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High Gain Terahertz Microstrip Array Antenna for Future Generation Cellular
Communication

Conference Paper · May 2020

DOI: 10.1109/icABCD49160.2020.9183864

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 High Gain Terahertz Microstrip Array Antenna for
Future Generation Cellular Communication
Uri Nissanov (N issan)
Department ofElectrical and Electronic Engineering Scie nce,
University ofJohannesburg
Joh annesburg, South Africa
218 106054@stu den l.uj.ac.za, uri l636 @gmail.oom
Pradecp Kuma r
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering,
University oj Kwasu lu-Natal
Durban. So uth Africa
kumarp@ukzn.ac.za
A bstract - In thi s paper, a broadband high-gain planar
antenn a ar ray at ter ahertz frequen cy for future generation
indo or cellular com munication system is proposed. T he
proposed microstrip aTTay a ntennas have been designed with a
hybrid feed technique for nominal frequ ency of 116.9 G Hz and
sim ulated using CST Microw ave Studio (MWS) which is a
commercial simulator based on finite integration technique
(FIT). Furt her, to validate the simulations results of the
designed and simulated antenna, we have simulated this
proposed antenna using A,"iSYS HrSS which is also a
commer cial simulator based on finite element method (FEM)
technique and the achieved simulations from both simulators
are in good agreement that supports the proposed antenna
design.
Keywerd s-; THz antennas, 5G/6G, Microstrip antennas,
Gain, Directivity, Bandwidth
I. I NTROD UCT ION
~CENTLY, with the advancement of 5 th generat ion
(5G) wireless communica tion system which already has been
enter ed in the co mmercial stage, the 6 th generat ion (6G)
mobile communication system has become a prom ising and
significant resear ch area of both the academica and industry
concerns. T he 6G will achiev e higher access rate (10-100
times higher), lower access delay , as well as wider and deeper
communicat ion coverage, with much better energy and
spectrum efficiency as compared to that of the 5G. The
trans form of antenna to new frequency bands for future
generation mobile comm unication system, the terahertz
(THz) wave regime [0.1-10] T Hz is an indispensable part of
the electromag netic spectru m [1-4]. In order to maintain
effect ive cellular wireless communication at this band , there
is a need to develop powerful sources, and efficient detectors ,
but the main component of the success and establishment of
cellular wireless communications systems, for expand the
transmissio n range more than 100 meters, is the antenna . T he
communication system has to enhance its bandwidth (BW) to
supply the data rate of (20- 100) Gb/s. THz band
communication suffers from short distance propagation
characteristics due to high molecular absorption loss.
However, there are certain low atmospheric attenuat ion
window s in the THz bands where the successful wireless
978- 1-728 1-6770- 1120/$3 1.00 ©2020 IEEE
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Ghanshyam Singh
Departm ent oj Electrica l and Electronic Engineering Scien ce,
Universi ty ojJoh annesburg
Johannesburg, South Africa
ghan shyams@uj .ac.za
Nitin Kumar
FleetRF r« Ltd.
Hydera bad, India
nitin. vnit @gmail.co m
communication can be established. Below I THz, these
windows exist around (300, 350, 41 0, 650, and 850) GHz, in
which the atmospheric loss is below 100 dB/km , and they ma y
be used in the short-range next generation wireless
communication at THz bands. According to the Edhlom's law
[5], wireless data rate is doubling every 18 months. The
higher bit rate rates (10-1 00) Gb/s can be achieved mainly by
increasing the carrie r frequencies to ( 100-500) GHz,
approx imately [4-8] . In the THz band, several kinds of
antennas were reviewed and many of them are capable of
providing high gain as required in THz comm unication [1-3]
however all are not suitabl e for future generation
commun ication system because: a) impedance mismatching,
b) canno t integrate with system on chip (SOC) design, etc. The
hom ante nnas and planar microstrip antennas are the most
recommended for the next generation wireless
communicat ion in T Hz bands. Usually at subm illimeter wav e
(beyond 300 GHz) horns feed are mostly used as a source for
reflectors and lens antennas. For increasing the directivity and
the ga in of planar microstrip antenna with one radiation patch,
we can use the microstrip array antenna technique. Th e
novelty of this research paper was to design microstrip
antenna with adequate gain and BW, in order to estab lish
conununication to minimum range of 100 m, and to enable a
minimum data rate of 20 Gb/s for future gene ratio n cellular
conununication at THz band (beyond 5G) @ 116.9 GHz,
while the validation was done with ANSYS HFSS with
adaptive mesh algorithm. The objective of this research was
to design and simulate microstrip array antenna at a frequency
of 116.9 GHz with maximum possib le gain and BW for future
generation eellular communication at THz band (beyond 5G).
This research paper is organized as follows. Section II exhibi ts
related works. Sectio n III shows the methodology. Section IV
shows the simula tion results and discussion . And finally,
Section V concl udes this work.
II . RE LATED W ORKS
The authors , in [7] have designed and simulated with CST
MWS simulator, I x4 array that had single-e lement dipole
antenna at planar structure with substrate materials of indium
phosphide (loP) and benzocyclobutene (BCB) with 5
directors for a nominal frequency of 300GHz. T his design
was validated with ANSYS HFSS simulator . The maxi mum
direct ivity, BW and efficie ncy obtained were 13.6 dBi, 82 and hybrid feed also can provide the beam formi ng, as shown
GHz (24.47%), 89% , respectively. Further, the authors in [8] in Fig. I.
have designed and simulated tapered box hom 16x 16 array
antennas for a nominal frequency of 137.5 GHz. Th e
maximum di rectivity and BW obta ined were 40 .7 d Bi, 35.37
GHz (25.26%), respectively. The authors, according to [9],
designed and simu lated with ANSYS HFSS simulator, on-
chip higher order mode dielectric resonator antenna (ORA )
this on-c hip patch antenna included six metal layers with
passivation (PA SS) on the top and intermediate die lectric
layers (IMO) in between, and all these substrates were on top
of 0.18 11m complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
(CMOS) technology for a nominal frequ ency of 345 GHz.

