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CHEMISTRY
RBSE
Chapter Content Page
ikB~;Øe I & II
01. foy;u 01 - 19
02. fo|qrjlk;u 20 - 38
03. jklk;fud cyxfrdh 39 - 61
04. d rFkk f CykWd ds rRo 62 - 77
05. milgla;kstd ;kSfxd 78 - 100
06. gSyks,Ydsu rFkk gSyks,jhu 101 - 123
07. ,YdksgkWy] QhukWy rFkk bZFkj 124 - 144
08. ,sfYMgkbM+ rFkk dhVksu 145 - 163
09. ,ehu 164 - 175
10. tSov.kq 176 - 197
11. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ds egRoiw.kZ iz'u 198 - 216

RBSE
CHEMISTRY (Code No. 043)
CLASS XII (2023 - 24)
SYLLABUS
TIME : 3:00 HRS MARKS : 70
iz'ui=k le; (?k.Vs) iz'ui=k ds fy, vad la=kkd iw.kkZad
lS)kfUrd 3:15 56 14 70
izk;ksfxd 4.00 30 0 30
Ø-la- fooj.k iw.kkZad

1. foy;u 6
2. fo|qrjlk;u 6
3. jklk;fud cyxfrdh 6
4. d rFkk f CykWd rRo 5
5. milgla;kstd ;kSfxd 5
6. gSyks,Ydsu rFkk gSyks,sjhu 6
7. ,sYdksgkWy] Qhuksy rFkk bZFkj 6
8. ,sfYMgkbM+] dhVksu rFkk dkcksZfDlfyd vEy 7
9. ,ehu 5
10. tSov.kq 4
Total 56
Chapter–1. foy;u (Solutions) :-

foy;uksa ds izdkj] foy;uksa dh lkanzrk dks O;Dr djuk] foys;rk] nzoh; foy;uksa dk ok"inkc] vkn'kZ ,oa
vukn'kZ foy;u] v.kqla[; xq.k/keZ vkSj vkf.od nzO;eku dh x.kuk] vlkekU; eksyj nzO;eku
Chapter–2. oS|qr jlk;u (Electro Chemistry) :-
oS|qr jklk;fud lsy] xSYosuh lsy] usUk~ZLV lehdj.k] oS|rq vi?kVuh foy;uksa dk pkydRo] oS|qrvi?kVuh lsy
,oa oS|qrvi?kVu] cSVfj;k¡] bZ/ku lsy] la{kkj.k
Chapter–3. jklk;fud cyxfrdh (Chemical Kinetics) :-
jklk;fud] vfHkfØ;k osx] vfHkfØ;k osx dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd] lekdfyr osx lehdj.k] vfHkfØ;k osx
dh rki ij fuHkZjrk] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dk la?kV~V fl)kUr
Chapter–4. d- ,oa f-CykWd ds rRo :-
vkorZ lkj.kh eas fLFkfr] d-CykWd rRoksa ds bysDVªkWfud foU;kl] laØe.k RkRoksa ¼ d-CykWd½ ds lkekU; xq.k] laØe.k
RkRoksa ds dqN egRoiw.kZ ;kSfxd] ySUFksukW;M] ,fDVukW;M+] d-,oa f-CykWd rRoksa ds dqN vuqiz;ksxA
H I
Chemistry
Chapter–5. milagla;kstd ;kSfxd :-
milgla;kstu ;kSfxdksa dk ouZj dk fl)kUr] milgla;kstu ;kSfxd ls lacfa/kr dqN izeq[k ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn o
mudh ifjHkk"kk,a] milgla;kstu ;kSfxdks dk ukedj.k] migla;kstu ;kSfxdksa eas leko;ork] milgla;kstu
;kSfxdks eas vkca/ku] /kkrq dkcksZfuyks esa vkca/ku] milgla;kstu ;kSfxdks dk egRo rFkk vuqiz;ksxA
Chapter–6. gSyks,Ydsu ,oa gSyks,jhu :
oxhZdj.k] ukei)fr] C-X vkca/k dh izd`fr] ,sfYdy gSykbM+ks ds fojpu dh fof/k;k¡] gSyks,jhuksa dk fojpu]
HkkSfrd] xq.k] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡] ikWfygSykstu ;kSfxdA
Chapter–7. ,YdksgkWy] fQukWy ,oa bZFkj :
oxhZdj.k] uke i)fr] izdk;kZRed lewgksa dh lajpuk,¡] ,sYdksgkWYk vkSj QhukWyksa dk fojpu] vkS/kksfxd egROk ds
dqN ,sYdksgkWy] bZFkjA
Chapter–8. ,fYMgkbM dhVksu ,oa dkckZsfDlfyd vEy :
dkcksZfuy ;kSfxdks dk ukedj.k ,oa lajpuk] ,sfYMgkbMksa ,oa dhVksuksa dk fojpu] HkkSfrd xq.k/keZ] jklk;fud
vfHkfØ;k,¡] ,sfYMgkbMksa ,oa dhVksuksa ds mi;ksx] dkcksZfDlfyd lewg dh ukei)fr o lajpuk] dkcksfZ Dlfyd
vEy cukus dh fof/k;k¡] HkkSfrd xq.k] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡] dkcksZfDlfyd vEyksa ds mi;ksxA
Chapter–9. ukbVªkstu ;qDr fØ;kRed lewg okys dkcZfud ;kSfxd :
,sehuksa dh lajpuk] oxhZdj.k] ukei)fr] ,sehuksa dk fojpu] HkkSfrd xq.k/keZ] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡] ,sjkeSfVd
;kSfxdks ds la'ys"k.k eas Mkb,stksyo.kksa dk egRoA
Chapter–10. tSo v.kq :
dkcksZgkbMsV] izksVhu] ,Utkbe] foVkfeu] U;wfDyd vEy] gkeksZuA
II H
RBSE
CHAPTER–1 : foy;u
UNIT INDEX
• Chapter at a glance 01-06
• Exercise-1_RBSE Important Questions 07-12
• Exercise-2_Multiple Choice Questions 13-16
• Exercise-3_Previous Years Questions 17-19
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
foy;u dh ifjHkk"kk (DEFINITION OF SOLUTION)
;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jklk;fud vfØ;k'khy inkFkks± dks ijLij feykus ls laekxh feJ.k cus rks bl feJ.k
dks gh foy;u dgrs gSaA
eksyjrk (Molarity) (M)
1 yhVj foy;u esa mifLFkr foys; ds eksyksa dh la[;k dks eksyjrk (M) dgrs gSaA
[; n
=
V L
eksyyrk (Molality) (m)

1000 g foyk;d esa mifLFkr foys; ds eksyksa ;k xzke@v.kqvksa dh la[;k dks foy;u dh eksyyrk dgrs gSaA
foy;
s ds eksykas dh l[a;k 1000
foy;u dh eksyyrk= foy;s ds eky
s ksa dh l[a;k
=
foyk;d dk Hkkj ¼fdxzk eas½ foyk;d dk Hkkj xzke eas
Hkkj izfr'kr (Percent By Mass (w/W)
100 g foy;u esa mifLFkr foys; dh xzke esa ek=kk dks Hkkj izfr'kr dgrs gSaA
;gk¡ 'W' xzke foyk;d esa w xzke foys; ?kksyk x;k gSA
foys; dk Hkkj g ×100 w 100
Hkkj izfr'kr =
oy;u dk Hkkj g w W
Hkkj izfr'kr rki ls Lora=k gksrk gSA
vk;ru izfr'kr (Percent By Volume) (v/V)
;g fof/k nzo ds nzo esa foy;u ds fy, dke esa yh tkrh gSA 100 mL foy;u esa mifLFkr foys; ds
vk;ru (mL) dks vk;ru izfr'kr dgrs gSaA
100
vk;ru izfr'kr =
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\Solution
w
izfr'kr lkeF;Z@nzO;eku vk;ru izfr'kr : 100 mL foy;u esa mifLFkr foys; ds Hkkj ¼xzke esa½ dks
V
æO;eku vk;ru izfr'kr dgrs gSaA
w g
% 100
V mL
H 1
Chemistry
Parts Per Million (ppm)
;g vR;f/kd ruq foy;uksa tSls ty dh dBksjrk] ok;q iznw"k.k vkfn dh lkanzrk dks O;Dr djus dh fof/k gSA
g 106
ppm ¼Hkkj }kjk½ =
(g)
106
ppm (vk;ru }kjk) =
(mL)
w g
ppm 106
V mL
eksy izHkkt (Mole Fraction)

foy;u esa fdlh vo;o ds eksyksa dh la[;k dk] foy;u esa mifLFkr lHkh vo;oksa ds eksyksa dh dqy la[;k ds
lkFk vuqikr ml vo;o dk eksy izHkkt dgykrk gSA
foys; dk eksy izHkkt XB =

; n
n N
N
foyk;d dk eksy izHkkt XA =
n N
XA XB 1
foys;rk (Solubility)
foys; dh og vf/kdre ek=kk tks foyk;d dh fdlh fo'ks"k ek=kk esa fu;r rki ij ?kksyh tk lds] foys;rk
dgykrh gSA
foys;rk] foys; rFkk foyk;d dh izd`fr ds lkFk&lkFk rki o nkc ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
gsujh dk fu;e (Henry's Law) :
ok"i voLFkk esa xSl dk vkaf'kd nkc (P) foy;u esa xSl ds eksy izHkkt ds lekuqikrh gksrk gS ¼;g lkekU;
ifjHkk"kk gS½
P = KHX KH = gsujh fu;rkad
gsujh fu;rkad ,d lkoZf=kd fu;rkad ugha gksrk] ;g xSl dh izÑfr rFkk rki ij fuHkZj djrk gSA rki esa o`f)
ds lkFk KH c<+rk gS]
blfy, xSlksa dh foys;rk ?kV tkrh gSA
ok"i nkc (VAPOUR PRESSURE)
fu;r rki ij nzo dh ok"i }kjk nzo dh lrg ij vkjksfir nkc] tc ;s ¼nzo rFkk bldh ok"i½ lkE;koLFkk esa
gks] ok"inkc dgykrk gSA
jkmYV dk fu;e (Raoult's Law)
ok"i'khy nzoksa ds foy;u esa fu;r rki ij fdlh vo;o dk vkaf'kd ok"i nkc] 'kq) voLFkk esa mlh vo;o ds
ok"i nkc rFkk mlh vo;o ds foy;u esa eksy izHkkt ds xq.kuQy ds leku gksrk gSA
2 H
RBSE
vkn'kZ foy;u (IDEAL SOLUTION)
,d foy;u tks lHkh lkanrz kvksa ij rFkk lHkh rkiksa ij jkmYV ds fu;e dk iw.kZr;k ikyu djs] vkn'kZ foy;u
dgykrk gSA
vkn'kZ foy;u }kjk lHkh lkUnzrkvksa ij jkmYV ds fu;e dk ikyu gksrk gSA
PA = PAo X A ; PB PBo X B
nzoksa dks feykus ij vk;ru ifjorZu 'kwU; gksuk pkfg, Vmix = 0, vFkkZr~ (Vfoys; + Vfoyk;d = Vfoy;u½
nzoksa dks feykus ij Å"ek ifjorZu 'kwU; gksuk pkfg, Hmix= 0 (Å"ek uk rks vo'kksf"kr vkSj uk gh mRlftZr gksrh gS)
vkn'kZ foy;u ds fy, A-A vUrZfØ;k = B-B vUrZfØ;k = A-B vUrZfØ;k
mnkgj.k%
(i) cSathu rFkk VkWyqbZu (ii) n-gSDlsu rFkk n-gsIVsu
vukn'kZ foy;u (NON-IDEAL SOLUTION)
• os foy;u tks jkmYV ds fu;e dk ikyu ugha djrs gSa] vukn'kZ foy;u dgykrs gSaA
• ,sls foy;uksa ds fy, PA PAo X A ; PB PBo X B
• tc vo;oksa dh lajpuk rFkk /kqzo.k esa cgqr vf/kd vUrj gks rks vukn'kZ foy;u curs gSaA vr%
H mixing 0 rFkk Vmixing 0
• vukn'kZ foy;uksa ds fy, ; A–A vUrZfØ;k rFkk B-B vUrZfØ;k A-B vUrZfØ;k
vukn'kZ foy;u jkmYV ds fu;e ls /kukRed ;k _.kkRed fopyu n'kkZrs gSaA
(a) jkÅYV fu;e ls /kukRed fopyu j[kus okys vukn'kZ foy;u
(i) ,FksukWy rFkk lkbDyksgsDlsu (ii) ,FksukWy rFkk ty (iii) ,FksukWy rFkk ,flVksu
(b) jkmYV fu;e ls _.kkRed fopyu j[kus okys vukn'kZ foy;u
(i) CHCl3 rFkk CH3COCH3 (ii) H2O rFkk HCl (iii) H2O rFkk HNO3
fLFkjDokFkh feJ.k (Azeotropic mixture): dqN nzoksa dks feykus ij fLFkjDokFkh feJ.k curs gSa tks nzo rFkk
ok"i voLFkk esa leku la?kVu j[kus okys f}vaxh foy;u gksrs gSa rFkk ,d fu;r rki ij mcyrs gSaA
fLFkjDokFkh feJ.k nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa %
(a) fuEu DokFkh ,ft;ksVªkWi :- os foy;u tks jkmYV ds fu;e ls cgqr vf/kd /kukRed fopyu n'kkZrs gSaA os
fuf'pr la?kVu ij fuEu DokFkh ,ft;ksVªkWi cukrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,FksukWy&ty feJ.k ¼'kdZjk ds fd.ou
}kjk izkIr½ dk izHkkth vklou djus ij yxHkx 95.57% v/V ,FksukWy j[kus okyk foy;u nsrk gSA
(b) mPp DokFkh ,ft;ksVªksi :- os foy;u tks jkmYV ds fu;e ls cgqr vf/kd _.kkRed fopyu n'kkZrs gSa os
,d fuf'pr la?kVu ij mPp DokFkh ,ft;ksVªkWi dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA ukbfVªd vEy rFkk ty bl izdkj ds
,ft;ksVªkWi dk mnkgj.k gSA ;g ,ft;ksVªkWi yxHkx 68% ukbfVªd vEy rFkk 32% Hkkj :i esa ty dk la?kVu
j[krk gS tks 393.5 K ij mcyrk gSA
H 3
Chemistry
v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ (COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES)
foy;u ds os HkkSfrd xq.k tks foys; ds d.kksa dh vkisf{kd la[;k ij fuHkZj djrs gSa rFkk mudh izd`fr ij fuHkZj
ugha djrs] v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ dgykrs gSaA
fuEufyf[kr pkj xq.k v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ gS
(i) foyk;d ds ok"inkc esa vkisf{kd voueu
(ii) foyk;d ds DoFkukad esa mUu;u ( Tb)
(iii) foyk;d ds fgekad esa voueu ( Tf)
(iv) foy;u dk ijklj.k nkc ( ;k P)
ijklj.k ,oa ijklj.k nkc%&
ijklj.k : foyk;d ds v.kqvksa dk v/kZikjxE; f>Yyh }kjk foyk;d ls foy;u ;k ruqfoy;u ls lkUnz foy;u
dh vksj ifj.kkeh izokg dks ijklj.k dgrs gSaA
ijklj.k nkc (p ;k )
• foy;u ij yxk;k x;k og ckg~; nkc tks v)Z ikjxE; f>Yyh esa ls gksdj foyk;d v.kqvksa ds foy;u esa xeu
dks jksd ns] ijklj.k nkc ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
CRT
O;qRØe ijklj.k (Reverse Osmosis)

;fn yxk;k x;k ckg~; nkc] ijklj.k nkc ls vf/kd gks rks foyk;d v.kqvksa dk xeu foy;u ls 'kq) foyk;d
dh vksj gksrk gS vFkkZr~ lkekU; ijklj.k foijhr fn'kk esa gksrk gSA
O;qRØe ijklj.k dk mi;ksx leqnzh ty ds foyo.khdj.k }kjk 'kq) ihus ;ksX; ty izkIr djus esa fd;k tkrk
gSA
• tSov.kq tSls izksVhu rFkk cgqyd ds v.kqHkkj Kkr djus dh lokZf/kd mi;qDr fof/k ijklj.k nkc gS D;ksafd ;g
,d v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ gS rFkk blesa rki ifjorZu lEc) ugha gksus ds dkj.k tSov.kqvksa dh izd`fr esa ifjorZu
gksus dh dksbZ laHkkouk ugha gksrhA vU; fof/k;ksa esa vR;Yi ifjorZu ekius gksrs gSa rFkk vR;Yi ifjorZu dk
=kqfVjfgr ekiu dfBu gksrk gS ijUrq ijklj.k nkc dejs ds rki ij vklkuh ls ekik tk ldrk gS tgka ij
tSov.kq viuh ewy voLFkk =kqfVjfgr esa gksrs gSaA
w
• 0.91% NaCl foy;u] jDr ds lkFk leijkljh gksrk gSA
V
vlkekU; v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ (ABNORMAL COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES)
• ;g ik;k x;k gS fd foys; v.kqvksa ds foy;u esa la;kstu ;k fo;kstu ds dkj.k foys; ds izfs {kr rFkk ifjdfyr
v.kqHkkj esa vUrj gksrk gSA la;kstu ;k fo;kstu ds QyLo:i foy;u esa d.kksa dh la[;k esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA
• ok.V gkWQ xq.kakd (i) : ;g lkekU; v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ rFkk vlkekU; v.kqla[;d xq.k/keks± esa laca/k crkrk gSA
[;
• ok.VgkWQ xq.kkad (i) =
[;
• ;fn i = 1 uk fo;kstu uk la;kstu Ex. Xywdkst] ;wfj;k] 'kDdj
• ;fn i > 1 fo;kstu izkIr gksrk gS Ex. NaCl, KCl, BaCl2
• ;fn i < 1 la;kstu izkIr gksrk gS Ex. CH3COOH, csathu esa PhCOOH
4 H
RBSE
Case I :
foys; dk fo;kstu (Dissociation of solute ) : /kqzoh; foyk;dksa esa fo|qrvi?kV~;ksa ds v.kqvksa dk vk;uhdj.k
;k fo;kstu ds dkj.k foy;u esa nks ;k vf/kd d.k izkIr gksrs gSaA bl fo;kstu ds ifj.kkeLo:i d.kksa dh dqy
la[;k esa o`f) gks tkrh gSA vr% ,sls foy;uksa ds v.kql[a ;d xq.k/keks± ds ekuksa esa o`f) gks tkrh gSA D;ksafd
v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ vkf.od Hkkjksa ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrs gSaA vr% vk;fur gksus okys foys; ds vkf.od Hkkj
lS)kfUrd ekuksa ls de gksrs gSaA foy;u esa foys; ds d.kksa dh la[;k c<+rh gSA
• izsf{kr@ izk;ksfxd v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ > ifjdfyr v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ ¼lkekU;½
• foys; dk izsf{kr@ izk;ksfxd vkf.od Hkkj < foys; dk ifjdfyr ¼lkekU;½ vkf.od Hkkj
1
[;
• 'i' dh x.kuk : ekuk foys; AxBy ¼fo|qr vi?kV~;½ gSA

AxBy xAy+ + yBx– ; x + y = n (vk;uksa dh dqy la[;k)
izkjEHk esa 1 mol 0 0
fo;kstu ds i'pkr~ (1– ) x y
foys; ds d.kksa dh dqy la[;k = 1– + x + y
= 1 – + (x+y)
= (1– + n )mol
izsf{kr v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ foys; ds izsf{kr d.kksa dh la[;k (1– + n )
[; 1 n
i = i 1 n
[; 1
i 1
tgka fo;kstu dh ek=kk gS
n 1
• izcy fo|qr vi?kV~;ksa ds fy, =1 or 100% rc i n

Ex. NaCl i =2; = 100%
K2SO4 i=3 = 100%
Ex. K4[Fe(CN)6] i =5 for = 100%

= 50% ds fy, i = 1 + (n–1)
i =3
Case II :
foys; dk la;kstu (ASSOCIATION OF SOLUTE ) : foys; ds nks] rhu ;k vf/kd v.kqvksa ds la;ksx ls
,d cM+s v.kq dk fuekZ.k la;kstu dgykrk gSA blds ifj.kkeLo:i foy;u esa d.kksa dh dqy la[;k izkjEHk esa
foy;u esa ?kqys gq, d.kksa dh la[;k ls de gks tkrh gSA bl izdkj v.kqla[;d xq.k/keks± ds eku de izkIr gksrs
gS] D;ksafd foy;u dk eksyj nzO;eku v.kqla[;d xq.k/keks± ls O;qRØekuqikrh laca/k j[krk gSA vr% foys; dk
eksyj nzO;eku] lS)kfUrd eku ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
H 5
Chemistry
• izsf{kr@izk;ksfxd v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ < ifjdfyr v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ
• foys; dk izsf{kr vkf.od Hkkj > foys; dk lkekU; vkf.od Hkkj
1
v.kql[a ;d xq.k/keZ ; la;kstu ds fy, i < 1
foys; dk vkf.od Hkkj
• 'i' dh x.kuk
nA –––––– [A]n
izkjEHk esa 1 0
la;kstu ds i'pkr~ (1– )

n
foys; ds d.kksa dh dqy la[;k = 1 mol

n
izsf{kr v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ foys; ds izsf{kr d.kksa dh la[;k 1

n
1
[; n
ok.V gkWQ xq.kkad (i) = ; i
[; 1
i 1
n
= la;kstu dh ek=kk
n = foys; ds la;ksftr gksus okys d.kksa dh la[;k
1 i
1
1
n
1
• ;fn = 100% ;k 1 ;k ugha crk;k x;k gS rks i
n
6 H
RBSE
EXERCISE-1 RBSE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. ;fn 22 g csUthu esa 122 g dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM ?kqyh gks rks csUthu ,oa dkcZu VsVªkDyksjkbM ds æO;eku izfr'kr
dh x.kuk dhft,A
Ans. csUthu dk æO;eku izfr'kr
22g
= 100 = 100 15.28%
144g
dkcZu VsVkª DyksjkbM dk æO;eku izfr'kr
222 g
= 100 = 100 = 84.72 %
144 g
2. fuEufyf[kr izR;sd foy;u dh eksyjrk dh x.kuk dhft,&

(a) 30 g, Co(NO3)2. 6H2O 4.3 yhVj foy;u esa ?kqyk gqvk gks
(b) 30 mL 0.5 M-H2SO4 dks 500 mL ruq djus ijA
Ans. eksyjrk fuEu }kjk nh tk;sxh %
(a) Co (NO3)2.6H2O dk eksyj nzO;eku
= 58.7 + 2 (14 + 48) + 6 × 18 = 291 g mol–1

Co (NO3)2.6H2O ds eksy dh la[;k
30
= mol 0.103 mol
291
foy;u dk vk;ru = 4.3 L
[;
0.103
= 0.023 M
4.3 L
(b) 0.5 M H2SO4 ds 1000 ml esa mifLFkr eksyksa dh la[;k = 0.5 mol
0.5 30
0.5 M H2SO4 ds 30 ml esa mifLFkr eksyksa dh la[;k = mol
1000
= 0.015 mol
0.015
eksyjrk = mol = 0.03 M
0.5L
H 7
Chemistry
3. ;wfj;k (NH2CONH2) ds 0.25 eksyj 2.5 kg tyh; foy;u dks cuus ds fy, vko';d ;wfj;k ds æO;eku dh
x.kuk dhft,A
Ans. nB = 0.25 mol
foys; dk v.kq Hkkj

= NH2CONH2 = 14 × 2 + 4 × 1 + 12 + 16 = 28 + 4 + 12 + 16 = 60 g mol
foys; dk Hkkj = eksyksa dh la[;k × eksyj æO;eku = 0.25 × 60

foys; dk Hkkj = 15 g
foy;u dk dqy Hkkj = (1000 + 15) = 1015 gm
vr% 1015 g foy;u esa ;wfj;k = 15 gm
15g
1 g foy;u esa ;wfj;k
1015g
15
2500 g foy;u esa ;wfj;k 2500
1015
= 37 g
4. 20% (w/W) tyh; KI dk ?kuRo 1.202 gm/ ml gks rks KI foy;u dh ¼d½ eksyjrk] ¼[k½ eksyyrk ¼x½ eksy
va'k dh x.kuk dhft,A
Ans. foys; dk Hkkj = 20 g
foyk;d dk Hkkj = 100 – 20
= 80 g
KI dk v.kqHkkj = 39 + 127
= 166 g/mol
¼d½ eksyjrk %
foy;u dk vk;ru
100
V(ml) = =
1.202
wB = 20g
MB = 166 g/mol
w B 1000
M =
M B V(ml)
20 1000
M =
100
166
1.202
20 1.202 1000
M =
166 100
M = 1.44 mol/L
8 H
RBSE
¼[k½ eksyyrk
w B 1000 20 1000
m =
MB wA 166 80
m = 1.5 mol/kg
¼x½ KI ds eksy va'k
nB
xB =
nB nA
w B / MB 20 / 166 0.1200
= =
w B / MB w A / MA 20 80 0.120 4.44
166 18
KI ds eksy va'k = 0.0263
5. laMs+ gq, v.Ms tSlh xU/k okyh fo"kSyh H2S xq.kkRed fo'ys"k.k esa mi;ksx dh tkrh gSaA ;fn H2S xSl dh ty esa
STP ij foys;rk 0.195m gks rks gsujh fLFkjkad dh x.kuk dhft,A
Ans. H2S dh foy;rk = 0.195 m
vFkkZr~ foys; ds eksy nB = 1000 g
foyk;d dk Hkkj WB = 2 × 1 + 32
= 34 g
foyk;d dk eksyj æO;eku MA = 18 g
1000 g
foyk;d ds eksy =
18g
= 55.56 eksy
n H2 S 0.195 0.195
x H2S = = 0.0035
n H 2S n H2 O 0.195 55.56 55.745
STP ij nkc (pH2S ) = 0.987 bar
vr% gsujh ds fu;kuqlkj]

p H2S = KH × x H2S
p H2 S
;k KH
x H2 S
0.987
;k KH
0.0035
KH = 282 bar
gsujh dk fu;rkad = 282 bar
H 9
Chemistry
6. 298 K ij 'kq) ty dk ok"i nkc 23.8 mm Hg gSA 850 g ty esa 50 g ;wfj;k (NH2CONH2) ?kksyk tkrk gSA bl
foy;u ds fy, ty ds ok"i nkc ,oa blds vkisf{kd voueu dk ifjdyu dhft,A
Ans. fn;k gS %
p0 = 23.8 mm
wB = 50 g MB ¼;wfj;k½ = 60 g mol–1
wA = 850 g MA ¼ty½ = 18g mol–1
gesa foy;u ds ok"i nkc] ps rFkk vkisf{kd voueu (p0 – ps)/p0 dh x.kuk djuh gSA jkWmYV dk fu;e ykxw djus
ij]
P0 Ps nB
0
P nA nB
wB / wB 50 / 60 0.83 0.83
= 0.017
wA wB 850 47.22 0.83 48.05
50 / 60
MA M B 18
vr% ok"i nkc dk vkisf{kd voueu = 0.017

p0 ps 23.8 ps
0
0.017 ; 0.017
p 23.8
;k 23.8 – ps = 0.017 × 23.8
;k 23.8 – ps = 0.4046
;k ps = 23.8 – 0.4046
;k ps = 23.3954 mm
ps = 23.40 mm
vr% foy;u esa ty dk ok"i nkc 23.40 mm gSA
7. 750 mm Hg ok"inkc ij ty dk DoFkukad 99.63°C gSA 500 g ty esa fdruk lqØksl feyk;k tk, fd bldk
DoFkukad 100°C gks tk, \ ty ds fy,] Kb = 0.52 K kg mol–1
Ans. lqØksl (C12H22O11) dk vkf.od æO;eku = 12 × 12 + 22 × 1 + 11 × 16 = 342 g mol–1
Tb = 100 – 99.63 = 0.37 K
wA = 500 g
1000w B
lw=k Tb = Kb ls]
MB wA
Tb M B w A
wB =
1000 K b
0.37 K 0.342 kg mol 1 500g

