History of India (1947-Present) - Wikipedia

4/3/24, 9:46 AM History of India (1947–present) - Wikipedia
History of India (1947–present)
The history of independent India or history of Republic of India began when the country
became an independent sovereign state within the British Commonwealth on 15 August 1947.
Direct administration by the British, which began in 1858, affected a political and economic
unification of the subcontinent. When British rule came to an end in 1947, the subcontinent was
partitioned along religious lines into two separate countries—India, with a majority of Hindus,
and Pakistan, with a majority of Muslims.[1] Concurrently the Muslim-majority northwest and east
of British India was separated into the Dominion of Pakistan, by the Partition of India. The
partition led to a population transfer of more than 10 million people between India and Pakistan
and the death of about one million people. Indian National Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru
became the first Prime Minister of India, but the leader most associated with the independence
struggle, Mahatma Gandhi, accepted no office. The constitution adopted in 1950 made India a
democratic republic with Westminster style parliamentary system of government, both at federal
and state level respectively. The democracy has been sustained since then. India's sustained
democratic freedoms are unique among the world's newly independent states.[2]
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, often

regarded as the architect of modern India, addressing a
newly independent India on 15 August 1947
The country has faced religious violence, naxalism, terrorism and regional separatist insurgencies.
India has unresolved territorial disputes with China which escalated into a war in 1962 and 1967,
and with Pakistan which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999. India was neutral in the
Cold War, and was a leader in the Non-Aligned Movement. However, it made a loose alliance
with the Soviet Union from 1971, when Pakistan was allied with the United States and the
People's Republic of China.
India is a nuclear-weapon state, having conducted its first nuclear test in 1974, followed by
another five tests in 1998. From the 1950s to the 1980s, India followed socialist-inspired policies.
The economy was influenced by extensive regulation, protectionism and public ownership,
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India_(1947–present)# 1/66
leading to pervasive corruption and slow economic growth. Since 1991, India has pursued more
economic liberalisation. Today, India is the third largest and one of the fastest-growing
economies in the world.
From being a relatively struggling country in its formative years,[3] the Republic of India has
emerged as a fast growing G20 major economy.[4][5] India has sometimes been referred to as a
great power and a potential superpower given its large and growing economy, military and
population.[6][7][8][9]
1947–1950: Dominion of India
Independent India's first years were marked with turbulent events—a massive exchange of
population with Pakistan, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 and the integration of over 500 princely
states to form a united nation.[10] Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi also
ensured that the constitution of independent India would be secular.[11]
Partition of India
The partition of India was outlined in the Indian Independence Act 1947. It led to the dissolution
of the British Raj in South Asia and the creation of two independent dominions: India and
Pakistan.[12][13] The change of political borders notably included the division of two provinces of
British India,[a] Bengal and Punjab.[14] The majority Muslim districts in these provinces were
awarded to Pakistan and the majority non-Muslim to India. The other assets that were divided
included the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Royal Indian Air Force, the Indian
Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury. Self-governing independent Pakistan and
India legally came into existence at midnight on 14 and 15 August 1947 respectively.
The first Cabinet of independent India[b]
The partition caused large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration between the two
dominions.[15] Among refugees who survived, it solidified the belief that safety lay among co-
religionists. In the instance of Pakistan, it made palpable a hitherto only-imagined refuge for the
Muslims of British India.[16] The migrations took place hastily and with little warning. It is thought
that between 14 million and 18 million people moved, and perhaps more. Excess mortality during
the period of the partition is usually estimated to have been around one million.[17] The violent
nature of the partition created an atmosphere of hostility and suspicion between India and
Pakistan that affects their relationship to this day.
An estimated 3.5 million[18] Hindus and Sikhs living in West Punjab, North-West Frontier Province,
Baluchistan, East Bengal and Sind migrated to India in fear of domination and suppression in
Muslim Pakistan. Communal violence killed an estimated one million Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs,
and gravely destabilised both dominions along their Punjab and Bengal boundaries, and the
cities of Calcutta, Delhi and Lahore. The violence was stopped by early September owing to the
co-operative efforts of both Indian and Pakistani leaders, and especially due to the efforts of
Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of the Indian freedom struggle, who undertook a fast-unto-death
in Calcutta and later in Delhi to calm people and emphasise peace despite the threat to his life.
Both governments constructed large relief camps for incoming and leaving refugees, and the
Indian Army was mobilised to provide humanitarian assistance on a massive scale.
I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be
a nation apart from the parent stock.
— Mahatma Gandhi, opposing the division of India on the basis of religion

in 1945.[19]
The assassination of Mohandas Gandhi on 30 January 1948 was carried out by Nathuram Godse,
who held him responsible for partition and charged that Mohandas Gandhi was appeasing
Muslims. More than one million people flooded the streets of Delhi to follow the procession to
cremation grounds and pay their last respects.
In 1949, India recorded almost 1 million Hindu refugees into West Bengal and other states from
East Pakistan, owing to communal violence, intimidation, and repression from Muslim authorities.
The plight of the refugees outraged Hindus and Indian nationalists, and the refugee population
drained the resources of Indian states, who were unable to absorb them. While not ruling out
war, Prime Minister Nehru and Sardar Patel invited Liaquat Ali Khan for talks in Delhi. Although
many Indians termed this appeasement, Nehru signed a pact with Liaquat Ali Khan that pledged
both nations to the protection of minorities and creation of minority commissions. Although
opposed to the principle, Patel decided to back this pact for the sake of peace, and played a
critical role in garnering support from West Bengal and across India, and enforcing the provisions
of the pact. Khan and Nehru also signed a trade agreement, and committed to resolving bilateral
disputes through peaceful means. Steadily, hundreds of thousands of Hindus returned to East
Pakistan, but the thaw in relations did not last long, primarily owing to the Kashmir dispute.
Political integration of India
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel as General El Edroos (at right)

Minister for Home and States offers his surrender of the
Affairs had the responsibility of Hyderabad State Forces to
welding the British Indian Major General (later General
provinces and the princely and Army Chief) Joyanto Nath
states into a united India. Chaudhuri at Secunderabad.
Queen Kanchan Prabha Devi of Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah

the Kingdom of Tripura signed (right), chosen to head the
the instrument of accession to emergency interim government
India. She played a pivotal role in Kashmir after Maharaja Hari
in rehabilitating refugees and Singh signed Kashmir's
victims of the violence Instrument of Accession to
associated with the Partition of India.
India in the state of Tripura.
Integration of princely states
In July 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily
against the army of independent India.[20] In January 1947, Nehru said that independent India
would not accept the divine right of kings.[21] In May 1947, he declared that any princely state
which refused to join the Constituent Assembly would be treated as an enemy state.[22] British
India consisted of 17 provinces, which existed alongside 565 princely states. The provinces were
given to India or Pakistan, in two particular cases—Punjab and Bengal—after being partitioned.
The princes of the princely states, however, were given the right to either remain independent or
accede to either dominion. Thus India's leaders were faced with the prospect of inheriting a
fragmented country with independent states and kingdoms dispersed across the mainland.
Under the leadership of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the new Government of India employed
political negotiations backed with the option (and, on several occasions, the use) of military
action to ensure the primacy of the central government and of the Constitution then being
drafted. Sardar Patel and V. P. Menon convinced the rulers of princely states contiguous to India
to accede to India. Many rights and privileges of the rulers of the princely states, especially their
personal estates and privy purses, were guaranteed to convince them to accede. Some of them
were made Rajpramukh (governor) and Uprajpramukh (deputy governor) of the merged states.
Many small princely states were merged to form viable administrative states such as Saurashra,
PEPSU, Vindhya Pradesh and Madhya Bharat. Some princely states such as Tripura and Manipur
acceded later in 1949.
There were three states that proved more difficult to integrate than others:
1. Junagadh (Hindu-majority state with a Muslim Nawab)—a December 1947 plebiscite

resulted in a 99% vote[23] to merge with India, annulling the controversial accession to
Pakistan, which was made by the Nawab against the wishes of the people of the state who
were overwhelmingly Hindu and despite Junagadh not being contiguous with Pakistan.
2. Hyderabad (Hindu-majority state with a Muslim nizam)—Patel ordered the Indian army to
depose the government of the Nizam, code-named Operation Polo, after the failure of
negotiations, which was done between 13 and 29 September 1948. It was incorporated as a
state of India the next year.
3. The state of Jammu and Kashmir (a Muslim-majority state with a Hindu king) in the far north
of the subcontinent quickly became a source of controversy that erupted into the First Indo-
Pakistani War which lasted from 1947 to 1949. Eventually, a United Nations-overseen
ceasefire was agreed that left India in control of two-thirds of the contested region.
Jawaharlal Nehru initially agreed to Mountbatten's proposal that a plebiscite be held in the
entire state as soon as hostilities ceased, and a UN-sponsored cease-fire was agreed to by
both parties on 1 January 1949. No statewide plebiscite was held, however, for in 1954, after
Pakistan began to receive arms from the United States, Nehru withdrew his support. The
Indian Constitution came into force in Kashmir on 26 January 1950 with special clauses for
the state.
Constitution
The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and
became effective on 26 January 1950.[24] The constitution replaced the Government of India Act
1935 as the country's fundamental governing document, and the Dominion of India became the
Republic of India. To ensure constitutional autochthony, its framers repealed prior acts of the
British parliament in Article 395.[25] The constitution declares India a sovereign, socialist,
secular,[26] and democratic republic, assures its citizens justice, equality, and liberty, and
endeavours to promote fraternity.[27] Key features of the constitution were Universal suffrage for
all adults,Westminster style parliamentary system of government at the federal and state level,
and independent judiciary.[28] The constitution also required the Union Government and the
States and Territories of India to set reserved quotas or seats, at particular percentage in Education
Admissions, Employments, Political Bodies, Promotions, etc., for "socially and educationally
backward citizens."[29][30][31] The constitution has had more than 100 amendments since it was
enacted.[32]
India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day.[33]
Indian soldiers during the Indo-

