the formation of

rizal’s
nationalism
 “Without paciano to
back him up, it’s
doubtful that rizal
would be gotten as far
as he reached”

-NIck joaquin
 the formation of
Rizal’s nationalism was
partly contributed by
his brother Paciano
evident in most
narrative.
from boyhood toward his
death, his elder brother
served as his informant,
keeping him abrest of the
many events and
happening in the country
who is paciano rizal ?

Born on March 9, 1851

Paciano Mercado Rizal
y Alonzo was the
elder and only
brother of Jose Rizal.
 who is paciano rizal ?

Paciano studied under

Justiniano Aquino Cruz and
later at the Colegio de San
Juan de Letran under the
tutelage of Fr. Jose Burgos
one of the Filipino priests
who was garroted at
Bagumbayan in 1872.
 who is paciano rizal ?

jose began to use the name Rizal

instead of Mercadoby his
brother's command, which the
rest of his family used, to avoid
the surveillance that the
Spanish authorities were
already giving Paciano because
of his connections with Burgos.
 who is paciano rizal ?

Paciano was prohibited from

taking his final examinations
because of his known closeness
with Burgos and for his
outspokenness against friar
abuses.
 who is paciano rizal ?

Later on, land troubles with the

religious corporations in Calamba
caused his exile to Mindoro from
September 1890 to November 1891.
Jose tried to appeal their case in
the Spanish Cortes in Madrid but
to no avail.
 who is paciano rizal ?

Paciano Rizal helped their

parents choose the young Jose’s
tutors and later acted as Jose’s
guardian in school

with an uncle, Paciano helped

Rizal go to Europe in 1882 and was
the one who told their parents
about Jose’s departure.
 who is paciano rizal ?

For five years, he sent his brother

a monthly pension of 50 pesos,
later 35 pesos. He also constantly
updated his brother about what
was going on with their family
and in the country through
letters.
 who is paciano rizal ?

Paciano supported his brother’s

activities including his
involvement in the Propaganda
Movement and supported the
Katipunan by recruiting members
in laguna.
 who is paciano rizal ?

After the execution of his

brother, he joined the Philippine
Revolution and became a general
in the Revolutionary Army, and in
1898, he secured the surrender of
Spanish forces in Lipa, Batangas.
 who is paciano rizal ?

He also fought the Americans

during the Filipino-American War
until his capture in 1900.
 who is paciano rizal ?

After his release from captivity,

Paciano refused all positions
offered to him by the Americans
and lived quietly as a gentleman
farmer in Los Bafios until his
death on April 13, 1930 at the age of
79.
At first it was agaisnt
the will of rizal to
leave because he did
not want to leave
Leonora rivera his
greatest love.
 his purpose of leaving
was primarily to study
not for his advancement
only, but to observe the
culture, the people and
the kind of government
spain had
what did Rizal do
in Europe?
He enrolled in a course in
medicine at the
Universidad Central de
Madrid in Spain. In June
1883, he traveled to
France to observe how
medicine was being
practiced there.
what did Rizal do
in Europe?
After his three-month
sojourn in France, Rizal
returned to Madrid and
thought about publishing
a book that exposed the
colonial relationship of
Spain and the Philippines.
what did Rizal do
in Europe?

in March 1887, with the

publication of the novel
Noli Me Tangere in
Germany
 what did Rizal do in
Europe?
Rizal was actively involved in the
Propaganda movement, composed of
Filipinos in Spain who sought to direct the
attention of Spaniards to the concerns of
the Spanish colony in the Philippines. He
wrote articles for publications in Manila
and abroad
 what did Rizal do in
Europe?
Rizal returned to Manila in August 1887,
after five years in Europe. However, his
homecoming was met by the friars’ furor
over Noli Me Tangere. The Archbishop of
Manila issued an order banning the
possession and reading of the novel, an
order that was later reinforced by the
governor-general.
 what did Rizal do in
Europe?
From 1888 to 1890 he shuttled between
London and Paris, where he wrote
ethnographic and history-related
studies, as well as political articles. He
also frequently visited Spain, where he
met with fellow Filipino intellectuals
like Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce,
and Graciano Lopez-Jaena.
what did Rizal do in
Europe?
In March 1891, Rizal finished
writing his second novel, El
Filibusterismo, in France. He
planned to publish the book
in Belgium, but was
financially hard up.
 what did Rizal do in
Europe?

in September 1890, El
Filibusterismo was published
in Ghent using donations from
Rizal’s friends.
 what did Rizal do in
Europe?

Meanwhile, a rivalry had

ensued between Rizal and del
Pilar over the leadership of
the Asociación Hispano Filipino
in Spain.
 what did Rizal do in
Europe?

Rizal decided to leave Europe

to avoid the worsening rift
between the Rizalistas and
Pilaristas and to help
maintain unity among Filipino
expatriates.
what did Rizal do in
Europe?
after staying for some time in
Hong Kong, where he
practiced medicine and
planned to build a “New
Calamba” by relocating
landless Filipinos to Borneo,
Rizal came home to the
Philippines in June 1892.
what is there a struggle in
nationalism?

nationalism is a feeling that

drives a person together as
a nation; love of a country
expressed in devotion to
and advocacy of national
interest and independence.
what is there a struggle in
nationalism?

Struggles in nationalism
arise from the challenges
of reconciling diverse
identities, historical
grievances, and competing
interests within nations or
between nationalist
movements.
what is there a struggle in
nationalism?

These struggles can stem

from ethnic, cultural, and
religious diversity,
historical conflicts,
political and economic
inequality, globalization,
competing nationalisms, and
authoritarian tendencies.
 benedict anderson’s
imagiined community
imagined community

Benedict Anderson is an
Irish political and
historian best known
for his book Imagined
Communities.
imagined community

nationhood is not lost

when one is not living
in his own nature.
imagined community
nation is imagined as
limited because even the
largest of them
encompassing perhaps a
billion living human
beings, has infinite, elastic
boundaries, beyond which
lie other nations.
imagined community
nation also imagined a
sovereign because the
concept was born in an
age when enlightenment
and revolution were
destroying the legitimacy
of the divinely ordinated
and hierarchical dynastic
realm.
imagined community
lastly, a nation is
imagined as a community
because regardless of the
actual inequality and
exploitation of that may
prevail in each, it is
always conceived as deep,
horizontal comradership.
Salamat!
Thank you for listening