=
1000 0.52 K kg mol 1
= 0.12 kg = 122 g
ty esa lqØksl dk Hkkj = 121g
10 H
RBSE
8. ,sLdkWfcZd vEy (foVkfeu C, C6H8O6) ds ml æO;eku dk ifjdyu dhft,A ftls 75 g ,slhfVd vEy esa ?kksyus
ij mlds fgekad esa 1.5°C dh deh gks tk,A Kf = 3.9 K kg mol–1
Ans. ,sLdkWfcZd vEy dk vkf.od æO;eku
= 6 × 12 + 8 × 1 + 6 × 16
= 176 g mol–1
1000 w B
Tf = K f
MB w A
Tf M B w A
;k wB =
K f 1000
1.5 176 75
= 5.08 g
3.9 1000
foVkfeu C dk Hkkj 5.08 g
9. 185,000 eksyj æO;eku okys ,d cgqyd ds 1.0 gm dks 37°C ij 450 mL ty esa ?kksyus ls mRiUu foy;u ds
ijklj.k nkc dk ikLdy esa ifjdyu dhft,A
Ans. eksyj æO;eku MB = 185000 g/mol
foys; dk Hkkj wB = 1.0 g
rki T = 37 + 273 = 310 K
vk;ru V = 450 ml = 0.450 L
xSl fu;rkad R = 8.314 kPa LK–1. mol–1
= 8.314 × 103 Pa L K–1 mol–1
ijklj.k nkc =?
wB R T
=
MB V
1 8.314 103 310
=
185000 0.45
= 30.98 Pa
foy;u dk ijklj.k nkc = 30.96 Pa
10. 300 K ij 36 g izfr yhVj lkUærk okys Xywdksl ds foy;u dk ijklj.k nkc 4.98 bar gSA ;fn blh rki ij
foy;u dk ijklj.k nkc 1.52 bar gks rks mldh lkUærk D;k gksxh\
Ans. ;gk¡,
T = 300 K
= 1.52 bar
R = 0.083 bar L K–1 mol–1

fuEu lEca/k dk mi;ksx djus ij
= CRT
1.52
C = = 0.061 mol
RT 0.083 bar, L.K 1 mol 1
300 K
foy;u dk vk;ru 1 L, gS blfy, foy;u dh lkUærk 0.061 M gksxhA
H 11
Chemistry
11. K4[Fe(CN) 6] dk 0.05M foy;u 300K ij 92% fo;ksftr gksrk gSA foy;u dk ijklj.k nkc Kkr dhft,A
(R = 0.0821 ok;qe.My yhVj K–1 mol–1)
Sol. C = 0.05, T = 300 K, R = 0.0821 atm LK–1 mol–1
K4[Fe(CN)6] 4K+ + [Fe(CN)6]4–
i=1– +n
= 1 – 0.92 + 5 × 0.92
= 1 – 0.92 + 4.60
= 0.08 + 4.60
= 4.68
= iCRT
= 4.68 × 0.05 × 0.0821 × 300
= 5.76 atm
12. csUthu esa ,Fksuksbd vEy ds fy, okUV gkWQ xq.kkad dk eku fdruk gksxk\
Ans. csUthu es ,Fksuksbd vEy ds fy, okUV gkWQ xq.kkad 0.5 gksrk gS D;ksfa d csUthu esa ,Fksuksbd vEy laxfq .kr gksdj
f}yd cukrk gSA
13. ;fn ty dk ijklj.k nkc 27°C ij 0.75 ok;qeaMy gks rks 2.5 yhVj ty esa ?kqys CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dh ek=kk
ifjdfyr dhft,A
Ans. ge tkurs gS fd
=i
n2
RT
= 0.75 atm
V
V = 2.5 L
w2 i = 2.47
i RT
M2V
T = (27 + 273) K = 300 K
M2 V R = 0.082 L atm K–1 mol–1
w2
iRT M2 = 1 × 40 + 2 × 35.5 = 111 g mol–1
0.75 111 2.5
blh izdkj w2 = = 3.42 g
2.47 0.0821 300
vr% CaCl2 dh vko';d ek=kk 3.42 g gSA

12 H
RBSE
EXERCISE-2 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. 36g ty esa 23 g ,FksukWy ?kksyk tkrk gSA ,FksukWy dk eksy izHkkt gksxk&
(a) 2 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.2 (d) 0.8
2. n-gsDlsu rFkk n-gsIVsu dk feJ.k ,d mnkgj.k gS
(a) vkn'kZ foy;u (b) vukn'kZ foy;u (c) ruq foy;u (d) dksbZ ugha
3. v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ dk mnkgj.k gS
(a) fgekad fcUnq (b) DoFkukad fcUnq (c) ok"inkc (d) ijklj.k nkc
4. B.Ms izns'kksa esa lfnZ;ksa esa dkj ds jsfM,Vj esa ,fFkyhu Xykbdksy dks ty esa feykrs gSa] blds ifj.kkeLo:i deh
gksxh &
(a) ';kurk esa (b) fof'k"V Å"ek esa (c) fgekad fcUnq esa (d) DoFkukad fcUnq esa
5. fuEu esa ls dkSulk foy;u vf/kdre fgekad fcUnq j[krk gS
(a) 1M ;wfj;k (b) 1M Na2SO4 (c) 1M NaCl (d) 1M Al2(SO4)3
6. 8 g NaOH dks 1 yhVj foy;u esa ?kksyk tkrk gS] bldh eksyjrk gS %
(a) 0.8 M (b) 0.4 M (c) 0.2 M (d) 0.1 M
7. 36 g ikuh rFkk 46 g fXyljhu ds foy;u esa fXyljhu (C3H5(OH)3) dk eksy izHkkt gSa %
(a) 0.46 (b) 0.36 (c) 0.20 (d) 0.40
8. 'kq) ikuh dh eksyjrk gS :
(a) 100 M (b) 55.5 M (c) 50 M (d) 18M
9. ,d eksyy foy;u og gksrk gS ftlesa ,d eksy foys;
(a) 1000 g foyk;d esa gksrk gSA (b) 1 yhVj foy;u esa gksrk gSA
(c) 1 yhVj foyk;d esa gksrk gSA (d) 22.4 yhVj foy;u esa gksrk gSA
10. 98% (w/W) foy;u H2SO4 (d = 1.8 g mL–1) dh eksyjrk gS &
(a) 6 M (b) 18 M (c) 10 M (d) 4 M
11. A dh ok"i voLFkk esa eksy fHké (YA) dk XA ds inksa esa lgh lEcU/k D;k gSA A dh foy;u esa eksy fHké (XA)
gks rFkk P A0 , A dk 'kq) voLFkk esa ok"i nkc gSA
XA 1 XA 0 PA0 X A
(a) (1 X A )P A0 (b) PA0 (c) PA (d)
1 XA XA PS
12. ,d vkn'kZ foy;u ds }kjk dkSulh fLFkfr lUrq"V ugha gksrh gS

(a) HfeJ.k= 0 (b) VfeJ.k = 0 (c) SfeJ.k= 0 (d) jkmYV ds fu;e dk ikyu
13. fuEu esa ls dkSu ,d vkn'kZ foy;u ugha cukrs gSa&

(a) C6H6 rFkk C6H5CH3 (b) C2H5Cl rFkk C6H5OH
(c) C6H5Cl rFkk C6H5Br (d) C2H5Br rFkk C2H5I
H 13
Chemistry
14. nks æoksa ds fLFkjDokFkh feJ.k dk DoFkukad nksuksa ls de izkIr gksrk gS tc ;s %&
(a) jkÅYV ds fu;e ls /kukRed fopyu n'kkZrs gSaA
(b) jkÅYV ds fu;e ls dksbZ fopyu ugha n'kkZrs gSaA
(c) gsujh ds fu;e ls /kukRed fopyu n'kkZrs gSaA
(d) gsujh ds fu;e ls _.kkRed fopyu n'kkZrs gSaA
15. ,d foyk;d esa vok"i'khy foys; feykus ls blds ok"i nkc esa voueu ds lekuqikrh gksrk gS &
(a) foys; ds eksy izHkkt ds (b) foy;u esa foys; dh izd`fr ij
(c) ok;qe.Myh; nkc ij (d) mijksDr lHkh
16. ok"i nkc esa vkisf{kd voueu vok"i'khy foys; ds eksy izHkkt ds cjkcj gksrs gSsa ;g dFku fdlds }kjk fn;k
x;k Fkk
(a) jkmYV (b) gsujh (c) twy (d) MkYVu
17. ,d foy;u dk ok"inkc ftlesa foys; Bksl rFkk foyk;d æo gks %
(a) foyk;d ds eksy izHkkt ds lh/ks lekuqikrh gksrk gSaA
(b) foyk;d ds eksy izHkkt ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA
(c) foys; ds eksy izHkkt ds lh/ks lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
(d) foys; ds eksy izHkkt ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA
18. ;fn jkmYV ds fu;e dh ikyuk gksrh gS] rks foy;u esa foyk;d dk ok"i nkc lh/ks lekuqikrh gksrk gS &
(a) foyk;d ds eksy izHkkt (b) foys; ds eksy izHkkt
(c) foys; rFkk foyk;d ds eksy izHkkt (d) foy;u ds vk;ru
19. eksyy mUu;u fLFkjkad] DoFkukad esa mUu;u rFkk .............. dk vuqikr gksrk gS &
(a) eksyjrk (b) eksyyrk
(c) foys; ds eksy izHkkt (d) foyk;d ds eksy izHkkt
20. ;fn 'kdjdUnh (Sugar beet) ds irys VqdM+s dks NaCl ds lkUæ foy;u esa j[k fn;k tk, rks D;k gksxk\
(a) og VqdM+k dksf'kdkvksa esa ls ty fudkysxk
(b) og foy;u esa ls ty vo'kksf"kr djsxk
(c) uk gh ty fu"dkflr djsxk uk gh vo'kksf"kr
(d) og foy;u esa ?kqy tk,xk
21. ijklj.k esa ifj.kkeh izokg gksrk gS &

(a) foyk;d ds v.kqvksa dk vf/kd lkUærk ls de lkUærk dh vksj
(b) foyk;d ds v.kqvksa dk de lkUærk ls vf/kd lkUærk dh vksj
(c) foys; ds v.kqvksa dk vf/kd lkUærk ls de lkUærk dh vksj
(d) foys; ds v.kqvksa dk de lkUærk ls vf/kd lkUærk dh vksj
14 H
RBSE
22. ,d fuf'pr rki ij foy;u dk ijklj.k nkc &
(a) lkUærk ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA (b) lkUærk ds O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA
(c) lkUærk ds oxZ ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA (d) lkUærk ds oxZey
w ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
23. dkSulk vdkcZfud ;kSfxd v/kZikjxE; f>Yyh dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gS &
(a) dSfYl;e lYQsV (b) csfj;e vkWDlsyV
s
(c) fudy QkWLQsV (d) dkWij Qsjkslk;ukbM
24. ;fn foy;u esa foyk;d dk eksy izHkkt ?kVrk gS rks&
(a) foy;u dk ok"i nkc c<+rk gSA (b) DoFkukad ?kVrk gSA
(c) ijklj.k nkc c<+rk gSA (d) lHkh lgh gSA
25. Xywdksl ds ruq foy;u ds fy, ok.V gkWQ xq.kkad (i) gS&
(a) 'kwU; (b) 1.0 (c) 1.5 (d) 2.0
26. dkSuls foy;u dk lcls vf/kd ijklj.k nkc gksxk&
(a) 1M Xywdksl dk foy;u (b) 1M ;wfj;k dk foy;u
(c) 1M fQVdjh dk foy;u (d) 1M NaCl foy;u
27. ,d ;kSfxd ds fy,] ftldk ,d foyk;d esa fo;kstu gksrk gS rFkk nwljs foyk;d esa laxq.ku gksrk gS] okWUV gkWQ
xq.kkad (i) Øe'k% gS :
(a) ,d ls de rFkk ,d ls cM+k (b) ,d ls de rFkk ,d ls de
(c) ,d ls cM+k rFkk ,d ls de (d) ,d ls cM+k rFkk ,d ls cM+k
28. ,d vkn'kZ f}vaxh foy;u ds fo'kq) nzo vo;oksa] A rFkk B ds Øe'k% pA rFkk pB ok"inkc gSaA ;fn vo;o
A ds eksy izHkkt dks xA ls O;Dr fd;k tk; rks foy;u dk dqy nkc gksxk %&
(a) pB + xA (pB – pA) (b) pB + xA (pA – pB)
(c) pA + xA (pB – pA) (d) pA + xA (pA – pB)
29. fuEu esa ls dkSu rki ij fuHkZj gS ?
(a) eksyjrk (b) eksy fHkUu (c) Hkkj izfr'kr (d) eksyyrk
30. og feJ.k tks jkmYV fu;e ls /kukRed fopyu iznf'kZr djrk gS] gS :-
(a) DYkksjks,Fksu $ czkseks,Fksu (b) ,FksukWy $ ,slhVksu
(c) csUthu $ VkywbZu (d) ,slhVksu $ DyksjksQkWeZ
31. leijklkjh foy;uksa dk leku gksrk gS
(a) ok"i nkc (b) fgedkjh rki (c) ijklj.k nkc (d) DoFku rki
32. nks nzoksa A vkSj B ds ,d foy;u ds fy, ;g fl) fd;k x;k fd P = XA (PA0 – PB0) + PB0 , foy;u gS&
(a) vkn'kZ (b) vu vkn'kZ (c) (a) rFkk (b) nksuksa (d) mijksä dksbZ ugha
33. fLFkj DokFkh feJ.k gS &
(a) nks Bkslksa dk feJ.k (b) og tks fd vyx&vyx rkiekuksa ij mcyrs gSaA
(c) og ftls izHkkth vklfor fd;k tk ldsA (d) fLFkj DoFkukad feJ.k
H 15
Chemistry
34. nks æoksa dk fLFkj DoFkukadh feJ.k mu nksuksa ls de rki ij mcyrk gS tc %
(a) ;g larÌr gksrk gSA
(b) ;g jkmYV ds fu;e ls fopfyr ugha gkssrk gSA
(c) ;g jkmYV ds fu;e ls _.kkRed fopyu n'kkZrk gSA
(d) ;g jkmYV ds fu;e ls /kukRed fopyu n'kkZrk gSA
35. v.kqla[; xq.k/keZ fuHkZj djrs gSa :-
(a) foy;u esa foys; ds vkisf{kd v.kqvksa dh la[;k vkSj foyk;d dh çd`fr ij
(b) foyk;d esa foys; ds v.kqvksa dh vkisf{kd la[;k rFkk foys; dh çd`fr ij
(c) foys; ds v.kqvksa dh vkisf{kd la[;k vkSj foys; rFkk foyk;d dh çd`fr ij
(d) foys; ds vkisf{kd v.kqvksa dh la[;k rFkk foys; rFkk foyk;d dh çd`fr dqN Hkh gks
36. ijklj.k ds nkSjku v/kZikjxE; f>Yyh esa ls ty dk izokg gksrk gS :
(a) v/kZikjxE; f>Yyh ds nksuksa vksj ls leku izokg dh njksa ls
(b) v/kZikjxE; f>Yyh ds nksuksa vksj ls vleku izokg dh njksa ls
(c) dsoy fuEurj lkUærk okys foy;u dh vksj ls
(d) dsoy mPprj lkaærk okys foy;u dh vksj ls
37. fuEu xzkQ dh <ky iznf'kr djrh gS %&
dk vkaf'kd
nkc (Torr)
HCl
o Cyclo hexane ds
HCl
foy;u esa HCl dk eksy izHkkt
(a) ok"i voLFkk esa xSl dk vkaf'kd nkc (b) xSl dh foy;u esa eksy izHkkt dh la[;k
(c) gSujh fLFkjkad (KH) (d) mijksDr lHkh
ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. c a d c a c c b a b
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. d c b a a a a a b a
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. b a d c b c c b a b
Q. No. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Ans. c a d d a b c
16 H
RBSE
EXERCISE-3 PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS
1. ,fFkyhu XykbdkWy dk 35% (V/V) foy;u okguksa ds batu dks B.Mk djus ds dke vkrk gSA blesa ty dk
vk;ru feyhyhVj esa Kkr dhft,A (RBSE 2023)
Ans. 35% ,Fkkbyhu dh 35 ml ,Fkkbyhu XykbdkWy dks brus ty esa ?kksyrs gS]a fd foy;u esa dqy vk;ru 100 ml
gks tk;sA
blfy;s ty dk vk;ru] foy;u esa 100 – 35 = 65 ml
2. ijklj.k dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A leqnzh ty ds foyo.khdj.k esa iz;qDr fof/k dk uke fyf[k,A
(RBSE 2023)
Ans. foy;u dk vUrorZ cgko] fuEu lkUnz foy;u esa mPp lkUnz foy;u dh vksj v)Z ikjxE; f>Yyh dk ijklj.k
dgykrk gSA leqnzh ty ds foyo.khdj.k esa iz;qDr fof/k o izfrykse ijklj.k gSA
3. tyh; foy;u esa foys; ds iw.kZ fo;kstu ds fy, okUV gkWQ dkjd (i) ds vf/kdre eku okyk ;kSfxd
gS & (RBSE 2022)
(A) KCl (B) NaCl (C) K2SO4 (D) MgSO4
Ans. (C)
4. ijklj.k dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A (RBSE 2022)
Ans. foy;u dk vUrorZ cgko] fuEu lkUnz foy;u esa mPp lkUnz foy;u dh vksj v)Z ikjxE; f>Yyh dk ijklj.k
dgykrk gSA
5. DyksjksQkWeZ rFkk ,slhVksu ds foy;u }kjk jkmYV ds fu;e ls _.kkRed iznf'kZr djus dk dkj.k le>kb,A
(RBSE 2022)
Ans. D;ksafd muds chp ,d vUrjk vkdZ"k.k cy gksrs gaS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i gkbZMªkstu cU/k curk gSA
6. 5g NaOH dks ty esa ?kksydj cuk, x, 250 mL foy;u dh eksyjrk dh x.kuk dhft,A
(RBSE 2022)
s dh xkze eas ek=k (g) 1000
foy;
Ans. eky
s jrk
foy;
s dk v.kHqkkj foy;u dk vk;ru
5 1000
= 0.5M
40 250
7. ,d izksVhu ds 300 mL tyh; foy;u esa 1.25 g izksVhu mifLFkr gSA 300 K ij bl foy;u dk ijklj.k nkc
2.50 × 10–3 bar ik;k x;kA izksVhu ds eksyj nzO;eku dh x.kuk dhft,A
(R = 0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1) (RBSE 2022)

Ans. = CRT
n
RT
v
w RT
m v
H 17
Chemistry
w RT
m
v
1.25 0.083 300
m 3
2.50 10 0.3
fn;k gS, = 2.50 × 10–3 bar
300
V = 300 ml = 0.3 L
1000
T = 300 K
W = 1.25 g
R = 0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1
8. ijklj.k dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A (RBSE 2020)
Ans. og izfØ;k ftles v/kZikjxE; f>Yyh }kjk foyk;d ds v.kq] 'kq) foyk;d ls foy;u dh vksj Lor% xeu djrs
gS] ijklj.k dgykrh gSA
9. 27ºC rki ij ;wfj;k ds 0.01 M foy;u dk ijklj.k nkc Kkr dhft,A
(R = 0.0821 L atm K–1 mol–1) (RBSE 2020)
Ans. = CRT C = 0.01M

= 0.01 × 0.082 × 300 T = 27° + 273 = 300 K
= 0.24 atm R = 0.0821 L atm K–1 mol–1
10. fLFkjDokFkh feJ.k dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A (RBSE 2019)
Ans. f}vaxh feJ.k ¼nzoks dk feJ.k½ ftldk fu;r rki ij mcyrk gS rFkk nzo o ok"i izkoLFkk esa la?kVu leku
jgrk gS ,fy;ksVªksihd feJ.k ;k ,ft;ksVªksi dgrs gSA
11. K4[Fe(CN) 6] dk 0.05M foy;u 300 K ij 92% fo;ksftr gksrk gSA foy;u dk ijklj.k nkc Kkr dhft,A
(R = 0.0821 ok;qe.My yhVj K–1 mol–1) (RBSE 2019)
Ans. C = 0.05, T = 300 K, R = 0.0821 atm LK–1 mol–1

K4[Fe(CN)6] 4K+ + [Fe(CN)6]4–
i=1– +n
= 1 – 0.92 + 5 × 0.92
= 1 – 0.92 + 4.60
= 0.08 + 4.60
= 4.68
= iCRT
= 4.68 × 0.05 × 0.0821 × 300
= 5.76 atm
18 H
RBSE
12. ijklj.k nkc dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A (RBSE 2018)
Ans. mPp lkUærk okys foy;u ij yxk;k x;k ckâ; nkc tks foyk;d ds v.kqvksa dk izokg v/kZikjxE; f>Yyh ls
jksd nsA ijklj.k nkc dgykrk gSA
13. ¼v½ lkekU;r% rki c<+kus ij xSlks dh æoksa esa foys;rk ?kVrh gS] dkj.k nhft,A (RBSE 2018)
¼c½ 5% (w/v) NaCl ds 200 mL foy;u cukus gsrq fdrus xzke NaCl dh vko';drk gksxh \
Ans. ¼v½ xSl dh æo esa ?kqyus dh izfØ;k Å"ek{ksih gSA vr% rki c<+kus ij lkE;koLFkk i'p fn'kk eas LFkkukUrfjr gks
tkrh gSA ftlds QyLo:i foys;rk esa deh vkrh gSA
W (g)
¼c½ % 100
V (ml )
x
5 100 x = 10 g
200
H 19
Chemistry
CHAPTER-2 : oS|qr jlk;u

UNIT INDEX
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
ifjp; (Introduction)
fo|qr jlk;u HkkSfrd jlk;u dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlesa jklk;fud ÅtkZ rFkk fo|qr ÅtkZ ds vUrjifjorZu dk v/;;u
djrs gSaA
mnkgj.k % Msfu;y lSy

Msfu;y lSy (Daniell Cell):
,uksM+ ij : Zn(s) Zn+2(aq.) + 2e–
dSFkksM+ ij : Cu+2(aq.) + 2e– Cu(s)

______________________________
Zn(s)+Cu+2(aq.) Zn+2(aq.) + Cu(s)
%&
yo.k lsrq U vkdkj dh mYVh ufydk gS ftlesa vfØ; fo|qr vi?kV~; vxj&vxj ;k ftysfVu ds lkFk Hkjk
tkrk gS ftlls ;g vèkZBksl cu tkrk gSA fo|qr vi?kV~; ds vk;u fdlh Hkh jklk;fud ifjorZu esa Hkkx ugha
ysrs gSaA yo.k lsrq esas Hkjs tkus okys fo|qr vi?kV~; bl izdkj gksus pkfg, ftuds /kuk;u dk osx _.kk;u ds
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\Electrochemistry
osx ds yxHkx leku gksA

mnkgj.k & KCl, KNO 3 , NH 4 NO 3
dk;Z (Functions) :
;s nksuksa v)Z lsyksa ds foy;uksa dks tksM+rk gS rFkk ifjiFk dks iw.kZ djrk gSA
;g /kkjk ds lrr~ izokg ;k mRifr ds fy;s foy;u dh fo|qrh; mnklhurk dks cuk;s j[krk gSA
lSy izn'kZu : Zn(s) | ZnSO4 (aq) CuSO4(aq) |Cu(s)
20 H
RBSE
bysDVªkWM+ foHko (Electrode Potential) :
/kkrq bysDVªkWM rFkk foy;u esa blds vk;uksa ds e/; mRiUu
foHkokarj dks bysDVªksM foHko dgrs gSaA H2(g)
/kkrq ds vk;uksa ds 1M foy;u esa] 1 ckj nkc rFkk 298 K rki (at 1bar)
ij /kkrq bysDVªkWM rFkk blds vk;uksa ds foy;u ds eè; mRiUu

foHko dks ekud bysDVªkWM foHko dgrs gSaA +
H3O (aq) Pt black
electrode
(1M)
lanHkZ bysDVªkWM (Reference electrode) :
fdlh Hkh ,d bysDVªkWM dk foHko Kkr ugha fd;k tk ldrk
ijarq lanHkZ bysDVªkWM dks iz;qDr djds nks bysDVªkWMksa ds eè; foHkokarj ifj'kq)rk ls ekik tk ldrk gSA
,d bysDVªkWM ftldk foHko lHkh bysDVªksMksa ds lkis{k Kkr gksrk gS] lanHkZ bysDVªkWM dgykrk gSA
STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE (SHE) :
izn'kZu : Pt, H2(g) | H+ (1M)
,uksM ds leku O;ogkj djus ij H2(g) 2H+ + 2e–
dSFkksM ds leku O;ogkj djus ij 2H+ + 2e– H2(g)
SHE ds fy, izR;sd rki ij lanHkZ foHko dk eku LosPNk ls 'kwU; eku ysrs gSaA
SHE ds fy, SOP = – SRP = 0
lSy foHko ( E0cell ) : E° c e l l = dSFkksM dk SRP – ,uksM dk SRP
usu~ZLV lehdj.k :
2 2
0 RT Zn 0 0.0591 Zn
Ecell E cell n 2
E cell E cell log 2
2F Cu 2 Cu
lkE; fLFkjkad (Kc) uULVZ lehdj.k ls :

2
Zn 2.303RT
Ecell 0 vkSj Kc E0cell logK c ...(1)
Cu 2
nF
fxCl eqDr ÅtkZ :

rG = –nF Ecell rGº = –nF Eºcell ...(2)
Put Eºcell lehdj.k (1) ls rGº = –2.303 RT log Kc
fo|qr vi?kVuh pkydRo ELECTROLYTIC CONDCTANCE) :

(a) izfrjks/k (Resistance) (C) :- /kkfRod rFkk fo|qrvi?kVuh pkyd vkse ds fu;e dk ikyu djrs gSa]
ftlds vuqlkj pkyd dk izfrjks/k yxk;s x;s foHkokUrj (V) rFkk izokfgr fo|qr/kkjk (I) ds vuqikr ds
cjkcj gSA
V
R R dk ek=kd vkse
I
H 21
Chemistry
(b) pkydRo (Conductance) (G) :- fdlh Hkh pkyd dk og xq.k ftlds dkj.k og /kkjk ds izokg esa
enn djrk gS pkydRo dgykrk gSA ,d pkyd dk pkydRo mlds izfrjks/k R dk O;qRØekuqikrh
1
gksrk gS G ,
R
G dk ek=d mho or ohm–1 ;k Siemens (S)
(c) fof'k"V izfrjks/k@ izfrjks/kdrk (Specific resistance/Resistivity) ( ): fdlh Hkh pkyd dk izfrjks/kksa
A
mldh yEckbZ ds lekuqikrh rFkk vuqizLFk dkV {ks=Qy A ds izfryksekuqikrh gksrk gSA = R × ;
vr% 1 lseh3 fo|qr vi?kV~; foy;u }kjk mRié izfrjks/k] izfrjks/kdrk dgykrh gSA
ohm cm
(d) pkydrk@fof'k"VpkydRo ( ) izfrjks/kdrk dk izfrykse pkydrk dgykrk gS] = 1
G G*
fof'k"V pkydRo = pkydrk × lsy fu;rkad
vr% 1 cm3 foy;u dh pkydrk dks fof'k"V pkydrk dgrs gSA ohm –1 cm –1
lsy fu;rkad G* ; bldh bdkbZ cm–1 gSA

A
(e) eksyj pkydrk : ( m,
;k m ) : foy;u ds fn;s x;s vk;ru esa ,d eksy fo|qr vi?kV~; }kjk mRiUu
lHkh vk;uksa dh pkydrk eksyj pkydrk dgykrh gSA
m = ×V
V = 1 eksy fo|qr vi?kV~; ;qDr foy;u dk vk;ru
1000
;fn foy;u dh lkUærk M eksy izfr yhVj gS rks m = ohm –1 cm 2 mol –1
M
vuUr ruqrk ij fo|qr vi?kV~; dh eksyj pkydrk dk fu/kkZj.k
fMckbZ gdy vkWulsxj lehdj.k ls
m m b C [dsoy izcy fo|qr vi?kV~; ds fy,]