Pakistani War of 1947
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely
state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistan Wars fought
between the two newly independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after
independence by launching tribal lashkar (militia) from Waziristan,[34] in an effort to secure
Kashmir, the future of which hung in the balance. A United Nations-mediated ceasefire took
place on 5 January 1949.
Indian losses in the war totalled 1,104 killed and 3,154 wounded;[35] Pakistani, about 6,000 killed
and 14,000 wounded.[36] Neutral assessments state India emerged victorious as it successfully
defended the majority of the contested territory.[37][38][39][40][41]
Governance and politics
India held its first national elections under the Constitution in 1952, where a turnout of over 60%
was recorded. The Indian National Congress won an overwhelming majority, and Jawaharlal
Nehru began a second term as prime minister. President Prasad was also elected to a second
term by the electoral college of the first Parliament of India.[42]
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime

Minister of India. He oversaw
India's transition from a colony to
a republic, while nurturing a plural,
multi-party system. In foreign
policy, he took a leading role in
the Non-Aligned Movement while
projecting India as a regional
hegemon in South Asia.
Nehru administration (1952–1964)
Nehru can be regarded as the founder of the modern Indian state. Parekh attributes this to the
national philosophy Nehru formulated for India. For him, modernisation was the national
philosophy, with seven goals: national unity, parliamentary democracy, industrialisation,
socialism, development of the scientific temper, and non-alignment. In Parekh's opinion, the
philosophy and the policies that resulted from this benefited a large section of society such as
public sector workers, industrial houses, and middle and upper peasantry. However, it failed to
benefit or satisfy the urban and rural poor, the unemployed and the Hindu fundamentalists.[43]
The death of Vallabhbhai Patel in 1950 left Nehru as the sole remaining iconic national leader,
and soon the situation became such that Nehru could implement his vision for India without
hindrance.[44]
Nehru implemented economic policies based on import substitution industrialisation and

advocated a mixed economy where the government-controlled public sector would co-exist with
the private sector.[45] He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental
to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. The government, therefore,
directed investment primarily into key public sector industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—
promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies.[46]
Nehru led the Congress to further election victories in 1957 and 1962. During his tenure, the
Indian Parliament passed extensive reforms that increased the legal rights of women in Hindu
society,[47][48][49][50] and further legislated against caste discrimination and untouchability. Nehru
advocated a strong initiative to enroll India's children to complete primary education, and
thousands of schools, colleges and institutions of advanced learning, such as the Indian Institutes
of Technology, were founded across the nation.[51] Nehru advocated a socialist model for the
economy of India.After India achieved independence, a formal model of planning was adopted,
and accordingly the Planning Commission, reporting directly to the Prime Minister, was
established in 1950, with Nehru as the chairman. The commission was tasked with formulating
Five-Year Plans for economic development which were shaped by the Soviet model based on
centralised and integrated national economic programs[52]—no taxation for Indian farmers,
minimum wage and benefits for blue-collar workers, and the nationalisation of heavy industries
such as steel, aviation, shipping, electricity, and mining. Village common lands were seized, and
an extensive public works and industrialisation campaign resulted in the construction of major
dams, irrigation canals, roads, thermal and hydroelectric power stations, and many more.
South Indian states prior to the States

Reorganisation Act
States reorganisation
Potti Sreeramulu's fast-unto-death, and consequent death for the demand of an Andhra State in
1952 sparked a major re-shaping of the Indian Union. Nehru appointed the States Re-
organisation Commission, upon whose recommendations the States Reorganisation Act was
passed in 1956. Old states were dissolved and new states created on the lines of shared linguistic
and ethnic demographics. The separation of Kerala and the Telugu-speaking regions of Madras
State enabled the creation of an exclusively Tamil-speaking state of Tamil Nadu. On 1 May 1960,
the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were created out of the bilingual Bombay State, and on 1
November 1966, the larger Punjab state was divided into the smaller, Punjabi-speaking Punjab
and Haryanvi-speaking Haryana states.[53]
Development of a multi-party system
In pre-independence India, the main parties were the Congress and the Muslim league.There
were also many other parties such as the Hindu mahasabha, Justice party, the Akali dal, the
Communist party etc. during this period with limited or regional appeal. With the eclipse of the
Muslim league due to partition, the Congress party was able to dominate Indian politics during
the 1950s.This started breaking down during the 60s and 70s.This period saw formation of many
new parties.These included those founded by former congress leaders such as the Swatantra
party, many Socialist leaning parties, and the Bharatiya Jan Sangh, the political arm of the Hindu
nationalist RSS.[54]
Swatantra Party
On 4 June 1959, shortly after the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress, C.
Rajagopalachari,[55] along with Murari Vaidya of the newly established Forum of Free Enterprise
(FFE)[56] and Minoo Masani, a classical liberal and critic of socialist leaning Nehru, announced the
formation of the new Swatantra Party at a meeting in Madras.[57] Conceived by disgruntled heads
of former princely states such as the Raja of Ramgarh, the Maharaja of Kalahandi and the
Maharajadhiraja of Darbhanga, the party was conservative in character.[58][59] Later, N. G. Ranga,
K. M. Munshi, Field Marshal K. M. Cariappa and the Maharaja of Patiala joined the effort.[59]
Rajagopalachari, Masani and Ranga also tried but failed to involve Jayaprakash Narayan in the
initiative.[60]
Gayatri Devi, the Maharani of Jaipur

and princess of Cooch Behar, was a
successful politician in the Swatantra
Party.
In his short essay "Our Democracy", Rajagopalachari argued the necessity of a right-wing
alternative to the Congress: "since ... the Congress Party has swung to the Left, what is wanted is
not an ultra or outer-Left [viz. the CPI or the Praja Socialist Party, PSP], but a strong and articulate
Right."[58] Rajagopalachari also said the opposition must: "operate not privately and behind the
closed doors of the party meeting, but openly and periodically through the electorate."[58] He
outlined the goals of the Swatantra Party through twenty-one "fundamental principles" in the
foundation document.[61] The party stood for equality and opposed government control over the
private sector.[62][63] Rajagopalachari sharply criticised the bureaucracy and coined the term
"licence-permit Raj" to describe Nehru's elaborate system of permissions and licences required
for an individual to set up a private enterprise. Rajagopalachari's personality became a rallying
point for the party.[58]
Rajagopalachari's efforts to build an anti-Congress front led to a patch-up with his former
adversary C. N. Annadurai of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.[64] During the late 1950s and early
1960s, Annadurai grew close to Rajagopalachari and sought an alliance with the Swatantra Party
for the 1962 Madras Legislative Assembly elections. Although there were occasional electoral
pacts between the Swatantra Party and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), Rajagopalachari
remained non-committal on a formal tie-up with the DMK due to its existing alliance with
Communists whom he dreaded.[65] The Swatantra Party contested 94 seats in the Madras state
assembly elections and won six[66] as well as won 18 parliamentary seats in the 1962 Lok Sabha
elections.[67]
Foreign policy and military conflicts
Nehru's foreign policy was the inspiration of the Non-Aligned Movement, of which India was a
co-founder. Nehru maintained friendly relations with both the United States and the Soviet
Union, and encouraged the People's Republic of China to join the global community of nations.
In 1956, when the Suez Canal Company was seized by the Egyptian government, an international
conference voted 18–4 to take action against Egypt. India was one of the four backers of Egypt,
along with Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and the USSR. India had opposed the partition of Palestine and
the 1956 invasion of the Sinai by Israel, the United Kingdom and France, but did not oppose the
Chinese direct control over Tibet,[68] and the suppression of a pro-democracy movement in
Hungary by the Soviet Union. Although Nehru disavowed nuclear ambitions for India, Canada
and France aided India in the development of nuclear power stations for electricity. India also
negotiated an agreement in 1960 with Pakistan on the just use of the waters of seven rivers
shared by the countries. Nehru had visited Pakistan in 1953, but owing to political turmoil in
Pakistan, no headway was made on the Kashmir dispute.[69]
India has fought a total of four wars/military conflicts with its neighbouring rival state Pakistan,
two in this period. In the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, fought over the disputed territory of
Kashmir, Pakistan captured one-third of Kashmir (which India claims as its territory), and India
captured three-fifths (which Pakistan claims as its territory). In the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965,
India attacked Pakistan on all fronts by crossing the international border after attempts by
Pakistani troops to infiltrate Indian-controlled Kashmir by crossing the de facto border between
India and Pakistan in Kashmir.
In 1961, after continual petitions for a peaceful handover, India invaded and annexed the
Portuguese colony of Goa on the west coast of India.[70]
In 1962 China and India engaged in the brief Sino-Indian War over the border in the Himalayas.
The war was a complete rout for the Indians and led to a refocusing on arms build-up and an
improvement in relations with the United States. China withdrew from disputed territory in the
contested Chinese South Tibet and Indian North-East Frontier Agency that it crossed during the
war. India disputes China's sovereignty over the smaller Aksai Chin territory that it controls on the
western part of the Sino-Indian border.[71]
Indian Army officers of the 4th Sikh Regiment captured a Police Station in Lahore, Pakistan, after
winning the Battle of Burki, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
The Indian Air Force used 20 small and lightweight Canberra bombers against the Portuguese forces
during Operation Vijay, which led to the Annexation of Goa.
Disputed areas in the western sector of the Sino-Indian border including Aksai Chin, 1988 CIA map
1960s after Nehru
Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi

