking and thus avoid damage to
carbon brushes and lamina.
62/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Even with the commutation pole winding, the areas around the pole pieces still experience field distortion
and its consequences. This is particularly disadvantageous when the machine is supposed to be operated
for speed control with a weakened exciter field. In this case the armature crossfield must be compensated
for in the area of the main poles.
To do this practically all large-scale machines are equipped with a compensation winding connected in
series to the armature and commutating poles.
Since this winding has an elaborate design and is correspondingly expensive, it is normally dispensed
with in machines of low to medium power.
63/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Universal machines
As in the series-wound machine the magnetic flux of the excitation is dependent on the load in the
universal machine.
As was the case with the series-wound machine, a universal machine also generates a hyperbolic speed
curve. When there is a lack of counter-torque (no-load operation) the universal machine may also "race.
In actual practice this is mostly avoided because of the unavoidable friction and by giving generous
dimensions to the fan blades.
The universal machine produces a very high torque at low speed.
Of course, for safety reasons a suitably dimensioned exciter circuit ensures that the torque no longer
increases exponentially in the overload range but only linearly with the armature current. Otherwise, if a
drill jammed, for example, it could no longer be physically held.
64/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

In this experiment the commutator machine is put into operation as a series-wound machine
connected to an AC voltage.
65/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Open the 3-Phase Supply from the menu Instruments / Power Supplies.
U: 13 V
f: 50 Hz
Note: The voltage indicated in the instrument corresponds to the voltage

between one phase and the neutral or star point of the grid. The actual
reading may differ from the indicated value because the voltage is
unregulated.

It does not start.
Which statements about the universal machine are correct?
The universal machine basically behaves like a DC shunt-wound

machine.
The universal machine basically behaves like a DC series-
wound machine. More than one
answer may be
The machine can be operated with AC and DC power. correct.
The speed changes linearly with the frequency of the AC
voltage.
66/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Influence of alternating voltage
The equivalent-circuit diagram displays the exciter winding as a combination of an inductor and ohmic
resistor connected in series.
The inductor's reactance does not have any effect during operation with direct currents. In the case of a
universal motor which always runs on an alternating current, it is necessary to also account for a
reactance attributable to the inductance.
67/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Measurement of reactance at 50 Hz
In this experiment the reactance of the universal machine operating at a standstill is
determined at 50 Hz.
Complete the experiment as specified in the animation, in order to connect up the measurement
inputs.
68/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Open the Dual Voltmeter from the menu Instruments / Measuring
Devices.
Perform the following settings:
CHANNEL C: CHANNEL D:
RANGE: 50 V RANGE: 50 V
MODE: RMS MODE: RMS
DC DC
Open the dual amperemeter in the menu Instruments/Measuring

Devices
Perform the following settings for both channels:
CHANNEL E: CHANNEL F:
RANGE: 3 A RANGE: 3 A
MODE: RMS MODE: RMS
DC DC
Open the 3-Phase Supply from the menu Instruments / Power Supplies.
U: 10 V
f: 50 Hz
Note: The voltage indicated in the instrument corresponds to the voltage

between one phase and the neutral or star point of the grid. The actual
reading may differ from the indicated value because the voltage is
unregulated.
69/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Use your hand to brake the motor right down to standstill and take a reading from the virtual
instruments. Enter the values into the prepared boxes.
Voltage at the universal motor __ V
Winding current __ A
Now calculate the impedance from the measured data:
Impedance Z = U / I = __ ohms
Connect the three-phase power supply.
Control.
U: 16 V
Read the voltage and current from the virtual instruments and transfer the values to the fields
provided for this purpose.
Voltage on the universal motor: __V
Winding current: __A
Calculate the ohmic resistance from the measured data.
Ohmic resistance R = U / I = U / I = __
70/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Why does an alternating voltage result in a higher resistance than a direct voltage?
Due to measurement inaccuracies.

Due to the reactance of the windings at 50 Hz.
Due to a rise in the winding temperature.
What is the effect of the higher reactance?
The machine runs faster.

The voltage needs to be increased in order to generate the
same exciter current as during operation with a direct voltage. Several answers
may be correct.
The additional voltage drop can be accounted for by a suitable
winding design already during manufacture.
71/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Main equations
Induced voltage
The mean induced voltage Uq in the armature winding is dependent on the motor speed in rpm n , the
intensity of the magnetic flux, the number of pole pairs and the number of winding turns.
Uq = c · F · n
c = 4 · p · N = machine constant
p: number of pole pairs, N: number of armature winding turns
Torque
The torque is dependent on the armature current IA , the strength of the magnetic flux F, the number of
pole pairs and the number of winding turns.
M = (c · F · IA) / (2 · p)
(friction losses have been ignored)
Voltage equation
U A = U q + I A · RA + U B
where UB = voltage across the carbon brushes
Rotation speed
n = (UA - IA · RA) / (c · F)
The three main DC machine equations are used to deduce the operating response of the DC
machine. The speed of all direct current machines decreases more or less strongly under load. This
relationship can be described with mathematical functions and displayed graphically:
The rotation speed as function of torque or briefly n = f (M).
72/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