400
/(S cm mol )
CH3COOH
–1
tgk¡ m
= C lkUnzrk ij eksyj pkydrk (Weak electrolyte)
2
m
= ruqrk ij eksyj pkydrk
b = fLFkjkad rFkk bldk eku fdlh ,d izdkj ds fo|qr 200

m
KCl
vi?kV~; ds fy, leku gksrk gSA (Strong electrolyte)
;fn m
dk C ds lkFk oØ vkjsf[kr fd;k tk;s rks izcy
fo|qr vi?kV~; ds fy, ,d lh/kh js[kk izkIr gksrh gSA cfgZos'ku 0 0.2 0.4
1/2 1/2
c /(mol/L)
djus ij ;g js[kk m v{k dks Li'kZ djrh gS ftlls izcy fo|qr
vi?kV~; ds fy, dk eku vUr%[k.M ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA nqcZy fo|qr vi?kV~; ds fy, oØ dk <+ky
fu;r ugh gksrk gSA vr% blds cfgZos'ku ls izkIr ugh fd;k tk ldrkA
22 H
RBSE
vk;uksa ds Lora=k vfHkxeu dk dksyjkÅ'k fu;e
(Kohlrausch's Law of independent migration of ions)
bl fu;e ds vuqlkj ,d fo|qr vi?kV~; dh vuUr ruqrk ij rqY;kadh pkydrk fo|qr vi?kV~; }kjk iznku
fd, x, /kuk;u rFkk _.kk;u dh rqY;kadh vk;fud pkydrkvksa ds ;ksx ds cjkcj gksrh gSA
eq c a
tgk¡ c = vuUr ruqrk ij /kuk;u dh rqY;kadh pkydrk
a = vuUr ruqrk ij _.kk;u dh rqY;kadh pkydrk ]

dksyjkÅ'k fu;e ds vuqiz;ksx %
(a) nqcZy fo|qr vi?kV~; dh pkydrk dh x.kuk %
(b) fo;kstu dh ek=k dh x.kuk
m
fo;kstu dh ek=kk
m
(c) nqcZy fOk|qr vi?kV~; ds fo;kstu fLFkjkad dh x.kuk

2
C
Ka
(1 )
;fn 5% rks K a = C 2
+ –
e¯ e¯
fo|qr vi?kV~u (Electrolysis) :
fdlh fo|qr vi?kV~; esa fo|qr /kkjk izokfgr djus ij gksus okys -ve
ion
anode(+) Cathode (–)
jklk;fud ifjorZu dh izfØ;k dks fo|qr vi?kVu vFkok fo|qr (inert) +ve
ion (inert)
vi?kVuh fo;kstu dgrs gSaA ;g izfØ;k fo|qr vi?kVuh lsy esa dh Electrolyte
tkrh gS ftlesa fo|qr ÅtkZ jklk;fud ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr gksrh gSA Electrolytic cell
fo|qr vi?kVu ds nks igyw gS%

fo|qr vi?kV~u ds mnkgj.k
xfyr lksfM;e DyksjkbM dk fo|qr vi?kVu
% NaCl Na+ + Cl–
,uksM ij vfHkfØ;k ¼vkWDlhdj.k½ : 2Cl– Cl2(g) + 2e–
dSFkksM ij vfHkfØ;k ¼vip;u½ : 2Na+ + 2e– 2Na(s)
QSjkM+s ds fo|qr vi?kVu ds fu;e (Faraday’s laws of electrolysis)
(a) fo|qr vi?kVu dk izFke fu;e : ,d bysDVªkWM ij fu{ksfir vFkok folftZr gksus okys inkFkZ dh ek=kk
foy;u ls izokfgr vkos'k dh ek=kk ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
W Q tgka W = fu{ksfir inkFkZ dh ek=kk, Q = dwykWe esa vkos'k
W = ZQ tgka Z = fo|qr jklk;fud rqY;kad

ekuk I ,fEi;j fo|qr/kkjk foy;u ls 't' lsd.M rd izokfgr dh tkrh gS] rks Q = I t
W=ZIt
1 QSjkMs = 96500 dwykWe = ,d eksy bysDVªkWu dk vkos'k
fdlh inkFkZ ds ,d xzke rqY;kad dks laxr bysDVªkWM+ ij fu{ksfir ;k folftZr djus ds fy;s ,d QSjkM+s
vFkok 96500 dwykWe vkos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
H 23
Chemistry
(b) fo|qr vi?kVu dk f}rh;d fu;e % tc vkos'k dh leku ek=k dks Js.kh esa tqM+s gq, fofHkUu fo|qr
vi?kV;ksa ds foy;uksa ls izokfgr djrs gSa rks bysDVªkWMksa ij ,d=k vFkok fu{ksfir ;k mRlftZr gksus okyh ek=kvksa
W1 E1
dk vuqikr muds rqY;kadh Hkkjksa ds vuqikr ds cjkcj gksrk gS
W2 E2
O;olkf;d oksYVSd lsy (Commercial voltaic cells)
lsy nks eq[; izdkj ds gksrs gSa] izkFkfed (Primary cells) vkSj f}rh;d lsy (Secondary cells) A izkFkfed
lsy esa] vfHkfØ;k dsoy ,d ckj gksrh gS vkSj ,d fuf'pr le; ds ckn lsy [kRe gks tkrk gSA bldk fQj
ls iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds foijhr f}rh;d lsyksa dks fQj ls mlesa /kkjk izokfgr djds
vkosf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls budh vfHkfØ;k,a O;qRØfer gks tkrh gSa rFkk mudks fQj iz;ksx esa yk;k
tk ldrk gSA
(A) izkFkfed lsy (Primary Cell) : 'kq"d lsy
,uksM+ Zn(s) Zn+2 + 2e–
dSFkksM+ MnO2 + NH4+ + e– MnO(OH) + NH3
foHko 1.5 V
(B) f}rh;d lsy (Secondary Cells) ;k iqu% vkos'ku ;ksX; cSVfj;ka
vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ f}rh;d lsy lhlk lapk;d cSVjh gSA blesa ,uksM ds :i esa ysM NM+ rFkk dSFkksM ds :i esa
ysM MkWbvkWDlkbM ls Hkjh ysM NM+ mifLFkr gksrh gSA
foHko 2 V D;ksafd lhlk lapk;d cSVjh eas N% lsy gksrs gS tks fd 12 oksYV nsrs gSA
,uksM+ ij : Pb(s) + SO42– (aq.) PbSO4(s) + 2e–
dSFkksM+ ij : PbO2(s) + 4H+ (aq.) + SO4–2 (aq.) + 2e– PbSO4(s) + 2H2O( )
——————————————————————————
dqy vfHkfØ;k : Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq.) 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O( )
(c) bZ/ku lsy (Fuel Cells)
,slh cSVfj;ksa dk fuekZ.k Hkh lEHko gS ftuesa fØ;kdkjdksa dk bysDVªkWMksa ij lrr~ izokg gksA ,sls fo|qr lsy tks
gkbMªkstu] CO vFkok esFksu ds ngu ls mRié ÅtkZ dks izR;{kr% fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrs gSa] b±/ku lsy
dgykrs gSaA foHko 1.23 V bysDVªksM vfHkfØ;k,¡ fuEu izdkj gksrh gSA
,uksM+ ij : 2[H2(g) + 2OH– (aq) 2H2O( ) + 2e– ]
dSFkksM+ ij : O2(g) + 2H2O( ) + 4e– 4OH– (aq)

____________________________________
dqy vfHkfØ;k : 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O( )
la{kkj.k (Corrosion) : vi{k; ;k la{kkj.k ewy :i ls oS|qr&jklk;fud vi?kVu gSA yksgs ij tax yxuk]
pk¡nh dk /kwfey gksuk] rk¡csa rFkk dkals ij gjh ijr dk fodkl bR;kfn la{kkj.k ds mnkgj.k gSaA la{kkj.k ls
bZekjrksa] iqyks]a tgktksa rFkk yksgs ls cuh vusd oLrqvksa dh vf/kd {kfr gksrh gS blds dkj.k ge izfr o"kZ djksM+ksa
#i;k [kpZ djrs gSaA
24 H
RBSE
,uksM+ ij : Fe(s) Fe2+ (aq) + 2e– ; ( E 0Fe

2
/ Fe
0.44V )
dSFkksM+ ij : O2(g) + 4H+ (aq) + 4e– 2H2O ( ) ; (E0 = 1.23 V)

dqy vfHkfØ;k : 2Fe(s) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + 2H2O( ) ; E0Cell = 1.67 V)
Fe2+ vk;u vkxs Hkh ok;qeaMyh; vkWDlhtu ds }kjk Fe3+ esa vkWDlhd`r gksrs gSa (Fe2O3 esa) vkSj ty;ksftr
vk;ju (III) vkWDlkbM ds :i esa tax cukrs gSa ftldks Fe2O3.xH2O ls iznf'kZr djrs gSaA.
4Fe2+(aq) + O2(g) + 4H2O( ) 2Fe2O3(s) + 8H+
bl vfHkfØ;k esa mRiUu H+ vk;u vkxs Hkh tax cuus (rusting) esa lgk;rk djrk gSaA
la{kkj.k ls cpko (Prevention from Corrosion) : /kkrq dk la{kkj.k bldh lrg ij j{kkRed dop tSls
xzhl] isaV ;k /kkrq ijr cuk dj jksdk tk ldrk gSA vk;ju esa ,slh ijr nks izdkj ls cukbZ tk ldrh gSA
(i) oS|qr vi?kVu (electrolysis) (Cr, Ni vkSj Cd ijr) vkSj (ii) xfyr /kkrq esa esa vk;ju dks Mqcks dj
(Zn rFkk Sn ijr) A ftad ijr dk iz;ksx dj vk;ju dh j{kk djus dks xSYosuhdj.k (galvanisation)
dgrs gSaA
H 25
Chemistry
1. D;k vki ,d ftad ds ik=k esa dkWij lYQsV dk foy;u j[k ldrs gSa \
Ans. E 0Zn2 / Zn
0.76 V
E 0Cu2 /Cu
0.34 V
;gk¡ ftad rFkk CuSO4 esa gksus okyh vfHkfØ;k fuEu izdkj gS&
Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu
pw¡fd Zn fo|qr~ jklk;fud Js.kh esa Åij gS vr% ;g CuSO4 ds foy;u ls Cu dks vyx dj nsxk vkSj Lor%
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa Hkkx ysxkA vr% ge ftad ds ik=k eas CuSO4 dks ugha j[k ldrs D;ksafd ftad ds ik=
eas Nsn gks tk;saxsA
2. pH = 10 ds foy;u ds lEidZ okys gkbMªkstu bysDVªksM ds foHko dk ifjdyu dhft,A
1
Ans. gkbMªkstu bysDVªksM ds fy,] H e H 2 p1 , pH = 10 fn;k gqvk gS
2
[H+] = 10–10 M
usu~ZLV lehdj.k dk mi;ksx djrs gq,%&
RT 1
E 1 E 1 ln
H / H2
2
+
H / H2
2
nF H
0.0591 1
E 1 lo g
H+ / H 2
2
1 H
0.0591 1
0 log
1 10 10
= –0.0591 log 1010
= –0.591 V
3. ,d lsy ds e.m.f. dk ifjdyu dhft, ftlesa fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;k gksrh gSA fn;k x;k gSA
E ) 1.05V
Ni s 2Ag 0.002 M Ni2 0.160 M 2Ag(s)
Ans. lsy dss fy, usu~ZLV lehdj.k]
0.0591 [Ni2 ]
E E( log
) )
n [Ag ]2
0.0591 0.160
1.05 log 2
2 0.002
0.16
= 1.05 – 0.02955 log
0.000004
= 1.05 – 0.02955 log 4 × 104
26 H
RBSE
= 1.05 – 0.02955 (log 10000 + log 4)
= 1.05 – 0.02955 (4 + 0.6021)
= 1.05 – 0.02955 (4.6021)= 1.05 – 0.14
Elsy = 0.91 V
4. ,d lsy ftlesa fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;k gksrh gS&
2Fe 3(aq) 2I(aq) 2
2Fe (aq) I 2(s)
,d 298 K rki ij E = 0.236 V gSA lsy vfHkfØ;k dh ekud fxCt ÅtkZ ,oa lkE; fLFkjkad dk
ifjdyu dhft,A
Ans. 2Fe3+ + 2e– 2Fe2+
2I– I2 + 2e–
vr% nh xbZ lsy vfHkfØ;k ds fy,] n = 2
r
G = –nFE ¼lsy½
= –2 × 96500 × 0.236 J
= –45.54 kJ mol–1
r
G = –2.303 RT log Kc
G
log K c r
2.303 RT
45.54 103
2.303 8.314 10 3 kJK 1mol 1
298K
= 7.981
Kc = Antilog (7.981)
= 9.57 × 107
5. fdlh foy;u dh pkydrk ruqrk ds lkFk D;ksa ?kVrh gS ?
Ans. foy;u dh pkydrk] foy;u ds ,dkad vk;ru esa mifLFkr vk;uksa dh pkydrk gksrh gSA ruqdj.k djus ij
izfr ,dkad vk;ru vk;uksa dh la[;k ?kVrh gS] vr% pkydrk Hkh ?kV tkrh gSA
0
6. ty dh m Kkr djus dk ,d rjhdk crkb, A
0
Ans. vuUr ruqrk ij ty dh lhekUr eksyj pkydrk , vuUr ruqrk ij lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM] gkbMªksDyksfjd
vEy rFkk lksfM;e DyksjkbM ¼ftlesa lHkh izcy fo|qr~& vi?kV~; gSa½ dh eksyj pkydrk,¡ Kkr gksus ij] izkIr
dh tk ldrh gSA
0 0 0
m(H 2 O) H OH
0 0 0 0 0 0
H Cl Na OH Na Cl
0 0 0
m(HCl) m(NaOH) m( NaCl)
H 27
Chemistry
7. 0.025 mol L–1 esFksuksbd vEy dh pkydrk 46.1 S cm2 mol–1 gSA bldh fo;kstu ek=kk ,oa fo;kstu fLFkjkad
0
dk ifjdyu dhft,A fn;k x;k gS fd (H )
349.6 cm2 mol–1 and °(HCOO–) = 54.6 S cm2 mol
Ans. 0
m (HCOOH )
0
(H )
0
(HCOO )
= 349.6 + 54.6
= 404.5 S cm2 mol–1
0
fn;k gS % m(HCOOH ) = 46.1 S cm2 mol–1
m 46.1 S cm 2 mol 1
0
m 404.2 S cm2mol 1
= 0.114
2
C 0.025 (0.114)2
K =
1 1 0.114
= 3.67 × 10–4
fo;kstu fLFkjkad dk eku 3.67 × 10–4 gSA
8. ;fn ,d /kkfRod rkj esa 0.5 ,sfEi;j dh /kkjk 2 ?k.Vksa rd izokfgr dh tk;s rks rkj esa ls fdrus bysDVªkuW
izokfgr gksaxs \
Ans. i = 0.5 ,sfEi;j
Q = it
t = 2 × 60 × 60 lsd.M
= 0.5 × 2 × 60
= 3600 dwykWe
96500 dwykWe /kkjk izokfgr djrs gSa = 1 eksy bysDVªkWu
3600
3600 dwykWe /kkjk izokfgr djrs gSa = eksy bysDVªkWu
96500
3600 6.02 10 23
96500
= 2.246 × 1022 bysDVªkWu
vr% 2.246 × 1022 bysDVªkWu izokfgr gksaxsA
9. fuEufyf[kr vafHkfØ;k esa Cr2 O72 vk;uksa ds ,d eksy ds vip;u ds fy, dwykWe esa fo|qr dh fdruh ek=k
dh vko';drk gksrh gS \
Cr2 O27 14H 6e 2Cr3 7H2 O ,
Ans. Cr2 O72 ds ,d eksy ds vi;pu ds fy, 6 eksy bysDVªkWu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
vr% fo|qr dh ek=kk = 6F 6 × 96487 C = 578922 C
Cr3+ esa vip;u ds fy, 579000 C fo|qr dh vko';drk gksxhA
28 H
RBSE
10. fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;kvksa okys xSYoSuh lsy dk ekud lsy&foHko ifjdfyr dhft,A
(i) 2Cr(s) + 3Cd2+(aq) 2Cr3+(aq) + 3Cd
(ii) Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s)
mijksDr vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fy, r
G ,oa lkE; fLFkjkadksa dh Hkh x.kuk dhft,A
Ans. fn;k gqvk gS (i) E Cr 3 /Cr
= –0.74 V (ii) E Fe 3 /Fe 2 = 0.77 V
E Cd2 /Cd
= –0.40 V E Ag / Ag
= 0.80 V
nh xbZ vfHkfØ;k ds fy, xSYoSuh lsy dks fuEu izdkj ls iznf'kZr djrs gS A
Cr(s) Cr 3 (aq) Cd 2 (aq) Cd (s)
vc] ekud lsy & foHko dk eku gS %

Ecell ER EL
= –0.40 – (–0.74)
= +0.34 V
nh xbZ lehdj.k esa]
n=6
F = 96487 C mol–1
Ecell 0.34V
rc r G = –6 × 96487 C mol–1 × 0.34 V
= – 196833.48 CV mol–1
= –196833.48 J mol–1
= –196.83 kJ mol–1
iqu %
r G = –RT ln K
r G = –2.303 RT log K
G
log K = – r
2.303RT
196.83 10 3
=
2.303 8.314 298
= 34.496
K = izfry?kqx.kd (34.496) = 3.13 × 1034

(ii) E Fe3 /Fe2
= 0.77 V
E Ag / Ag
= 0.80 V
nh xbZ vfHkfØ;k ds fy, xSYoSuh lsy dks fuEu izdkj ls iznf'kZr djrs gSA
Fe 2 (aq) Fe 3 Ag Ag(s)
(aq) (aq)
H 29
Chemistry
vc] ekud lsy&foHko dk eku gS %
Ecell ER EL
= 0.80 – 0.77
= 0.03 V
;gk¡, n = 1,
rc, r G nFEcell
= –1 × 96487 C mol–1 × 0.03 V.
= –2894.61 J mol–1
= –2.89 kJ mol–1
iqu%, r G = 2.303 RT Iog k
G r
log K =
2.303 RT
2894.61
= = 0.5073
2.303 8.314 298
K = antilog (0.5073) = 3.2 (yxHkx)
11. fuEufyf[kr lsyksa dh 298K ij usuZ~LV lehdj.k ,oa emf fyf[k,A
(i) Mg(s) Mg 2 (0.001M) Cu 2 0.0001M Cu(s)
(ii) Fe(s) Fe 2 (0.001M) H 1M H 2 (g)(1bar) Pt(s)
(iii) Sn(s) Sn 2 (0.050M) H 0.020 M H 2 (g)(1bar) Pt(s)
(iv) Pt(s) Br2 (l) Br 0.010 M H 0.030M H 2 (g)(1bar) Pt(s)
Ans. (i) nh xbZ vfHkfØ;k ds fy, usuZLV~ lehdj.k fuEu izdkj nh tk ldrh gS %
0.0591 [Mg 2 ]
E cell E cell log
n [Cu 2 ]
0.0591 .001
= 0.34 2.36 log
2 .0001
0.0591
= 2.7 log10
2
= 2.7 – 0.02955
= 2.67 (yxHkx)
(ii) nh xbZ vfHkfØ;k ds fy, usuZLV~ lehdj.k fuEu izdkj nh tk ldrh gS %
0.0591 [Fe 2 ]
Ecell E cell log
n [H ]2
0.0591 0.001
= 0 0.44 log 2
2 1
30 H
RBSE
= 0.44 – 0.02955(–3)
= 0.52865
= 0.53 V (yxHkx)
(iii) nh xbZ vfHkfØ;k ds fy, usuZLV~ lehdj.k fuEu izdkj nh tk ldrh gS %
0.0591 [Sn 2 ]
Ecell E cell log
n [H ]2
0.0591 0.050
= 0 0.14 log 2
2 0.020
= 0.14 – 0.0295 × log 125
= 0.14 – 0.062
= 0.078 V
= 0.08 V (yxHkx)
(iv) nh xbZ vfHkfØ;k ds fy, usuZLV~ lehdj.k fuEu izdkj nh tk ldrh gS %
0.0591 1
E cell E cell log
n [Br ]2 [H ]2
0.0591 1
= 0 1.09 log 2 2
2 0.010 0.030
1
= 1.09 0.02955 log
0.00000009
1
= 1.09 0.02955 log
9 10 8
= 1.09 – 0.02955 × log(1.11 × 107)
= –1.09 – 0.02955 (0.0453 + 7)
= –1.09 – 0.208
= –1.298 V
12. ?kfM+;ksa ,oa vU; ;qfDr;ksa esa vR;fèkd mi;ksx esa vkus okyh cVu lsyksa esa fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;k gksrh gS&
Zn(s) + Ag2O(s) + H2(O) (l) Zn2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s) + 2OH– (aq)
vfHkfØ;k ds fy, r
G ,oa E Kkr dhft,A
Ans. Zn(s) Zn2 (aq) 2e ; E 0.76V
Ag 2O(s) H 2 O( ) 2e 2Ag(g) 2OH (aq) ;E 0.344 V
Zn (s) Ag 2O(s) H 2O(f ) Zn 2 (aq) 2Ag (s) 2OH (aq) ;E 1.104 V

E = 1.104 V
ge tkurs gS fd]
r G nFE
= –2 × 96487 × 1.104
= –213043.296 J
= –213.04 kJ
H 31
Chemistry
13. 0.00241 M ,slhfVd vEy dh pkydrk 7.896 × 10–5 S cm–1 gSA bldh eksyj pkydrk dks ifjdfyr
dhft,A ;fn ,slhfVd vEy ds fy, dk eku 390.5 S cm2 mol–1 gks rks bldk fo;kstu fLFkjkad D;k gS \
Ans. fn;k x;k gS, = 7.896 × 10 –5 S cm–1
C = 0.00241 mol L–1
eksyj pkydrk, m
c
5 1
7.896 10 Scm 1000 cm 3
=
0.00241mol L 1 L
= 32.76 S cm2 mol–1
0
iqu% m = 390.5 S cm2 mol–1
m 32.76 S cm 2 mol 1
Now, 0
= 0.084
m 390.5Scm 2 mol 1
2
c
fo;kstu fLFkjkad, K a
1
2
0.00241mol L 1 0.084
= = 1.86 × 10–5 mol L–1
1 0.084
14. Ni(NO3)2 ds foy;u dks IySfVue bySDVªksMks ds chp 5 ,Eih;j dh èkkjk izokfgr djrs gq, 20 feuV rd
fo|qr vi?kVu fd;k x;kA Ni dh fdruh ek=kk dSFkksM+ ij fu{ksfir gksxh \
Ans. fn;k gqvk gS,
èkkjk = 5A
le; = 20 × 60 = 1200 s
vkos'k = èkkjk × le;
= 5 × 1200 = 6000 C
vfHkfØ;k ds vuqlkj,
Ni 2 (aq ) 2e Ni (s)
58.7g
2 × 96487 C }kjk dSFkksM ij fu{ksfir gksus okys Ni dh ek=kk 58.71 g

58.71 6000
blfy, 6000 C ij fu{ksfir gksus okys Ni dh ek=kk = g = 1.825 g gksxhA
2 96487
vr% 1.825 g Ni dSFkksM ij fu{ksfir gksxkA
15. ZnSO4, AgNO3 ,oa CuSO4 foy;u okys rhu oS|r q vi?kVuh lsyksa A, B, C dks Js.khc) fd;k x;k ,oa
1.5 ,sfEi;j dh fo|qrèkkjk] lsy B ds dSFkksM ij 1.45 g flYoj fu{ksfir gksus rd yxkrkj izokfgr dh xbZA
fo|qrèkkjk fdrus le; rd izokfgr gqbZ\ fu{ksfir dkWij ,oa ftad dk æO;eku D;k gksxk \
Ans. vfHkfØ;k ds vuqlkj %
Ag (aq)
e Ag s
108g
;k 108 g Ag fu{ksfir gksrh gS 96487 C }kjk

32 H
RBSE
96487 1.45
blfy, 1.45 g dk Ag fu{ksfir gksxh = C = 1295.43 C }kjkA
108
fn;k gqvk gS]
èkkjk = 1.5A
1295.43
le; = s = 863.6 s
1.5
= 864 s = 14.40 min
iqu%
Cu 2 (aq ) 2e Cu (s)
63.5g
;k 2 × 96487 C vkos'k }kjk fu{ksfir Cu dh ek=k 63.5 g

63.5 1295.43
blfy,] 1295.43 C vkos'k }kjk fu{ksfir Cu dh ek=k gksxh = g = 0.426 g
2 96487
fn;k gqvk gS,
Zn 2 (aq ) 2e Zn (s)
65.4g
;k 2 × 96487 C vkos'k }kjk fu{ksfir Zn dh ek=k = 65.4 g

65.4 1295.43
blfy,] 1295.43 vkos'k }kjk fu{ksfir Zn dh ek=k gksxh = g = 0.439 g
2 96487
H 33
Chemistry
1. laxfyr lksfM;e DyksjkbM fo|qr dk pkyu fdldh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k djrk gS &
(a) eqDr bysDVªkWu (b) eqDr vk;u
(c) eqDr v.kq (d) Na vkSj Cl ds eqDr ijek.kq
2. fuEu esa ls dkSulk dFku lgh ugha gS %&
(a) ruqrk c<+kus ij fof'k"V pkydrk c<+rh gSA (b) ruqrk c<+kus ij fof'k"V pkydrk de gksrh gSA
(c) ruqrk c<+kus ij rqY;kadh pkydrk c<+rh gSA (d) ruqrk c<+kus ij eksyj pkydrk c<+rh gSA
3. vuUr ruqrk ij CH3COONa, HCl rFkk CH3COOH dh 25 °C ij rqY;kad pkydrk,¡ Øe'k% 91, 426 rFkk
391 mho cm2 eq–1 gSA NaCl dh vuUr ruqrk ij rqY;kad pkydrk gksxh &
(a) 126 (b) 209 (c) 391 (d) 908
4. xsYosfud lsy Cu(s)|Cu2+ (1M) Ag+ (1M)|Ag(s) esa cká ifjiFk esa bysDVªkWu xfr djrs gSa &
(a) Ag ls Cu dh vksj (b) Cu ls Ag dh vksj
(c) bysDVªku
W cká ifjiFk esa xfr ugha djrk gS (d) fdlh Hkh fn'kk esa
5. v/kZ lsy Zn2+ | Zn ds fy, E° = –0.76 V gSA
lsy Zn | Zn2+ (1M) || 2H+ (1M) | H2 (1 atm) dk e.m.f. gS %&
(a) –0.76 V (b) +0.76 V (c) –0.38 V (d) + 0.38 V
6. Cu(s) | Cu+2(1 M) || Zn+2(1 M) | Zn(s)
mijksä iznf'kZr lsy dk emf gksxk &
(a) /kukRed (b) _.kkRed (c) 'kwU; (d) Kkr ugha dj ldrs
7. 25 °C ij ekud vip;u foHko fuEu v)Z vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fy, fuEu fn;k gqvk gS &
Zn2+ (aq) + 2e– Zn(s), –0.762 V
Cr3+ (aq) + 3e– Cr(s), –0.740 V
2H+ + 2e– H2(g), 0.00 V
Fe3+ + 2e– Fe2+, 0.77 V
dkSulk izcyre vipk;d gS \
(a) Zn (b) Cr (c) H2(g) (d) Fe2+ (aq)
8. 25 °C ij Li+ / Li, Ba2+ / Ba, Na+ / Na rFkk Mg2+ / Mg ds ekud vip;u foHko Øe'k% –3.05, –2.73,
–2.71 rFkk –2.37 oksYV gSA fuEu esa ls dkSulk izcyre vkWDlhdkjd gS \
(a) Na+ (b) Li+ (c) Ba2+ (d) Mg2+
9. gkbMªkstu bysDVªkWM dk pH = 1 ij foHko gSA
(a) 0.059 oksYV (b) 0.00 oksYV (c) –0.059 oksYV (d) 0.59 oksYV
34 H
RBSE
10. Zn, Ag rFkk Cu bysDVªksMkas ds ekud bysDVªkWM foHko Øe'k% –0.76, 0.80 rFkk 0.34 oksYV gS] rks &
(a) Ag, Zn rFkk Cu dks vkWDlhd`r dj ldrk gSA
(b) Ag, Zn2+ rFkk Cu2+ dks vipf;r dj ldrk gSA
(c) Zn, Ag+ rFkk Cu2+ dks vipf;r dj ldrk gSA
(d) Cu, Zn rFkk Ag dks vkWDlhd`r dj ldrk gSA
11. xsYosfud lsy Cu(s)|Cu2+ (1M) Ag+ (1M)|Ag(s) esa cká ifjiFk esa bysDVªkWu xfr djrs gSa &
(a) Ag ls Cu dh vksj (b) Cu ls Ag dh vksj
(c) bysDVªku
W cká ifjiFk esa xfr ugha djrk gS (d) fdlh Hkh fn'kk esa
12. Msfu;u lsy esa fo|qr /kkjk dh fn'kk gksrh gS] tc Zn rFkk Cu bysDVªkWM dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
(a) lsy ds vUnj Cu ls Zn dh vksj
(b) lsy ds ckgj Cu ls Zn dh vksj
(c) lsy ds ckgj Zn ls Cu dh vksj
(d) lsy ds vUnj fdlh Hkh dh vksj
13. ftad ds ekud vip;u foHko dks dkSulh lehdj.k ds }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
(a) Zn2+ (s) + 2e– Zn (s) (b) Zn (g) Zn2+ (g) + 2e–
(c) Zn2+ (g) + 2e– Zn (s) (d) Zn2+ (aq.) + 2e– Zn (s)
14. ,d ekud gkbMªkstu bysDVªkWM dk bysDVªkWM foHko 'kwU; gksrk gS] D;ksfa d &
(a) gkbMªkstu vklkuh ls vkWDlhd`r gks tkrh gSA (b) blds bysDVªkWM foHko dks 'kwU; ekuk tkrk gSA
(c) gkbMªkt
s u ijek.kq esa dsoy ,d bysDVªkuW gksrk gSA (d) gkbMªkstu lcls gYdk rRo gSA
15. v/kZ lsy Zn2+ | Zn ds fy, E° = –0.76 V gSA
lsy Zn |Zn2+ (1M) || 2H+ (1M) | H2 (1 atm) dk e.m.f. gS %&
(a) –0.76 V (b) +0.76 V (c) –0.38 V (d) + 0.38 V
16. Cu(s)|Cu +2 (1 M)||Zn +2 (1 M)|Zn(s)
mijksä iznf'kZr lsy dk emf gksxk &