served as prime minister for three
consecutive terms (1966–77) and a
fourth term (1980–84).
Jawaharlal Nehru died on 27 May 1964, and Lal Bahadur Shastri succeeded him as prime minister.
In 1965, India and Pakistan again went to war over Kashmir, but without any definitive outcome
or alteration of the Kashmir boundary. The Tashkent Agreement was signed under the mediation
of the Soviet government, but Shastri died on the night after the signing ceremony. A leadership
election resulted in the elevation of Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter who had been serving as
Minister for Information and Broadcasting, as the third prime minister. She defeated right-wing
leader Morarji Desai. The Congress Party won a reduced majority in the 1967 elections owing to
widespread disenchantment over rising prices of commodities, unemployment, economic
stagnation, and food crisis. Indira Gandhi had started on a rocky note after agreeing to a
devaluation of the rupee, which created much hardship for Indian businesses and consumers, and
the import of wheat from the United States fell through due to political disputes.[72]
In 1967, India and China again engaged with each other in Sino-Indian War of 1967 after the PLA
soldiers opened fire on the Indian soldiers who were making a fence on the border in Nathu La.
The Indian forces successfully repelled Chinese forces and the outcome saw Chinese defeat with
their withdrawal from Sikkim.
Morarji Desai entered Gandhi's government as deputy prime minister and finance minister, and
with senior Congress politicians attempted to constrain Gandhi's authority. But following the
counsel of her political advisor P. N. Haksar, Gandhi resuscitated her popular appeal by a major
shift towards socialist policies. She successfully ended the Privy Purse guarantee for former Indian
royalty, and waged a major offensive against party hierarchy over the nationalisation of India's
banks. Although resisted by Desai and India's business community, the policy was popular with
the masses. When Congress politicians attempted to oust Gandhi by suspending her Congress
membership, Gandhi was empowered with a large exodus of members of parliament to her own
Congress (R). The bastion of the Indian freedom struggle, the Indian National Congress, had split
in 1969. Gandhi continued to govern with a slim majority.[73]
1970s
Indian aircraft carrier INS Vikrant launches

an Alize aircraft during the Indo-Pakistani
War of 1971.
In 1971, Indira Gandhi and her Congress (R) were returned to power with a massively increased
majority. The nationalisation of banks was carried out, and many other socialist economic and
industrial policies enacted. India intervened in the Bangladesh War of Independence, a civil war
taking place in Pakistan's Bengali half, after millions of refugees had fled the persecution of the
Pakistani army. The clash resulted in the independence of East Pakistan, which became known as
Bangladesh, and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's elevation to immense popularity. Relations with
the United States grew strained, and India signed a 20-year treaty of friendship with the Soviet
Union—breaking explicitly for the first time from non-alignment. In 1974, India tested its first
nuclear weapon in the desert of Rajasthan, near Pokhran.
Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim. Sikkim

became the 22nd state of the Indian Union.
Merger of Sikkim
In 1973, anti-royalist riots took place in the Kingdom of Sikkim. In 1975, the Prime Minister of
Sikkim appealed to the Indian Parliament for Sikkim to become a state of India. In April of that
year, the Indian Army took over the city of Gangtok and disarmed the Chogyal's palace guards.
Thereafter, a referendum was held in which 97.5 percent of voters supported abolishing the
monarchy, effectively approving union with India.
India is said to have stationed 20,000–40,000 troops in a country of only 200,000 during the
referendum.[74] On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union, and the
monarchy was abolished.[75] To enable the incorporation of the new state, the Indian Parliament
amended the Indian Constitution. First, the 35th Amendment laid down a set of conditions that
made Sikkim an "associate state", a special designation not used by any other state. A month
later, the 36th Amendment repealed the 35th Amendment, and made Sikkim a full state, adding
its name to the First Schedule of the Constitution.[76]
Formation of Northeastern states
In the Northeast India, the state of Assam was divided into several states beginning in 1970
within the borders of what was then Assam. In 1963, the Naga Hills district became the 16th state
of India under the name of Nagaland. Part of Tuensang was added to Nagaland. In 1970, in
response to the demands of the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo people of the Meghalaya Plateau, the
districts embracing the Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills, and Garo Hills were formed into an autonomous
state within Assam; in 1972 this became a separate state under the name of Meghalaya. In 1972,
Arunachal Pradesh (the North-East Frontier Agency) and Mizoram (from the Mizo Hills in the
south) were separated from Assam as union territories; both became states in 1986.[77]
Assam till the 1950s: The new states of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram formed in the 1960-70s.
From Shillong, the capital of Assam was shifted to Dispur, now a part of Guwahati. After the Sino-
Indian War in 1962, Arunachal Pradesh was also separated.
Hornbill Festival, Kohima, Nagaland. Nagaland became a state on 1 December 1963.
Pakhangba, a heraldic dragon of the Meithei tradition and an important emblem among Manipur
state symbols. Manipur became a state on 21 January 1972.
Meghalaya is mountainous, the most rain-soaked state of India. Meghalaya became a state on 21
January 1972.
Ujjayanta Palace, which houses the Tripura State Museum. Tripura became a state on 21 January 1972.
Golden Pagoda, Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh, is one of the notable Buddhist temples in India.
Arunachal Pradesh became a state on 20 February 1987.
A school campus in Mizoram, which has one of the highest literacy rates in India. Mizoram became a
state on 20 February 1987.
The state of Punjab led India's Amul Dairy Plant at Anand, Gujarat, was a
Green Revolution and earned highly successful co-operative started during
the distinction of being the Operation Flood in the 1970s.
country's bread basket.[78]
Green revolution and Operation Flood
India's population passed the 500 million mark in the early 1970s, but its long-standing food
crisis was resolved with greatly improved agricultural productivity due to the Green Revolution.
The government sponsored modern agricultural implements, new varieties of generic seeds, and
increased financial assistance to farmers that increased the yield of food crops such as wheat, rice
and corn, as well as commercial crops like cotton, tea, tobacco and coffee.[79] Increased
agricultural productivity expanded across the states of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Punjab.
Under Operation Flood, the government encouraged the production of milk, which increased
greatly, and improved rearing of livestock across India. This enabled India to become self-
sufficient in feeding its own population, ending two decades of food imports.[80]
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