73/106 17.01.2024, 21:00
Magnetisation characteristic
Ideally we can assume that the relationship between the exciter current IE and the magnetic flux FE is
linear.
The constant factor cE is a constant of proportionality, which is established by the machine's construction
and the materials used therein. This assumption is useful if we wish to demonstrate the basic operation of
DC motors.
However, in reality the influence of magnetic saturation arising in the iron parts of both rotor and stator
must be accounted for with their magnetisation characteristics.
Then the remanence (residual magnetization) also becomes considerably more noticeable.
Use the buttons to examine the difference between the ideal and real magnetisation characteristic curve.
74/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Knowledge test
Which machine's excitation does not depend on load?
Series-wound machine
Shunt-wound machine
Universal machine
Which machines might race in an absence of load?
Several answers
Shunt-wound machine may be correct.
Universal machine
Which commutator machines generate the highest starting torque?
Several answers
Shunt-wound machine may be correct.
Universal machine
Which commutator machine's speed changes least on a change in load?
Shunt-wound machine
Universal machine
75/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Which device allows easy, contactless measurement of speed?
Tacho generator
Oscilloscope
Stroboscope
Complete the statements on various DC machines below by selecting the correct option in each
case.
A shunt-wound machine's exciter winding is

__
connected
A series-wound machine's exciter winding is
__
connected
A compound-wound machine's exciter windings are
__
connected
Which other windings on DC machines are you familiar with?
Commutator winding
No-load winding
Primary winding
One of the main equations for a DC machine is: M = (c · Φ · IA) / (2 · π). Which conclusion is
therefore correct?
The torque is proportional to the current.

The torque is proportional to the square of the current.
The torque is inversely proportional to the current
76/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Control of a DC machine
The basic method of speed control for a shunt-wound or series-wound motor can be deduced from the
equivalent circuit diagram and the main equations:
Changing the effective armature resistance

Changing the armature voltage
Changing the magnetic flux with the assistance of the exciter voltage
77/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Reversing rotation direction
The rotation speed and torque of DC machines directly related to the armature voltage and armature
current.
In motor operating mode the direction of rotation can be reversed either by reversing the poles of the
armature voltage or by reversing the poles of the exciter voltage. Both methods lead to the same result.
Due to the low-cost and robust nature of speed control equipment, which contain controlled rectifier
bridges, nowadays it is easy to not only adjust the amplitude of the armature voltage but also the polarity
of the armature voltage.
78/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Experiment: Rotation direction
In this experiment all the possibilities are explored on how to reverse the rotation direction of a
separately excited DC machine.
79/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Control.
U: 15 V
Observe the rotation direction of the machine with the power supply sources connected up differently. For
reversing simply interchange the two connections for the exciter or the armature winding.
"Not reversed or twisted" means connection corresponds to the animation shown.
In which direction does the machine rotate? Determine the correct assignments below through
experimentation.
Armature and exciter windings unchanged __

Armature winding changed - Exciter winding
__
unchanged
Armature winding unchanged - Exciter winding
__
changed
Armature and exciter windings changed __
80/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Armature series resistance
A simple method of adjusting speed can be realised by connecting a series resistor in the armature circuit.
The change in armature resistance with the aid of the series resistor has an impact on the slope of the
load curve. The no-load speed n0 remains unaffected.
This method of altering the speed is only used in small machines due to the high power losses in the
series resistor and the resulting poor efficiency.
81/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

82/106 17.01.2024, 21:00
Experiment: Armature resistance
In this experiment the influence of the armature series resistance on the rotation speed of a
separately excited DC machine is examined.
83/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Control.
U: 15 V
Now bridge the resistor R6 using a short cable and observe the effects.
What effect does the armature resistor have on the speed?
The speed remains unchanged.