(a) /kukRed (b) _.kkRed (c) 'kwU; (d) Kkr ugha dj ldrs
17. ftad dkSuls vk;u dks muds tyh; foy;u esa ls foLFkkfir ugha djrk gS \
(a) Ag+ (b) Cu2+ (c) Fe2+ (d) Na+
18. Zn, Ag rFkk Cu bysDVªksMkas ds ekud bysDVªkWM foHko Øe'k% –0.76, 0.80 rFkk 0.34 oksYV gS] rks &
(a) Ag, Zn rFkk Cu dks vkWDlhd`r dj ldrk gS

(b) Ag, Zn2+ rFkk Cu2+ dks vipf;r dj ldrk gS
(c) Zn, Ag+ rFkk Cu2+ dks vipf;r dj ldrk gS
(d) Cu, Zn rFkk Ag dks vkWDlhd`r dj ldrk gS
19. gkbMªkstu bysDVªkWM dk pH = 1 ij foHko gSA
(a) 0.059 oksYV (b) 0.00 oksYV (c) –0.059 oksYV (d) 0.59 oksYV
H 35
Chemistry
20. 9.65 ,Eih;j dh /kkjk 10 feuV rd izokfgr gksrh gS] rks 3.0 g /kkrq dks tek djrh gSA /kkrq dk rqY;kadh Hkkj
gSa &
(a) 10 (b) 30 (c) 50 (d) 96.5
21. xfyr AlCl3 esa tc fo|qr izokfgr dh tkrh gS] rks 13.5 g Al tek gks tkrk gSA fdrus QSjkMs mi;ksx esa vk,
(a) 5.0 (b) 1.0 (c) 1.5 (d) 3.0
22. fo|qr èkkjk izokfgr djus ij dSFkksM ij H2 rFkk ,uksM ij Cl2 mRiUu gksrh gS] foy;u gS %&
(a) CuSO4 (aq) (b) CuCl2 (aq.) (c) NaCl (aq.) (d) ikuh
23. lhlk lapkyd lsy dks tc vkosf'kr fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g gS
(a) ,d fo|qr vi?kVuh lsy (b) ,d xsYosfud lsy
(c) ,d Msfu;y lsy (d) mijksDr dksbZ ugha
24. NH4OH dh lhekar eksyj pkydrk i.e. m NH4 OH fuEu esa ls ftlds cjkcj gS] og gS%&
(a) m NH4 OH m NH4 Cl m HCl (b) m NH4 Cl m NaOH m NaCl
(c) m NH4 Cl m NaCl m NaOH (d) m NaOH m NaCl m NH4Cl
o
25. vuUr ruqrk ij] NaCl, HCl rFkk CH3COONa dh eksyj pkydrk,¡ ( m ) Øe'k% 126.4, 425.9 rFkk
2 –1 o
91.0 S cm mol gSa] CH3COOH dh m gksxh :-
2 –1
(a) 290.8 S cm mol (b) 390.5 S cm2 mol–1
(c) 425.5 S cm2 mol–1 (d) 180.5 S cm2 mol–1
26. ,d ;a=k tks gkbMªkstu ,oa esFksu tSls ¶;wy ¼bZa/ku½ dh ngu ÅtkZ dks lh/ks fo|qr ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gS]
og dgykrk gS :
(a) fo|qr vi?kVuh lsy (b) Mk;useks (c) Ni-Cd lsy (d) ¶;wy ¼bZa/ku½ lsy
27. NaCl, HCl ,oa CH3COONa dh vuar ruqrk ij eksyj pkydrk Øe'k% 126.45,426.16 rFkk 91.0 S cm2
mol–1 gSA vuar ruqrk ij CH3COOH dh eksyj pkydrk gSA
(a) 201.28 S cm2 mol–1 (b) 390.71 S cm2 mol–1
(c) 698.28 S cm2 mol–1 (d) 540.48 S cm2 mol–1
ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. b a a b b b a d c c
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. b b d b b b d c c c
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Ans. c c a b b d b
36 H
RBSE
1. Msfu;y lsy esa Zn2+ o Cu2+ vk;uksa dh lkUnzrk ,d bdkbZ (1 eksy MslhehVj–3) gks rks fo|qrh; foHko
dk eku gksxk & (RBSE 2023)
(a) 0.00 V (b) 1.10 V (c) 1.35 V (d) 2.00 V
Ans. (b)
2. (i) bZa/ku lsy dh la jpuk dk o.kZu dhft,A (RBSE 2023)
(ii) bZa/ku lsy dh la jpuk dk ukekafdr fp=k cukb;sA
Ans. (i) lsy esa gkbMªkstu ,oa vkWDlhtu xSlksa ds cqycqyksa dks ljaèkz dkcZu bySDVªksMksa ds ekè;e ls lkanz
tyh; lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM foy;u esa izokfgr fd;k tkrk gSA bySDVªksM vfHkfØ;k dh nj c<+kus
ds fy, lw{e foHkkftr IySfVue ;k iSysfM;e èkkrq] tSls mRizsjdksa dks bySDVªksMksa esa lekosf'kr fd;k
tkrk gSA bySDVªksM vfHkfØ;k,a uhps nh xbZ gS &
dSFkksM+ : O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– 4OH–(aq)
,suksM+ : 2H2 (g) + 4OH–(aq) 4H2O(l) + 4e–
lexz vfHkfØ;k bl izdkj gS &
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l )
(ii)
3. dSMfe;e&fudy lapk;d lsy eas ,suksM+ ij gksus okyh vfHkfØ;k dk jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k,A
(RBSE 2020)
Ans. ,uksM+ ij
Cd(s) + 2OH– CdO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e–
4. oS|qr vi?kVu dk QSjkM+s dk izFke fu;e fyf[k,A (RBSE 2020)
Ans. QSjkM+s dk fu;e % bl fu;e ds vuqlkj ^ôS|qr vi?kVu dh izfØ;k esa fdlh bysDVªksM+ ij inkFkZ dh ,df=kr
gqbZ vFkok eqDr gqbZ ek=kk ml foy;u eas izokfgr dh xbZ fo|qr dh ek=kk ds lekuqikrh gksrh gS^^
W Q {Q = I × t}
W Z I t
5. ;fn 298 K ij CH3COOH, HCl ,oa NaCl ds fy, vuURk ruqrk ij eksyj pkydrkvksa ds eku
Øe'k% 390.5, 425.4 ,oa 126.4 S cm2 mol–1 gSa rks CH3COONa dh vuUr ruqrk ij eksyj pkydrk Kkr
dhft,A (RBSE 2020)
Ans. M
CH3COOH = M
(CH3COOH) + M
H+ ...(1)
M
HCl = M
H+ + M
Cl– ...(2)
M
NaCl = M
Na+ + M
Cl– ...(3)
H 37
Chemistry
lehdj.k (1) + (3) – lehdj.k (2)
M
CH3COOH = M
CH3COOH + M
NaCl– – M
HCl
390.5 + 126.4 – 524.4
= 516.9 – 425.4
= 91.5 S cm2 mol–1
6. ¼v½ fo|qr vi?kV~;ksa ds pkydrRo dks izHkkfor djus okys dksbZ nks dkjd fyf[k,A (RBSE 2019)
¼c½ la{kkj.k ,d oS|qr jklk;fud ifj?kVuk gSA le>kb,A
Ans. (A) (1) vUrjvkf.od vkd"kZ.k
(2) foy;u dh lkUnzrk
(B) la{kkj.k % /kkrq vkWDLkkbM+ ;k vU; yo.k /kkrq dh lrg dks /khjs&/khjs vofjr djrs gS] ftls la{kkj.k dgrs gSA
mnkgj.k % yksgs ij tax yxuk] flYoj dk dkyk gksuk] rk¡cs ij gjs jax dh ijr dk fuekZ.k rFkk czkl
7. 298K ij 0.10M KCl foy;u dh pkydrk 0.0129 s cm–1 gSA bldh eksyj pkydrk dk ifjdyu dhft,A
(RBSE 2019)
c 1000 K
Ans. m
M
1000 0.0129
0.1
= 129 S cm2 mol–1
8. ¼v½ *ekud gkbMªkstu bySDVªksM* dk ukekafdr fp=k cukb,A (RBSE 2018)
¼c½ bZa/ku lsy] vU; lsyksa dh rqyuk eas Js"B gksrs gSA dksbZ nks dkj.k nhft,A
H2 gas (1 bar 298 K)
Pt
Ans. (A)
Pt.
1M HCl
0
ESHE 0.0 V
¼c½ *mPPk n{krk*

*iznw"k.k eqDr*
9. dkWIkj lYQsV ds foy;u dks 1.5 ,fEi;j dh /kkjk ls 20 feuV rd oS|rq vi?kVu fd;k x;kA dSFkksM+ ij
fu{ksfir dkWIkj dk nzO;eku Kkr djksA (F = 96500 C) (RBSE 2018)
E 63.5
Ans. W = It = 1.5 20 60 0.592 g
F 2 96500
38 H
RBSE
CHAPTER–3 : jklk;fud cyxfrdh

UNIT INDEX
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
jklk;fud cyxfrdh HkkSfrd jlk;u dh 'kk[kk gS ftlesa vfHkfØ;kvksa ds osx] vfHkfØ;kvksa ds lEiUu gksus dh
fØ;kfofèk rFkk vfHkfØ;k osx dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
vfHkfØ;k dk osx (RATE OF REACTION)
bdkbZ le; esa fdlh vfHkdkjd ;k mRikn dh lkUnzrk ;k nkc esa ifjorZu vfHkfØ;k osx dgykrk gSA vfHkfØ;k
osx lnSo /kukRed gksrk gSA
vfHkdkjd ;k mRikn dh lkUnrz k eas ifjoruZ C
vfHkfØ;k osx = = r
ifjoruZ eas yxk le; t
lkUnzrk
mRikn
vfHkdkjd
le;
(A) vkSlr vfHkfØ;k osx (Average Rate of Reaction)
vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku ,d fuf'pr ekiu ;ksX; le;kUrjky esa vfHkfØ;k dk osx] vkSlr vfHkfØ;k osx
dgykrk gSA bls r ls O;Dr djrs gSaA
A B vfHkfØ;k ds fy,
[A]2 [A]1 [A]
raverage = r
t2 t1 t
(B) rkR{kf.kd vfHkfØ;k osx (Instantaneous Rate of Reaction)

vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku fdlh {k.k ij vfHkfØ;k osx] vfHkfØ;k dk rkR{kf.kd osx dgykrk gSA
C dC
vfHkfØ;k dk rkR{kf.kd osx = lim
t 0 t dt
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\Chemical Kinetics
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dh jllehdj.kfefr ds :i esa vfHkfØ;k osx

fuEu vfHkfØ;k ds fy, m1A + m2B n1P + n2Q
d[A]
A ds foyqIr gksus dh nj = –
dt
d[B]
B ds foyqIr gksus dh nj = –
dt
H 39
Chemistry
d[P]
P ds fuekZ.k dh nj =
dt
d[Q]
Q ds fuekZ.k dh nj =
dt
1 d[A] 1 d[B] 1 d[P] 1 d[Q]
m1 dt m2 dt n1 dt n2 dt
vfHkfØ;k dk osx lnSo /kukRed gksrk gSA _.kkRed fpUg vfHkdkjd dh lkUnzrk esa deh dks n'kkZrk gSA
vfHkfØ;k osx dh bdkb;k¡ (Units of Reaction Rate)

vfHkfØ;k osx dh bdkbZ = mol L–1 time–1 i.e. (mol L–1 s–1 or mol L–1 min–1 or mol L–1 h–1)
osx fu;e (RATE LAW) :
vfHkfØ;k osx dk vfHkdkjdksa dh lkUnzrk ds inksa esa izk;ksfxd izn'kZu osx fu;e dgykrk gSA bl O;atd esa
vfHkfØ;k dk osx] vfHkdkjdksa] dh eksyj lkUnzrkvksa ds xq.kuQy ds lekuqikrh gksrk gS ftlesa izR;sd in iz;ksx
}kjk fu/kkZfjr ?kkarkd ds lkFk iz;qDr djrs gSaA
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa : aA + bB Product
x y
osx fu;e gS & Rate [A] [B]
?kkrkad x rFkk y ds eku iz;ksx }kjk izkIr fd, tkrs gSa tks jllehdj.kfefrd xq.kkad ds leku ;k fHkUu Hkh gks
ldrs gSaA
mijksDr lEcU/k dks fuEu izdkj fy[kk tk ldrk gS &
x y
Rate = k[A] [B]
tgk¡ k ,d lekuqikrh fLFkjkad gSa ftls osx fLFkjkad dgrs gSaA
osx fLFkjkad (Rate constant) :
jklk;fud lehdj.k esa
n1 A + n2B m1C + m2D
nzO;vuqikrh fØ;k fu;e ds vuqlkj
osx = k[A]n1[B]n2
ijarq osx fu;e ds vuqlkj (izk;ksfxd rF;)

osx = k[A]x[B]y
;fn [A] = [B] = 1 mol/L
rks] osx = k
vfHkdkjdksa dh ,dkad lkUnzrk ij vfHkfØ;k osx] osx fLFkjkad ;k fof'k"V vfHkfØ;k osx dgykrk gSA osx
fLFkjkad vfHkdkjd dh lkUnzrk ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gS ijarq ;g rki rFkk mRizsjd ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
40 H
RBSE
n
osx fLFkjkad dh bdkb;k¡ % osx = k[A]
mol 1
time
k
r osx dh bdkbZ L
n n n
A lkUnzrk dh bdkbZ mol
L
1 n
mol
• k dh bdkbZ = time 1
L
1–n –1
• xSlh; vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fy, k dh bdkbZ gks ldrh gSA k dh bdkbZ = (atm) time
vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV (ORDER OF REACTION) –
osx fu;e O;atd esa vfHkdkjdksa dh lkUnzrkvksa dh ?kkrksa dk ;ksx vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV dgykrk gSA
vfHkfØ;k aA + bB mRikn
ds fy, osx fu;e osx = k[A]x[B]y
;gk¡ x = A ds lkis{k vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV
y = B ds lkis{k vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV
x + y = n (vfHkfØ;k dh dqy dksfV)
vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV ,d izk;ksfxd in gSA
vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV 'kwU;] /kukRed] _.kkRed ;k fHkUukRed gks ldrh gSA
v.kqla[;rk (MOLECULARITY) :
fdlh izkFkfed vfHkfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus okys v.kqvksa] ijek.kqvksa ;k vk;uksa ¼fØ;k'khy Lih'kht½ dh dqy la[;k]
vfHkfØ;k dh v.kqla[;rk@v.kqdrk dgykrh gSA
v.kqla[;rk ,d lS)kfUrd in gSA
v.kqla[;rk ,d iw.kkZad (1, 2 ;k 3) gks ldrh gS ijarq 'kwU;] _.kkRed ;k fHkUukRed ughaA
izkFkfed vfHkfØ;k esa v.kqla[;rk mldh dksfV ds leku gksrh gSA
tfVy vfHkfØ;k esa v.kqla[;rk fØ;kfof/k ds izR;sd in ds fy, i`Fkd :i ls nh tkrh gSA
tfVy vfHkfØ;k dh dqy v.kqla[;rk vFkZghu gSA
Nn~e izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k (PSEUDO FIRST ORDER REACTION) :
,d jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ftlesa vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV dk eku ,d gks ijarq v.kqla[;rk ,d ls vf/kd gks Nn~e
,dk.kqd @ Nn~e izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k dgykrh gSA
mnkgj.k-1
vEyh; ek/;e esa ,LVj dk ty vi?kVu

H
CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 H2 O CH 3 COOH C 2 H 5 OH
osx = k [CH3COOC2H5][H2O]
ty vkf/kD; esa gS vr% bldh lkUnzrk [H2O] vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku fLFkj jgrh gSA
vr% osx = k' [CH3COOC2H5] tgka k' = k [H2O]
H 41
Chemistry
(A) 'kwU; dksfV vfHkfØ;k,a (Zero Order Reactions)
vfHkfØ;k,a ftuesa vfHkfØ;k osx vfHkdkjdksa dh lkUnzrk ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gS] 'kwU; dksfV vfHkfØ;k,a
dgykrh gSaA
'kwU; dksfV vfHkfØ;k,a vis{kkd`r vlkekU; gSa ijarq fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ls lEiUu gksrh gSaA dqN
,Utkbe mRizsfjr vfHkfØ;k,a rFkk /kkfRod lrg ij gksus okyh vfHkfØ;k,a] 'kwU; dksfV vfHkfØ;kvksa ds
dqN mnkgj.k gSa &
mnkgj.k (a) H2(g) + Cl2(g) h
2HCl(g)
(b) 2NH3(g) Pt
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
[A]o – [A] t x
Formula k =
t t
v)Zvk;qdky & le; ftlesa vfHkdkjd dh izkjfEHkd ek=kkk dk vk/kk Hkkx iz;qDr gksrk gSA
[A]0
Formula t1/2
2k
(B) izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k,a (First Order Reactions)

vfHkfØ;k,a ftuesa vfHkfØ;k dk osx vfHkdkjd dh lkUnzrk ds lekuqikrh gksrk gS] izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k,a
dgykrh gSaA
mnkgj.k : (a) 2N2O5 4NO2 + O2
(b) NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O
(c) lHkh jsfM;ks,fDVo {k;
2.303 [A]
Formulas K log o
t [A]t
v)Z vk;qdky : le; ftlesa vfHkdkjd dh izkjfEHkd ek=kk dk vk/kk Hkkx iz;qDr gksrk gSA
0.693
Formulas t1/2
k
2.303 a x1
vUrjky lw=k (Interval Formula) k log
t 2 t1 a x2
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa dk la?kV~V fl)kUr (COLLISION THEORY OF CHEMICAL REACTION)

;g fl)kUr Max Trautz rFkk William Lewis }kjk izfrikfnr fd;k x;kA blds vuqlkj fØ;kdkjh v.kqvksa ds
e/; la?kV~V }kjk vfHkfØ;k gksrh gSA bdkbZ le; esa o bdkbZ vk;ru esa la?kV~V dh la[;k dks la?kV~V vko`fÙk
25
(z) dgrs gSaA lkekU;r% xSlh; vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fy, bldk mPp eku (10 ls 1028 la?kV~V@lsd.M&lseh3½ gks
ldrk gSA ysfdu bu la?kV~Vksa dk dsoy ,d NksVk Hkkx gh vfHkdkjd ls mRikn esa ifjofrZr gksrk gSA ,sls
la?kV~Vksa dks izHkkoh la?kV~V dgrs gSaA
izHkkoh la?kV~V gksus ds fy, nks 'krks± dk ,d lkFk lUrq"V gksuk vko';d gSA
42 H
RBSE
(a) fØ;kdkjh v.kq dh ,d U;wure ÅtkZ gksuh pkfg,] ftls nsgyh ÅtkZ (threshold energy) dgrs gSaA
(b) la?kV~V dk mi;qDr vfHkfoU;kl
• nsgyh ÅtkZ: jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ds lEiUu gksus ds fy, vfHkdkjd v.kqvksa dh ftruh U;wure ÅtkZ gksuh
pkfg,A
• lfØ;.k ÅtkZ: vfHkdkjd v.kqvksa ds fy, vko';d U;wure vfrfjDr ÅtkZ ftlls og mRikn esa ifjofrZr
gksrs gSaA
Activated Activated
complex complex
Energy
Energy
Threshold
Threshold
Ea(b)
Ea(f)
energy
Ea(f)
energy
Ea(b)
P
R
H=+ve
H=-ve
P.E.
P P.E. R
Progress of reaction Progress of reaction
Å"ek{ksih vfHkfØ;k Å"ek'kks"kh vfHkfØ;k

1. Ea(f) = vxz vfHkfØ;k ds fy, lfØ;.k ÅtkZ
2. Ea(b) = i'p vfHkfØ;k ds fy, lfØ;.k ÅtkZ
;fn iz'u esa ugha crk;k x;k gks] rks Ea dks vxz vfHkfØ;k ds fy, iz;qDr djrs gSaA
H Ea f Ea b ; H Hp HR
lfØ;.k ÅtkZ eq[;r% fuEu ij fuHkZj djrh gS (Activation energy mainly depends upon)
(i) vfHkdkjdksa dh izd`fr : fofHkUu vfHkdkjdksa ds fy, cU/kksa dh la[;k rFkk ca/k ÅtkZ fHkUu gksrh gS vr% lfØ;.k
ÅtkZ Hkh fHkUu gksxhA ftu vfHkfØ;kvksa dh lfØ;.k ÅtkZ de gksrh gS] os rhoz osx ls lEiUu gksrh gSaA
(ii) mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr : mRizsjd vfHkfØ;k ds fy,] vfHkfØ;k fØ;kfof/k dk ,d oSdfYid iFk miyC/k djkrk gSA
• /kukRed mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr esa nsgyh ÅtkZ ?kVrh gS ftlls lfØ;.k ÅtkZ ?kV tkrh gS rFkk vfHkfØ;k
osx c<+rk gSA
• _.kkRed mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr esa nsgyh ÅtkZ c<+rh gS ftlls lfØ;.k ÅtkZ c<+rh gS rFkk vfHkfØ;k osx
?kVrk gSA
T.E''
Inhibitor
T.E.
absence of catalyst
E''a Ea T.E'
Energy
catalyst
E'a
Progress of Reaction
H 43
Chemistry
(b) vfHkfoU;kl (Orientation)
A A A A A A
Case-I : Proper orientation
B B B B B B
Activated Product
complex
reactant
(transition state)
A
A
A A
A A
Case-II : Not proper orientation B B B
B
B B
reactant No change
• lhek,¡ (Limitations)
(i) ;g fl)kUr eq[;r% xSlh; vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fy, ykxw gksrk gS rFkk mu foy;uksa ds fy, Hkh ftuesa
fØ;kdkjd Lih'kht v.kq gksrs gSaA
(ii) ;g fl)kUr eq[;r% f}vkf.od vfHkfØ;kvksa ij ykxw gksrk gS ijarq tfVy vfHkfØ;kvksa ij ykxw ugha
gksrk gSA
(iii) blesa v.kqvksa dks Bksl xksys ds :i esa ekuk x;k gS rFkk v.kqvksa ds lajpukRed igyw dks
utjvUnkt fd;k x;k gSA
vfHkfØ;k osx dks izHkkfor djus okys dkjd (FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF REACTION)
1. vfHkdkjd dh izd`fr (Nature of reactant)
a) vfHkdkjd dh HkkSfrd voLFkk
vfHkfØ;k osx dk c<+rk gqvk Øe – Bksl < nzo < xSl
¼vUrjv.kqd cy ?kVrs gSa ftlls la?kV~V ds fy, vf/kd Lora=krk feyrh gSA½
b) d.kksa dk HkkSfrd vkdkj
1
vfHkfØ;k osx lrg dk {ks=kQy
c) vfHkdkjd dh jklk;fud izd`fr : fofHkUu fØ;kdkjh iztkfr;ksa ds fy, VwVus okys cU/kksa dh la[;k
rFkk cU/k ÅtkZ dk eku fHkUu gksrk gS] ftlls lfØ;.k ÅtkZ dh vko';drk Hkh fHkUu gksrh gS vr%
de lfØ;.k ÅtkZ okyh vfHkfØ;kvksa dk osx mPp gksrk gSA
2. vfHkdkjd dh lkUnzrk (Concentration of reactant)
vfHkfØ;k osx vfHkdkjd dh lkUnzrk

3. nkc (Pressure) : tc vfHkdkjd Bksl ;k nzo gksrs gSa rks vfHkfØ;k osx ij nkc dk izHkko ux.; gksrk gSA
ysfdu ;fn vfHkdkjd xSlh; voLFkk esa gks rks vfHkfØ;k osx nkc c<+kus ij c<+rk gS D;ksfa d izHkkoh VDdjksa
dh la[;k c<+rh gSA
4. rkieku (Temperature) : rki c<+kus ij vfHkfØ;k nj c<+rh gS pkgs vfHkfØ;k Å"ek{ksih gks ;k
Å"ek'kks"khA rki c<+kus ij v.kqvksa dh xfrt ÅtkZ c<+rh gS] lfØf;r v.kqvksa dh la[;k c<+rh gS] bl izdkj
vfHkfØ;k osx c<+rk gSA
44 H
RBSE
osx fLFkjkad o rki ds e/; lEcU/k
(a) lkekU;r% ;g ik;k x;k gS fd izR;sd 10°C rki o`f) ij vfHkfØ;k osx 2 ls 3 xquk gks tkrk gSA
rki xq.kkad (Temperature coefficient - ) : ;g osx fLFkjkad ds ,sls nks fHkUu rki ij ekuksa
ds vuqikr ds cjkcj gksrk gS ftuds e/; 10°C dk vUrj gSA
KT 10 r2 K2 T /10
2 to 3 ;
KT r1 K1
;fn vfHkfØ;k dk rki ugha fn;k x;k gks rks bls 25°C ekurs gSaA
(;fn dk eku ugha fn;k x;k gks rks bls U;wure 2 ekurs gSaA)
eSDlosy rFkk cksYV~teku ÅtkZ forj.k oØ
(MAXWELL AND BOLTZMANN ENERGY DISTRIBUTION CURVE)
Fraction of molecules
T
Energy of This area shows
(T+10) fraction of additional
activation
This area molecules which
shows fraction react at (T+10)
of molecules
reacting at T
Kinetic energy
(b) vkjsfu;l lehdj.k

