Chapter 5: - sound

What is a sound wave?

A wave produced due to vibration (disturbance) of source that makes the molecules of air (or
any other medium, may be solid, liquid or gas)
Note that, the disturbance is an energy so that means it’s a transferring of energy

It composed of
a. compression (when molecules closer)
b. rarefaction (when molecules are further apart)

• Speed of sound in solid > liquid > gas

longitudinal waves.
The coils of the slinky move to and fro in the same
direction as the wave is travelling.
Examples: - Sound waves and some types of
earthquake wave are longitudinal waves.

Transverse waves
The coils of the slinky (vibration) at right angles (90º)
to the direction of travel of the wave.
Example: - Stadium (or Mexican) waves made by fans
at football matches are an example of a transverse
wave. The people move up and down as the ‘wave’
moves along the stands.

Sound levels
Noises can be very loud, or can go on for a long time, or both. The intensity of a sound is
measured with a sound level meter on a scale called the decibel (dB) scale.
Loud sounds can damage your hearing. The risk depends not only on the number of decibels but
also on the length of time you are exposed to the sound.

How to Reduce risk

● shielding – putting something between the source of the sound and your ears, such as ear
defenders
● increasing the distance – moving away from the source of the sound
● reducing the time that you spend near the source of the sound.
 Describing waves
We can describe waves in three properties that all waves have: amplitude, wavelength, and frequency.
• The distance from one point on a wave to the same point on the next wave is called
The wavelength.
This means that the distance from the top of one wave to the
top of the next wave is one wavelength. So is the distance from
the bottom of one wave to the bottom of the next wave.
• The distance from the centre of the wave to the highest or lowest point is called
The amplitude.
• If you watched how many waves go past in 1 second, that would be The frequency.

Sound waves are made up of regions where the air molecules are close together and regions
where they are far apart.
A diagram like this shows the high-pressure
regions (compressions) and the low-pressure
regions (rarefactions).

Loudness and amplitude

Amplification
amplifier used to make voice louder. An amplifier increases the amplitude of the electrical signal
produced by the sound wave, so that when it is broadcast through a loudspeaker it sounds louder.
Pitch and frequency
• Pitch is the degree of sound tones
• The pitch of a string depends on the number of times it vibrates every second.
• The number of vibrations or waves per second is called the frequency and is measured in hertz (Hz).
So,
High-pitched sounds have a high frequency and
low-pitched sounds have a low frequency. High
frequencies are measured in kilohertz (kHz).

The frequency relation with the wavelength.

A high-frequency sound will have a short wavelength, and a low-frequency sound will have a long
wavelength.
Remember: - The amplitude determines how loud the sound is. So, it’s not related to sound pitch

What can you hear? It depends on range on frequencies

• The range of human hearing is from 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz, known as the audible range.
• Ultrasound is sound with a frequency that is higher than 20 000 Hz – outside the audible
range. Can be heard only by some animals

you can easily tell the difference between the voice of sound sources
• This is because the main frequency (called note) and there are
other frequencies called harmonics mixed in with the note.

• the number and type of harmonics that make each instrument distinctive.
• The distinctive sound that an instrument make is called the timbre.
 Chapter 7: - Magnetism
The natural magnet rock called lodestone
Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole.
The same magnet poles attract each other and unlike poles repel each other

Magnetic material Non-Magnetic material

materials are attracted to magnets.
Iron, cobalt, Steel, and nickel
Some of the alloys or oxides
made up of lots of very small regions called
domains. Each domain behaves like a tiny bar
magnet.
materials aren’t attracted to magnets.
All nonmetals, plastic,
the domains are pointing in lots of different
directions.

Notes: -
• Steel is magnetic because it contains mainly iron. Lodestone, or magnetite, contains iron
oxide which is also magnetic
• The only two things that can repel each other are two magnets, so the way to tell whether an
object is a magnet is to see if it is repelled by another magnet.

Magnetising and demagnetizing

Iron and steel are magnetised by being close to a magnet permanently by being close to a magnet
Steel is harder to magnetise, A piece of iron or steel that has been magnetised is a permanent
magnet.
But note that, you cannot turn it off.
• You can demagnetise a magnet by heating it up or hitting
it with a hammer
Magnetic field
• The region around the magnet where magnetic materials experiences a force

Magnetic field patterns

Point X is called the neutral point.
At this point the magnetic fields of
the two magnets cancel out

• A compass point north because its needle is a small magnet. It

rotates and lines up with the Earth’s magnetic field
If you put it near a bar magnet, its needle will line up with the magnetic field of
the magnet, rather than the Earth’s magnetic field.