The speed drops.
The speed rises.
Note:
To demonstrate the full effect of this, the machine response has to be shown under different loads.
Consequently the experiment only shows one point respectively for each load of the diagram
shown on the previous page.
84/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Voltage change at the armature
The load characteristic maintains its original gradient and is merely shifted to a parallel position by the
voltage adjustment. In contrast to speed control using armature resistance, this method can be used to
adjust the no-load speed as well.
By adjusting the armature voltage the rotation speed can be set over a wide range without any additional
power losses.
The discovery of semiconductors and the introduction of controllable rectifiers based on thyristors made
available an inexpensive and robust technology for open-loop and closed-loop speed control that has
been used for decades.
It has only been with the introduction of frequency-converter operated three-phase machines that this
technology has gone into decline.
85/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Experiment: Armature voltage
In this experiment the influence of the armature voltage on the rotation speed of a separately
excited DC machine is measured. The speed is measured without physical contact using a
stroboscope.
86/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Control.
U: 18 V

FREQUENCY: 90 Hz
Point the flash at the rotating armature and now measure the speed in the fashion know from previous
experiments at the exciter voltage values specified in the table:
6000
n [rpm]
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
UA [V]
87/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Switch the tabular view above to the diagram view. What can be observed?
From a threshold voltage onward, the speed increases linearly

with the armature voltage.
From a threshold voltage onward, the speed increases
quadratically with the armature voltage.
The speed does not increase
88/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Changing the exciter voltage
The exciter voltage can be set either with the aid of a variable series resistor or directly with a change in
voltage. Since the exciter current remains constant independent of the load, both methods lead to the
same result.
This is referred to as a so-called "field weakening or field shunting".
By varying the exciter field first of all the no-load speed n0 is changed and secondly the slope of the load
characteristic.
Field weakening increases the rotation speed. This method is thus well suited for speeds higher than the
nominal speed. In actual practice the magnitude of the set motor speed is limited due to the mechanical
strain of the rotor's centrifugal force. The maximum rotation speed should not exceed two to four times the
value of the nominal speed.
However, in the field weakening range the available torque drops.
In practice some applications see the methods of voltage and field adjustment combined making speed
adjustment possible over a wide speed range.
89/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

90/106 17.01.2024, 21:00
Experiment exciter voltage change
In this experiment the influence of the exciter voltage on the rotation speed of a separately
excited DC machine is measured. The speed is measured without physical contact using a
stroboscope.
91/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Control.
U: 20 V

FREQUENCY: 90 Hz
Start the motor by connecting the A1 socket on the rotor unit to the +15V socket of the experimenter.
Point the flash at the rotating armature and now measure the speed in the fashion know from previous
experiments at the exciter voltage values specified in the table:
6000
n [rpm]
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
8 10 12 14 16 18
UE [V]
92/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

What can be observed?
As the excitation voltage drops, so does the motor speed.

The motor speed increases with decreasing excitation voltage.
The excitation voltage has no influence on the speed. If the
excitation voltage is too low, the motor simply stops.
93/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Starting current and starting resistors
If a motor is switched on directly from standstill, during run-up current spikes arise which can be several
times higher than the rated current. Such current spikes disturb the mains and can pose a hazard to the
machine and should thus be avoided.
One reliable procedure for starting DC machines is to control start-up using stepped starting resistors. In
this process the resistors are short-circuited one by one using contactors during start-up until ultimately
the entire series resistance is shunted.
94/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Experiment: Starting resistors
In this experiment it is demonstrated that the starting current can be significantly reduced with
the aid of starting resistors.
Using the oscilloscope, measure the armature voltage with channel A and the armature current with
channel B.
95/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Open the Oscilloscope from the menu Instruments/Measuring
Devices.
Select the following settings:
Channel A: 5 V / div; DC; Y-POS: 0

Channel B: 5 V / div; DC; Y-POS: 0
Time: 500 ms / div
Mode: X/T
Trigger: CHANNEL A; rising edge; LEVEL: 1 div;
PRETRIGGER: 1 div; Single
Open the DC Startup Control from the menu Instruments / Motor

Control.
ΔT1: 0,3 s
ΔT2: 0,3 s
ΔT3: 0,3 s
ΔT4: 0,3 s
U: 0 V
Press the START Button.
What happens to the starting resistor and relays during run-up?
The relays are __ Pay attention to

The starting resistor is __ the clicking noises
made by the
After 4 x 0.3 s, the starting resistor is __ relays.
Switch the system off again.

Now set the voltage to 20 V. Switch the power supply back on again by pressing the START
button and copy the oscilloscope trace into the following placeholder:
96/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Now turn off the power supply again.
Supplement the set-up by adding a cable. This involves here having the relays and starting
resistors constantly shunted out and then the unlimited starting current can be measured.
Activate the trigger readiness and switch the power supply (20V) back on again by pressing
the START button. Copy the oscilloscope trace into the following placeholder:
97/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Read the starting current's peak value in each oscillogram:
The shunt has a

rating of 1 ohm.
Starting current with starting resistor: __ A Starting current without Accordingly, 1V on
starting resistor: __ A the oscilloscope
screen
corresponds to 1A.
Compare the two oscillograms. What can be observed?
The starting characteristics hardly differ.