concluded with Lieutenant-General A.
A. K. Niazi, the commander of
Pakistan Eastern Command, signing
the instrument of surrender in Dhaka
on 16 December 1971, in the
presence of India's Lt. Gen. Jagjit
Singh Aurora. Standing immediately
behind from left to right: Indian Navy
Vice Admiral Krishnan, Indian Air
Force Air Marshal Dewan, Indian Army
Lt Gen Sagat Singh, Maj Gen JFR
Jacob (with Flt Lt Krishnamurthy
peering over his shoulder). Veteran
newscaster Surojit Sen of All India
Radio is seen holding a microphone
on the right.
Bangladesh Liberation War
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was the third in four wars fought between the two nations.The
war was fought in December 1971 over the issue of Bangladesh. India decisively defeated
Pakistan, resulting in the creation of Bangladesh.
The crisis started with Punjabi dominated Pakistani army refusing to surrender power to the
newly elected but mainly Bengali Awami League led by Shaikh Mujibur Rehman. Proclamation of
Bangladeshi Independence in march of 1971 by Rehman led to widespread atrocities being
committed by the Pakistani army against select groups.It is estimated that starting in March 1971,
members of the Pakistani military and supporting pro-Pakistani Islamist militias killed between
300,000 and 3,000,000 civilians in Bangladesh.[81][82][83][84][85] During the conflict, members of the
Pakistani military and supporting pro-Pakistani Islamist militias called the Razakars raped
between 200,000 and 400,000 Bangladeshi women and girls in a systematic campaign of
genocidal rape.[86][87][88][89] The murders and rapes led to an estimated eight to ten million
people to flee East Pakistan to seek refuge in India.[90][91][92][93][94]
Official de-jure war began with Pakistan airforce-affiliated Operation Chengiz Khan, which
consisted of preemptive aerial strikes on 11 Indian air stations resulting in minor damages and
suspension of counter-air operations for mere few hours.[95] The strikes led to India declaring war
on Pakistan, marking their entry into the war for East Pakistan's independence, on the side of
Bengali nationalist forces. India's entry expanded the existing conflict with Indian and Pakistani
forces engaging on both the eastern and western fronts.[96] Thirteen days into the war, India had
achieved total superiority into the East meanwhile it had sufficient superiority in the West, which
resulted later in Eastern defence of Pakistan to sign an joint instrument of surrender.[97][98] on 16
December 1971 in Dhaka, ending conflict officially and marking the formation of East Pakistan as
the new nation of Bangladesh. Approximately 93,000 Pakistani servicemen were taken prisoner by
the Indian Army, which included 79,676 to 81,000 uniformed personnel of the Pakistan Armed
Forces, including some Bengali soldiers who had remained loyal to Pakistan.[99][100] The remaining
10,324 to 12,500 prisoners were civilians, either family members of the military personnel or
collaborators (Razakars).[101][102][103]
Indian Emergency
Prelude to the Emergency
India in the first half of the 1970s faced high inflation caused by the 1973 oil crisis which resulted
in cost of oil imports to rise substantially, the cost of the Bangladesh war and the refugee
resettlement, and food shortages caused by droughts in parts of the country.The economic and
social problems caused by high inflation, as well as allegations of corruption against Indira
Gandhi and her government, caused increasing political unrest across India during 1973–74. This
included the Railway Strike in 1974, the Maoist Naxalite movement, the Bihar student agitations,
the United Women's Anti- Price Rise Front in Maharashtra and the Nav Nirman movement in
Gujarat.[104][105]
Raj Narain was the Samyukta Socialist Party Candidate and Indira's opponent in the 1971 Lok
Sabha elections from Rai Bareli. Although he suffered a defeat from her in 1971 elections, he
accused Indira Gandhi of corrupt electoral practices and filed an election petition against her.
Four years later on 12 June 1975, the Allahabad High Court gave their verdict, and found Indira
Gandhi guilty of misusing government machinery for election purposes.[106] Opposition parties
conducted nationwide strikes and protests demanding her immediate resignation. Various
political parties united under Jaya Prakash Narayan to resist what he termed Gandhi's
dictatorship. Leading strikes across India that paralysed its economy and administration, Narayan
even called for the Army to oust Gandhi.
Declaration of the emergency
On 25 June 1975, Gandhi advised President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed to declare a state of
emergency under the constitution, which allowed the central government to assume sweeping
powers to defend law and order in the nation. Explaining the breakdown of law and order and
threat to national security as her primary reasons, Gandhi suspended many civil liberties and
postponed elections at national and state levels.[107][108] Non-Congress governments in Indian
states were dismissed, and nearly 1,000 opposition political leaders and activists were
imprisoned.[109] Her government also introduced a contentious programme of compulsory birth
control.[110][111][112][113][114][115] Strikes and public protests were outlawed in all forms.
Life during the emergency
India's economy benefited from an end to paralysing strikes and political disorder. India
announced a 20-point programme which enhanced agricultural and industrial production,
increasing national growth, productivity, and job growth. But many organs of government and
many Congress politicians were accused of corruption and authoritarian conduct. Police officers
were accused of arresting and torturing innocent people. Indira's then twentynine year old son,
and unofficial political advisor, Sanjay Gandhi, was accused of committing gross excesses—Sanjay
was blamed for the Health Ministry carrying out forced vasectomies of men and sterilisation of
women as a part of the initiative to control population growth, and for the demolition of slums in
Delhi near the Turkmen Gate, which left hundreds of people dead or injured, and many more
displaced.[111][112][113][114][115][116][117]
Morarji Desai, the first non-Congress

Prime Minister of India, signing the
"New Delhi" declaration during a visit
by US President Jimmy Carter.
Janata interlude
Indira Gandhi's Congress Party called for general elections in 1977, only to suffer a humiliating
electoral defeat at the hands of the Janata Party, an amalgamation of opposition parties.[118]
Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress Prime Minister of India. The Desai administration
established tribunals to investigate Emergency-era abuses, and Indira and Sanjay Gandhi were
arrested after a report from the Shah Commission.[119]
In 1979, the coalition crumbled and Charan Singh formed an interim government. The Janata
Party had become intensely unpopular due to its internecine warfare, and a perceived lack of
leadership on solving India's serious economic and social problems.
1980s
Indira Gandhi and her Congress Party splinter group, the Indian National Congress or simply
"Congress(I)", were swept back into power with a large majority in January 1980.
Akal Takht and Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple),

was repaired by the Indian Government after
Operation Blue Star.[120]
But the rise of an insurgency in Punjab would jeopardise India's security. In Assam, there were
many incidents of communal violence between native villagers and refugees from Bangladesh, as
well as settlers from other parts of India. When Indian forces, undertaking Operation Blue Star,
raided the hideout of self-rule pressing[110] Khalistan militants in the Golden Temple — Sikhs'
most holy shrine – in Amritsar, the inadvertent deaths of civilians and damage to the temple
building inflamed tensions in the Sikh community across India. The Government used intensive
police operations to crush militant operations, but it resulted in many claims of abuse of civil
liberties. North-east India was paralysed owing to the ULFA's clash with Government forces.
On 31 October 1984, the Prime Minister's own Sikh bodyguards assassinated her, and 1984 anti-
Sikh riots erupted in Delhi and parts of Punjab, causing the deaths of thousands of Sikhs along
with terrible pillage, arson, and rape. Senior members of the Congress Party have been implicated
in stirring the violence against Sikhs. Government investigation has failed to date to discover the
causes and punish the perpetrators, but public opinion blamed Congress leaders for directing
attacks on Sikhs in Delhi.
INSAT system is the largest domestic

communication system in the Asia Pacific
Region. It is a series of multipurpose geo-
stationary satellites launched by ISRO to
satisfy the telecommunications,
broadcasting, meteorology, and search and
rescue operations in India.
Rajiv Gandhi administration
The Congress party chose Rajiv Gandhi, Indira's older son, as the next prime minister. Rajiv had
been elected to Parliament only in 1982, and at 40, was the youngest national political leader and
prime minister ever. But his youth and inexperience were an asset in the eyes of citizens tired of
the inefficacy and corruption of career politicians, and looking for newer policies and a fresh start
to resolve the country's long-standing problems. The Parliament was dissolved, and Rajiv led the
Congress party to its largest majority in history (over 415 seats out of 545 possible), reaping a
sympathy vote over his mother's assassination.[121]
Rajiv Gandhi initiated a series of reforms: the Licence Raj was loosened, and government
restrictions on foreign currency, travel, foreign investment, and imports decreased considerably.
This allowed private businesses to use resources and produce commercial goods without
government bureaucracy interfering, and the influx of foreign investment increased India's
national reserves. As prime minister, Rajiv broke from his mother's precedent to improve
relations with the United States, which increased economic aid and scientific co-operation. Rajiv's
encouragement of science and technology resulted in a major expansion of the
telecommunications industry and India's space programme, and gave birth to the software
industry and information technology sector.[122]
In December 1984, gas leaked out at the Union Carbide pesticides plant in the central Indian city
of Bhopal. Thousands were killed immediately, while many more subsequently died or were left
disabled.[110]
Victims of Bhopal disaster

march demanding the
extradition of American
Warren Anderson from the
United States
India in 1987 brokered an agreement with the Government of Sri Lanka and agreed to deploy
troops for peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict led by the LTTE. Rajiv sent Indian
troops to enforce the agreement and disarm the Tamil rebels, but the Indian Peace Keeping
Force, as it was known, became entangled in outbreaks of violence, ultimately ending up fighting
the Tamil rebels itself, and becoming a target of attack from Sri Lankan nationalists.[123] V. P.
Singh withdrew the IPKF in 1990, but thousands of Indian soldiers had died. Rajiv's departure
from socialist policies did not sit well with the masses, who did not benefit from the innovations.
Unemployment was a serious problem, and India's burgeoning population added ever-increasing
needs for diminishing resources.
Rajiv Gandhi's image as an honest politician (he was nicknamed "Mr. Clean" by the press) was
shattered when the Bofors scandal broke, revealing that senior government officials had taken
bribes over defence contracts by a Swedish guns producer.[124]
Janata Dal
General elections in 1989 gave Rajiv's Congress a plurality, much less than the majority which
propelled him to power.[125]
Power came instead to his former finance and defence minister, VP Singh of Janata Dal. Singh
had been moved from the Finance ministry to the Defence ministry after he unearthed some
scandals which made the Congress leadership uncomfortable. Singh then unearthed the Bofors
scandal, and was sacked from the party and office.[126] Becoming a popular crusader for reform
and clean government, Singh led the Janata Dal coalition to a majority. He was supported by BJP
and the leftist parties from outside. Becoming Prime Minister, Singh made an important visit to
the Golden Temple shrine, to heal the wounds of the past. He implemented the Mandal
Commission report, to increase the quota in reservation for low-caste Hindus.[127] His
government fell after Singh, along with Bihar's Chief Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav's government,
had Advani arrested in Samastipur and stopped his Ram Rath Yatra, which was going to the Babri
Masjid site in Ayodhya on 23 October 1990. The Bharatiya Janata Party withdrew their support to
Singh government, causing them to lose parliamentary vote of confidence on 7 November
1990.[128] Chandra Shekhar split to form the Janata Dal (Socialist), supported by Rajiv's Congress.
This new government also collapsed in a matter of months, when Congress withdrew its support.
The stone mosaic that stands