Note: - magnetic field lines

The opposite pattern show us the general shape of the field.
● The spacing of the lines indicates the strength of the field. The
field is stronger where the lines are closer together.
● The arrows on the lines show the direction of the force.
Magnetic field lines go from the north pole to the south pole.

The Earth’s magnetic field

The Earth behaves as if there is a huge bar magnet inside it.
When you use the magnetic needle it points to north pole, that means the magnetic field lines are
out of south and enterd the north geographical pole of the earth
(it seems like electric current flow)
But there is no bar magnet inside the Earth, and we are not
exactly sure how its magnetic field is produced.
Electromagnets: -*
• You can a coil a wire into lots of loops and make a coiled
cylinder. When you pass an electric current through the coil,

• a magnetic field is produced. It has a similar shape to the field

around a bar magnet
• We can make it by, Coiling the wire concentrates the magnetic
field inside the loops, so the field is much stronger than for a
single loop on its own.
• use a coil with some magnetic material called a core in the centre
• The core becomes magnetised by the magnetic field of the coil.

• This makes the electromagnet much stronger

Notes
• the magnetic field is only produced when a current is flowing in the wire.
• The iron core does not remain magnetised when you turn the electromagnet off.
• A coil of wire is called a solenoid.

The strength of an electromagnet depends on:

● the number of turns, or loops, on the coil – more turns will make a stronger electromagnet
● the current flowing in the wire – more current will make a stronger electromagnet
● the type of core – using a magnetic material in the core will make a stronger electromagnet.
- The current flowing in the wire depends on the power supply and the type of wire that is used in
the electromagnet.

Advantages of using electromagnet than permanent magnet

● You can turn an electromagnet on and off.
● You can make an electromagnet that is much stronger than a permanent magnet.

Uses of electromagnet
a) They can be used to move large pieces of iron or steel in a factory
b) move cars in a scrapyard. When the current is turned off, the electromagnet drops the car.
c) Doctors can use a small electromagnet to remove iron or steel splinters from people’s eyes.
 WORK SHEET - 1
1) Why can ultrasound not be heard by humans?
a) The amplitude is too great.
b) The frequency is too great.
c) The speed is too great.
d) The wavelength is too great.
2) A sound wave has a certain amplitude and a certain frequency. A second sound
wave is quieter and lower in pitch than the first sound wave. The second wave has
a) a larger amplitude and a greater frequency.
b) a larger amplitude and a smaller frequency.
c) a smaller amplitude and a greater frequency.
d) a smaller amplitude and a smaller frequency.
3) What is the approximate range of hearing of a healthy human ear?
a) 2.0 Hz to 2.0 kHz
b) 2.0 Hz to 20 kHz
c) 20 Hz to 2.0 kHz
d) 20 Hz to 20 kHz
4) A singer sings two notes. The first note is louder and lower in pitch than the second
note.
5) Which statement about the two notes is correct?
a) The first note has a larger amplitude and a larger frequency than the second note.
b) The first note has a larger amplitude and a smaller frequency than the second note.
c) The first note has a smaller amplitude and a larger frequency than the second note.
d) The first note has a smaller amplitude and a smaller frequency than the second note.
6) Which range of wave frequencies includes only sounds that can be heard by a
human with normal hearing?
a) 3.0 Hz to 300 Hz
b) 30 Hz to 3000 Hz
c) 300 Hz to 30000 Hz
d) 3000 HZ to 300 000 HZ

7) A candle flame is placed in front of a loudspeaker.

The loudspeaker produces a sound wave that causes air
particles to vibrate.
The vibrating air particles make the candle flame vibrate
in the same direction as the air particles. Which row
shows the direction of vibration of the candle flame, and
the nature of sound waves?
8) A sound wave travels from a point X to another point Y.
1) X Y , Which diagram represents the movement of the air molecules, due
to the sound wave, in the region between X and Y?