_.
This design was fabricated for validation the simulations
results with experimental measurement. The ma ximum
direct ivity, BW and radiati on efficiency obta ined were 7.9 ,
dB i, 20 GHz (7.3%) , 74%, respect ively .
t
III . M ETHOOO LOGY

A. The structure ofthe designed antenna w. (a)

Th e unit-cell of proposed antenna is made with Rogers
R03003 microstrip substrate with the design parameters such
as substrate thickness (h) , copper thickn ess ( t) , dielectric
constant (Er) and loss tangent (13n6) of the materi als are
0.12 7 mm, 8 .7 5 11m, 3, 0.001 @10 GHz , respectively. Th is
substrate is electrica lly sufficien tly thin [h = 0.1 27 mm) , so
that the surface waves at these THz antenna will not play
significant role . Generally, the microstri p is widely used as
technology for both the feeding netwo rk and radiating
elements because it is low cost, low profile and ease of
prod uctio n. Additionally, it also suppressed the parasitic
effects like substrate waves and spurious rad iation .
Neverthe less, when we composing an antenna array then
series or corporate feeding may be selected. However, in the
latter case, the feeding network requ ires power dividers in
various topologies such as Lange, Wilkin son or a simple T -
j unction. Th erefore , in the pro posed antenna array a
Wilkinson I x32 power divider has bee n employed as a
feeding technique to split the input signa l evenly and all ports
are matched. Therefore, only the reflected power from the
output ports is dissipated, and 50 x32 radiatio n elements. The
reso nance frequency ofthe proposed unit-cell antenna is 116.9
GH z. The dimensions of the substrate are (90 x 85) mm- thai
equals to 35. 07Ao x 33. 12Ao@116.9GHz , were AO is the
free-s pace wavelength in [m]. The hybrid feed microstrip
array antenna with unifonn amplitude distribution and
uniform spac ing has been chose n because the design is
simpler and also to provide it with minimal line losses and
con venient line-width as opposed to the corporate feed design
that necessitates a large number of different width lines to
simulat e different impedance for impedance matching. In
ord er to represent high impedance (more than 120 ohm) there
is a need for a narrow width line, and under the current
fabricat ion limits that is 40l1m . The dis advan tages of seria l
feed compared to corporate feed are narro w BW and high side
lobe level (SLL) [10, 11], while it is usua lly better to minimize
the SLL. When in hybrid feed, a wider BW can be obta ined,
opposite to the serial feed. Each column consists of 50 antenna
elements, so the hybrid feeding is the only possible approach
+-+
G• G• D•
• • •
L,
k
••
w ee (b )
Fig. I: Architecture of the proposed (a) microsrrip array antenna and (b)
zoomed partial structu re of the radiation clements .
Th e arch itecture of designed micros trip array antenna for
116.9 GHz is shown in Fig. I with its unit-cell. S is the spaci ng
between eac h serial radiat ion element. The width of each
radiant element (Wx)should be smaller than a half wave-
length to reduce SLL and gra ting lobes. Th e initial dimensions
of eac h radiating patch elements ( Wx&Lx) is computed
according to the mathematical express ion presented in [11].
Afte r optimization with the CST MWS simulator, we have
obta ined the spacing between each serial radiation elements
(S), the width of eac h radiant elements (Wxl , the lengt h of
each radiant element (Lx) , the lengt h of feeding line (Lrl and
the width of feeding line (W llne = Wson ) which are 1.1 mm,
1.349 mm , 0.70 mm, 0.63 mm and 0 .308 mm, respectively.
B. Computation ofgain and BW ofproposed antenna
Computation of the mini mal gain of the antenna was done
by setting the minimum distance of 100 meters, required for
the propagation of the signal [1,3, and 12- 14 ], and according
to (3, and 15-16] by setting the estimated data rate (C) to at
least 20 Gb/s to find the minimal BW for the futur e generation
cellular communication at THz band (beyond 5G), according
to the litera ture. The maximum error-free trans mitted data rate