at the exact location where
Rajiv Gandhi was
assassinated in
Sriperumbudur.
1990s
The then-Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Farooq Abdullah (son of former Chief Minister
Sheikh Abdullah) announced an alliance with the ruling Congress party for the elections of 1987.
But, the elections were allegedly rigged in favour of him. This led to the rise of the armed
extremist insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir composed, in part, of those who unfairly lost
elections. India has constantly maintained the position of blaming Pakistan for supplying these
groups with logistical support, arms, recruits and training.[129]
Militants in Kashmir reportedly tortured and killed local Kashmiri Pandits, forcing them to leave
Kashmir in large numbers.[130] Around 90% of the Kashmiri Pandits left Kashmir during the 1990s,
resulting in the ethnic cleansing of Kashmiri Hindus.
On 21 May 1991, while former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi campaigned in Tamil Nadu on behalf
of Congress (Indira), a Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) female suicide bomber assassinated
him and many others by setting off the bomb in her belt by leaning forward while garlanding
him. In the elections, Congress (Indira) won 244 parliamentary seats and put together a coalition,
returning to power under the leadership of P.V. Narasimha Rao. This Congress-led government,
which served a full five-year term, initiated a gradual process of economic liberalisation and
reform, which has opened the Indian economy to global trade and investment. India's domestic
politics also took new shape, as traditional alignments by caste, creed, and ethnicity gave way to
a plethora of small, regionally-based political parties.[131]
But India was rocked by communal violence (see Bombay riots) between Hindus and Muslims
that killed over 10,000 people, following the Babri Mosque demolition by Hindu extremists in the
course of the Ram Janmabhoomi dispute in Ayodhya in December 1992.[132] The final months of
the Rao-led government in the spring of 1996 suffered the effects of several major political
corruption scandals, which contributed to the worst electoral performance by the Congress Party
in its history a that time as the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party emerged as the largest
single party.[133]
Manmohan
P. V. Narasimha Rao
Singh
Economic liberalisation in India was initiated in 1991 by Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his then-Finance
Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.[134] Rao was often referred to as Chanakya for his ability to steer tough economic and
political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government.[135][136]
Economic reforms
Under the policies initiated by the then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his then-Finance
Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, India's economy expanded rapidly. The economic reforms were a
reaction to an impending balance of payment crisis. The Rao administration initiated the
privatisation of large, inefficient, and loss-inducing government corporations. The UF government
had attempted a progressive budget that encouraged reforms, but the 1997 Asian financial crisis
and political instability created economic stagnation. The Vajpayee administration continued with
privatisation, reduction of taxes, a sound fiscal policy aimed at reducing deficits and debts, and
increased initiatives for public works. Cities like Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, and Ahmedabad
have risen in prominence and economic importance, becoming centres of rising industries and
destinations for foreign investment and firms. Strategies like forming Special Economic Zones—
tax amenities, good communications infrastructure, low regulation—to encourage industries has
paid off in many parts of the country.[137]
A rising generation of well-educated and skilled professionals in scientific sectors of the industry
began propelling the Indian economy, as the information technology industry took hold across
India with the proliferation of computers. The new technologies increased the efficiency of
activity in almost every type of industry, which also benefitted from the availability of skilled
labor. Foreign investment and outsourcing of jobs to India's labor markets further enhanced
India's economic growth. A large middle class has arisen across India, which has increased the
demand, and thus the production of a wide array of consumer goods. Unemployment is steadily
declining, and poverty has fallen to approximately 22%. Gross Domestic Product growth
increased to beyond 7%. While serious challenges remain, India is enjoying a period of economic
expansion that has propelled it to the forefront of the world economy, and has correspondingly
increased its influence in political and diplomatic terms.[2]
Nuclear capable Agni-II ballistic missile.

Since May 1998, India declared itself to be
a full-fledged nuclear state.
Era of coalitions
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) emerged from the May 1996 national elections as the single-
largest party in the Lok Sabha but without enough strength to prove a majority on the floor of
that Parliament. Under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the BJP coalition lasted in power 13
days. With all political parties wishing to avoid another round of elections, a 14-party coalition
led by the Janata Dal emerged to form a government known as the United Front. A United Front
government under former Chief Minister of Karnataka H. D. Deve Gowda lasted less than a year.
The leader of the Congress Party withdrew support in March 1997. Inder Kumar Gujral replaced
Deve Gowda as the consensus choice for Prime Minister of a 16-party United Front coalition.[138]
In November 1997, the Congress Party again withdrew support for the United Front. New
elections in February 1998 brought the BJP the largest number of seats in Parliament (182), but
this fell far short of a majority. On 20 March 1998, the President inaugurated a BJP-led coalition
government, with Vajpayee again serving as prime minister. On 11 and 13 May 1998, this
government conducted a series of five underground nuclear weapons tests, known collectively as
Pokhran-II — which caused Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year.[139] India's nuclear
tests prompted President of the United States Bill Clinton and Japan to impose economic
sanctions on India pursuant to the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act and led to
widespread international condemnation.
In the early months of 1999, Prime Minister Vajpayee made a historic bus trip to Pakistan and met
with Pakistan's prime minister Nawaz Sharif, signing the bilateral Lahore peace declaration.[110]
In April 1999, the coalition government led by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) fell apart, leading
to fresh elections in September. In May and June 1999, India discovered an elaborate campaign
of terrorist infiltration that resulted in the Kargil War in Kashmir, derailing a promising peace
process that had begun only three months earlier when Prime Minister Vajpayee visited Pakistan,
inaugurating the Delhi-Lahore bus service. Indian forces killed Pakistan-backed infiltrators and
reclaimed important border posts in high-altitude warfare.[140]
Soaring on popularity earned following the successful conclusion of the Kargil conflict, the
National Democratic Alliance—a new coalition led by the BJP—gained a majority to form a
government with Vajpayee as prime minister in October 1999. The end of the millennium was
devastating to India, as a cyclone hit Orissa, killing at least 10,000.[110]
Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the first

non-Congress Prime Minister to
complete a full term. His tenure saw
rapid growth of infrastructure,
improved diplomatic relationship with
the United States, economic reforms,
nuclear tests, several foreign policy
and military victories.[141]
2000s
Under Bharatiya Janata Party
In May 2000, India's population exceeded 1 billion. President of the United States Bill Clinton
made a groundbreaking visit to India to improve ties between the two nations. In January,
massive earthquakes hit Gujarat state, killing at least 30,000.
Prime Minister Vajpayee met with Pakistan's President Pervez Musharraf in the first summit
between Pakistan and India in more than two years in the middle of 2001. But the meeting failed
without a breakthrough or even a joint statement because of differences over Kashmir region.[110]
Three new states — Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand (originally Uttaranchal) — were
formed in November 2000.
The National Democratic Alliance government's credibility was adversely affected by a number of
political scandals (such as allegations that the Defence Minister George Fernandes took bribes) as
well as reports of intelligence failures that led to the Kargil incursions going undetected, and the
apparent failure of his talks with the Pakistani President.[110][142] Following the September 11
attacks, the United States lifted sanctions which it had imposed against India and Pakistan in
1998. The move was seen as a reward for their support for the War on Terror. The tensions of an
imminent war between India and Pakistan again rose by the heavy Indian firing on Pakistani
military posts along the Line of Control and the subsequent deadly Indian Parliament attack and
the 2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff.[110]
In 2002, 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya were killed in a train fire in Godhra, Gujarat.
This sparked off the 2002 Gujarat riots, leading to the deaths of 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus and
with 223 people reported missing.
Section of Golden Quadrilateral highway.