In the presence of a starting resistor, the starting current is
notably lower.
The starting resistor lengthens the starting phase. Several answers
may be correct
The current after the starting phase is also lower.
The starting resistor no longer has any influence after the
starting phase.
98/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Braking
Rheostatic braking is primarily used to shutdown drives. This is achieved by disconnecting the armature
from the mains (using switch S1) and connecting a resistance RV using switch S2. The armature current
and the torque reverse their polarity (generator operation).
The braking energy is converted into heat in the resistors.
Use the button to switch back and forth between braking and driving.
99/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Experiment braking resistor
In this experiment the effects of a braking resistor are investigated during a braking process.
100/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Control.
U: 15 V
Open the Oscilloscope from the menu Instruments/Measuring

Devices.
Select the following settings:
Channel A: 5V / div; DC; Y-POS: 0

Channel B: 5V / div; DC; Y-POS: 0
Time: 100ms / div
Mode: X/T
Trigger: CHANNEL A; Falling edge; LEVEL: 1 div;
PRETRIGGER: 1 div; Single
Set the switch S5 on the experiment card to the RUN setting.
Switch the armature voltage on using the power button, wait until the maximum speed has settled in and
then pull the connector plug out of the V1 socket.
Use the oscilloscope to record the timing characteristic of the armature voltage at the moment of switch-
off and copy the result into the following placeholder:
101/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Repeat the measurement but this time the motor should be braked using switch S5.
Copy the result into the placeholder below:
102/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Which of the following statements are correct?
In the first experiment the motor is subjected to a more rapid

braking action because the armature voltage immediately
breaks down when the connector plug is pulled out.
In the first experiment an internal braking resistor is used.
In the second experiment the armature winding is disconnected
from the power supply voltage. More than one
answer may be
The experiments demonstrate that the use of a braking resistor correct.
can bring about a braking action just as fast as the
disconnection of the power supply voltage.
In the second experiment the motor is subjected to a faster
braking action because a current is brought about by the braking
resistor which causes a negative torque.
103/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Knowledge test
Which possibilities of reversing direction of rotation do separately excited shunt-wound machines

offer?
The direction of rotation is pre-determined by the design and

cannot be changed.
The direction of rotation can be changed by reversing the exciter
voltage's polarity.
Several answers
The direction of rotation can be changed by reversing the may be correct.
polarity of the armature and exciter voltages together.
The direction of rotation can be changed by reversing the
polarity of the armature voltage.
Which possibilities of speed adjustment do commutator machines offer?
Change in effective armature resistance

Change in wavelength
Change in magnetic flux via the exciter voltage Several answers
may be correct.
Change in armature voltage
Change in brush resistance
What is the disadvantage of speed adjustment via the exciter voltage?
More intense brush sparking

Greater wear
Lower torque
104/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

What are the practical reasons for furnishing DC machines with starting resistors, i.e. which
problems are meant to be avoided?
Mains disruptions due to current spikes during start-up

Machine overheating
Several answers
Line overload may be correct.
Triggering of circuit-breakers on start-up
105/106 17.01.2024, 21:00

Copyright
Congratulations!
This is the last page of the course. You have completed the course "DC-Machines".
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DC Motor

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DC-Machines

Course no.: CO4204-7R Version 1.0.0.0

Author: Christoph Müssener

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Current linkage/magnetomotive force 17

Stator, stator iron core and exciter winding 34

Armature, armature core and armature winding 36

Commutators and carbon brushes 39

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Terminal designations and circuit diagrams 45

Connection and operation 48

Circuit diagram of a separately-excited machine 55

Influence of alternating voltage 71

Reversing rotation direction 83

Armature series resistance 86

Experiment: Armature resistance 88

Voltage change at the armature 90

Changing the exciter voltage 94

Experiment exciter voltage change 96

Starting current and starting resistors 99

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Experiment braking resistor 106

Knowledge test 110

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CO4213- UniTrain card commutator machine

UniTrain instrument accessories

LM2330 Optional multimeter Multi 13S

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Nominal voltage for

Nominal current for

Maximum rotation 4500 (short-term 5000)

Temperature sensor: KTY84-150 (data sheet)

Dimensions: 160 x 100 mm (H x W)

The experiment card is designed only

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Armature and fixing pin dismantled from a stator:

Commutator with 12 segments

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0.5 m connection cable with BNC socket

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H.Ch. Oersted and

Discovery of the principle of electromagnetic induction, mutual

Discovery of the principle of electromagnetic induction, self-

The first DC motor was developed. This was to lead to the

Discovery of the compensation and commutation pole winding to

around With the advent of three-phase technology DC machines lose

The development of static converter technology and speed-

With the increased popularity of converter-fed three-phase

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High degree of familiarity, easiest to use

There are, however, some disadvantages,

Maintenance requirement (the

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Today commutator machines have been almost completely

Even in drive technology the commutator machine is being used

Small motors in the range of a few Watts (e.g.

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Electromagnetic induction and

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The magnetic field of a coil is similar to that of a bar magnet.