Tribhuvan University

Faculty of Management

A Lab Report of Advance Inter-Networking

Submitted to:
Er. Chakra Singh

Department of Management
Sudur Paschimanchal Campus, Dhangadhi

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in the Paper (IT-223) in the Fifth Semester of
the Degree of BACHELOR OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (BIM)

By
Prakash Dhanadi
Santosh Luhar
Bikash Bohara
Bipin Poudel
Naresh Bist

TU Regd. No: 7-2-464-023-2019

Class Roll No: 11059/19

2022, Dec
Declaration
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I hereby declare that the report entitled “A Lab Report of Advance inter-networking (IT-
223)” submitted to the Department of Management, Sudur Paschimanchal Campus,
Dhangadhi is an original piece of work under the supervision of Er. Chakra Singh, and is
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Paper Advance Inter-networking(IT-
223) in the Fifth Semester of the degree of BACHELOR OF INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT (BIM). This report has not been submitted to any other university or
institution for the award of any degree.

Name:

Signature:

Date: 2079/02/28

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 Letter of Recommendation

This is to certify that the lab report entitled “A Lab Report of Advance Inter-Networking (IT-
223)” is an academic work done by “ ” submitted in the partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Information Management at Faculty of
Management, Tribhuvan University under my guidance and supervision. To the best of my
knowledge, the work performed by him in the Lab report is his own creation.

Signature of the Supervisor:

Name: Er. Chakra Singh

Date:

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 Table of Contents
Objectives....................................................................................................................................................7
1. Identifying the problems with the network............................................................................................7
2. Troubleshoot issues...............................................................................................................................7
3. Learn maintenance task.........................................................................................................................7
4. To collect firsthand information............................................................................................................8
5. To get direct experience........................................................................................................................8
6. To understand geographical and social condition..................................................................................8
7. To interact with local people.................................................................................................................8
Equipments and Infrastructures..................................................................................................................9
1. Fiber Optics...........................................................................................................................................9
2. Router...................................................................................................................................................9
3. Switch..................................................................................................................................................10
4. Hub......................................................................................................................................................10
Observations.............................................................................................................................................11
Action taken with vendor visit and its tools specification..........................................................................12
a. Fiber cable...........................................................................................................................................12
b. Cold cure fiber termination and inspection kit....................................................................................12
c. Multi mode and single mode OTDR.....................................................................................................13
d. Installer toolkit....................................................................................................................................13
e. Fusion splicer.......................................................................................................................................14
f. Patch Cord...........................................................................................................................................14
g. Fiber color code..................................................................................................................................15
h. Voltage detector..................................................................................................................................15
i. SFP........................................................................................................................................................15
Recommendation for ISP...........................................................................................................................16
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................17

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 Figures
1. Fiber Optics...........................................................................................................................................9
2. Router...................................................................................................................................................9
3. Switch..................................................................................................................................................10
4. Hub......................................................................................................................................................10
a. Fiber cable...........................................................................................................................................12
b. Cold cure fiber termination and inspection kit....................................................................................12
c. Multi mode and single mode OTDR.....................................................................................................13
d. Installer toolkit....................................................................................................................................13
e. Fusion splicer.......................................................................................................................................14
f. Patch Cord...........................................................................................................................................14
g. Fiber color code..................................................................................................................................15
h. Voltage detector..................................................................................................................................15
i. SFP........................................................................................................................................................15

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 Introduction
Internet is one of the main components in our daily activities. Everything is being digitalized
these days from buying to selling needles and gold as well. Almost all people use internet in
daily life directly or indirectly but don’t aware of how it is working. So today our main goal is to
learn about a small unit that provides connection to the user and helps to connect with a huge
enormous thing called internet.We are having a short one day visit to learn and know little bit
about the working mechanisms of ISP’s. On the recommendation of syllabus of Advance Inter-
Networking in fifth semester we had conducted a short visit towards ISP (Internet service
provider) named DishHome. Our main purpose of visit is to know:

a. How ISP Provides internet to clients?

b. What equipments are used in fiber management?

c. Internal structure of ISP’s?

Venue: DishHome Office, Mahendranagar

Date: 2079-09-01

Individuals Involved:

1. Er Bhim Bdr. Pun (BIM Co-Ordinator)

2. Er chakra Singh (Subject teacher/Knock Engineer)

3. Keshab Bdr. Chand (Fiber Engineer)

4. Fiber distribution teams or vendors

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 Objectives

Our visit to ISP has a main objective to deals with a small unit of internet that provides
connections to the clients for joining across the enormous World Wide Web or interconnected
network. Some of our main objectives are:

1. Identifying the problems with the network

We can only connects to the internet by using connection provided by some sort of network
dealers called as ISP’s. Internet is a huge web of inter-connected networks. To connect with that
we need a gateway and we cannot individually create or get it on our own. So ISP deals with
authorities who could provide a link to the internet and that link is further processed by using
different equipments to make it available for large numbers of people.

In case of DishHome, it has taken a lease network from Airtel of India and mended it as a well
structure to make it available for large people.

2. Troubleshoot issues
The process or mechanism used to find out errors or miscalculations or problems on certain
things by using different kinds of tools and techniques refers to troubleshooting. We identify the
problems of people is they cant connect to internet without some connection and next big
problem is that the connection provided should be reliable, feasible and cheap so that people
could afford. ISP has problems in providing connections as well.

In case of DishHome, It can be provided to people in terai region easily as they are in reachable
place. But there is disturbance or problems to spread connection to the people at Himalayan and
hilly region. One reason is due to unavailability of infrastructure and next is budget of the ISP’s.