The project was launched in 2001 by NDA
government led by Prime Minister Atal
Bihari Vajpayee.
Throughout 2003, India's speedy economic progress, political stability, and a rejuvenated peace
initiative with Pakistan increased the government's popularity. India and Pakistan agreed to
resume direct air links and to allow overflights, and a groundbreaking meeting was held between
the Indian government and moderate Kashmir separatists.[110] The Golden Quadrilateral project
aimed to link India's corners with a network of modern highways.
Congress rule returns
In January 2004 Prime Minister Vajpayee recommended early dissolution of the Lok Sabha and
general elections. an alliance led by the Congress Party called United Progressive Alliance(UPA)
won a surprise victory in elections held in May 2004. Manmohan Singh became the Prime
Minister, after the Congress President Sonia Gandhi, the widow of former prime minister Rajiv
Gandhi, declined to take the office, to defuse the controversy about whether her foreign birth
should be considered a disqualification for the Prime Minister's post. Apart from the Congress
party, other members of UPA included Socialist and regional parties.The alliance had outside
support of India's Communist parties. Manmohan Singh became the first Sikh and non-Hindu to
hold India's most powerful office. Singh continued economic liberalisation, although the need for
support from Indian Socialists and Communists forestalled further privatisation for some
time.[143][144]
By the end of 2004, India began to withdraw some of its troops from Kashmir. By the middle of
the next year, the Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus service was inaugurated, the first in 60 years to
operate between Indian-administered and Pakistani-administered Kashmirs. However, in May
2006, suspected Islamic extremist militants killed 35 Hindus in the worst attacks in Indian-
administered Kashmir for several months.[110]
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami devastated Indian coastlines and islands, killing
an estimated 18,000 and displacing around 650,000. The tsunami was caused by a powerful
undersea earthquake off the Indonesian coast. Natural disasters such as the Mumbai floods
(killing more than 1,000) and Kashmir earthquake (killing 79,000) hit the subcontinent in the next
year. In February 2006, the United Progressive Alliance government launched India's largest-ever
rural jobs scheme, aimed at lifting around 60 million families out of poverty.[110]
U.S. President George W. Bush and India's

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh exchange
handshakes in New Delhi on 2 March 2006
vis-à-vis the India–United States Civil
Nuclear Agreement.
The United States and India signed a major nuclear co-operation agreement during a visit by
United States President George W. Bush in March 2006. According to the nuclear deal, the United
States was to give India access to civilian nuclear technology while India agreed to greater
scrutiny for its nuclear programme. Later, United States approved a controversial law allowing
India to buy their nuclear reactors and fuel for the first time in 30 years. In July 2008, the United
Progressive Alliance survived a vote of confidence brought after left-wing parties withdrew their
support over the nuclear deal. After the vote, several left-wing and regional parties formed a new
alliance to oppose the government, saying it had been tainted by corruption. Within three
months, following approval by the U.S. Congress, George W. Bush signed into law a nuclear deal
with India, which ended a three-decade ban on American nuclear trade with Delhi.[110]
In 2007, India got its first female President as Pratibha Patil was sworn in. Long associated with
the Nehru–Gandhi family, Pratibha Patil was a low-profile governor of the state of Rajasthan
before emerging as the favoured presidential candidate of Sonia Gandhi.[145] In February, the
infamous Samjhauta Express bombings took place, killing Pakistani civilians in Panipat, Haryana.
As of 2011, nobody had been charged for the crime, though it has been linked to Abhinav Bharat,
a shadowy Hindu fundamentalist group headed by a former Indian army officer.[146]
In 2008 October, India successfully launched its first mission to the Moon, the uncrewed lunar
probe called Chandrayaan-1. In the previous year, India had launched its first commercial space
rocket, carrying an Italian satellite.[110]
A view of the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel with

smoke during the 2008 Mumbai attacks
In November 2008, Mumbai attacks took place. India blamed militants from Pakistan for the
attacks and announced a "pause" in the ongoing peace process.[110]
In July 2009, the Delhi High Court decriminalised consensual homosexual sex, re-interpreting the
British Raj-era law, Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, as unconstitutional in regard to
criminalising consensual sex between two homosexual adults or decriminalising such acts
between adult heterosexuals or other consenting adults, that may be deemed unnatural.[147][148]
In the Indian general election in 2009, the United Progressive Alliance won a convincing and
resounding 262 seats, with Congress alone winning 206 seats. However, the Congress-led
government faced many allegations of corruption. Inflation rose to an all-time high, and the
ever-increasing prices of food commodities caused widespread agitation.
Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh, is

the largest monastery in India and second
largest in the world after the Potala Palace
in Lhasa, Tibet. It is one of the few
monasteries of Tibetan Buddhism that have
remained protected from Mao's Cultural
Revolution without any damage.[149]
On 8 November 2009, in spite of strong protests by China, which claims the whole of Arunachal
Pradesh as its own,[150] the 14th Dalai Lama visited Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh,
which was a monumental event to the people of the region, and the abbot of the monastery
greeted him with much fanfare and adulation.[151]
21st-century India is facing the Naxalite–Maoist rebels, in the words of Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh, India's "greatest internal security challenge",[152] and other terrorist tensions
(such as Islamist terrorist campaigns in and out of Jammu & Kashmir and terrorism in India's
Northeast).[152][153] Terrorism has increased in India, with bomb blasts in leading cities like
Mumbai, New Delhi, Jaipur, Bangalore, and Hyderabad.[140] In the new millennium, India
improved relations with many countries and foreign unions including the United States, the
European Union, Israel, and the People's Republic of China.[110] The economy of India has grown
at a very rapid pace. India was now being looked at as a potential superpower.[143][144]
2010s
Congress rule continues
The 2010 Commonwealth Games opening

ceremony in Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is
one of the largest international multi-sport
events to be staged in Delhi and India.
The concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games rocked the country in
2010, raising questions about the credibility of the government followed by the 2G spectrum
case and Adarsh Housing Society scam. In mid-2011, Anna Hazare, a prominent social activist,
staged a 12-day hunger strike in Delhi in protest at state corruption, after government proposals
to tighten up anti-graft legislation fell short of his demands.[110]
Despite all this, India showed great promise with a higher growth rate in gross domestic
product.[154] In January 2011, India assumed a nonpermanent seat in the United Nations Security
Council for the 2011–12 term. In 2004, India had launched an application for a permanent seat on
the UN Security Council, along with Brazil, Germany and Japan. In March, India overtook China to
become the world's largest importer of arms.[110]
The Telangana movement reached its peak in 2011–12, leading to formation of India's 29th state,
Telangana, in June 2014.
2010 Ladakh floods damaged 71 towns and

villages, including the main town in the
area, Leh, and nearby town of Thiksey,
where Thikse Monastery is located.[155]
In August 2010, cloudbursts and the ensuing flooding in the Ladakh region of North India
resulted in the deaths of around 255 people, while affecting 9,000 people directly.[156] In June
2013, a multi-day cloudburst in Uttarakhand and other north Indian states caused devastating
floods and landslides, with more than 5,700 people "presumed dead."[157] In September 2014,
floods in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, following heavy rains due to monsoon season, killed
around 277 people and brought extensive damage to property.[158] A further 280 people died in
the neighbouring Pakistani regions, particularly in Pakistani Punjab.[159]
The 2012 Delhi gang rape & murder case and subsequent protests resulted in changes in the
laws related to rape and offences against women. In April 2013, the Saradha Group scandal was
unearthed, caused by the collapse of a Ponzi scheme run by Saradha Group, a consortium of over
200 private companies in Eastern India, causing an estimated loss of INR 200–300 billion (US$4–
6 billion) to over 1.7 million depositors.[160][161][162] In December 2013, the Supreme Court of
India overturned the Delhi High Court ruling on Sec 377, criminalising homosexual sex between
consenting adults once again in the country.[163][164]
In August – September 2013, clashes between Hindus and Muslims in Muzaffarnagar, Uttar
Pradesh, resulted in at least 62 deaths,[165] injured 93, and left more than 50,000
displaced.[166][167][168][169]
Artist's rendering of the Mars