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is defined by Shannon's capacity fonnula, for a poi nt-to-point LCd=l OOm) = 20 [log(d ' f) - 7.38]
scenari o, for band limited Gauss ian channel (noisy channel) = 20[Iog( 100 . 116.9 . 10') - 7.38J
[17l = 113.8 dB
SNR=~ (I) G (dB) (d ~ l O O m )
k' T'B'N p
L(dB) + S(dB) - P,, (dBm) - 173 + 10 log(B)
c ~ B · log, (l + SNR) (2) ;, 2
113.8 +5- 10 - 17 3 + 10 log (4.1 · 10 9 )
Where the C is the est imated data rat e for a band limited
~

2
Gaussian chan nel in [bps], B is the bandwidth of the ante nna G ~ 15 .97 dB
in [Hz], i.e. BW, SNR is the signal noise ratio of the
receiver, PO' is the received power at the at receiver in [WJ, k IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

is the Boltzmann constant that equal to 1.38 · 10 - 23 [~ , NF The simulation has been perfonned with time doma in
is the noise Fig. of the rece iver, and T is temperature of the solver with CST MW S simulator, 20 17 version. The
receiver in [OK] . The receiver parameters are as follows: NF = simulations has been don e with cells per wavelength of at least
20 d B = 10 0 , T=300 "K , PO' = - 43 d Bm = 5 0.1 . 10 for the NearIFar for to I from model and enabling the
10 - 9 [W], according [13}, and BW=B0:4.1 GHz . App lying smooth mesh with an equilibrate ratio of 1.5, because this
option mimics, wit h approxim ation, the adaptive mesh
these param eters to equations (1) - (2) , we see that :
algorithm. The validation of des igned microstrip array
SNR = 29 .52 -. C = 20 .2 Gb{s ~ 20 Gb{s
anten na has been perfonned with ANS YS HFSS 17.2
For exampl e, and according to [18], a long term evo lution
simulator, 2016 vers ion, with adaptive mesh algorithm.
(LT E) 3G cellular communication with BW of20 MHz and
64 quadrature amplitude modulati on (64QAM ) with error A. Simulation results of the designed antenna
correcting and detecti ng codes, that can overcome multip le
The following simulation results are shown in Fig. 2·7.
errors , a data rate of 100 Mbls can be achieved for the
downlink channel. Accord ing to [19], Wi-Pi at 5G cellular SoPor_Of. I M~ n deJ
-s
commu nication at a frequency of 60 GHz will support a data
rate of up to 15 Gb/s for BW of 4 GH z, i.e. even though, ·w ~¥ ..1. - .S.I,.I. .1. .; ; , l] { i,
acco rding to the Nyquist criterion, the maximum data rate is ' », . : " ', i ,..... ~ 1\ . "'; . ,
ts ·· ;1" ' l- · " " ' ~· -·· i····· · " ' +·,, ,· , -· - \ · ··· ;· - ,,· · ,; , ! -· ..•.:..~ ...
twice the BW , by using digital coding method s and error : .! . !- ' , ...; ! 'I : .!
""-
~! ./