K Ae
E a / RT
....(1)
A = vkjsfu;l fLFkjkad / iwoZ pj?kkrkadh xq.kkad / vko`fÙk xq.kkad
Ea = lfØ;.k ÅtkZ
R = xSl fLFkjkad
T = rki (Kelvin) esa
• rki c<+us ij K c<+rk gS
;fn T , K=A
K
• =e E a / RT
= v.kqvksa dk og va'k ftldh ÅtkZ Ea
A
e E a / RT
= cksYVt~eku xq.kkad
lehdj.k (1) dk logarithm djus ij &
Ea
slope=-
E a /RT
2.303R
ln K ln A ln e log 10K
Ea
2.303 log10K = 2.303 log10A –
RT
1/T
Ea
log10K = log10A- ....(2)
2.303RT
y = c – mx
H 45
Chemistry
• nks fHkUu rki ij K dk eku Kkr djds vfHkfØ;k dh Ea dk eku Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
rki T1 ij :
Ea
log10 K1 log10 A .....(3)
2.303RT1
rki T2 ij :
Ea
log10 K 2 log10 A .....(4)
2.303RT2
lehdj.k (4) – lehdj.k (3) ls
Ea 1 1
log K 2 log K1
2.303R T1 T2
K2 Ea T2 T1
log10
K1 2.303R T1 T2
• vkjsfu;l lehdj.k ls - K Ae
Ea / RT
Ea
nK = nA –
RT
d d d Ea Ea d Ea 2
( n K) ( n A) – 0 T 1
T
dT dT dT RT R dT R
d Ea
nK vkjsfu;l lehdj.k dk vody :i
dT RT 2
5. mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr : mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr esa vfHkfØ;k dh Ea ?kVrh gS rFkk vfHkfØ;k osx c<+rk gSA
6. fofdj.k dh mifLFkfr: dqN vfHkfØ;kvksa dk osx] vfHkfØ;kvksa dks fofdj.k dh mifLFkfr esa lEiUu fd;s
tkus ij c<+ tkrk gSA ¼dsoy izdk'k jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fy,½
mnkgj.k % HCl dk fuekZ.k
H2 Cl2 2HCl (cgqr /kheh vfHkfØ;k)
H2 Cl2 h
2HCl (foLQksVd vfHkfØ;k)
46 H
RBSE
1. 2A mRikn] vfHkfØ;k esa A dh lkUnzrk 10 feuV esa 0.5 mol L–1 ls ?kVdj 0.4 mol L–1 jg tkrh gSA bl
le; vUrjky ds fy, vfHkfØ;k osx dh x.kuk dhft,A
Ans. 2A mRikn ds fy,
1 d[A]
vfHkfØ;k dh nj = –
2 dt
1 vfUre lkUnzrk & ikzjfEHkd lkUnzrk
=–
2 le; vUrjky
1 0.4 0.5 1 0.1
=–
2 10 2 10
1 0.1 0.1
=
2 10 20
vfHkfØ;k dh nj = 0.005 mol L–1 min–1
2. SO2Cl2 dks viuh izkjfEHkd ek=kk ls vk/kh ek=kk esa fo;ksftr gksus esa 60 feuV dk le; yxrk gSA ;fn
vfHkfØ;k dh izFke dksfV dh gks rks osx fLFkjkad dh x.kuk dhft,A
Ans. t1/2 = 60 feuV
izFke dksfV ds fy,]
0.693
k
t1/2
0.693
=
60
;k k = 0.01155 min–1
1.155
;k k= 10 2 sec–1
60
k = 1.925 × 10–4 sec–1
vr% osx fLFkjkad = 1.925 × 10–4 sec–1
3. IySfVue lrg ij NH3 dk vi?kVu 'kwU; dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k gSA N2 ,oa H2 ds mRiknu dh nj D;k gksxh tc k
= 2.5 × 10–4 mol litre–1 s–1 gks\
Ans. 2NH3 N2 + 3H2
1 d[NH 3 ] d[N 2 ] 1 d[H 2 ]

vfHkfØ;k dh nj (r)= –
2 dt dt 3 dt
nj (r) = K[NH3]° = K ( 'kqU; dksfV vfHkfØ;k)
= 2.5 × 10–4
d[N 2 ]
= r = 2.5 × 10–4 mol lit–1s–1
dt
d(H 2 )
= 3r = 3 × 2.5 × 10–4 = 7.5 × 10–4 mol lit–1sec–1
dt
H 47
Chemistry
4. ,d vfHkfØ;k A ds izfr izFke rFkk B ds izfr f}rh; dksfV gS
(i) osx lehdj.k fyf[k,A
(ii) B dh lkUærk rhu xquh djus ls osx ij D;k izHkko iM+sxkA
(iii) A rFkk B nksuks dh lkUærk nqxquh djus ls osx ij D;k izHkko iM+sxkA
Ans. (i) nj = k [A]1[B]2
(ii) r0 = k [A]1[B]2
r1 = k [A]1[3B]2
r1 = 9 × r0
(iii) r0 = k [A1][B]2
r2 = k [2A]1[2B]2
r2 = 8 × r0
5. 2A + B C + D vfHkfØ;k dh cyxfrdh vè;;u djus ij fuEufyf[kr ifj.kke izkIr gq,A vfHkfØ;k ds fy,
osx fu;e rFkk osx fLFkjkad Kkr dhft,A
iz;ksx A/mol L–1 B/mol L–1 D ds fuekZ.k ds izkjfEHkd
–1
nj / mol L–1
min
I 0.1 0.1 6.0 × 10–3
II 0.3 0.2 7.2 × 10–3
III 0.3 0.4 2.88 × 10–1
IV 0.4 0.1 2.40 × 10–2
Ans. ekuk A o B ds lkis{k dksfV Øe'k% x o y gSA

vr% nj = k[A]x [B]y
lehdj.k ds vuqlkj
6.0 × 10–3 = k[0.1]x [0.1]y …(i)
7.2 × 10–2 = k[0.3]x [0.2]y …(ii)
2.88 × 10 = k[0.3] [0.4]
–1 x y
…(iii)
2.40 × 10 = k[0.4] [0.1]
–2 x y
…(iv)
lehdj.k (iv) dks (i) ls Hkkx nsus ij
2
2.4 10 k[0.4]x [0.1]y
3
6.0 10 k[0.1]x [0.1]y
x
[0.4]x 0.4 1
4 4 4 4x x 1
[0.1]x 0.1
lehdj.k (iii) dks (i) ls Hkkx nsus ij

2.88 10 1 k[0.3]x [0.4] y
7.2 10 2 k[0.3]x [0.2]y
y
0.4
4 4 2y 22 2y y 2
0.2
48 H
RBSE
vr% nj fu;e gS%
nj = k[A] [B]2
Rate
k
[A][B]2
iz;ksx I ls
3
6.0 10 mol L 1 min 1
k 2
6.0 L2 mol 2
min 1
1 1
0.1 mol L 0.1 mol L
6. n'kkZb, fd izFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k esa 99% vfHkfØ;k iw.kZ gksus es yxk le; 90% vfHkfØ;k iw.kZ gksus esa
yxus okys le; ls nqxquk gksrk gSA
Ans. izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k ds fy, 99% iw.kZ gksus esa yxk le;
2.303 100 2.303 2.303
t1 log log100 2
k 100 99 k k
rFkk 90% iw.kZ gksus esa yxk le;

2.303 100 2.303 2.303
t2 log log10
k 100 90 k k
vr% t1 = 2t2
vr% 99% iw.kZ gksus esa yxus okyk le;] 90% iw.kZ gksus esa yxs le; dk nqxquk gSA
7. ,d izFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k eas 30% fo;kstu gksus esa 40 feuV yxrs gSA t1/2 dh x.kuk dhft,A
2.303 [R]
Ans. t log 0
k [R]
2.303 100 2.303 10 3 1

k log log 8.918 10 min
40 min 100 30 40 min 7
0.693 0.693
t1/2 min 77.7 min
k 8.918 10 3
8. ¼v½ vfHkfØ;k ds osx dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd dkSu dkSu ls gSa\ osx fu;e dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A
¼c½ 'kwU; dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k ds fy, osx fLFkjkad dk lw=k O;qRiUu dhft,A
¼l½ lfØ;rk ÅtkZ ij mRçsjd ds izHkko dks n'kkZus okyk vkjs[k cukb;sA
vFkok
¼v½ Nn~e çFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k fdls dgrs gSa\ b{kq 'kdZjk dk çfrykseu fdl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k gS\
jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k,A

¼c½ çFke dksfV dh ,d vfHkfØ;k dk osx fLFkjkad 5 × 10-14 s–1 gks rks bl vfHkfØ;k dh v/kkZ;q Kkr dhft,A
¼l½ vkgsZfuvl lehdj.k ds vk/kkj ij ln K ,oa 1/T ds e/; vkys[k cukb;sA
Ans. ¼v½ vfHkfØ;k osx dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd fuEu gSa&
(i) vfHkdkjdksa dh izd`fr (ii) lfØ;.k ÅtkZ
(iii) rki (iv) mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr
H 49
Chemistry
osx fu;e&fdlh vfHkfØ;k dk osx mlesa Hkkx ysus okys vfHkdkjdksa dh lkUærk ds mu ?kkrkadksa ij fuHkZj djrk
gS tks mldh larqfyr lehdj.k ds jllehdj.kferh; xq.kkad ds leku gks Hkh ldrs gSa vkSj ugha Hkh gks ldrsA
?kkrkadksa dk fu/kkZj.k izk;ksfxd :i ls fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d lkekU; vfHkfØ;k
n1 A + n2B mRikn ds fy,
osx [A]x [B]y
x vkSj y dk eku jllehdj.kferh; ?kkrkad n1 vkSj n2 ds leku Hkh gks ldrs gSaA
(b) vfHkfØ;k R P 'kwU; dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k gSA
d[R]
nj = = k[R]0
dt
d[R]
nj = = k
dt
d[R] = –k dt
nksuksa i{kksa dk lekdyu djus ij
[R] = –kt + I … (i)
t = 0, R = [R]0
[R]0 = I
I dk eku lehdj.k (i) esa j[kus ij
[R]0 [R]
[R] = –kt + [R]0 ;k k
t
mRizjs d dh vuqmifLFkfr esa
mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr esa
E Ea b E Ea b
Ea f Ea f
P
mRikn
(c) H E'ar
vfHkdkjd R
vfHkfØ;k dh izxfr vfHkfØ;k dh izxfr
mRizjs d dh vuqmifLFkfr esa vfHkfØ;k dh izxfr mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr esa vfHkfØ;k dh izxfr
vFkok
¼v½ Nn~e çFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k% og vfHkfØ;k ftldh v.kqla[;rk ,d ls vf/kd gks ysfdu dksfV ,d gks
mls Nn~e izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k dgrs gSA bl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k esa nks vfHkdkjdks esa ls ,d vfHkdkjd
vkf/kD; esa gksrk gS ftldh lkUærk esa ifjorZu cgqr de gksrk gSA vr% bldks ux.; ekuk tkrk gSA b{kq 'kdZjk
dk izfrykseu ,d Nn~e izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k gS ftldk jklk;fud lehdj.k fuEu gSa&
H
C12 H 22 O11 H 2 O C6 H12 O6 C6 H12 O6
b{kq 'kdZjk vf/kD; Xywdkst ÝqDVkst
osx K C12H 22 O11
50 H
RBSE
¼c½ çFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k dh v/kkZ;q&
0.693 0.693
t1 t1
2 k 2 5 10 14 s 1
t1 1.383 1013 s
2
¼l½ gkjsZfu;l lehdj.k&

Ea
nk nA
RT
y c mx
_.kkRed <+ky ds lkFk ljy js[kk lehdj.k
K = A.e–Ea/RT
Ea
lnK = lnA
RT
nk
–Ea Slope = –Ea/RT
m= –—–
R Intercept = lnA
nA
1/T
9. ije rki 298 K esa 10 K dh o`f) gksus ij jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dk osx nqxuq k gks tkrk gSA bl vfHkfØ;k ds
fy, Ea dh x.kuk dhft,A
Ans. rki T1 = 298 K
rki T2 = 308 K
osx fLFkjkad k2 = 2 × k1
k2 Ea T2 T1
log
k1 2.303R T1 T2
;k log 2 k1 Ea 308 298

k1 2.303 8.314 308 298
Ea 10
;k log 2
2.303R 298 308
Ea 10
;k 0.3010
2.303 8.314 91784
0.3010 2.303 8.314 91784

;k Ea =
10
;k Ea = 52897.78 J / mol
Ea = 52.9 kJ / mol
H 51
Chemistry
1. ,d vfHkfØ;k nj fuEufyf[kr izdkj ls O;Dr dh tkrh gS
1 C 1 D 1 A B
2 t 3 t 4 t t
rks vfHkfØ;k gS
(a) 4A + B 2C + 3D (b) B + 3D 4A + 2C
(c) A + B C+D (d) B + D A+C
A
2. vfHkfØ;k A + 2B 6C + 2D esa] ;fn t = 0 ij izkjafHkd nj = 2.6 × 10–2 M sec–1 gS rks t = 0 ij
t
B
dk eku D;k gksxkA
t
(a) 8.5 × 10–2 M s–1 (b) 2.6 × 10–2 M s–1 (c) 5.2 × 10–2 M s–1 (d) 7.5 × 10–2 M s–1
3. fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;k esa js[kkafdr mRikn ds fuekZ.k dh nj js[kkafdr vfHkdkjd dh foyqIr gksus dh nj ls fdl
izdkj lacaf/kr gS BrO 3 aq 5Br 1 aq 6H aq 3Br2 3H 2 O aq
BrO 3 Br2 1 BrO3 Br2

(a) (b)
t t 3 t t
BrO3 1 Br2
(c) (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
t 3 t
4. R0 =k[A]02[B]0 ,d vfHkfØ;k dk izkjfEHkd osx gSA ;fn A dh izkjfEHkd lkUnzrk 1.5 xquk rFkk B dk
lkUnzrk rhu xquk yh tk,a] rks izkjfEHkd vfHkfØ;k osx esa fdrus xquk of` ) gks tk;sxh ?
(a) 4.5 (b) 2.25 (c) 6.75 (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
5. A(g)+ B(g) C(g) ds fy, nj = k[A]1/2[B]2, ;fn A o B dh lkUnzrk Øe'k% 4 rFkk 2 xquk dj nsa rks
izkjfEHkd nj esa fdrus xquk ifjorZu gksxk &
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
6. ftl izFke dksfV dk v)Zvk;q dky 480 lsd.M gS] mldk osx fLFkjkad gS %&
(a) 1.44 × 10–3 s–1 (b) 1.44 × s–1 (c) 0.72 × 10–3 s–1 (d) 2.88 × 10–3 s–1
7. fdlh Å"ek'kks"kh vfHkfØ;k dh vfHkfØ;k dh ,UFkSYih H kJ mol–1 gSA bldh U;wure lfØ;.k ÅtkZ gksxh
(a) H ls de (b) H ls vf/kd (c) H ds cjkcj (d) 'kwU;
8. n k v/s 1/T ds e/; [khapk x;k vkjs[k ,d ljy js[kk gSA ftldk <ky gS
Ea Ea Ea Ea
(a) (b) (c) (d)

R R 2.303R 2.303R
9. vfHkfØ;k N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ij fopkj dhft,A bl vfHkfØ;k dh nj dks N2(g), H2(g) ;k
NH3(g) dh lkUærk ds inksa esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA nj O;atdksa ds e/; lgh lEcU/k crkb;s%
d N2 1 d H2 1 d NH3 d N2 3d H2 2d NH3
(a) nj = (b) nj =
dt 3 dt 2 dt dt dt dt
d N2 1 d H2 1 d NH3 d N2 d H2 d NH3
(c) nj = (d) nj =
dt 3 dt 2 dt dt dt dt
52 H
RBSE
10. gScj fof/k }kjk veksfu;k ds fuekZ.k dh vfHkfØ;k
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 esa NH3
ds izdV gksus dh nj 2.5 × 10–4 mole L–1 s–1 ekih xbZA H2 ds foyqIr gksus dh nj gksxh &
(a) 2.5 × 10–4 mol L–1 s–1 (b) 1.25 × 10–4 mol L–1 s–1
(c) 3.75 × 10–4 mol L–1 s–1 (d) 5 × 10–4 mol L–1 s–1
11. 2A + B 3C + D vfHkfØ;k ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSulk vfHkfØ;k nj dks O;Dr ugha djrk gS %
1d C d B d D 1d A
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 dt dt dt 2 dt
12. 2A(g) + B(g) mRikn] ,d izkjfEHkd vfHkfØ;k gS

mijksä fØ;k ds fy, ;fn nkc dks izkjfEHkd nkc dk rhu xquk dj nsa rks vxz fØ;k dk osx igys osx dk-------gks
tk;sxk%
1 1
(a) 9 xquk (b) 27 xquk (c) xquk (d) xquk
9 27
13. vfHkfØ;k H2(g) + Br2(g) 2HBr(g) ds fy, izk;ksfxd ekuksa ds vuqlkj nj = K [H2] [Br2]½ gSA bl
vfHkfØ;k ds fy, dksfV gS &
1 1
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
2 2
14. ,d inh; vfHkfØ;k 2A + B 2C ds fy, nj fu;e fn;k tkrk gS &

(a) nj = K[A][B] (b) nj = K[A]2[B] (c) nj = K[2A][B] (d) nj = K[A]2[B]
15. A+B mRikn izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k ds fy, ;g ik;k x;k fd A dh lkUærk nqxuh djus ij vfHkfØ;k dh
nj pkj xquk gks tkrh gS ysfdu B dh ek=kk nqxuq h djus ij vfHkfØ;k dh nj ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rk gSA nj
lehdj.k gS &
(a) nj = K [A][B] (b) nj = K [A]2 (c) nj = K[A]2[B] (d) nj = K[A]2[B]2
16. izFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k dk nj fLFkjkad fuHkZj djrk gS %&
(a) fØ;kdkjd dh lkUnzrk ij (b) mRikn dh lkUnzrk ij
(c) le; ij (d) rki ij
d P 2
17. vfHkfØ;k A + 2B mRikn (P) ds fy, nj fu;e K A B . fn;k tkrk gSA ;fn A dks vf/kdrk es
dt
ys fy;k tk, rks vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV gksxh &
(a) 'kwU; (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
18. ,LVj dk vEyh; ty vi?kVu gS &

(a) Nn~e izFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k (b) f}rh;dksfV vfHkfØ;k
(c) f=kv.kqd vfHkfØ;k (d) dFku lgh
19. 'kwU; dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k ds fy, K, 2 × 10–2 mol L–1s–1 gSA ;fn fØ;kdkjd dh lkUærk 25 lSd.M i'pkr
0.5 M gS rks izkjfEHkd lkUærk gksuh pkfg, &
(a) 0.5 M (b) 1.25 M (c) 12.5 M (d) 1.0 M
H 53
Chemistry
20. ;fn izFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k esa xSlh; fØ;kdkjd vkSj xSlh; mRikn gSaA bldh nj dh bdkbZ gS &
(a) atm (b) atm s (c) atm s–1 (d) atm2 s2
21. log(a – x) vkSj le; t ds e/; xzkQ lh/kh js[kk gSA ;g crkrk gS fd vfHkfØ;k gS &
(a) f}rh; dksfV dh (b) izFke dksfV dh
(c) 'kwU; dksfV dh (d) r`rh; dksfV dh
22. ,d izFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k 32 feuV esa 75% iw.kZ gksrh gSA leku vfHkfØ;k 50% dc iw.kZ gksxh&
(a) 24 min (b) 16 min (c) 8 min (d) 4 min
23. ,d izFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k ds fy, v/kZvk;qdky 69.3 s gSA fØ;kdkjdksa dh 0.10 mol L–1 lkUærk ij nj
gksxh &
(a) 10–4 M s–1 (b) 10–3 M s–1 (c) 10–1 M s–1 (d) 6.93 × 10–1 M s–1
24. vfHkfØ;k ftldh nj r = k (nj fu;rkad) ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSulk dFku vlR; gSA
(a) vfHkfØ;k dh nj vfHkdkjd dh lkUnzrk ij fuHkZj ugha djrh gSA
(b) vfHkfØ;k dk v)Zvk;qdky t1/2 vfHkdkjd dh lkUnzrk ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA
(c) nj fu;rkad vfHkdkjd dh lkanzrk ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA
(d)mijksDr nj fu;e 'kwU; dksfV vfHkfØ;k dk gksA
25. fuEu esa ls dkSulk xzkQ izFke dksfV dks iznf'kZr djrk gS %&
(a) log (a-x) (b) log (a-x)

t 1/t
(c) t1/2 (d) 1 rFkk 3 nksuksa

a
26. ,d vfHkfØ;k dh lfØ;.k ÅtkZ gS &

(a) vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku fudyus okyh ÅtkZ
(b) mRié ÅtkZ tc lfØf;r ladj curk gSA
(c) vfHkfØ;k ds ÅtkZ vojks/k dks ikj djus ds fy, vko';d U;wure ÅtkZ
(d) ,d eksy mRikn cukus ds fy, vko';d ÅtkZ
27. jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ds fy, v.kqvksa ds fy, U;wure ÅtkZ dgykrh gSA
(a) xfrt ÅtkZ (b) fLFkfrt ÅtkZ (c) nsgyh ÅtkZ (d) lfØ;.k ÅtkZ
28. jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k fØ;kdkjd v.kqvksa ds e/; VDdj ds QyLo:i gksrh gSA blfy, vfHkfØ;k dh nj nh
tkrh gS &
(a) bdkbZ vk;ru esa izfr lSd.M gksus okyh dqy VDdjksa dh la[;k
(b) v.kqvksa dh la[;k ftudh ÅtkZ nsgyh ÅtkZ ls de gksrh gSA
(c) izHkkoh VDdjksa dh dqy la[;k
(d) rki
54 H
RBSE
29. rki c<+kus ij vfHkfØ;k dh nj cgqr c<+ tkrh gS D;skafd &
(a) la?kV~Vksa dh la[;k c<+us ls (b) lfØ;r v.kqvksa dh la[;k c<+us ls
(c) lfØ;.k ÅtkZ de gkssus ls (d) ek/; eqDr iFk de gksus ls
30. fdl vfHkfØ;k dh nj rki ds lkFk c<+rh gS &
(a) fdlh Hkh vfHkfØ;k dh (b) Å"ek{ksih vfHkfØ;k dh
(c) Å"ek'kks"kh vfHkfØ;k dh (d) Kkr ugh dj ldrs gS
31. vkjsfu;l lehdj.k ds vuqlkj nj fu;rkad ds y?kqxq.kd (log k) dk fdlds lkFk xzkQ [khapus ij lh/kh js[kk
izkIr gksrh gS %&
(a) T (b) log T (c) 1 T (d) log 1 T
32. ,d vfHkfØ;k dh nj 2.3 xquk c<+ tkrh gS] tc rki 300 K ls 310 K rd c<+k;k tkrk gSA ;fn 300 K ij
nj fu;rkad K gS rks 310 K ij nj fu;rkad gksxk &
(a) 2 k (b) k (c) 2.3 k (d) 3 k2
33. izFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k dk nj fu;rkad fuHkZj djrk gS&
(a) fØ;kdkjdksa dh lkUnzrk ij (b) mRikn dh lkUnzrk ij
(c) le; ij (d) rki ij
34. izHkkoh VDdj ds fy,] Vdjkus okys v.kqvksa esa gksuk vko';d gS:-
(a) ,d fuf'pr U;wure ÅtkZ
(b) nsgyh ÅtkZ ds cjkcj ;k vf/kd ÅtkZ
(c) lgh vfHkfoU;kl
(d) nsgyh ÅtkZ] lkFk gh lkFk VDdj dk lgh vfHkfoU;kl
35. ,d jklk;fud lehdj.k ds fy, lfØ;.k mtkZ dk eku fuHkZj djrk gS %&
(a) rki ij
(b) fØ;kdkjd dh izd`fr ij
(c) fØ;kdkjd dh lkUnzrk ij
(d) la?kV~V vko`fÙk ij
36. vfHkfØ;k A + B mRikn] ds fy, ;g izsf{kr fd;k x;k fd :-

(a) ek=kk A dh izkjfEHkd lkUærk nqxquk djus ij] vfHkfØ;k nj Hkh nqxquh gks tkrh gS rFkk
(b) A rFkk B nksuksa dh gh izkjfEHkd lkUærk nqxquk dj nsus ij] vfHkfØ;k dh nj esa 8 xquk ifjorZu gks tkrk
gSA
bl vfHkfØ;k dh nj fuEu }kjk nh tk;sxh %
(a) nj = k[A][B] (b) nj = k[A]2[B] (c) nj = k[A][B]2 (d) nj = k[A]2[B]2
H 55
Chemistry
37. izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k ds fy, ;fn osx fu;rkad k gks rks vfHkfØ;k ds 99% dks iwjk djus ds fy, vko';d
le; (t) blds }kjk fn;k tk;sxk :-
(a) t = 0.693/k (b) t = 6.909/k (c) t = 4.606/k (d) t = 2.303/k
38. jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ds la?kV~V fl)kar esa] ZAB O;Dr djrk gS
(a) Ea ls vf/kd ÅtkZvksa okys v.kqvksa dk va'k
(b) A vkSj B vfHkdkjdksa dh la?kV~V vko`fÙk
(c) f=kfoe foU;kl dkjd
(d) Ea ds cjkcj ÅtkZvksa okys v.kqvksa dk va'k
ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. a c c c c a b a a c
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. a b b b b d b a d c
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. b b b b d c c c b a
Q. No. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Ans. c c d d b c c b
56 H
RBSE
1. O;atd k 2.303 log [R]0 dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k dk lekdfyr osx lehdj.k gS & (RBSE 2023)
t [R]
(a) 'kwU; dksfV (b) izFke dksfV (c) f}rh; dksfV (d) r`rh; dksfV
Ans. (b)
2. le; ds fdlh {k.k ij osx O;Dr djus ds fy, ________ Kkr fd;k tkrk gS & (RBSE 2023)
(a) izkjafHkd osx (b) rkR{kf.kd osx (c) vkSlr osx (d) ekud osx
Ans. (b)
3. tc feyk;k x;k inkFkZ vfHkfØ;k dh nj dks de djrk gS] rks mRizsjd ds LFkku ij mls ______ dgrs
gSA (RBSE 2023)
Ans. _.kkRed mRizsjd
4. izkd`frd ,oa d`f=ke ukfHkdh; ¼js fM;ks,sfDVo½ {k; dh dksfV fyf[k,A (RBSE 2023)
Ans. Ist order
5. izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k ds fy, ln [R] ,oa t ds e/; vkys[k gS & (RBSE 2022)
(A) ln [R] (B) ln [R]
t t
(C) ln [R] (D) ln [R]
t t
Ans. (A)
6. 'kwU; dks fV dh vfHkfØ;k ds fy, osx fLFkjkad dh bdkbZ fyf[k,A (RBSE 2022)
–1 –1
Ans. Mol lit sec
7. (i) vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
(ii) osx fLFkjkad ij vfHkfØ;k dh lkUnzrk ds izHkko dks le>kb,A
(iii) ,d izFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k ds fy, 500 K rFkk 600 K ij osx fLFkjkad Øe'k% 0.03 s–1 rFkk
0.06 s–1 gks] rks lfØ;.k ÅtkZ dh x.kuk dhft,A
[R = 8.314 JK–1 mol–1, log 2 = 0.3010] (RBSE 2022)
vFkok
(i) vfHkfØ;k dh vkf.odrk dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A
(ii) vfHkfØ;k ds osx ij mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr dh izHkko dks le>kb,A