Orbiter Mission spacecraft
In November 2013, India launched its first interplanetary mission, the Mars Orbiter Mission,
popularly known as Mangalyaan, to Mars and, was successful, so ISRO on 24 September 2014,
became the fourth space agency to reach Mars, after the Soviet space program, NASA, and the
European Space Agency.[170] ISRO also became the first space agency and India the first country
to reach Mars on its maiden attempt.
2014 – Return of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Government
The Hindutva movement advocating Hindu nationalism originated in the 1920s and has
remained a strong political force in India. The major party of the religious right since the 1950s
had been the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. The Jana Sangh joined the Janata party in 1977 but when
that party fell apart in a short period of three years, the erstwhile members of Jana Sangh in 1980
formed the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). The BJP grew its support base in the following decades
and is now the most dominant political party in India. In September 2013 the Chief Minister of
Gujarat, Narendra Modi, was named the BJP's candidate for prime minister ahead of the 2014 Lok
Sabha election.[171][172] Several BJP leaders initially expressed opposition to Modi's
candidature,[173] including BJP founding member L. K. Advani.[174] Contrary to the strategies used
by the party during previous elections, Modi played the dominant role in the BJP's presidential
style election campaign.[175][176][171][177][178][173][179][180] The 16th national general election, held in
early 2014, saw a huge victory for the BJP led NDA; the alliance gained an absolute majority and
formed a government under the premiership of Modi. The Modi government's sweeping
mandate and popularity helped the BJP win several state assembly elections in India. The Modi
government implemented several initiatives and campaigns to increase manufacturing and
infrastructure – notably — Make in India, Digital India and the Swachh Bharat Mission.
The largest tax reform in India's history, the Goods and Services Tax (GST), was introduced in
2017. A vehicle-borne suicide bomber assaulted a convoy of cars carrying Central Reserve Police
Force (CRPF) troops on the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway in the Pulwama area of Jammu
and Kashmir.[181]
India carried out the 2019 Balakot airstrike when its airplanes flew across the de facto border in
Kashmir and dropped bombs in the town of Balakot in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
region.[182] After a dogfight between Indian and Pakistani fighter pilots. Abhinandan Varthaman,
an Indian wing commander, was taken prisoner by the Pakistani side. Acting nonetheless under
pressure from various world leaders and constrained by the Vienna Convention, Pakistan was
compelled to free the Indian pilot.[183]
By repealing Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, the state of Jammu and Kashmir was
separated into two separate union territories known as Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.[184] The
BJP government introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act in 2019, sparking widespread
protests.[185]
Prime Minister Modi at the launch of the Make in India programme which was meant to encourage
companies to manufacture their products in India and also increase their investment.
10th President of Israel Reuven Rivlin and Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces Gadi
Eizenkot with PM Modi, the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Israel.
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III is intended as a launch vehicle for crewed missions
under the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme announced in Prime Minister Modi's 2018
Independence Day speech.[186]
2020s
In February 2020, riots broke out in Delhi.[187] The Citizenship Amendment Act protests have
been described as an instigating factor.[188] Tensions escalated on the Indo-China border after
aggressive skirmishes between Indian and Chinese troops beginning on 5 May 2020.[189] The
Rama Janmabhoomi temple construction officially started after a Bhoomi Poojan (Hindu ground
breaking) ceremony by Prime Minister Modi on 5 August 2020.[190][191] Farm reform laws which
subsequently became quite controversial were passed with less than three hours of debate in
either house in September 2020.[192]
After a year long protests by farmers, Prime minister Modi in November 2021 repealed the laws
in three minutes in the Lok Sabha and nine minutes in the Rajya Sabha without debate.[193]
COVID-19 vaccination queue in

Nagpur, 1 May 2021
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic in India began on 30 January 2020, when the first case was reported in
Thrissur.[194] Two months later in March 2020, prime minister Modi imposed a complete
lockdown in the country at four hours notice to stop the spread of COVID-19. This led to millions
losing their jobs and many lost their lives. The Indian economy also shrunk in percentage terms
by double digit numbers. In September 2020, India's health minister Harsh Vardhan stated that
the country planned to approve and begin distribution of a vaccine by the first quarter of
2021.[195] Vaccination against COVID-19 started in India on 16 January 2021. By early April 2021,
second wave of infections took hold in the country with destructive consequences.[196] According
to Christopher Clary, assistant professor of political science at the State University of New York,
technocratic competence had been entirely missing from government's response to the second
wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in India.[197] The second wave placed a major strain on the
healthcare system,[198] including shortage of liquid medical oxygen. The number of new cases
had begun to steadily drop by late-May and vaccination gained momentum again. India
administered 1 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccine on 21 October 2021.[199] Although official
number of Covid related deaths in India during the pandemic is less than half a million, excess
mortality rates for all causes has been estimated at between 3 and 5 million deaths.[200]
Current Vice President (left), President (middle) and Prime

Minister of India
Post COVID India
On 25 July 2022, Droupadi Murmu was sworn in as India's new president, becoming India's first
tribal president. Although largely ceremonial post, Murmu's election as tribal woman was
historic.[201] India celebrated 75 years of its independence from the British Empire on 15 August
2022.[202] In April 2023, India surpassed China to become the most populous country on the
earth with a population of over 1.425 billion.[203] India was selected as the host for the 2023 G20
New Delhi summit at the International Exhibition Convention Centre, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi
from 9 to 10 September 2023.[204]Chandrayaan-3, a lunar lander developed and launched by
ISRO landed on the moon on 23 August 2023, thus making India the 4th country to land on the
moon after the Soviet Union, China, and United States.[205]
Economy
The economic history of the India since 1947 can be divided into two epochs: 1.1947-91 which
saw heavy government involvement in the economy, and a slow growth rate in GDP 2.1991–
present which saw deregulation and a rapid growth in GDP, and reduction in poverty.
Pre-liberalisation period (1947–1991)
Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience, which was
seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned
economy of the Soviet Union.[206] Domestic policy tended towards protectionism, with a strong
emphasis on import substitution industrialisation, economic interventionism, a large
government-run public sector, business regulation, and central planning,[207] while trade and
foreign investment policies were relatively liberal.[208] Five-Year Plans of India resembled central
planning in the Soviet Union. Steel, mining, machine tools, telecommunications, insurance, and
power plants, among other industries, were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s.[209] The
Indian economy of this period is characterised as Dirigism.[100][210]
Change in per capita GDP of India, 1820–2015. Figures are

inflation-adjusted to 1990 International Geary-Khamis
dollars.[211][212]
Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, along with the statistician Prasanta Chandra
Mahalanobis, formulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country's
independence. They expected favourable outcomes from their strategy, involving the rapid
development of heavy industry by both public and private sectors, and based on direct and
indirect state intervention, rather than the more extreme Soviet-style central command
system.[213][214][215] The policy of concentrating simultaneously on capital- and technology-
intensive heavy industry and subsidising manual, low-skill cottage industries was criticised by
economist Milton Friedman, who thought it would waste capital and labour, and retard the
development of small manufacturers.[216]
Since 1965, the use of high-yielding varieties of seeds, increased fertilisers and improved
irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the Green Revolution in India, which improved the
condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity, improving crop patterns and
strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry.[217] However, it
has also been criticised as an unsustainable effort, resulting in the growth of capitalistic farming,
ignoring institutional reforms and widening income disparities.[218]
In 1984, Rajiv Gandhi promised economic liberalization, he made V. P. Singh the finance minister,
who tried to reduce tax evasion and tax receipts rose due to this crackdown although taxes were
lowered. This process lost its momentum during the later tenure of Mr. Gandhi as his
government was marred by scandals.
Manmohan Singh
P. V. Narasimha Rao
Economic liberalisation in India was initiated in 1991 by Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his then-Finance
Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh.
Post-liberalisation period (since 1991)
The collapse of the Soviet Union, which was India's major trading partner, and the Gulf War,
which caused a spike in oil prices, resulted in a major balance-of-payments crisis for India, which
found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans.[219] India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout
loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which in return demanded de-regulation.[220]
In response, the Narasimha Rao government, including Finance Minister Manmohan Singh,
initiated economic reforms in 1991. The reforms did away with the Licence Raj, reduced tariffs
and interest rates and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign
direct investment in many sectors.[221] Since then, the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained
unchanged since 1991, although no government had tried taking on powerful lobbies such as
trade unions and farmers and on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing
agricultural subsidies.[222] By the turn of the 21st century, India had progressed towards a free-
market economy, with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased
financial liberalisation.[223] This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy, literacy
rates, and food security, although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents.[224]
GDP grows exponentially, almost doubling every five

years.
In the second decade of this century, the economy of India rose from the ninth-largest to the
fifth-largest economy in the world by nominal GDP, surpassing the UK, France, Italy and
Brazil.[225] The economy had started to slow down in the second term of Manmohan Singh's
tenure but started a recovery in 2013–14 when the GDP growth rate accelerated to 6.4% from the
previous year's 5.5%. The acceleration continued through 2014–15 and 2015–16 with growth
rates of 7.5% and 8.0% respectively in the early early years under Narendra Modi's first term.
However the growth rate subsequently decelerated, to 7.1% and 6.6% in 2016–17 and 2017–18
respectively,[226] partly because of the disruptive effects of 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation
and the Goods and Services Tax (India).[227]
Indian GDP growth rate from 1985 to 2016 in red,