] lI T: : ~~;I:,: !
corre ction code higher data rates can be achieved, more than .~

the Nyquist criterion. Accordin g to pape r [15] , the equations

below (3) and (4) are corrected for Tx a nd Rx the antenna
" ."
co
arrays are 2D phased planar array s of M x M cleme nts, and
furthermore , it was possible to achieved a perfect alignment -]5 .. , " '1 ( 136.82. -10.142 ) , .
of the Tx and R, beams. The theoretical max imum effective ~
range limits, are as follows:
- ,""
114 120 125 130 115 III
d = 10 IL/ 20+7.38- log(O] (3)
f ig. 2: Simulation result for return loss (511 ) of the microstrip array
antenna
Where d is the communication estimation ran ge from free-
space path loss in [m], and f is the reso nant frequ ency of the Fig. 2 describes the variance of the simulation result of return
transmitter and the receiver antennas in [Hz]. loss (S1I) in (dB) of the micro strip array antenna, depend ing
L[dB] = P,,[dBm] + [173 - 10 log,, (B)] + (4) on the frequency. It has been shown that the BW of this
GT.[dB] + antenna was : BW(SIl :5 - 10 dB) = 21.93 8 GHz(17.4 2%).
GR.ldB]- S[dB]

•..
Where L is the maximum coupling loss in [ d B], B is the Gin(IW:).'*"'O.O,~ VM (Sdrange) rd-
bandwidth (B w) of the transmitter and the receiver antennas, r
····r ··· ~. ,. : :
PTx is the transmit power in [dBm]. GTx and GRx are ,
." 1 ·•···.. ~ ·..;,;::·~7,
.. .....,...........- +Ills ,.
IS.97
Tx an d Rx antennas gains in [d B], respectively, and S is the

..... ., .... ····1. ........•.....

target SNR value at mob ile device (rece iver) in [d B]. For
finding the minimal tran smitt er and receiver antennas gain. I
61' \ j ..
-...' , 6 6 Hz' ... .~ 1 ..
..........:,.,...... , ......... ....
( 1ll.96. 19.556) .~
..

:
•
;

. ... ....... . . .......,...

U ~

..., • .........,.
the assumption of GTx = GRx=G =An tennas gain was taken , io •••• ••••• <...
" ;"
.. .
I ( l2U2, 16.016]
• ........<,• \
= = ' < ....... ... . . -., .....
{l2ll12, IS.878]
I
8=5 dB [ 15], PTx = 10 mw 10 [dBm] and minimal B • ... .
" " ''' ''' j - .~

\ ( 1l4, 4.i'976 )
.. ~ .. ......
~ ..
;\ Yj ..
• , ..... :..... ...
: :
4.1 GHz, which enable a data rate of at least 20 Gb/s, and f = ....
, , : '0 ."
"

=
~.

f o 116.9 GHz. By doing a mathe matical "log" operation on ~

us
- ,""
both sides of the equation (3), we receive: 116 118 120 III 124 126 1~ 130 132 l[ili[

log(d) = [L/2 0 + 7.38 - Iog(l)] (5)

Fig. 3: Simulation result for the gain of the microstrip amy antenna
Changing the subject of equations (4) and (5) and setting the
minimum propa gation ran ge (d= IOO m) of the signal needed
for beyond 5G , will yield:

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Fig. 3 describes the variance of the simulation result of the dei
maximum possible gain (according to the definition from 2 1. 6
IEEE) in (dB) of the designed microstrip array antenna., lL9
10. B
depending on the frequency. It has been shown that the gain 6.75
was between (4 .8 - 19 .6 )dB at the frequency range o f(l 1 5 ~ 2.'
135) GHz. -1.15
-4.6
,~ .
-B .0 4
~ 11 . 5
10_lEffcenoos [folIq'CI.del
. . . 0;.. . . -14. 9
: - I B. 4

O~ .... : ~ -r -, :~~.~~.~.~ : :::L~:J~: : : :L',~~ ttl~A.~.~~.',i::~:~ :~ .[.: :

O.6f ···· l" 'j' ···,··········,,·· I ' " " ." " .~
.
(",:,::,'>
r. • •~ .... ... ~ \ v :. :\ \ .", • , ... ... ,,,o;.' - - -"FarfleOi''''- - - -