9) Sound wave P has a greater amplitude and a larger wavelength in air than sound
wave Q.
10) How do the loudness and pitch of P compare with the loudness and pitch of Q?
a) P is louder and higher in pitch than Q.
b) P is louder and lower in pitch than Q.
c) P is quieter and higher in pitch than Q.
d) P is quieter and lower in pitch than Q.
11) Which frequency produces a sound that can be heard by a person?
a) Hz
b) 2Hz
c) 2kHz
d) 30 kHz
12) Which row states two properties of sound waves?
13) A quiet sound is produced by a loudspeaker. The
loudness of the sound is increased. Which property of
the sound wave is increased?
a) amplitude
b) frequency
c) speed
d) wavelength
14) The frequency of a musical note is increased. student hearing the sound detects an
increase in which property?
a) loudness of the sound direction nature of
b) pitch of the sound of sound
c) speed of the sound wave vibration waves
d) wavelength of the sound wave
15) What can be heard by the human ear? A longitudinal
a) a whistle emitting a wave of frequency 50 kHz
b) a bat emitting a wave of frequency 30 kHz B transverse
c) an insect emitting a wave of frequency 300 Hz
d) a vibrating spring emitting a wave of frequency 5 Hz C longitudinal
D transverse
16) Sounds are produced by vibrating objects. A certain object vibrates but a person
nearby cannot hear any sound.
Which statement could explain why nothing is heard?
a) The amplitude of the sound waves is too large.
b) The frequency of the vibration is too high.
c) The sound waves are transverse.
d) The speed of the sound waves is too high.
17) Two sounds X and Y are produced by loudspeakers. The amplitude and frequency
of each sound wave is given in the table. amplitude / frequency /
How does sound Y compare with sound X? mm Hz
a) Y is louder and has a higher pitch.
b) Y is louder and has a lower pitch. X 1.3 475
c) Y is quieter and has a higher pitch.
Y 2.0 235
d) Y is quieter and has a lower pitch.
18) What is the approximate range of audible sound frequencies for a human with good
hearing?
a) from 20 Hz to 2000 Hz
b) from 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
c) from 200 Hz to 20 000 Hz
d) from 200 Hz to 200 000 Hz
19) A boy blows a whistle that has a frequency of 10 000 Hz. The boy’s friend cannot
hear the sound from the whistle. The friend has normal hearing. What could be a reason
why he cannot hear the sound?
a) The amplitude is too large.
b) The amplitude is too small.
c) The frequency is too high.
d) The frequency is too low.

20) The diagrams show the wave patterns of four

sounds shown on a cathode-ray oscilloscope, The
oscilloscope controls are set the same for each
sound. Which sound has the highest pitch?

21) A fire alarm is not loud enough and the pitch is too low. An
engineer adjusts the alarm so that it produces a louder note of a
higher pitch. What effect does this have on the amplitude and on
the frequency of the sound waves that the alarm produces?
22) The diagrams represent two sound waves. The scales in the two diagrams are the
same. Which statement describes the waves?
a) The waves have different loudness and different pitch.
b) The waves have different loudness but the same pitch.
c) The waves have the same loudness and the same pitch.
d) The waves have the same loudness but different pitch.

23) A tuning fork is marked with the number 320.

This indicates the size of the frequency. What does this mean?
a) The length of the tuning fork is 320 mm.
b) The note from the tuning fork will last for up to 320 s.
c) The sound waves produced by the tuning fork travel at 320 m / s.
d) The tuning fork vibrates 320 times every second.

24) When the volcano Krakatoa erupted in 1883, it was heard 5000 km away. Which
statement about the sound from the volcano is not correct?
a) If such a loud sound were to be made today, an astronaut orbiting in space (a vacuum) at a height of 400 km
could hear it.
b) People further from the volcano heard the sound later than people nearer to the volcano.
c) The amplitude of the sound waves would have been smaller further from the volcano.
d) The sound was very loud because a lot of energy was transferred to vibrations of the air.

25) A sound wave has a certain amplitude and a certain frequency. A second sound
wave is quieter and lower in pitch than the first sound wave. The second wave has
a) a larger amplitude and a greater frequency.
b) a larger amplitude and a smaller frequency.
c) a smaller amplitude and a greater frequency.
d) a smaller amplitude and a smaller frequency.

26)Which range of wave frequencies includes only sounds that can be heard by a
human with normal hearing?
a) 3.0 Hz to 300 Hz
b) 30 Hz to 3000 Hz
c) 300 Hz 000 Hz
d) 3000 Hz t