(iii) 300 K ij ,d izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k esa vfHkdkjd dh izkjafHkd lkUnzrk 1.0 × 10–2 mol L–1 Fkh]
tks 30 feuV i'pkr ?kVdj 0.5 × 10–2 mol L–1 jg xbZA 300 K ij vfHkfØ;k ds osx fLFkjkad
dh x.kuk dhft,A [log 2 = 0.3010]
Ans. (i) osx fu;e O;atd esa vfHkdkjdksa dh lkUnzrkvksa dh ?kkrksa dk ;ksx vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV dgykrk gSA
vfHkfØ;k aA + bB mRikn
ds fy, osx fu;e osx = k[A]x[B]y
H 57
Chemistry
(ii) osx fLFkjkad] vfHkdkjd dh lkUnzrk ij fuHkZj ugh djrk gSA
k2 2.303 T2 T1 .303 600 500
(iii) log log
k1 Ea T1 T2 Ea 500 600
2.303 100 2.303 100
log 2 Ea J
Ea 300000 0.3010 3000
;k
(i) fdlh izkFkfed vfHkfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus okys v.kqvks]a ijek.kqvksa ;k vk;uksa ¼fØ;k'khy Lih'kht½ dh
dqy la[;k] vfHkfØ;k dh v.kqla[;rk@v.kqdrk dgykrh gSA
(ii) mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr esa vfHkfØ;k dh Ea ?kVrh gS rFkk vfHkfØ;k osx c<+rk gSA
2.303 9 2.303 9
(iii) k log k log
t a x t a x
2.303 2 0.693 0.693
k log10 k= k
30 30 30
2.303 0.3010
k k = 0.0231 sq–1
30
8. (a) fdlh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ds fy, v/kkZ;q dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A (RBSE 2020)
(b) vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV ,oa v.kqla[;rk esa dksbZ nks varj fyf[k,A
(c) A B vfHkfØ;k ds fy,] vfHkdkjd dh lkanzrk 0.05 M ls 20 feuV esa ifjofrZr gksdj 0.03 M gks
tkrh gSA vkSlr osx dh x.kuk lsadM rFkk feuV nksuksa bdkb;ksa esa dhft,A
vFkok
(a) izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A
(b) vfHkfØ;k osx ,oa fof'k"V vfHkfØ;k osx esa foHksn dhft,A
(c) IySfVue lrg ij NH3 dk vi?kVu 'kwU; dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k gSA N2 ,oa H2 ds mRiknu dh nj D;k
gksxh tc osx fLFkjkad dk eku 1.5 × 10–4 mol L–1 S–1 gks\
Ans. (a) le; ftlesa vfHkdkjd dh izkjfEHkd ek=kk dk vk/kk Hkkx iz;qDr gksrk gSA
(b) 1. vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV ,d izk;ksfxd in gSA tcfd
v.kqla[;rk ,d lS)kfUrd in gSA
2. vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV 'kwU;] /kukRed] _.kkRed ;k fHkUukRed gks ldrh gSA tcfd
v.kqla[;rk ,d iw.kk±d (1, 2 ;k 3) gks ldrh gS ijarq 'kwU;] _.kkRed ;k fHkUukRed ughaA
(c) A B
[A1] = 0.05
[A2] = 0.03
t = 20 min
[A] [A 2 ] [A1 ] 0.03 0.05 0.02
vkSlr nj = – 1.6 10 5
mol L 1 sec 1
t t 20 60 1200
0.03 0.05 0.02
=– 0.001 mol lit 1 min 1
20 min 20 min
= 1 × 10–3 mol –1
min–1
58 H
RBSE
vFkok
(a) vfHkfØ;k,a ftuesa vfHkfØ;k dk osx vfHkdkjd dh lkUnzrk ds lekuqikrh gksrk gS] izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k,a
dgykrh gSaA
(b) vfHkfØ;k dk osx osx fu;rkad
fØ;kdkjh inkFkks± dh lkUærk esa bdkbZ le; esa fØ;kdkjdksa dh lkUærk bdkbZ gksus ij vfHkfØ;k dk
1
gksus okys ifjorZu dks vfHkfØ;k dk osx dgrs gSAa osx gh fof'k"V vfHkfØ;k osx fu;rkad dgykrk gSA
2 ;g fØ;kdkjdksa dh lkUærk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g fØ;kdkjdksa dh lkUærk ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA
3 bls fdlh Hkh le; Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fØ;kdkjdksa dh bdkbZ lkUærk gksus ij Kkr djrs gSaA
tSls&tSls vfHkfØ;k iw.kZ gksrh gS] oSls&oSls vfHkfØ;k ds iw.kZ gksus ij Hkh osx fu;rkad dk eku
4
vfHkfØ;k dk osx ?kVrk tkrk gSA fu;r jgrk gSA
5 Unit : mol L–1 sec–1 Unit : dksfV ds vuqlkj cnyrh gSA
(c) 2NH3 N2 + 3H2
1 d[NH3 ] d[N 2 ] 1 d[H 2 ]

vfHkfØ;k dh nj (r) =
2 dt dt 3 dt
nj (r) = K[NH3]° = K ( 'kwU; dksfV vfHkfØ;k)
= 1.5 × 10–4
d[N 2 ]
= r = 1.5 × 10–4 mol lit–1s–1
dt
d(H2 )
= 3r = 3 × 1.5 × 10–4 = 4.5 × 10–4 mol lit–1sec–1
dt
9. ,d jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dk osx fu;rkad 1.72 × 10–4 s–1 gSA vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV Kkr fdft,A(RBSE 2019)
Sol. izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k
10. nsgyh ÅtkZ dks ifjHkkf"kr fdft,A (RBSE 2019)
Sol. nsgyh ÅtkZ og U;qure ÅtkZ gksrh gS tks Vdjkus okys v.kqvksa dh izHkkoh VDdj ds fy;s vko';d gksrh gSA
11. ,d izFke dksfV dh vfHkfØ;k esa 20% fo;kstu gksus esa 40 feuV yxrs gSaA v/kkZ;q dh x.kuk dhft,A
(log1010 = 1, log102 = 0.3010) (RBSE 2019)
2.303 100
Sol. K log
40 80
2.303 100
K log
t1/ 2 80
2.303 10
K log
40 8
2.303
K l og 2
t 50
2.303 2.303
log10 3 log 2 l og 2
40 t 50
H 59
Chemistry
1 3 0.3 0.3
40 t 50
0.1 0.3
40 t 50
t50 = 3 × 40
t50 = 120 min.
12. (A) vfHkfØ;k dh dksfV dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A

(B) la?kV~V fl)kUr ds vuqlkj] fdlh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k gsrq nks eq[; vojks/kdksa ds uke fyf[k,A
(C) n'kkZb, fd izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k ds 99.9% iw.kZ gksus es yxk le; v/kkZ;q dk 10 xquk gksrk gS (log 10 = 1)
vFkok
(A) vfHkfØ;k dh v.kqla[;rk dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A
(B) la?kV~V fl)kUr ds vuqlkj] mu nks dkjdks ds uke fyf[k, tks rki c<+kus ij vfHkfØ;k ds osx dks
c<+krs gSA
(C) n'kkZ, fd ,d izFke dksfV vfHkfØ;k ds 75% iw.kZ gksus esa yxk le; v/kkZ;q dk nks xquk gksrk gS
(log 2 = 0.3010) (RBSE 2018)
Ans. (A) fdlh vfHkfØ;k ds osx lehdj.k esa vfHkdkjdksa dh lkUærk ds inks dh ?kkrkadksa dk ;ksx vfHkfØ;k dh
dksfV dgykrh gSA
(B) (i) vfHkdkjd v.kqvksa ds e/; izHkkoh VDdjs
(ii) VDdj ds le; lgh vfHkfoU;kl
2.303 [A]0
(C) K log
t [A]
2.303 100 2.303 100

K log = log
t 99.9 (100 99.9) t 99.9 0.1
2.303
K= log 1000
t 99.9
2.303 2.303 3
K= log 10 3 = log 10 .................(1)
t 99.9 t 99.9
2.303 3
K= log 2 .................(2)
t10
lehdj.k (1) ,oa (2) nks ls

99.9 3 3
10
t 30 log 2 .3
60 H
RBSE
vFkok
(A) vfHkfØ;k ds fdlh in esa Hkkx ysus okys v.kqvksa dh dqy la[;k] vfHkfØ;k dh v.kqla[;rk dgykrh gSA
(B) rki c<+kus ij
(i) VDdj vko`fÙk c<+rh gSA ftlls vfHkfØ;k dh nj c<+rh gSA
r Z
(ii) lfØ;r v.kqvksa dh la[;k c<+us ij vfHkfØ;k dh nj c<+rh gSA
Na Ea / RT
e
N0
2.303 [A]0
(C) K log
t [A]
2.303 100
K= log
t 100 75
2.303 100
K= log
t 25
2.303
K= log 4 {log 4 = 0.6020
t
2.303
K= 0.602
t
1.386 1.386
or t ....(1)
t k
0.693
t1/ 2 ....(2)
K
lehdj.k (1) esa (2) dk Hkkx nsus ij
t 1.386 K
t 1/ 2 K 0.693
t
2 ; t = 2 × t1/2
t1/ 2
H 61
Chemistry
CHAPTER–4 : d vkSj f-CykWd ds rRo

UNIT INDEX
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
d–CykWd ds rRo
• og rRo ftldk ijek.kq vk| voLFkk esa vFkok fdlh ,d lkekU; vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk ds vk;u esa vkaf'kd :i
ls Hkjs gq, d-midks'k j[krk gks] vFkkZr] d-midks'k esa 1 ls 9 rd bysDVªkWu j[krk gks] laØe.k rRo dgykrk gSA
• oxZ 12 (ftad oxZ) rRo esa vk| voLFkk esa ,oa lkekU; vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk esa iw.kZ Hkjs d-d{kd gksrs gSA blfy,
bUgsa laØe.k rRo ugha dgrs gSA
1–10 1–2
• d- CykWd ds rRoksa dk lkekU; bysDVªkWfud foU;kl (n–1) d ns gksrk gSaA
• Zn, Cd vkSj Hg laØe.k rRo dh Jsf.k;ksa esa lfEefyr gS fdarq bUgs laØe.k rRo ugha dgk tkrk D;ksfa d buds
d-d{kd iw.kZ :i ls Hkjs gksrs gSA ¼budk lkekU; bysDVªkfW ud foU;kl (n – 1) d10ns2 gSA½
• laØe.k /kkrq,a vfr dBksj rFkk vYi ok"i'khy gksrh gSA blfy, os mPp ijek.ohdj.k dh ,UFkSYih j[krs gSA
• mPp ijek.ohdj.k dh ,UFkSYih j[kus okyh /kkrq;sa budh vfHkfØ;kvksa esa mRd`"V jgus dh izo`fr j[krh gSA
• d&CykWd rRoksa ds xyukad o DoFkukad s-CykWd rRoksa dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrs gSA
dkj.k % mifLFkr v;qfXer d-bysDVªkWuksa }kjk izcy /kkfRod cU/k dk fuekZ.kA
• Zn, Cd, Hg esa d-d{kd esa v;qfXer bysDVªkWu vuqifLFkr gksus ds dkj.k] lgla;kstd cU/k ugha curs blfy,
budk xyukad o DoFkukad viuh Js.kh esa U;wure gSA vr% Zn, Cd, ,oa Hg ok"i'khy rRo dgykrs gSaA
• 3d Js.kh esa] igys Sc ls Cr rd xyukad o DoFkukad o`f) mlds i'pkr Mn ls Zn rd esa deh vkrh gSA
• vuqpqEcdh; inkFkZ % ,sls ;kSfxd tks pqEcdh; {ks=k }kjk vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa mUgs vuqpqEcdh; inkFkZ dgrs gSA
buds ijek.oh; d{kdksa esa v;qfXer bysDVªksuksa dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k ;g xq.k/keZ izdV gksrk gSA
• pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ bysDVªkuW ksa ds pØ.k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ;g fuEu lEcU/k }kjk Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gS
= n (n 2) B.M. n = v;qfXer bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k
• vUrjkdk'kh ;kSfxdksa dk fuekZ.k (FORMATION OF INTERSTITIAL COMPOUNDS):
laØe.k /kkrq,sa gkbMªkstu] cksjkWu] dkcZu ,oe~ ukbVªkstu tSls rRoksa ds lkFk vUrjkdk'kh ;kSfxd cukrh gSA bu
v/kkfRod rRoksa (H, B, C, N, bR;kfn) dk NksVk vkdkj gksus ds dkj.k ;s rRo laØe.k /kkrq ijek.kqvksa ds
tkydksa ds fjDr LFkkuksa esa O;ofLFkr jgrs gSa tSlk fd uhps fp=k esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS %
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\ d & f-Block Element
e.g. WC, Fe3C, TiH1.30 – 1.80, VH0.56, Mn4N etc.

xq.k/keZ (1) ;s lkekU;r;k vlehdj.kferh; gksrs gSA
(2) u rks ;g izk:ih :i ls vk;fud gksrs gS u gh izk:ih :i ls lgla;ksth gksrs gSA
(3) 'kq) /kkrq dh rqyuk esa dBksj gksrs gSaA
(4) 'kq) /kkrq dh rqyuk esa mPp xyukad gksrk gSA
(5) os /kkfRod pkydrk dks lqjf{kr j[krs gSA
(6) os jklk;fud :i ls vfØ; gksrs gSaA
62 H
RBSE
• mRizsjdh; xq.k/keZ (CATALYTIC PROPERTIES):
vf/kdka'k laØe.k /kkrq;sa rFkk buds ;kSfxd fofHkUu jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa esa vPNs mRizsjd dh Hkkafr dk;Z djrs
gSa D;ksafd
(i) ifjorZu'khy vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk
(ii) /kkrq dh lrg ij eqDr la;kstdrk dh mifLFkfr ¼vf/k'kks"k.k {kerk½
(iii) fjDr d-d{kdksa dh mifLFkfr
• feJ /kkrq fuekZ.k (ALLOY FORMATION):
(i) feJ/kkrq lekaxh Bksl foy;u gksrh gSa ftlesa ,d /kkrq ds ijek.kq nwljh /kkrq ds ijek.kqvksa ds e/; ;kn`fPNd
:i ls forfjr jgrs gSA
(ii) lkekU;r;k feJ/kkrq,sa mu ijek.kqvksa }kjk curh gSa ftudh /kkfRod f=kT;k esa vUrj yxHkx 15% gksrk gSA
(iii) laØe.k /kkrq,sa vf/kd la[;k esa feJ /kkrq,sa cukrh gS D;ksfa d laØe.k /kkrqvksa dk ijek.kq vkdkj yxHkx leku
gksrk gS] vr% fØLVy tkyd esa mifLFkr /kkrq ijek.kq ,d&nwljs dks izfrLFkkfir dj ldrs gSA
(iv) bl izdkj fufeZr feJ /kkrq,sa cgqr dBksj gksrh gS rFkk buds xyukad lkekU;r;k mPp gksrs gSA
(v) 1. Bronze - Cu (75-90 %) + Sn (10-25 %)
2. Brass - Cu (60-80 %) +Zn (20-40%)
f-CykWd ds rRo
• rRo ftuesa vafre bysDVªkWu (n – 2) f d{kd esa izos'k djrk gS vUr% laØe.k rRo ;k f-CykWd rRo dgykrs gSaA
• f-CykWd ds rRo nks Jsf.k;ksa ySUFksukW;M (Ce58 – Lu71), ,fDVukbM (Th90 – Lr103) ls lEcfU/kr gSA
• ySUFksukW;M fØ;k'khy rRo gksrs gSA vr% izÑfr esa Lora=k voLFkk esa ugha ik;s tkrs gSA
• ySUFksukW;M dk lkekU; foU;kl [Xe] 4f1–145s25p65d0–16s2 gksrk gSA
• dsoy Pm gh Ñf=ke jsfM;ks,fDVo ySUFksukW;M gSA
• ySUFksukW;M Js.kh dh lcls LFkk;h voLFkk +3 gSA
• Ce, Tb, Nd, Dy, Pr +4 vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk Hkh iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
• Sm, Eu, Tm rFkk Yb +2 vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk Hkh iznf'kZr djrs gSaA
+4
• Ce ,d izcy vkWDlhdkjd gS tcfd Eu+2 ,d izcy vipk;d gSA
• ysUFksukbM vk;u ds 4f d{kd esa v;qfXer bysDVªkuW gksrs gSaA vr% ;s vk;u n`'; {ks=k ls izdk'k dks vo'kksf"kr
djrs gSa vkSj ds lkFk f–f laØe.k n'kkZrs gSaA bl izdkj ;s jax iznf'kZr djrs gSA
• ySUFksukW;M ladqpu (Lanthanide contraction):
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\d & f-Block Element
ySUFksukW;M Js.kh esa ijek.kq Øekad ds c<+us ds lkFk&lkFk ysUFksue ls Y;wVhf'k;e ;k La+3 ls Lu+3 rd vkdkj
esa deh gksrh gSA vkdkj esa ;g ladqpu] ySUFksukW;M ladqpu dgykrk gSA
• ySUFksukW;M ladqpu ds vuqiz;ksx (Applications of lanthanide contraction):
ijek.kq vkdkj% Zr+4 dh vk;fud f=kT;k Ti+4 ls yxHkx 9% vf/kd gSA ;g Øe nwljh ls rhljh laØe.k
Js.kh esa tkus ij ugha cuk jgrk Hf+4 dh vk;fud f=kT;k 9% c<+us dh ctk; ?kVrh gSA ;g ysUFksukbM ladqpu
ds QyLo:i f}rh; vkSj r`rh; laØe.k Js.kh ds lnL;ksa ds e/; igys o nwljs Js.kh ds rRoksa ds e/; dh rqyuk
esa vf/kd lekurk dks le>krk gSA
H 63
Chemistry
gkbMªksDlkbM dh {kkjh; izd`fr% gkbMªksDlkbMksa dh {kkjh; izd`fr yxkrkj ?kVrh gSA
ySUFksukW;M ds xq.kksa esa lekurk% vkdkj esa de vUrj ds dkj.k ySUFksukW;M ds jklk;fud xq.k leku gksrs
gSa rFkk budks i`Fkd djuk dfBu gksrk gSA
1–14 0–1 2
• ,sfDVukW;M dk lkekU; bysDVªkfud foU;kl 5f 6d ,7s fn;k x;k gSA
• ,fDVukW;Mksa esa rRoksa dh lokZf/kd lkekU; vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk +3 gSA
• ,sfDVukW;Mksa esa vkWDlhdj.k voLFkkvksa dh cM+h ijkl gksrh gS bldk dkj.k 5f, 6d rFkk 7s ÅtkZ Lrjksa ds e/;
cgqr de ÅtkZ vUrj gksuk gSA
• ,fDVukW;Mksa esa mPprj vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk +7 gS tks Np93 vkSj Pu94, }kjk iznf'kZr gksrh gS] tks vLFkk;h gksrh
gSA
• lokZf/kd LFkk;h vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk + 6 gS tks 92U n'kkZrk gSA
64 H
RBSE
1. flYoj ijek.kq dh ewy voLFkk esa iw.kZ Hkfjr d d{kd (4d10) gSaA vki dSls dg ldrs gSa fd ;g ,d laØe.k rRo
gS\
Ans. flYoj (Z = 47) + 2 vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk iznf'kZr dj ldrk gS ftlesa mlds 4d-d{kd viw.kZ Hkjs gq;s gSa] vr%
;g laØe.k rRo gSA
2. Js.kh Sc (Z = 21) ls Zn (Z = 30) esa] ftad dh d.ku ,UFkSYih dk eku lcls de gksrk gS] vFkkZr~ 126 kJ mol-1
D;ksa\
Ans. ftad ds bysDVªkWfud foU;kl esa v;qfXer bysDVªku
W mifLFkr ugha gksrs gSa vr% Zn ds 3d-d{kdksa ds bysDVªkuW
/kkfRod cU/k cukus esa iz;qDr ugha gksrs gSa tcfd 3d-Js.kh ds 'ks"k lHkh /kkrqvksa ds d-d{kdksa ds bysDVªkWu /kkfRod
cU/k cukus esa iz;qDr gksrs gSaA blh dkj.k Zn esa /kkfRod cU/k detksj gksrs gSa ftlls budh d.ku ,UFkSYih dk
eku lcls de gks tkrk gSA
3. laØe.k rRoksa dh 3d-Js.kh dk dkSu&lk rRo cM+h la[;k eas vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk,¡ n'kkZrk gS ,oa D;ksa \
Ans. Mn (Z = 25) = ds ijek.kq eas lokZf/kd v;qfXer bysDVªkWu ik;s tkrs gSa vr% ;g +2 ls +7 rd dh vkWDlhdj.k
voLFkk dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] tks fd lcls cM+h la[;k gSA
4. dkWij ds fy;s E0(Mn 2
/M)
dk eku /kukRed (+0.34V) gSA blds lEHkkfor dkj.k D;k gSa \
Ans. fdlh /kkrq dk ekud bysDVªksM foHko E 0(M2 /M)

fuEufyf[kr ,UFkSfYi;ksa esa gksus okys ifjorZu ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA
1. M (S) Ha
M (g ) ( sHa = ijekf.od ,UFkSYih)
2. M (g ) I.E. 2
M (g) (I.E. = vk;uu ,UFkSYih)
2 Hhyd 2
3. M (g) (aq) M (aq) ( hyd
= ty;kstu ,UFkSYih dkWij dh ijekf.od ,UFkSYih mPp ijUrq
ty;kstu ,UFkSYih dk eku de gksrk gSA blh dkj.k bu rhuksa ,UFkSfYi;ksa dk ;ksx /kukRed vkrk gS vkSj
E 0(Cu /Cu) dk eku /kukRed gks tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd Cu(s) ds Cu2+,(aq) esa :ikUrj.k
2
0
dh mPp ÅtkZ bldh ty;kstu ,uFkSYih }kjk lUrqfyr ugha gks ikrh vkSj ekud vip;u foHko E (M 2
/M)
dk eku /kukRed gks tkrk gSA

5. laØe.k rRoksa dh izFke Js.kh esa vk;uu ,UFkSYih ¼izFke vkSj f}rh;½ esa vfu;fer ifjorZu dks vki dSls
le>k;saxs \
Ans. laØe.k rRoksa dh izFke Js.kh esa vk;uu ,UFkSYih ¼izFke vkSj f}rh;½ esa vfu;fer ifjorZu fofHkUu 3d–foU;klksa ds
LFkkf;Ro dh {kerk esa fHkUurk ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ij d0, d5 rFkk d10 foU;kl vlkekU; :i ls LFkk;h gksrs gSa
,oa budh vk;uu ,UFkSYih dkQh mPp gksrh gSA
6. dksbZ /kkrq viuh mPpre vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk dsoy vkWDlkbM vFkok ¶yqvksjkbM esa gh D;ksa iznf'kZr djrh gS\
Ans. vkWDlhtu ,oa ¶yqvksjhu nksuksa gh NksVs vkdkj ds gksrs gSAa budh fo|qr&_.kkRedrk Hkh vf/kd gksrh gS] blh
dkj.k ;s nksuksa /kkrqvksa dks mudh mPp vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk rd vkWDlhd`r dj ldrs gSaA
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Chemistry
7. Cr2+ ,oa Fe2+ esa ls dkSu izcy vipk;d gS] vkSj D;ksa ?
Ans. Fe2+ dh rqyuk esa Cr2+ ,d izcy vipk;d inkFkZ gS] D;ksfa d Cr2+ ls Cr3+ ds cuus esa d4 d3 esa ifjorZu gksrk gS
fdUrq Fe2+ ls Fe3+ esa d6 d5 esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA ty tSls ek/;e esa d5 esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA ty tSls ek/;e esa
d5 dh rqyuk esa d3 vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gS D;ksafd d3 foU;kl esa t2g d{kd v)ZHkfjr gksrs gSaA
8. M2+(aq) vk;u (Z = 27) ds fy, ^pØ.k&ek=k* pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ dh x.kuk dhft,A

Ans. M(27) = 1s2, 2s22p6, 3s23p6,4s23d7
M2+ = 1s2, 2s22p6, 3s23p63d7
M2+ = [Ar]3d7
blesa rhu v;qfXer bysDVªkWu gSaA
îzpØ.k ek=k* pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ
3d7 =
i.e., 3 unpaired electrons

n=3
n(n 2) µ
3(3 2) µ
15 µ
µ 4 BM
9. Li"V dhft, fd Cu+ vk;u tyh; foy;u esa LFkk;h ugha gS] D;ksa \ le>kb,A
Ans. Cu+(aq) ls Cu2+(aq) vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA D;ksafd dkWij dh f}rh; vk;uu ÅtkZ dk eku vf/kd gksrk gSA ijUrq
Cu+ (aq)
ds fy, ( Hty;kstu) ty;kstu ,UFkSYih dk eku Cu+(aq) dh rqyuk esa vf/kd _.kkRed gksrk gS] blfy,
ty;kstu ,UFkSYih dkWij dh f}rh; vk;uu ,UFkSYih ls gksus okyh {kfr dh iwfrZ dj nsrh gSA vr% vusd dkWij
(I) ;kSfxd tyh; foy;u esa vLFkk;h gksrs gSa rFkk fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;k ds vuqlkj vlekuqikru iznf'kZr djrs
gSa
Cu+(aq) Cu2+(aq) + Cu(s)
,oa Cu2+ mi;qDr dkj.kksa ls vR;f/kd LFkk;h gks tkrk gSA

10. Mn2+ ds ;kSfxd Fe2+ ds ;kSfxd dh rqyuk esa +3 voLFkk ds lkis{k vf/kd LFkk;h gksrs gSA D;ksa ?
Ans. Mn2+ dk bysDVªkWfud foU;kl [Ar]18 3d5. (v)Ziwfjr)

Fe2+ dk bysDVªkWfud foU;kl [Ar]18 3d6 (,d e– R;kxus ds i'pkr~ v)Ziwfjr foU;kl izkIr dj ysrk gSA)
11. fdl vk/kkj ij izFke laØe.k Js.kh ds rRoksa dh vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk dk LFkkf;Ro foU;kl ds }kjk fu/kkZfjr
fd;k tkrk gSA vius mÙkj dks mnkgj.k ls le>kb;sA
Ans. laØe.k Js.kh ds izFke v)ZHkkx ds rRoksa ds }kjk ,d ls vf/kd izdkj dh vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk iznf'kZr gksrh gSA
Mn vf/kdre la[;k ls vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk (+2 ls +7) iznf'kZr djrk gSA +2 vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk dk LFkkf;Ro
ijek.kq Øekad ds lkFk c<+rk gSA ;g ?kVuk d-d{kd esa vf/kd bysDVªkWu ds Hkjus ls gksrh gSA
66 H
RBSE
12. ysUFksuk;M ladqpu D;k gS ? rFkk ysUFksuk;M ladqpu ds D;k izHkko gSA
Ans. ;fn ge ysUFksuk;M Js.kh esa tkrs gSA rks ijek.kq Øekad ,d ls c<+rk gSA bldk rkRi;Z fd ,d ijek.kq esa
mifLFkr bysDVªkWu rFkk izksVkWu ,d ls c<+rs gSA rFkk bysDVªkuW ,d dks'k esa tqM+rk gSA vkSj izHkkoh ukfHkdh;
vkos'k c<+rk gSA ;g blfy;s gksrk gSA D;ksafd ukfHkdh; vkdZ"k.k ,d izksVkWu ds tqM+us ls vf/kd izHkkoh gksrk gSA
,d bysDVªkWu ds tqM+us ds dkj.k vUrjk bysDVªkWfud izfrd"kZ.k 4f d{kd esa bysDVªkWu dh la[;k ls c<+rk gSA 4f
bysDVªkuW nqcy
Z ifjj{k.k izHkko n'kkZrs gSA bl izdkj izHkkoh ukfHkdh; vkos'k ckáre bysDVªkWu ij c<+rk gSA rFkk
ckáre dks'k bysDVªkWu ij ukfHkfd; vkdZ"k.k c<+rk gSA ftlds ifj.kke esa ysUFksukbM dk vkdkj ijek.kq Øekad
esa o`f) ds lkFk ?kVrk gSA ftls ysUFksuk;M ladqpu dgrs gSA
ysUFksuk;M ladqpu ds izHkko%&
(i) f}rh; rFkk r`rh; laØe.k Js.kh ds xq.kks esa lekurk
(ii) ysUFksuk;M ladqpu ds dkj.k ysUFksukbM dk i`FkDdj.k lEHko ugha gSA
(iii) ysUFksuk;M ladqpu ds dkj.k ysUFksukbM gkbMªkWDlkbM dh {kkjh; lkeZF; esa fHkUurk gksrh gSA tksfd
La (OH)3 ls Lu (OH)3 rd ?kVrh gSA
13. laØe.k rRoksa ds lkekU; y{k.k D;k gSA D;ksa ;s laØe.k rRo dgykrs gSA le>kb;s] dkSulk d-[k.M rRo
laØe.k rRo ugha dgykrs gSA
Ans. laØe.k rRo os rRo dgykrs gS] tks ijek.kq ;k vk;u esa v?kw.kZ iwfjr d-d{kd j[krs gSA ;s rRo d-[k.M ds gksrs
gS vkSj s rFkk p [k.Mksa ds e/; ds xq.k/keZ iznf'kZr djrs gSA blfy;s bUgs laØe.k rRo dgrs gS ?
rRo tSls Zn, Cd rFkk Hg dks laØe.k rRoksa esa oxhZÑr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA D;ksafd ;s iw.kZiwfjr d-midks'k
j[krs gSA
14. fdl izdkj] laØe.k rRoksa ds bysDVªkfW ud foU;kl] vlaØe.k rRoksa ls fHkUu gksrs gS ?
Ans. laØe.k rRo viw.kZ d-d{kd j[krs gSaA bl izdkj laØe.k rRoksa dk bysDVªkWfud foU;kl (n–1) d1-10 ns0 - 2 gSA
vlaØe.k rRo ;k rks d-d{kd ugha j[krs gSA ;k iw.kZ iwfjr d-d{kd j[krs gSA rFkk budk bysDVªkWfud foU;kl
ns1-2 ;k ns2 np1-6 gksrk gSA
15. ysUFksukW;M ds }kjk dkSulh fHkUu vkWDlhdj.k iznf'kZr dh tkrh gS ?
Ans. ysUFksuk;M Js.kh es]a +3 vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk eq[; vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk gSA Ln (III) ;kSfxd LFkk;h gSA tcfd
foy;u ;k Bksl ;kSfxd esa +2 rFkk +4 vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk Hkh ik;h tkrh gSA
16. dkj.k nhft;s:
(i) laØe.k /kkrq rFkk muds ;kSfxd vuqpqEcdh; xq.k iznf'kZr djrs gSA
(ii) laØe.k /kkrqvksa dh d.ku ,UFksYih mPp gksrh gSA
(iii) laØe.k /kkrq lkekU;rk jaxhu ;kSfxd cukrs gSA