compared to that of China in green
COVID-19 pandemic and aftermath (2020–present)
During the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous rating agencies downgraded India's GDP predictions
for FY21 to negative figures,[228][229] signalling a recession in India, the most severe since
1979.[230][231] The Indian Economy contracted by 6.6 percent which was lower than the estimated
7.3 percent decline.[232] In 2022, the ratings agency Fitch Ratings upgraded India's outlook to
stable similar to S&P Global Ratings and Moody's Investors Service's outlooks.[233] In the first
quarter of financial year 2022–2023, the Indian economy grew by 13.5%.[234]
See also
India portal
Economic history of India
Economy of India
Military history of India
Outline of ancient India
Politics of India
The Emergency (India)
India (disambiguation)
Licence Raj
Notes
a. British India consisted of those regions of the British Raj, or the British Indian Empire, which were
directly administered by Britain; other regions of nominal sovereignty that were indirectly ruled by
Britain were called princely states.
b. The first Cabinet of independent India (L to R sitting) B. R. Ambedkar, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, Sardar Baldev
Singh, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Patel, John Mathai,
Jagjivan Ram, Amrit Kaur and Syama Prasad Mukherjee. (L to R standing) Khurshed Lal, R. R. Diwakar,
Mohanlal Saksena, N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, N.V. Gadgil, K. C. Neogy, Jairamdas Daulatram, K.
Santhanam, Satya Narayan Sinha and B. V. Keskar
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recriminations ... The departing British also decreed that the hundreds of princes, who ruled one-third
of the subcontinent and a quarter of its population, became legally independent, their status to be
settled later. Geographical location, personal and popular sentiment, and substantial pressure and
incentives from the new governments led almost all princes eventually to merge their domains into
either Pakistan or India. ... Each new government asserted its exclusive sovereignty within its borders,
realigning all territories, animals, plants, minerals, and all other natural and human-made resources as
either Pakistani or Indian property, to be used for its national development... Simultaneously, the
central civil and military services and judiciary split roughly along religious 'communal' lines, even as
they divided movable government assets according to a negotiated formula: 22.7 percent for Pakistan
and 77.3 percent for India."
13. Khan, Yasmin (2017) [2007], The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan (2 ed.), New Haven
and London: Yale University Press, p. 1, ISBN 978-0-300-23032-1, "South Asians learned that the British
Indian empire would be partitioned on 3 June 1947. They heard about it on the radio, from relations
and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of
almost four hundred million, where the vast majority live in the countryside, ploughing the land as
landless peasants or sharecroppers, it is hardly surprising that many thousands, perhaps hundreds of
thousands, did not hear the news for many weeks afterwards. For some, the butchery and forced
relocation of the summer months of 1947 may have been the first that they knew about the creation of
the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India"
14. Talbot & Singh 2009, p. : "When the British divided and quit India in August 1947, they not only
partitioned the subcontinent with the emergence of the two nations of India and Pakistan but also the
provinces of Punjab and Bengal. ... Indeed for many the Indian subcontinent's division in August 1947
is seen as a unique event which defies comparative historical and conceptual analysis"
15. Chatterji, Joya; Washbrook, David (2013), "Introduction: Concepts and Questions", in Chatterji, Joya;
Washbrook, David (eds.), Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora, London and New York:
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empire into the new nation states of India and Pakistan produced new diaspora on a vast, and hitherto
unprecedented, scale, but hints that the sheer magnitude of refugee movements in South Asia after
1947 must be understood in the context of pre-existing migratory flows within the partitioned regions
(see also Chatterji 2013). She also demonstrates that the new national states of India and Pakistan were
quickly drawn into trying to stem this migration. As they put into place laws designed to restrict the
return of partition emigrants, this produced new dilemmas for both new nations in their treatment of
'overseas Indians'; and many of them lost their right to return to their places of origin in the
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com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC) , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0, "The loss of life
was immense, with estimates ranging from several hundred thousand up to a million. But, even for
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members of one's own community; and this in turn helped consolidate loyalties towards the state,
whether India or Pakistan, in which one might find a secure haven. This was especially important for
Pakistan, where the succour it offered to Muslims gave that state for the first time a visible territorial
reality. Fear too drove forward a mass migration unparalleled in the history of South Asia. Within a
period of some three or four months in late 1947 a number of Hindus and Sikhs estimated at some 5
million moved from West Punjab into India, while 5.5 million Muslims travelled in the opposite
direction. The outcome, akin to what today is called 'ethnic cleansing', produced an Indian Punjab 60
per cent Hindu and 35 per cent Sikh, while the Pakistan Punjab became almost wholly Muslim. A
similar, though less extensive, migration took place between east and west Bengal, though murderous
attacks on fleeing refugees, with the attendant loss of life, were much less extensive in the eastern
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Works cited
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Further reading
Bipan Chandra, Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee. "India Since Independence"
Bates, Crispin, and Subho Basu. The Politics of Modern India since Independence
(Routledge/Edinburgh South Asian Studies Series) (2011)
Brass, Paul R. The Politics of India since Independence (1980)
Vasudha Dalmia; Rashmi Sadana, eds. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian
Culture (http://www.cambridge.org/aus/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521516259&ss=ex
c) . Cambridge University Press.
Datt, Ruddar; Sundharam, K.P.M. Indian Economy (2009) New Delhi. 978-81-219-0298-4
Dixit, Jyotindra Nath (2004). Makers of India's foreign policy: Raja Ram Mohun Roy to Yashwant
Sinha (https://books.google.com/books?id=DRduAAAAMAAJ) . HarperCollins.
ISBN 9788172235925.
Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi (https://archive.org/details/indir
alifeofindi00fran) . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395730973.
Ghosh, Anjali (2009). India's Foreign Policy (https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQg

C&pg=PA1) . Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131710258.
Gopal, Sarvepalli. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Volume Two, 1947-1956 (1979); Jawaharlal
Nehru: A Biography: 1956-64 Vol 3 (1985)
Guha, Ramachandra (2011). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=8FKepYC6wzwC) . Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9780330540209.
excerpt and text search (https://www.amazon.com/India-After-Gandhi-Ramachandra-Guha/dp/
B001DW2OBW/)
Guha, Ramachandra. Makers of Modern India (2011) excerpt and text search (https://www.amaz
on.com/Makers-Modern-India-Ramachandra-Guha/dp/0674052463/)
Jain, B. M. (2009). Global Power: India's Foreign Policy, 1947–2006 (https://books.google.com/b

ooks?id=_dqg3bEhcYMC) . Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739121450.
Kapila, Uma (2009). Indian Economy Since Independence (https://books.google.com/books?id=F

5gaFunH_PAC&pg=PA52) . Academic Foundation. p. 854. ISBN 9788171887088.
McCartney, Matthew. India – The Political Economy of Growth, Stagnation and the State, 1951–
2007 (2009); Political Economy, Growth and Liberalisation in India, 1991-2008 (2009) excerpt
and text search (https://www.amazon.com/Political-Economy-Growth-Liberalisation-1991-200
8/dp/0415493358/)
Mansingh, Surjit. The A to Z of India (The A to Z Guide Series) (2010)
Nilekani, Nandan; and Thomas L. Friedman (2010). Imagining India: The Idea of a Renewed
Nation (https://books.google.com/books?id=u2oSMI2P_HkC&pg=PT412) . Penguin.
ISBN 9781101024546.
Panagariya, Arvind (2008). India: The Emerging Giant (https://books.google.com/books?id=6eO

1-yP7o4MC) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531503-5.
Saravanan, Velayutham. Environmental History of Modern India: Land, Population, Technology

and Development (Bloomsbury Publishing India, 2022) online review (http://www.h-net.org/revi
ews/showrev.php?id=58163)
Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), The Partition of India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN
978-0-521-85661-4
Tomlinson, B.R. The Economy of Modern India 1860–1970 (1996) excerpt and text search (http
s://www.amazon.com/Economy-Modern-1860-1970-Cambridge-History/dp/0521589398/)
Zachariah, Benjamin. Nehru (Routledge Historical Biographies) (2004) excerpt and text search
(https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Historical-Biographies-Benjamin-Zachariah/dp/0415250
17X/)
Primary sources
Appadorai A., ed. Select Documents on India's Foreign Policy and Relations (Delhi: Oxford
University Press, 1982)
External links
India country profile (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12557384) BBC India

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4/3/24, 9:46 AM History of India (1947–present) - Wikipedia

History of India (1947–present)

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, often

1947–1950: Dominion of India

The first Cabinet of independent India[b]

— Mahatma Gandhi, opposing the division of India on the basis of religion

Political integration of India

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel as General El Edroos (at right)

Queen Kanchan Prabha Devi of Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah

Integration of princely states

1. Junagadh (Hindu-majority state with a Muslim Nawab)—a December 1947 plebiscite

India celebrates its constitution on 26 January as Republic Day.[33]

Indian soldiers during the Indo-

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948

Governance and politics

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime

Nehru administration (1952–1964)

Nehru implemented economic policies based on import substitution industrialisation and

South Indian states prior to the States

Development of a multi-party system

Gayatri Devi, the Maharani of Jaipur

Foreign policy and military conflicts

1960s after Nehru

Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi

Indian aircraft carrier INS Vikrant launches

Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim. Sikkim

Formation of Northeastern states

Hornbill Festival, Kohima, Nagaland. Nagaland became a state on 1 December 1963.

Green revolution and Operation Flood

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

Bangladesh Liberation War

Prelude to the Emergency

Declaration of the emergency

Life during the emergency

Morarji Desai, the first non-Congress

Akal Takht and Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple),

INSAT system is the largest domestic

Rajiv Gandhi administration

Victims of Bhopal disaster

The stone mosaic that stands

Nuclear capable Agni-II ballistic missile.

Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the first

Under Bharatiya Janata Party

Section of Golden Quadrilateral highway.

Congress rule returns

U.S. President George W. Bush and India's

A view of the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel with

Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh, is

Congress rule continues

The 2010 Commonwealth Games opening

2010 Ladakh floods damaged 71 towns and

Artist's rendering of the Mars

2014 – Return of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Government

COVID-19 vaccination queue in

Current Vice President (left), President (middle) and Prime

Post COVID India

Pre-liberalisation period (1947–1991)

Change in per capita GDP of India, 1820–2015. Figures are

Post-liberalisation period (since 1991)

GDP grows exponentially, almost doubling every five

Indian GDP growth rate from 1985 to 2016 in red,

COVID-19 pandemic and aftermath (2020–present)

Economic history of India