'.: i1! , , !\ /( ;\ j 9
Approximat ion enabled (kR ~ ~ 1)
MonItor
Com ponent
(artleld ~11 3) [11
AbS
L.
•• i2\
l ~" '.' .'
. a. - ' '' Rad. Ef'fioI!flCy
~ ~.. ~ ( l l0-02, U1Oll )
i ( 1ISOI,O.SS9J61
Oul,o ut
Frequency
Direc-livItI'
113 OHz
•.• ...., - ' ' ':Tot . E~~ ' '\ (llO.OJ, O.6S946 1 . R &d . e lflc. · 1. 0 3 6 dB

••L,.,--:':---":--":----:L--':--,l,--':'=,.::====;Oj
Tot e lfrc. · 1 .2Bl d B

,n". m l Jol I,
Di,. 11 61 dB!

'"
lIS 116 124 116
~ I~, Fig. 6 : Direct ivity pattern of the m ierostrip arra y antenna for 123 G Hz
Fig. 4; Simu lation resu lts of the radi ation and total efficiency of the
microstrip array antenna Fig. 5-6 shows of the simulation results of the gain and
directivity patterns, respectively, of the microstrip array
Fig. 4 describes the variance of the simulation results of the antenna, depending on the Farfield. It has been shown that the
radiation and total efficiency of microstrip array antenna, directivity was found as 21.61 dBi
while the radiation efficiency describe the ratio of the total
power radiated by an antenna to the net power accepted by the ID~.w.w~t

antenna from the connected transmitter and the total efficiency

of an antenna is the radiating efficiency multiplied by
•
impedance mismatch loss of the antenna, when connected to
a transmission line or receiver. It has been shown that,
radiation efficiency lies in between (60 +- 67 ) %, and total
efficiency in between (56 + 66 )%. at the frequency range of
(115-135) GH, .
H .•'" ""
n .s Thtia I ~... \'S, til
9.19
6.12
ee- pol (f-= Jll)
--·f
2. 45 - - E·foo.kl ( h I23) - _. E

!;~~~*'::I'Iu. -1.28
-5 .11 - H-fleld «(- I n) aoss-poL (f= ln)
co-poL (I-In)
-8. 94 -_ . fi~
- 12.8 - _ . fi~ aoss-poL {f-= 123}
- 16. 6
- 20.4
Fig. 7: Sim ulation results for Esfield, H~ field, Ecplanecr05s~polarization.

""'.
Appro.. ma~on
FarMld
enab led (l<R ~ ~ 1) •
H-plane cross-polarization, E-plane c().-polari zalion. and H·plane co--
polariza tion of the microstrip array antenna for 123 GIIz
MOnllo r
C om pone nl
O UIP UI
F,eQuen cy
fameld (1'001 1 3) 111
~.
Oa ln
L. Fig. 7 describes the of the simulation results of the E-field, H-
11 3 0 HZ
Rad e",C · 2 .0 3 6 dB field, E-plane cross-polarization, H-plane cross-polarization,
To l emc . · 1 .:/,a 1 dB
O a ln 1950d8 E-plane co-polarization, and H-plane co-polarization of
microstrip array antenna for 123 GHz, at Polar plot, depending
Fig. 5: Gain pattern of the mic ros rrip arra y antenna for 123 GHz
on the degree vs. dB.
B. Validation ofthe simulation results ofthe
designed microstrip array antenna

The following simulation results are shown in Fig. 8.

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 , ,
of the microstrip array were validated with ANSYS HFSS
- 10 dl< • simulator, and a good agre ement was obtained with each

'II, _
. ••••••• •• 'Il:;.J••• •• _10
other. It may have been shown that the simulations result of
.·1'::~
,
.. . .'........ ....
~lt · 'Io:.· '·· ·· ··
A ••• l ••
" V · ·~ ",/ · · · · · 'f' · · · · ·
I -12 this work were validated in similar mann er to that attained in
, " work [10], as oppos ite to work [9], where the verifi cation were
, ",'
-
done by experimental measurements, while at work [8] the

t simulation results were not validated at all. At thi s work, like

work [7], the design and simulation of the wanted THz
antenna was carried out with CST MWS simulator. In this
o "
"u work was obtained the highest directivity I gain for the
_ ><1'
_ _ from CST