(iv) laØe.k /kkrq rFkk buds vf/kdka'k ;kSfxd vPNs mRizsjd dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSA
Ans. (i) laØe.k /kkrq vuqpqEcdh; xq.k iznf'kZr djrs gSA vuqpqEcdh; xq.k v;qfXer e– dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k gksrk
gSA izR;sd bysDVªkWu ds lkFk pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ] blds pØ.k dks.kh; laosx rFkk d{kh; dks.kh; laosx ls gksrk gSA
(ii) laØe.k rRo mPp izHkkoh ukfHkdh; vkos'k rFkk vf/kdre la;ksth e– j[krs gSA blfy;s ;s izcy /kkfRod ca/k
cukrs gSA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i laØe.k /kkrqvksa dh d.ku ,UFksYih mPp gksrh gSA
H 67
Chemistry
(iii) laØe.k /kkrqvksa ds vf/kdka'k ladqy jaxhu gksrs gSA ;g blfy;s gksrk gS] D;ksfa d n`'; izdk'k {ks=k ls fofdj.k
dks vo'kksf"kr dj bysDVªkuW dks ,d d-d{kd ls nqljs d-d{kd esa LFkkukUrfjr dj nsrs gSA fyxS.M dh mifLFkfr
esa d-d{kd nks d{kdks ds leqPp; esa fHkUu ÅtkZ ds lkFk VqV tkrs gSA ftlls bysDVªkWu ,d d{kd ls nqljs
d{kd esa LFkkukUrfjr gksrk gSA bl laØe.k ds fy;s de ÅtkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA laØe.k /kkrq vk;u ,d
fuf'pr rjaxnS/;Z dks vo'kksf"kr djrk gSA 'ks"k ijkofrZr ftlls foy;u jaxhu fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
(iv) laØe.k rRoksa dh mRizsjdh lfØ;rk fuEu nks eq[; dkj.kksa ds }kjk le>kbZ tkrh gSA
(a) ijhorZu'khy vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk iznf'kZr djuk rFkk ladqy fuekZ.k] laØe.k /kkrq vLFkk;h e/;orhZ ;kSfxd
dk fuekZ.k djrs gSA bl izdkj ;s de lfØ;.k ÅtkZ okyk ,d u;k iFk iznku djrs gSA
(b) laØe.k /kkrq ,d mi;qDr i`"B] gksus okys vfHkfØ;k dks iznku djrs gSA
17. vUrjdk'kh ;kSfxd D;k gS \ laØe.k /kkrq vUrjkdk'kh ;kSfxd fuekZ.k djrs gSA D;ksa ?
Ans. ,sls ;kSfxd ftuesa NksVs vkdkj ds ijek.kq tSls rRo (C, H, N, B, vkfn) fØLVy tkyd esa vUrjkdk'kh LFkku
xzg.k dj ysrs gSA vUrjkdk'kh ;kSfxd dgykrs gSA
;s ;kSfxd laØe.k /kkrqvksa ds curs gSA D;ksafd NksVs vkdkj ds ijek.kq vklkuh ls fØLVy esa fjDr LFkku xzg.k
djrk gSA
18. dSls laØe.k rRoksa dh ifjorZu'khy vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk] vlaØe.k rRoksa ls fHkUu gSA mnkgj.k ls le>kb;s&
Ans. laØe.k rRoksa esa vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk +1 ls mPpre vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk rd mlds lHkh la;ksth e– dks ckgj
fudkyus ij ifjofrZr gksrh gSA laØe.k rRoksa esa vkWDlhdj.k-1 ls ifjofrZr gksrh gSA (Fe2+ rFkk Fe3+; Cu+ rFkk
Cu2+) vlaØe.k rRoksa esa vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk 2 ls ifjofrZr gksrh gSA +2 rFkk +4 ;k + 3 rFkk +5, vkfn
19. fuEufyf[kr ds fy;s dkj.k nhft;s :

(i) d4 ds fy;s Cr2+ izcy vip;k;d rFkk Mn3+ izcy vkWDlhdkjd gSA
(ii) dksckYV (II) tyh; foy;u LFkk;h ijUrq ladqy vfHkdeZd dh mifLFkfr esa ;g vklkuh ls vkWDlhÑr gksrk
gSA
(iii) d1 foU;kl vk;u vLFkk;h gksrk gSA
Ans. (i) Cr2+ izÑfr esa izcy vipk;d gks] D;ksafd ;g d4 foU;kl j[krk gSA ;g Cr3+ (d3 foU;kl) esa vkWDlhÑr gks
tkrk gSA ;g d3 foU;kl t 32g foU;kl ds :i esa fy[kk tkrk gSA tksfd vf/kd LFkk;h foU;kl gSA Mn3+ dh fLFkfr
esa (d4) ;g vkWDlhdkjd vfHkdeZd ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA vkSj Mn2+ (d5) esa vipf;r gks tkrk gSA ;g
v)Ziwfjr d-d{kd j[krk gSA vkSj vf/kd LFkk;h gSA
(ii) tyh; foy;u esa Co(II) LFkk;h gSA tcfd izcy {ks=k ladqy vfHkdeZd dh mifLFkrh esa ;g Co(III) esa
vkWDlhÑr gks tkrk gSA 'Co' dh 3rd vk;uu ÅtkZ mPp gksrh gSA ijUrq fØLVy {ks=k LFkkf;Ro ÅtkZ izcy
fyxS.M dh mifLFkfr esa] vk;uu ÅtkZ ls vfèkd mRlftZr gksrh gSA
(iii) d1 foU;kl okys vk;u ,d bysDVªku
W dk R;kx djds LFkk;h d0 foU;kl izkIr dj ysrs gSA bu vk;uksa ds ,d
bysDVªkWu d-d{kd ls ckgj fudkyus ds fy;s tkyd ÅtkZ ;k ty;kstu ls iz;kZIr gksrh gSA blfy;s ;s
vipk;d vfHkdeZd ds leku dk;Z djrs gSA
68 H
RBSE
20. vlekuqikru ls D;k rkRi;Z gSA tyh; foy;u vlekuqikr vfHkfØ;k ds nks mnkgj.k nhft;s&
Ans. ;g ik;k fd dHkh&dHkh ,d vkisf{kd de LFkk;h vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk vkWDlhdj.k&vip;u vfHkfØ;k esa tks fd
vkDlhÑr rFkk vipf;r gksrh gSA rFkk ;g vlekuqikru dgykrh gSA
(1) 3CrO34 8H 2CrO42 Cr 3 4H2 O
Cr(V ) Cr(VI) Cr(III)
Cr(V), Cr(VI) resa vkWDlhÑr rFkk Cr(III) esa vipf;r

(2) 3MnO24 4H 2MnO4 MnO2 2H2 O
Mn(VI) Mn(VII) Mn(IV )
Mn (VI) Mn (VII) esa vkWDlhÑr rFkk Mn (IV) esa vipf;r gksrk gSA
21. izFke Js.kh esa dkSuls laØe.k rRo vf/kd vklkuh ls +1 vkWDlhdj.k xzg.k djrs gSA vkSj D;ksa ?
Ans. izFke Js.kh esa 'Cu' +1 vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk cgqr vklkuh ls xzg.k dj ysrs gS ;g blfy;s gksrk gSA D;ksfa d Cu
(+1) dk bysDVªkWfud foU;kl [Ar] 3d10 gSA iw.kZ iwfjr gksus ds dkj.k bls vf/kd LFkk;h cukrk gSA
22. fuEufyf[kr xSlh; vk;uksa esa v;qfXer e– dh la[;k Kkr dhft;s : Mn3+, Cr3+, V3+ rFkk Ti3+ buesa ls dkSulk ,d
tyh; foy;u vf/kd LFkk;h gSA
Ans. Gaseous ions v;qfXer bysDVªksu dh la[;k
(i) Mn3+, [Ar]3d4 4
(ii) Cr3+, [Ar] 3d3 3
(iii) V3+, [Ar]3d2 2
(iv) Ti3+[Ar] 3d1 1
Cr3+ tyh; foy;u esa t32g v)Z iwfjr foU;kl ds dkj.k vf/kd LFkk;h gSA
23. laØe.k rRoksa ds jlk;u ds fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa ds dkj.k rFkk mnkgj.k dhft,A
(i) laØe.k rRoksa dh fuEure vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk {kkjh; rFkk mPp vEyh;@mHk;/kehZ
(ii) ,d laØe.k /kkrq vkWDlkbM rFkk ¶yksjkbM esa mPpre vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk xzg.k djrk gSA
(iii) mPp vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk ,d /kkrq ds vkWDlks_.kk;u esa iznf'kZr gksrh gSA
Ans. (i) fuEu vkWDlkbM dh fLFkfr esa /kkrq fuEure vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk j[krk gSA blls rkRi;Z fd /kkrq ijek.kq ds
dqN la;ksth bysDVªkuW caèk fuEkkZ.k esa Hkkx ugha ysrs gSA ftlds ifj.kke esa ;g bysDVªkuW ugha R;kxrk gSA vkSj
{kkj dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gSA
tcfd nqljs 'kCnksa esa laØe.k rRoksa ds mPprj vkWDlkbM esa /kkrq mPp vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk j[krk gSA blls
rkRi;Z fd la;ksth e– caèk fuekZ.k esa Hkkx ysrs gSA blfy;s ;s miyC/k ugha gksrs gh rFkk mPp ukfHkfd; vkos'k Hkh
gksrk gSA
ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i ;g bysDVªkWu dks xzg.k dj vEy ds leku dk;Z djrs gSA
MnIIO {kkjh; rFkk Mn2VII O 7 ¼vEyh;½
(ii) vkWDlhtu rFkk ¶yksfju izcy vkWDlhdkjd vfHkdeZd ds leku dk;Z djrs gSA D;ksfa d mudh mPp fo|qr
_.krk rFkk NksVk vkdkj bl izdkj ;s laØe.k /kkrqvksa dks mPp vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk esa ykrs gSA nqljs 'kCnksa esa
,d laØe.k /kkrq vkWDlkbM rFkk ¶yksjkbM esa mPprj vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk iznf'kZr djrk gSA OsF6 rFkk V2O5 esa
Os rFkk V dh vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk Øe'k% +6 rFkk +5 gSA
(iii) vkWDlhtu mPp fo|qr _.krk rFkk NksVs vkdkj ds dkj.k izcy vkWDlhdkjd vfHkdeZd gSA blfy;s ,d
/kkrq dk vkWDlks _.kk;u mPprj vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk j[krk gSA mnkgj.k MnO4–, esa Mn dh vkWdlhdj.k
voLFkk +7 gSA
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Chemistry
24. feJ /kkrq D;k gSA ,d egRoiw.kZ feJ/kkrq dk uke nhft;s tks fd ysUFksukbM /kkrq j[krk gSA vkSj blds mi;ksx
fyf[k;s&
Ans. ,d feJ /kkrq nks ;k nks ls vf/kd rRoksa dk Bksl gSA ;g vkaf'kd Bksl foy;u ;k ,d iw.kZ Bksl foy;u gSA
feJ /kkrq ?kVd rRoksa ls fHkUu HkkSfrd xq.k j[krs gSA
ysUFksukbM dk egRoiw.kZ feJ /kkrq fe'kesVy gSA ;g ysUFksuk;M (94-95%) vk;ju (5%) rFkk lw{e S, C, Si, Ca
rFkk Al j[krk gSA
mi;ksx
(1) fe'kesVy dk mi;ksx flxjsV rFkk xSlykbVj esa gksrk gSA
(2) bldk xksyh rFkk dop esa mi;ksx gksrk gS
(3) bldk mi;ksx ce QSdus okys Vsad esa gksrk gSA
25. vkUrfjd laØe.k rRo D;k gSA fuEufyf[kr ijek.kq Øekad ls vkUrfjd laØe.k rRoksa ds ijek.kq Øekad NkafV;s:
29, 59, 74, 95, 102, 104.
Ans. vkUrfjd laØe.k rRo os rRo gksrs gSA ftuesa vfUre e– f-d{kd esa izos'k djrk gSA vFkok ftuesa Øe'k% 4f rFkk
5f d{kd Hkjs tkrs gSA f-CykWd rRo dgykrs gSA fn;s x;s ijek.kq Øekad esa vkUrfjd laØe.k rRoksa ds ijek.kq
Øekad 59, 95 rFkk 102 gSA
26. ,fDVuk;M Js.kh dk vfUre rRo dkSulk gSA bl rRo dk bysDVªkWfud foU;kl fyf[k,] bl rRo }kjk lEHko
vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk ij fVIi.kh nhft,&
Ans. ,fDVuk;M Js.kh dk vfUre rRo 'Lr' gSA bldk ijek.kq Øekad 103 gSA bysDVªkWfud foU;kl [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2 gSA
blds }kjk iznf'kZr eq[; vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk +3 gSA D;ksafd 3e– R;kxus ds i'pkr~ ;g f14 foU;kl xzg.k dj
ysrk gSA
27. gq.M fu;e dk mi;ksx djrs gq, Ce3+ vk;u dk bysDVªkfW ud foU;kl fyf[k;s rFkk mldk pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ dsoy
pØ.k vk?kw.kZ Kkr dhft;s&
Ans. Ce3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 4f1
pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ
n n 2
tgka,
n = v;qfXer e– dh la[;k
Ce3+ esa n = 1
11 2 3 = 1.732 BM
28. vk;ju ØskekbV v;Ld ls iksVsf'k;e MkbØksesV fuekZ.k dks fyf[k;s] ikSVsf'k;e MkbØkseVs foy;u ij pH c<+kus
ij D;k izHkko gksrk gS ?
Ans. vk;ju ØksekbV v;Ld ls iksVsf'k;e MkbØksesV dk fuekZ.k fuEu inksa esa gksrk gSA
in (1) : lksfM;e ØksesV dk fuekZ.k
4FeCr2O4 + 16NaOH + 7O2 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8H2O
70 H
RBSE
in (2) : lksfM;e ØksesV dk lksfM;e MkbØksesV esa ijhorZu
2Na2CrO4 + conc. H2SO4 Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O
in (3) : lksfM;e ØksesV dk iksVsf'k;e MkbØksesV esa ifjorZu

Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
iksVfs 'k;e MkbØksesV lksfM;e MkbØksesV dh rqyuk esa de foys; gksrk gSA vkSj og ukjaxh jax ds fØLVy :i esa
izkIr gksrs gSA
pH = 4 ij MkbØksesV vk;u] ØksesV vk;u ds lkFk lkE; esa jgrk gSA pH esa ijhorZu ls ;s vUr% ifjofrZr gksrs
gSA
2CrO 24 2H pH 4
Cr2 O 72 H2 O
Chromate ion( Yellow ) Dichromate ion (Orange)
pH c<+kus ij Cr2O27 2OH 2CrO24 H2 O
29. iksVfs 'k;e MkbØksesV dh vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk dks Kkr djrs gq;s mldh vk;fud lehdj.k fuEu ds lkFk
nhft;sA
(i) vk;ksMkbM
(ii) vk;ju (II) foy;u

(iii) H2S
Ans. K2Cr2O7 vEyh; ek/;e esa ,d izcy vkWDlhdkjd vfHkdeZd dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA
K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3[O]
K2Cr2O7 bysDVªku
W xzg.k dj vipf;r gksrk gSA vkSj vkWDlhdkjd ds leku dk;Z djrk gSA
(i) K2Cr2O7 vk;ksMkbM dks vk;ksMhu esa vkDlhÑr djrk gSA
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
2I– I2 + 2e– × 3
Cr2O72– + 6I– + 14H+ 2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7 H2O
(ii) K2Cr2O7 vk;ju (II) foy;u dks vk;ju (III) foy;u esa vkDlhÑr djrk gSA
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e– × 6
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ 2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7 H2O
(iii) K2Cr2O7, H2S dks lYQj esa vkDlhÑr djrk gS
Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
H2S S + 2H+ + 2e– × 3
Cr2O72– + 3H2S + 8H+ 2Cr3+ + 3S + 7H2O
H 71
Chemistry
30. iksVfs 'k;e ijesXusV dh fuekZ.k dh fof/k fy[kks] fdl izdkj vEyh; ijesXusV foy;u fuEu ds lkFk fØ;k djrk
gSA (i) vk;ju (II) (ii) SO2 (iii) vkDlsfyd vEyA vfHkfØ;k dh vk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k;sA
Ans. K2MO4 dk fuekZ.k (MnO2) ¼ik;jksyqlkbV½ ls fd;k tkrk gSA v;Ld dks KOH ds lkFk okrkoj.kh; vkWDlhtu
;k ,d vkWDlhdkjd vfHkdeZd ds lkFk xyk;k tkrk gSA tSls KNO3 ;k KClO4
2MnO2 4KOH O2 2K 2 MnO4 2H2 O
gjs vo{ksi es vf/kD; esa ty feykdj mlds ckn fo|qrh; ;k Dyksfju@vkstksu dks izokg djds vkDlhÑr fd;k
tkrk gSA
fo|qrh; vkDlhdj.k
K2MnO4 2K+ + MnO42–
H2O H+ + OH–
,suksM ij] esXusV vk;u ijesXusV vk;u esa vkDlhÑr gks tkrs gSA
MnO24 MnO 4 e
Dyksjhu ds }kjk vkWDlhdj.k

2K2MnO4 + Cl2 2KMnO4 + 2KCl
2MnO42– + Cl2 2MnO4– + 2Cl–
vkstksu ds }kjk
2K2MnO4 + O3 + H2O 2KMnO4 + 2KOH + O2
2 MnO42– + O3 + H2O 2MnO4– + 2OH– +O2
(i) vEyh; KMnO4 foy;u Fe (II) vk;u dks Fe (III) vk;u esa vkWDlhÑr dj nsrk gSA
MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e– × 5
MnO4– + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
(ii) vEyh; KMnO4 SO2 dks lY¶;wfjd vEy esa vkWDlhÑr dj nsrk gSA
MnO4– + 6H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 3H2O × 2
2H2O + 2SO2 + O2 4H+ + 2SO42– + 2e– × 5

2MnO4– + 10SO2 + 5O2 + 4H2O 2Mn2+ + 10SO42– + 8H+
(iii) vEyh; KMnO4 vkWDlsfyd vEy dks dkcZu Mkb vkWDlkbM esa vkWDlhÑr djrk gSA
MnO–4 + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O × 2
C2O42– 2CO2 + 2e– × 5
2MnO4– + 5C2O42– + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
72 H
RBSE
1. laØe.k rRoksa }kjk fufeZr ;kSfxdksa esa ifjorZu'khy vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk,Wa iznf'kZr djus dk dkj.k gS
(a) (n–1) d-bysDVªkWuksa ds izcy ifjj{k.k ds dkj.k
(b) ns ,oa (n–1)d d{kd ds e/; cgqr de ÅtkZ varj ds dkj.k
(c) v;qfXer bysDVªkWuksa dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k
(d) ns ,oa (n–1)d d{kd ds e/; cgqr vf/kd ÅtkZ varj ds dkj.k
2. dkSulk rRo ,d ls vf/kd vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk iznf'kZr ugha djrk gSA
(a) Mn (b) Cr (c) Fe (d) Sc
3. lEidZ izØe esa dkSuls mRizsjd dk mi;ksx gksrk gS ?
(a) Ni (b) V2O5 (c) Fe (d) AlCl3 + TiCl4
4. fuEu esa ls dkSuls /kkrq vk;u ls vuqpqEcdh; gksus dh vk'kk dh tkrh gS ?
(a) Zn2+ (b) Ti3+ (c) Sc3+ (d) Ti4+
5. lhfj;e (At.No. 58) ls Y;wfV'kh;e (At.No. 71) rd os rRo ftuesa 4f mtkZ ry Hkjk tkrk gS tkus tkrs gSa&
(a) ySUFksukW;M (b) nqyZHk e`nk /kkrq (c) ySUFksukWu (d) mijksDr lHkh
6. ySUFksukW;Mksa ds }kjk fuEu esa ls fdl izdkj dk gkbMªkWDlkbM lkekU;r;k fufeZr gksrk gS
(a) Ln(OH)3 (b) Ln(OH)2 (c) Ln(OH)4 (d) Ln(OH)6
7. laØe.k rRoksa dh mPp vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk A rFkk B rRoksa ds lkFk ;qfXer gksus ij ik;h tkrh gS] A vkSj B
gksaxs :
(a) F, O (b) O, N (c) O, Cl (d) F, Cl
8. 3d Js.kh ds fuEufyf[kr foU;klksa esa ls dkSu vf/kd la[;k esa vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk,Wa iznf'kZr djrk gS
(a) [Ar] 3d8 4s2 (b) [Ar] 3d10 4s1 (c) [Ar] 3d5 4s2 (d) [Ar] 3d7 4s2
9. Mn ds mPpre ¶yqvksjkbM rFkk vkWDlkbM Øe'k% gS :-
(a) MnF7, Mn2O7 (b) MnF5, Mn2O7 (c) MnF4, Mn2O7 (d) MnF6, Mn2O7
10. fuEu esa ls dkSulk xq.k vUrjdk'kh ;kSfxdksa dk ugha gS
(a) vlehdj.kferh; (b) 'kq) /kkrq dh vis{kk dBksj
(c) jklk;fud :i ls vfØ; (d) fuEu xyukad j[krs gS
11. dkWij ds dkSuls gSykbM dk vfLrRo ugha gS

(a) CuF2 (b) CuCl2 (c) Cu2I2 (d) CuI2
12. K2Cr2O7 ds fuekZ.k esa fuEu esa ls dkSuls ;kSfxd dk mi;ksx gksrk gS ?
(a) Na2CrO4 (b) CrO5 (c) FeCr2O4 (d) CrO3
13. fuEu esa ls dkSulh 3d Js.kh dh /kkrq E°(M+2/M) dk eku /kukRed j[krh gS ?
(a) Zn (b) Cu (c) Mn (d) Cr
H 73
Chemistry
14. fuEu esa ls dkSulk rRo +4 vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk ugha n'kkZrk gS :-
(a) Ce (b) Ti (c) Pt (d) Eu
15. ySUFksukWbM~ dk lkekU; bysDVªkWfud foU;kl gS
(a) [Xe] 4f0–14 5d0–1 6s2 (b) [Xe] 4f0–14 5d1–2 6s1
(c) [Xe] 4f0–14 5d0–1 6s1–2 (d) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
16. vkorZ lkj.kh ds fdlh Hkh oxZ esa ijek.kq Øekad c<us ds lkFk ijek.kq o vk;fud f=kT;k esa o`f) gksrh gSA blds
vuqlkj gh Ti (IV) o Zr (IV) dh vk;fud f=kT;k Øe'k% 0.68 Å o 0.74 Å gS ysfdu Hf (IV) dh vk;fud
f=kT;k 0.75 Å, tks Zr (IV) ds yxHkx leku gSA bldk dkj.k gSA
(a) Hf 4+ ds ;kSfxdksa es lgla;kstdrk dh ek=kk vfèkd gSaA
(b) ySUFksukW;M ldaqpu
(c) Zr+4 o Hf +4 ds ;kSfxdks es leUo; la[;k esa vUrj
(d) ,fDVukW;M ladqpu
17. tc ySUFksukW;M rRo dks lYQj ds lkFk xeZ fd;k tkrk gS izkIr gksus okyk ;kSfxd gS :-
(a) LnS2 (b) Ln2S3 (c) Ln2S (d) Ln3S4
18. ySUFksukW;M gSykbM dk lw=k gks ldrk gS
(a) LnX3 (b) LnX5 (c) LnX2 (d) LnX6
19. feJ /kkrq ¼feJ /kkrq½ dk la?kVu D;k gS ?
(a) ySUFksukW;M /kkrq (95%) + vk;ju (5%) (b) Cu (69%) + Zn (31%)
(c) Al (20%) + Cu (80%) (d) Cr (50%) + Zn (30%) + Cu (20%)
20. ySaFkSukWbMksa dh vis{kk ,sfDVukWbMksa dh mip;u voLFkk,¡ vfèkdrj la[;k esa iznf'kZr gksrh gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k
gSA
(a) ,sfDVukWbMksa dh vf/kdrj fØ;k'khyrk
(b) 4f vkSj 5d d{kdksa ds chp dh vis{kk 5f vkSj 6d d{kdksa ds chp vf/kdrj ÅtkZ varj gksukA
(c) 4f vkSj 5d d{kdksa ds chp dh vis{kk 5f vkSj 6d d{kdksa ds chp de ÅtkZ varj gksukA
(d) laxr ,sfDVukWbMksa dh vis{kk ySFkSukWbMksa dk vf/kdrj èkkRoh; LoHkko
21. fuEu vkWDlhdj.k voLFkkvksa esa ls dkSu lh voLFkk ySUFkSukWbMksa esa lokZf/kd ik;h tkrh gS :-
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 4

22. laØe.k rRoksa vkSj muds ;kSfxdksa dh mRizsj.k lfØ;rk dk eq[;r% dkj.k gS :-
(a) mudh ifjorZu'khy mip;u voLFkkvksa esa vk tkus dh {kerk
(b) mudh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k'khyrk
(c) mudk pqEcdh; O;ogkj
(d) mudh viwfjr d-d{kd
74 H
RBSE
23. ,sfDVukW;Mksa esa vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk dk ijkl vf/kd gksus dk dkj.k gS&
(a) ,sfDVukW;M vkdqapu (b) 5f, 6d rFkk 7s Lrjksa dh lerqY; ÅtkZ
(c) 4f ,oa 5d Lrjksa dh ÅtkZ;sa vkl ikl gksrh gSA (d) ,sfDVukW;Mksa dh jsfM;ks,sfDVo izÑfr
24. Zr (Z =40) ,oa Hf (Z = 72) ds ijekf.od ,oa vk;fud f=kkT;k,¡ leku gSA bldk dkj.k gS :
(a) nksuksa leku lewg ds lnL; gSa
(b) fod.kZ lEcU/k
(c) ySUFksukW;M vkdaqpu
(d) nksuksa ds jklk;fud xq.k/keZ leku gSa
25. Cr2+ vipk;d izd`fr dk gksrk gS D;ksafd &
(a) Cr2+, essa v)Z iwfjr t2g foU;kl izkIr djus ds fy, foU;kl d4 ls d3 esa ifjofrZr gksrk gSA
(b) Cr2+ ,d bysDVªkWu xzg.k djds d5 foU;kl izkIr djrk gS
(c) Cr2+ ,d bysDVªkWu R;kx dj v)Z Hkjs d5 foU;kl izkIr djrk gS
(d) Cr2+ esa v)Z Hkjs d-midks'k izkIr djus ds fy, foU;kl d4 ls d3 esa ifjofrZr gksrk gSA
ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. b d b b d a a c c d
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. d c b d d b b a a c
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. c a b c a
H 75
Chemistry
1. (i) Cu 2(aq ) vk;u ds fy, îzpØ.k ek=k* pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ dh x.kuk dhft,A (RBSE 2023)
(ii) dkj.k nhft, fd Zn, Cd, Hg o Cn laØe.k rRo ugha gSA