3. Learn maintenance task

Providing connection is not easy and more over maintaining that connection for daily use is
major problem. There could be high network traffic which should be managed. There could be
problems in fiber. There could be problems to user in accessing internet. All of these problems
should be handle and maintain in right way whenever they occurs.

In case of DishHome, People are assigned for different works such as watching and maintaining
traffic, managing out fiber cables, maintenaning the network structure, etc.

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4. To collect firsthand information
A field visit is a visit to a factory, frame or museum made by student and a teacher for the
purpose of firsthand information.

5. To get direct experience

It is a practical method of studying Geography. Various geographical features can be directly
experienced through field visit. Also one can collect several samples from the area of the visit
which help to understand the subject in a better manner.

6. To understand geographical and social condition

Field visit also help in understanding the geographical and social condition of a place.

7. To interact with local people

It is provides an opportunity to directly interact with the local people and understand there
problem.

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 Equipments and Infrastructures

On visit we had learnt about different types of devices used across the internet including those
devices currently DishHome is using.

1. Fiber Optics
It is used to transfer huge amount of traffics from one point to another. It sends data in rate of 1
billion bits per second.

Fig: Optical fiber

2. Router
It is used to connect a user to the public network called as internet or connects two sub network.
It serves two main functions : managing traffic between networks by forwarding data packets to
their intended ip address, and allowing multiple devices to use same internet connection.

Fig: Router
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3. Switch
These are intelligent devices than hub used in datalink layer of OSI model. It is an intelligent
network device that sends message to selected destination ports. It is supports unicast, multicast
and broadcast.

4. Hub
A device used to connects multiple devices on a single network is hub. It is used to connects
segments of LAN’s. It does broadcasting. It is used in physical layer.

Fig: Difference in hub, switch and router

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 Observations

On my observation, I get to know how a connection is established inside an ISP office. In

context of Mahendranagar office:

Firstly, A terminal has arrived to the office from attariya branch and connected to ONT (optical
network terminal).

Next that ONT is connected to OLT (optical line terminal).

Then that OLT has connected to L3 Switch.

After switch the point is next thrown out of the ISP by terminal to FDB (fiber distribution box).

FDB has MS (master splitter) itself to split the bandwidth of the connection as per the
requirements of the user or clients.

Therefore in these above steps a user can get access to internet.

On my observation I get to know about some of the issues and problems such as:

a. The OLT, ONT and switch should be placed in cold room having normal temperature always
so that they cant get excess heat.

b. An intellect person about fiber should be assigned on each office to handle that server room.

c. Fiber is so sensitive in real time to use so it should be handled smoothly by expert only. In
case of any failure it could harm an expert leading to cancer as well.

d. It is too difficult to know where fiber is being corrupted so different devices are used to
monitor whether fiber is working properly or not.

e. Fiber optical cables are too heavy in weight and takes time in installation on field.

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 Action taken with vendor visit and its tools specification

An ISP doesn’t install fiber cable on its own. They give that responsibility to some vendors who
install fiber where the requirements are for ISPs. We are taken to visit at vendors’ office where
all the equipments require to install fiber cable in field are placed. Some of the equipments in
vendors office visit are :

a. Fiber cable
It is used to throw out traffic from one place to another. It is available in heavy wheel rolls in
different types: Single and dual. We get know that this cable also have color inside it.

b. Cold cure fiber termination and inspection kit

It is used to terminate fiber using the cold cure method. We saw how a optical cable is join
without any loss in bandwidth. The contents of this kit are: Fiber optics scissor, Kevlar scissor,
fiber crimp tool, cable ringing tool, fluid dispenser, Lint free tissue,etc.

Fig: Cold cure fiber termination

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c. Multi mode and single mode OTDR
It stands for Optical Time Domain Reflectometer. It is used to check strength of fiber in decibel.
It also check integrity of cable and analyze cable by transmitting laser through the cable. We
learn that less decibel means cable is good. We also cheked out faulty cable by passing lasers
into it.

Fig: OTDR (Optical time domain Reflectometer)

d. Installer toolkit
It is essential who is terminating a copper network. It is suited for all level of users who need to
install wires. It includes : cable tester, wire cutter, cable cutter and stripper, RJ45 plugs, hack
saw, measure tape, screwdriver, cable ties, etc.

Fig: Installer kit

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e. Fusion splicer
It is used to create long cable length by splicing multiple cable segments. It gives estimate of the
splice loss, the only way to test with it with OTDR.

Fig: Fusion splicer

f. Patch Cord
It connects two electronic or optical devices for signal routing. The term patch cable and patch cord are
similar. It is used to connect hub or routers like devices at home and other sectors.

Fig: Patch cord

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g. Fiber color code

h. Voltage detector
It is used to measure voltage of the optical light being travelled through cables. It is used by
technicians to detect voltage of the signal.

Fig: voltage detector

i. SFP
It stands for small form factor pluggable. It converts serial electrical energy to serial optical
energy and vice versa. It’s a type of transceiver.

Fig: SFP

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 Recommendation for ISP

DishHome has improved its internet connection distribution techniques than others ISP’s. Its
connection is far than other ISP’s connection in several cases such as:

a. Less cost in comparison to others

b. Faster in speed being fiber connected cables

Though having several good aspects it could be improvised in following things:

a. Availability to the people in hilly and Himalayan region

b. Spreading to different areas faster

c. Making reliability in feedback and suggestions directly to ISPs

d. Secure and friendliness connection

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 Conclusion

The main theme of this report is to tell about the inside structure of ISPs. It tells how ISP work
and how they provide connection to people by performing internal activities. It also tells about
fiber managements and distribution in several areas. This report also tells about equipments used
by fiber engineers. This report mentions recommendations for ISPs overall.

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