.s .......... &1,1 fo'omHFSS microstrip substrate-based antenna, compared to the works [7-
I - - " S" "","CST
• 9]. In order to get mor e accurate validation there is a need to
do experimental validation with fabrication of prototype THz
antenna and measurements with vector network analyzer
Freq. [GHz] (VNA ). For a convenient comparison and to summariz ed this
Fig. 8: Comparison of simulation result s of the gain (IEEE ) and return loss section, the following table is attached (table 1).
(SII ) of the microstrip array antenna made with ANSYS HFSS and CST Table I: Comparison results from other works co mpared with this
MWS simulators proposed work
Ref. Techno logy Freq. BW Mn. MaJ. .
Fig. 8 describes the comparison o f the simu lation results of the (G Hz) (G Hz I di rectivity radiatio n
-;. ) I g a in I total
gain (IEEE) and return loss (SIl) in (dB) of the microstrip
••
(dBi I dB)
array antenna with ANSYS HFS S and CST MW S simulators, e~~:~cy
dependin g on the frequency . It has been shown that a good 17] 1"4 array
Wilh single
'00 RZ GH ~ I
24.47%
13.6 dB; go
agreement between the simulation results is achieved, in clement

,....,
regard to the micro strip array antenn a. It also has been shown dipole
that the maximum gain and BW obtained from simul ation and antcllIllt at

validation with ANSYS HFS S were: 19.26 dB, 18 GHz .~-

( 14%), respectively. [8] Tapered bo~
hom 16" 16
~ rn'_
137.5 35,37
GH ~ I
25,26 'Y.
40.7 dB;
""
C. Discussion [9] On-ch;pDRA
patch antenna
with 71a
'" 20GHz I
7.5 %
7.9 dBi
"
50" 32 116.9 11.94 11.64dBlI 67 166
In order to meet the requirements of future generation
cellular communi cation at THz , a microstrip array antenna is '-'"
work
microstrip
a rray
ant enna
G Hz
117.410/ .
19.76 dB

a powerful approac h to realize low-profile wideband THz

Table I describes companson results from other works
antennas with high directive radiation. However, it was not
compared with this work.
simple to design THz antenn as due to the difficulty in
manufa cturing complex antenn a structure at the sub- V. CONCLUSION
millim eter level. Microstrip arrays antenna operated at
terahcrtz frequencies were low in efficiency because of the We designed and simulated with CST MW S simulator, a
metallic (copper lines) and dielectri c losses from the microstrip array antenna at a resonance frequency of 116.9
microstrip substrate, which increase with frequencies. The OHz, with adequate gain and BW, for establishing
objective of this research was to design and simulate communicati on to a minimum range of 100 m, and enabling a
microstrip array antenna at resonance frequency of 116.9 OHz minim um data rate of 20 Gb/s, for future generation cellular
with maximum possible gain and BW for future generati on communicati on at THz band (beyo nd 50). This designed
cellular communica tion at THz band (beyond 50) and to antenna was validated with ANSY$ HFSS simulator
validate the simulation results of the microstrip array anten na According simulation done with CST MW$ simulator the
with ANSYS HFSS simulator @adaptive mesh, so the maximum dire ctivity, gain, BW , radiation and tota l
validation will be, as a close to can be, with expe rimental efficiency obtained for the design ed micro strip antenna were :
validation with fabrication of a prot otyp e THz . According to 21.6 dB i, 19.6 dB, 21.938 OHz (17.42%), 67%, 66%,
[1,3, and 12-16] the minimu m gain and impedance BW that respectively, while the maximum gai n and BW obtained from
needed for THz ant ennas for beyond 50 cellular simulation with AN$YS HF$S simulator were: 19.26 dB, 18
communication at 116.9 OHz are 15.97 dB, 4.1 OHz, GHz (14%), respectively. This designed antenna, is suitable
respectively. None of works [7-9], included microstrip for future generation cellular communication at THz band
antennas with adequate gain and impedance BW for THz (beyond 5G)@116.9 GHz. In order to get more acc urate
antennas for beyond 50 cellular communication at 116.9 validation there is a need to do experimental validation with
GHz, and from our point of review, the microstrip antenna fabrication of prototype THz antenna.
technology is most suitable for the next generation wireless A C KNOWLEDGM ENT
communication in THz bands. The max imum direct ivity, gain
BW , radiat ion and total efficiency received were 2 1.64 dBi, The authors are thankful to the anonymou s reviewers for
19.76 dB and 2 1.938 GHz (17.42 %), 67% and 66%, their critical comments and suggestion to improve the quality
respectively, for the designed antenna. The simulation results of the manuscript.

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