(iii) feJ /kkrq ihry ds vo;oksa ds uke fyf[k,A
Ans. (i) n (n 2)
1(1 2)
3 1.73 BM
(ii) bldk dkj.k bu rRoksa dh lkekU; voLFkk ds lkFk&lkFk vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk esa] d-d{kdksa dk iw.kZHkfjr
gksuk gSA
(iii) Cu-Zn
2. lokZf/kd la[;k esa vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk,¡ n'kkZus okyh /kkrq gS & (RBSE 2022)
(A) V (B) Mn (C) Fe (D) NI
Ans. (B)
3. ySUFksukW;M+ ladqpu ls vki D;k le>rs gS\ (RBSE 2022)
Ans. ijek.kq Øekad c<+us ds lkFk] 4f d{kd eas bysDVªkWu dh la[;k Hkh c<+rh gSA 4f bysDVªkWu nqcZy ifjj{k.k izHkko
n'kkZrs gSA gSA bl izdkj izHkkoh ukfHkdh; vkos'k ckáre bysDVªkWu ij c<+rk gSA ftlds ifj.kke esa ysUFksukbM
dk vkdkj ijek.kq Øekad esa o`f) ds lkFk ?kVrk gSA ftls ysUFksuk;M ladqpu dgrs gSA
4. 2
M (aq) (Z = 25) ds fy, îzpØ.k ek=kk* pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ dh x.kuk dhft,A (RBSE 2022)
Ans. M(25) = 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s23d5
M2+ = [Ar]3d5
3d5 =
i.e., 5 v;qfXer bysDVªku
W
n=5
= n (n 2)
= 5(5 2)
35
5.9 B.M.
5. (a) laØe.k rRo vUrjkdk'kh ;kSfxd D;ksa cukrs gSa\ (RBSE 2020)
(b) ySUFksukW;M rRoksa esa ckb± ls nkb± vksj tkus ij ijekf.od f=kT;k,¡ ?kVrh gSaA le>kb,A
Ans. (a) ,sls ;kSfxd ftuesa NksVs vkdkj ds ijek.kq tSls rRo (C, H, N, B, vkfn) fØLVy tkyd esa vUrjkodk'kh
LFkku xzg.k dj ysrs gSA vUrjkdk'kh ;kSfxd dgykrs gSA ;s ;kSfxd laØe.k /kkrqvksa ds curs gSA D;ksafd
NksVs vkdkj ds ijek.kq vklkuh ls fØLVy esa fjDr LFkku xzg.k djrk gSA
76 H
RBSE
(b) ;fn ge ysUFksuk;M Js.kh esa tkrs gSA rks ijek.kq Øekad ,d ls c<+rk gSA bldk rkRi;Z fd ,d ijek.kq
esa mifLFkr bysDVªkWu rFkk izksVkWu ,d ls c<+rs gSA rFkk bysDVªkWu ,d dks'k esa tqM+rk gSA vkSj izHkkoh
ukfHkdh; vkos'k c<+rk gSA ;g blfy;s gksrk gSA D;ksfa d ukfHkdh; vkdZ"k.k ,d izksVkWu ds tqM+us ls vf/kd
izHkkoh gksrk gSA ,d bysDVªkuW ds tqM+us ds dkj.k vUrjk bysDVªkfW ud izfrd"kZ.k 4f d{kd esa bysDVªkWu dh
la[;k ls c<+rk gSA 4f bysDVªkWu nqcZy ifjj{k.k izHkko n'kkZrs gSA bl izdkj izHkkoh ukfHkdh; vkos'k
ckáre bysDVªkWu ij c<+rk gSA rFkk ckáre dks'k bysDVªkWu ij ukfHkfd; vkdZ"k.k c<+rk gSA ftlds
ifj.kke esa ysUFksukbM dk vkdkj ijek.kq Øekad esa o`f) ds lkFk ?kVrk gSA ftls ysUFksuk;M ladqpu dgrs
gSA
6. fn;s x;s mnkgj.k x|k'ak dks i<+dj v/kksfyf[kr iz'uksa ds mÙkj fnft,A
vk/kqfud vkoZr lkj.kh ds nqyZHk e`nk rRo ySUFksukW;M+ dgykrs gSaA vkorZ lkj.kh esa budk i`Fkd CykWd gSA
ySUFksukW;M+ Js.kh esa lhfj;e ¼ijek.kq Øekda & 58½ ls izkjEHk gksdj Y;wVsf'k;e ¼ijek.kq Øekda & 71½ rd ds
14 rRo gksrs gSaA lHkh ySUFksukW;M+ lkekU;r;k +3 vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk n'kkZrs gSA blds vfrfjDr ySUFksukW;M+
+2 o +4 vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk Hkh n'kkZrs gSA ySUFksukW;M Js.kh esa ckbZa ls nkbZa vksj tkus ij ijek.kq ds vkdkj
ds fu;fer âkl ik;k tkrk gS] bls ySUFksukW;M ladqpu dgrs gSaA ySUFksuks;Mksa ds dbZ vkS|ksfxd mi;ksx
tSls&feJ/kkrq dk fuekZ.k] tsV batu ds dy iqtZs cukusa esa gksrk gSA
¼v½ ySUFksukW;M+ rRoksa ds gkbMªkWDlkbMksa dh {kkjh; izd`fr ckbZ ls nkbZ vksj tkus ij ?kVrh gSA le>kb,A
¼c½ feJ/kkrq ds fuekZ.k esa iz;qDRk nks ySUFksukW;M+ rRoksa ds uke fyf[k, A
¼l½ +4 vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk n'kkZus okys fdlh ,d ySUFksukW;M+ RkRo dk uke fyf[k,A (RBSE 2019)
Sol. (v) ySUFksukW;M+ ladqpu ds dkj.k Ln––OH cU/k dk lgla;ksth xq.k c<+rk gS rFkk gkbMªksDlkbMks dk {kkjh; xq.k
?kVrk gSA (La(OH)3 ls Lu(OH)3 eas)
(c) Ce(40.5%), La+neodymium (44%)
(l) Cerium (Ce+4)
7. Øksfe;e (Z = 24) dk bySDVªkWfud foU;kl fyf[k,A (RBSE 2018)
Ans. Cr(24) = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
8. ,d ijk;wjsfu;e rRo dk uke ,oa izrhd fyf[k,A (RBSE 2018)
Ans. usIpqfu;e [93Np]
9. ysUFksukbMks dh lkekU; vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk fyf[k,A (RBSE 2018)

Ans. +3
H 77
Chemistry
CHAPTER–5 : milgla;kstd ;kSfxd

UNIT INDEX
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
;ksxkRed ;kSfxd (Addition Compounds)
• tc nks ;k vf/kd lk/kkj.k yo.kksa ds foy;uksa dks feykdj mudk fØLVyhdj.k fd;k tkrk gS rks izkIr fØLVy
;kSxkRed ;kSfxd dgykrs gSaA
• tyh; foy;u esa xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij ;s nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA
(I) f}dyo.k
(II) milgla;kstd ;k tfVy ;kSfxd
f}dyo.k ¼Double salt)
• ;s f}dyo.k tyh; foy;u esa viuh igpku [kks nsrs gSaA os ;ksxkRed ;kSfxd ftudk ty esa iw.kZ vk;uhdj.k
gksrk gS] f}dyo.k dgykrs gSaA
Ex. (i) K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
(ii) FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
(iii) dkuZsykbV (Carnallite) (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O)
mi lgla;kstd ;k tfVy ;kSfxd (Coordination or Complex Compounds)
• os vkf.od vFkok ;ksxkRed ;kSfxd tks tyh; foy;u essa viuh igpku cuk, j[krs gSa vFkok la?kVd dh
igpku [kks nsrs gSa vFkok ftlesa dsUnzh; ijek.kq mnklhu v.kqvksa vFkok vk;uksa vFkok nksuksa ds lewg ls tqM+k
gksrk gS] tfVy yo.k dgykrk gSA
• K4[Fe(CN)6]
• fyxs.M ds vk/kkj ij
(i) Homoleptic complexes :
tfVy ftlesa lHkh fyxs.M leku gksrs gSa Homoleptic tfVy dgykrk gSA
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\Coordination Compound
Ex. [Co(NH3)6]+2
(ii) Heteroleptic complexes :
tfVy ftlesa lHkh fyxs.M leku ugha gksrs gSa heteroleptic tfVy dgykrk gSA
Ex. [Fe(en)2Cl2]+1
• mi lgla;kstu la[;k (Coordination number) :
dsUæh; /kkrq vk;u ds nkrk Lih'kht ds lkFk cuk, x, dqy mi lg&la;kstd cU/kksa dh la[;k] mi lgla;kstu
la[;k dgykrh gSA
78 H
RBSE
• ;/ (Coordination sphere)
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4
[; (Coordination number )
• ;g og la[;k gS tks tfVy vk;u esa dsUæh; /kkrq ijek.kq ij mifLFkr fo|qr vkos'k dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA
Ex. [Fe(CN)6]4–, [Co(NH3)6]3+ vkSj Ni(CO)4 esa Fe, Co vkSj Ni ds O.N. Øe'k% +2, +3 vkSj 'kwU; gSaA
• mHk;nUrh fyxs.M (Ambidentate ligands): fyxs.M tks nks nkrk ijek.kqvksa j[krs gSA ijUrq ,d le; esa ,d
nkrk ijek.kq bysDVªkuW ;qXe dk nku dj ldrk gS mHk;nUrh fyxs.M dgykrk gSA mHk;nUrh fyxs.M leku
v.kqlw=k j[krs gS ijUrq nkrk ijek.kq fHkUu j[krs gSA
M C N cyanido (CN)
M N C isocyanido(NC)
• la;kstdrk cU/k fl)kUr (Valence Bond Theory)
;g fl)kUr eq[;r;k ykbul ikWfyax (Linus Pauling) }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA bl fl)kUr ds eq[;
fcUnq bl izdkj gSA
(a) /kkrq vk;u ladqy ;kSfxd cukrs le; mi lgla;kstd cU/k cukrk gSA
(b) bl cU/k fuekZ.k ds nkSjku] /kkrq vk;u bysDVªkWu ;qXe xzkgh dh Hkkafr O;ogkj djrk gSA blds fy, /kkrq
vk;u bldh leUo; la[;k ds vuqlkj fjä d{kd miyC/k djkrk gSA
(c) ;g fjDr d{kd fyxs.Mksa ds lkFk cU/k fuekZ.k ds igys ladj.k esa Hkkx ysrs gSA
(d) /kkrq vk;u ds fjDr ladj d{kd fyxs.Mksa ds ,dkdh bysDVªkWu ;qXe ;qDr d{kdksa ds lkFk vfrO;kfir gks
tkrs gSaA
(e) ;fn ladqy esa izcy fyxs.M mifLFkr gS rc ;g dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u ds (n–1)d d{kdksa esa v;qfXer
bysDVªkuW ksa ds ;qfXer gksus dk dkj.k curk gS rFkk ;fn (n-1)d d{kd ladj.k esa Hkkx ysrs gS rc
vkUrfjd d{kd ladqy fufeZr gksrk gSA
(f) ;fn ladqy esa nqcZy fyxs.M mifLFkr gS rc (n–1)d d{kdksa ds v;qfXer bysDVªkWuksa dk ;qXeu ugha gksxk
rFkk ;fn nd d{kd ladj.k esa Hkkx ysrs gS rc cká d{kd ladqy fufeZr gksrk gSA
(g) ;fn ladqy esa v;qfXer e– mifLFkr gks rc ;g vuqpqEcdh; gksxk vU;Fkk ;g izfrpqEcdh; gksxkA
• fØLVy {ks=k fl)kar (Crystal field theory) : ;g ekWMy laØe.k /kkrq ladqyksa dh bysDVªkfW ud ljapuk dks
n'kkZrk gSA ;g fu:fir djrk gS fd dSls /kkfRod vk;u ds d-d{kdksa dh ÅtkZ,as fyxs.M ds fo|qr {ks=k esa
izHkkfor gksrh gSA bl fl)kar ds vuqlkj
(a) dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u dks ,d /kukRed fcUnq vkos'k ds :i esa] _.kk;fud fyxs.M dks ,d _.kkRed fcUnq
vkos'k ds :i esa rFkk mnklhu fyxs.M dks ,d fcUnq f}/kqzo ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS rFkk /kkrq vk;u ,oa
fyxs.M ds e/; fLFkj oS|qr vkd"kZ.k gksrk gSA
(b) bu fyxs.Mksa ds fo|qr {ks=k esa /kkrq ijek.kq ds ikap d-d{kd vf/kd le; rd leku ÅtkZ ugha j[k ikrs
gSa tcfd os fofHkUu ÅtkZ Lrjksa esa foikfVr gksrs gS rFkk ;s ikap laeHkza'k d-d{kd nks ÅtkZ Lrjksa tSls fd
t2g rFkk eg Lrjksa esa foikfVr gksrs gSA fØLVy {ks=k foikVu dgykrh gSA
H 79
Chemistry
(c) /kkrq ds d-d{kdksa ds foikVu dk izlkj fyxs.M dh izd`fr rFkk fyxs.Mksa dh la[;k rFkk dsUnzh; /kkrq
vk;u ij vkos'k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
(d) /kkrq ds d-d{kdksa ds foikVu ds izlkj ls muds ladqyksa ds pqEcdh; rFkk LisDVªksLdksfid xq.kksa dk fu/kkZj.k
fd;k tkrk gSA
• fyxs.Mksa ds fy;s LisDVªks&jlk;u Js.kh (Spectro-chemical series for ligands) :-
Js.kh tks fyxs.M dh vkisf{kd lkeF;Z dks iznf'kZr djrh gSA
I–(nqcyZre) < Br– < SCN– < Cl– < S–2 > F– < OH– < C2O42– < H2O < NCS–
< edta4– < NH3 < en < NO2– < CN– < CO(izcyre)
• ladqyksa esa jax dk dkj.k d-d-laØe.k gksrk gS
ladqyksa esa leko;ork (Isomerism in Complexes)
,sls ;kSfxd ftudk v.kqlw=k leku gksrk gS ysfdu mudh ljapuk esa vUrj ds dkj.k muds xq.k fHké gksrs gS]
leko;oh dgykrs gSA
leko;ork dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of isomerism)
(A) (B)
;
(A) lajpukRed leko;ork (Structural Isomerism)
;g leko;ork jklk;fud ca/k ds izdkj vkSj fyxs.Mksa ds mi lgla;kstd lÙkk ds ckgj o vUnj forj.k esa
vUrj ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA
(i) vk;uu leko;ork (Ionisation Isomerism)
leku v.kqlw=k j[kus okys ;kSfxd ijUrq muds tyh; foy;u esa fHkUu izdkj ds vk;u jgrs gS vk;uu leko;oh
dgykrs gSA
milgla;kstu e.My vkSj vk;uu e.My ds e/; lewg ;k vk;uksa ds fofue; ds dkj.k fHkUu vk;uu
leko;oh fufeZr gksrs gS vr% os vk;uu leko;oh gSA
Ex. (a) CoBrSO4 5NH3 dks fuEu izdkj ls iznf'kZr dj ldrs gSa
(i) [Co(NH3)5Br] SO4 (red violet)
(ii) [Co(NH3 )5 SO4 ] Br (red).
;g ladqy Øe'k% lYQsV ,oa czksekbM vk;u nsrk gS
(b) [Pt(NH3)4Cl2] Br2 rFkk [Pt(NH3 )4Br2 ]Cl2
(c) [Co(NH3)4(NO3)2 ]SO4 rFkk [Co(NH3)4SO4 ](NO3)2
80 H
RBSE
(ii) gkbMªsV leko;ork (Hydrate Isomerism½ : bl izdkj dh leko;ork ladqy vk;u ds vUnj ty ds
v.kqvksa dh la[;k esa fHkUurk ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
Ex. (a) Cr(H2O)6Cl3 dh rhu gkbMªsV leko;oh laHko gSA
(i) [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 (cSaxuh)
(ii) [Cr(H2O)5Cl] Cl2 .H2O (gjk)
(iii) [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl.2H2O (xgjk gjk)
;g ladqy fyxs.M ds leku dk;Z djus okys ty ds v.kqvksa dh la[;k ds lUnHkZ esa ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gSA
(iii) cU/ku ;k laf/k (linkage) leko;ork (Linkage Isomerism)
(a) bl izdkj dh leko;ork mHk;nUrqd fyxs.Mksa dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA
(b) bu fyxs.Mksa esa nks nkrk ijek.kq gksrs gS] ysfdu ,d le; esa dsoy ,d gh ijek.kq ladqy ds dsUæh; /kkrq
ijek.kq ls tqM+k gksrk gS
Ex. [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2 rFkk [Co(NH3)5 ONO]Cl2
NO2– fyxs.M esa nkrk ijek.kq ukbVªkstu gS tcfd ONO– fyxs.M esa nkrk ijek.kq vkWDlhtu gSA
(iv) milgla;kstu leko;ork (Coordination Isomerism)
(a) bl izdkj dh leko;ork mu ladqyksa }kjk iznf'kZr dh tkrh gS ftuesa nksuksa /kuk;u vkSj _.kk;u ladqy
gksrs gSA
(b) bl izdkj dh leko;ork dk dkj.k ladqy ;kSfxd esa nks ladqy vk;uksa ds fyxs.Mksa ds e/; fofue; gksuk
gSA
Ex. (i) [Zn(NH3)4] [ZnCl4]
(ii) [Zn(NH3)3Cl] [ZnCl3(NH3)] }
(B) f=kfoe leko;ork (Stereo isomerism) :
(a) buds leku v.kq lw=k ,oa leku la?kVu gksrs gSa] ysfdu os dsoy /kkrq vk;u ds pkjksa vksj mifLFkr
fyxs.Mksa ds f=kfoe foU;kl esa fHkUu gksrs gSaA
(b) nks izdkj ds f=kfoe leko;oh lEHko gS& T;kfefr; vkSj izdkf'kd
(i) T;kfefr; leko;oh (Geometrical isomers)
(a) dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u ds pkjksa vksj fyxs.Mksa dh lkis{k fLFkfr esa vUrj ds dkj.k fHkUu :i izkIr gksrs gS
ftUgsa GI ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
(b) tc nks leku fyxs.M /kkrq vk;u ds lkFk ,d gh rjQ ls milgla;kstu n'kkZrs gS rc og
fll&leko;oh dgykrs gSaA (ysfVu esa fll&leku)
(c) nks leku fyxs.M /kkrq vk;u ds foifjr rjQ ls milgla;kstu djsa rc ;g VªkUl leko;oh dgykrs
gSaA ¼ysfVu esa VªkUl&foijhr½
(d) ;g T;kferh leko;oh HkkSfrd o jklk;fud xq.kksa esa fHkUu gksrs gSaA
(e) T;kfefr; leko;ork 4 vkSj 6 milgla;kstd la[;k okys ;kSfxd esa vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA
H 81
Chemistry
(f) 4-milgla;ksftr ladqy ftudh prq"Qydh; T;kferh gS fll VªkUl leko;ork ugha n'kkZrsa gSa D;ksfa d
lHkh fyxs.Mks dh ijLij fLFkfr ges'kk leku jgrh gSA
(g) ;g 4-milgla;ksftr ladqy ftudh oxkZdkj leryh; T;kfefr gksrh gS] ds }kjk iznf'kZr gksrs gSaA
uksV % dsoy 5 lEHkkfor dkjd gSa tks oxhZ; leryh; tfVy esa T;kferh leko;ork n'kkZrs gSaA
tSls fd Ma2b2, Ma2bc, Mabcd, M(AB)2, M(AB)cd
milgla;kstd la[;k = 4 okys T;kfefr; leko;oh ¼oxkZdkj leryh; ladqy½
(i) ladqy ftudk lkekU; lw=k, Ma2b2 (tgk¡ nksuksa a vkSj b ,dnUrh gS) gksrk gSA fll VªkUl leko;oh
j[krs gSaA
Ex. [Pt (NH3)2Cl2]
cis-platin
(used as a anti cancer) Trans – platin
(ii) ladqy ftudk lkekU; lw=k Ma2bc gS fll vkSj VªkUl leko;oh j[krs gSA
eg. [Pt(NH3)2ClBr]
Cl NH3 Br NH3
Pt Pt
Br NH3 H3N Cl
Cis Trans
(iii) ladqy ftudk lkekU; lw=k Mabcd gksrk gS] rhu leko;oh j[krs gSA
eg. [Pt(NH3) (Py) ClBr]

(iv) MkbZXykblhusVks IysfVue (iv) ladqy

eg. [Pt(gly)2]
82 H
RBSE
milgla;kstd la[;k = 6 okys T;kfefr; leko;oh (v"VQydh; ladqy esa T;kferh leko;ork)
(i) [Ma4b2] 2 T;kfefr; leko;oh j[krs gS
eg. [Fe(NH3)4Cl2]
(ii) [Ma4bc] 2 T;kfefr; leko;oh j[krs gS

eg. [Fe(NH3)4ClCO3]
(iii) Qydh; vkSj js[kkaf'kd leko;ork (Facial and Meridional isomerism) (Ma3b3 )
b
b a
a eg. [Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3]+3
a
b
Meridional[Mer]
Note : v"VQydh; ladqyksa esa T;kferh; leko;fo;ksa ds vU; mnkgj.k
lkekU; lw=k dqy T;kfefr; leko;oh
Mabcdef 15
Ma2bcde 9
Ma2b2cd 6
Ma2b2c2 5
Ma3bcd 4
Ma3b2c 3
Ma3b3 2
Ma4bc 2
Ma4b2 2
Ma5b Nil
Ma6 Nil
Here M = dsfUnz; ijek.kq, a, b, c, d, e, f = ,dnUrh; fyxs.M
H 83
Chemistry
(B) izdkf'kd leko;oh (Optical isomers)
(a) ;kSfxd tks fd ,d nwljs ds niZ.k izfrfcEc :ih gS ijUrq v/;kjksfir ugha gksrs gS] izdkf'kd leko;oh
dgykrs gSA
(b) ,d izdkf'kd lfØ; ladqy og gS tks vlefer gS vFkkZr tks nks leku Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr ugha gksrsA
(c) ladqy tks lery /kqzfor izdk'k dks ck;ha rjQ ?kqek ns og oke /kwzo.k /kwod vFkkZr ' ' ;k '—' vkSj tks
ladqy lery /kqzfor izdk'k dks nk;s rjQ ?kqek ns rc og nf{k.k /kwzo.k /kwod 'd' ;k '+' gksrs gSA
(d) bl izdkj os ladqy ftudh HkkSfrd o jklk;fud xq.k leku gksrs gS] ysfdu lery /kqzfor izdk'k ds izfr
fØ;k fHkék iznf'kZr gksrh gS] izdkf'kd leko;oh dgykrs gSA
(e) 'd' vkSj ' ' leko;oh izfrfcEc:ih dgykrs gSaA
milgla;kstd la[;k = 6 okys izdkf'kd leko;oh

(i) [Ma2b2c2]n+ [Pt(py)2(NH3)2Cl2]2+
(ii) [Mabcedf] [Pt(py)NH3NO2ClBrI]

Br
NO2 py
(iii) [M(AA)3]n+ [Co(en)3]3+

3+
en
en
Co
en
-form
84 H
RBSE
(iv) [M(AA)2ab]n+ [Co(en)2NH3Cl]2+
2+
en
Cl
Co
H 3N NH3
en
Cis- -isomer
(v) [M(AB)3] [Cr(gly)3]
gly
Cr
gly
gly
Cis or trans-d-isomer Cis or trans- -isomer

(vi) [Fe(NH3)2(en)Cl2]
(vii) [Fe(en)2Cl2]
Cis-d-isomer Cis- -isomer

dkcZ/kkfRod ;kSfxd ;k C-/kkrq cU/k ;kSfxd (Organometallic Compounds)
;kSfxd ftlesa ,d gkbMªksdkcZu ;k ,d fyxs.M dk C ijek.kq lh/ks gh /kkrq@mi/kkrq@v/kkrq tSls B, P bR;kfn ls
tqM+k gksrk gS] dkcZ/kkfRod ;kSfxd dgykrk gSA
eg. R–Zn–RMkbZ,fYdy ftad ¼ÝsadyS.M vfHkdeZd½
;
R–Mg–X ,fYdy esafXuf'k;e gSykbZM ¼fxzU;kj vfHkdeZd½
H 85
Chemistry
milgla;kstd jlk;u ds vuqiz;ksx (Applications of coordination chemistry)
(a) Ni+2 dk ijh{k.k: nqcZy {kkjh; ek/;e esa Ni+2 vk;u, MkbesfFky XykbvkWfDll ls vfHkfØ;k djds xqykch
yky vo{ksi nsrk gS
NH4OH
Ni+2 + 2dmg [Ni(dmg)2]
(b) Fe+3 dk ijh{k.k %

FeCl 3 + 3KSCN Fe(SCN)3 + 3KCl
Potassium thiocyanate Blood red colour
(c) Cu+2 dk ijh{k.k %

2
2Cu K 4 [Fe(CN)6 ] Cu 2 [Fe(CN)6 ]
Chocolate brown ppt
(d) Hkwjk oy; ijh{k.k : ukbVªsV vk;u dk ijh{k.k

2 3
NO3 Fe 4H Fe NO 2H2 O ( )
Fe(H2 O)6 SO 4 NO Fe(H2 O)5 (N O) SO 4

brown ring complex
(e) AgCl ;k AgBr vo{ksi veksfu;k vFkok NH4OH esa foys; gksrs gSaA
2NH 3
AgCl Ag NH 3 2
Cl
white ppt
(f) QksVksxzkQh es:a gkbiks foy;u [Na2S2O3.5H2O] ds }kjk vuvi?kfVr AgBr ¼vkd`fr fodflr gksus ds
le;½ dks QksVksxzkfQd fQYe ls i`Fkd djrs gSaA
h 1
AgBr Ag Br2
2
3
AgBr 2Na2 S2 O3 Na 3 Ag S2 O 3 2
NaBr
(g) veksfu;k dh mifLFkfr esa CuSO4 ds tyh; foy;u dk gYdk uhyk jax xgjs uhys jax esa ifjofrZr gks
tkrk gSA
4NH3
Cu H2 O 4
SO4 Cu NH 3 4
SO4
light blue dark blue
(h) Wilkinson catalyst [RhCl(PPh3)3] dk mi;ksx ,Ydhuksa ds gkbMªkstuhdj.k ds fy, djrs gSaA ¼lekaxh
mRizsj.k½
(i) [EDTA]4– dk mi;ksx ty dh dBksjrk ds ewY;kadu ds fy, djrs gSaA
(j) [Ca(EDTA)]2– dk mi;ksx Pb fo"k dks i`Fkd djus ds fy, djrs gSaA
[Ca(EDTA)]2– + Pb+2 [Pb(EDTA)]2– + Ca+2
(k) tSfod egRo %
Chlorophyll (Mg) haemoglobin (Fe+2) Insulin (Zn)
Vitamin B12(Co) Corboxypeptide (Zn)
86 H
RBSE
1. fuEufyf[kr milgla;kstu ;kSfxdksa ds lw=kk fyf[k, &

(i) VsVªk,EehuMkb,DokdksckYV (III) DyksjkbM
(ii) iksVfS 'k;e VsVªklk;uksfufdysV (II)
(iii) fVªl (,sFksu-1,2-Mkb,sehu) Øksfe;e (III) DyksjkbM
(iv) ,sEehuczksfeMksDyksfjMksukbfVªVks-(N)-IySfVusV (II)
(v) MkbDyksjksfcl (,sFksu-1,2-Mkb,ehu) IySfVue (IV) ukbVªVs
(vi) vk;ju (III) gsDlkslk;uksQsjsV (II)
Ans. (i) [CO(H2O)2 (NH3)4]Cl3 (ii) K2[Ni(CN)4]
(iii) [Cr(en)3]Cl3 (iv) [Pt(NH)3BrCl(NO2)]–
(v) [PtCl2(en)2](NO3)2 (vi) Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
2. vxzfyf[kr milgla;kstu ;kSfxdksa ds IUPAC uke fyf[k, &
(i) [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 (ii) [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
(iii) K3[Fe(CN)6] (iv) K3[Fe(C2O4)3]
(v) K2[PdCl4] (vi) [Pt(NH3)2Cl(NH2CH3)]Cl
Ans. (i) gsDlk,sEehudksckYV (III) DyksjkbM (ii) is.Vk,sEehuDyksfjMksdksckYV (III)
(iii) iksVfS 'k;e gsDlklk;uksQsjV
s (III) (iv) iksVfS 'k;e VªkbvkWDlysVksQSjsV (III)
(v) S sMsV (II)
iksVfS 'k;e VsVªkDyksfjMksiy (vi) Mk,,sEehuDyksfjMks ¼esfFky,sehu½ IySfVue (II) DyksjkbM
3. ladj vk;u [Co(NH3)6]3+ esa ladj.k ds izdkj dks le>kb,A
Ans. ladj vk;u [Co(NH3)6]3+ esa ladj.k dk izdkj d2sp3 gS] D;ksafd Co+3 vk;u dk cká bysDVªkWfud foU;kl
fuEu gksrk gS -
3d 4s 4p
ladj vk;u [Co(NH3)6]3+ ,d ladqy ;kSfxd cu tkrk gSA blls /kkrq vk;u ds bysDVªkuW ksa dk d{kdksa esa
iqufoZrj.k gksrk gS vkSj fQj d2sp3 ladj.k gksrk gSA
3d 4s 4p
2 3
d sp
4. la;kstdrk cU/k fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij le>kb, fd [Ni(CN)4]2– ,d fuEu izpØ.k ladqy vk;u gSA
Ans. [Ni(CN)4]2– vk;u esa Ni dh vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk +2 gSA blesa Ni+2 vk;u dh leUo; la[;k 4 gSA
Ni2+ vk;u dk bysDVªkWfud foU;kl
3d 4s 4p
H 87
Chemistry
la;kstdrk cU/k fl)kUr ds vuqlkj ;gk¡ izcy fyxs.M CN– gS vr% d d{kdksa esa mifLFkr v;qfXer bysDVªkWu
;qfXer gksdj ,d d-d{kd fjDr dj nsrk gS vr% ;gk¡ fuEu izpØ.k ladqy dsp2 ladj.k voLFkk n'kkZrk gSA
3d 4s 4p
2
dsp
5. fuEu ladqy vk;uksa esa ladj.k dk izdkj] vkd`fr rFkk pqEcdh; O;ogkj crkb, &
(i) [Fe(H2O)6]2+ (ii) [NiCl4]2–
Ans. (i) [Fe(H2O)6]2+
Fe = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d6
3d 4s 4p
Fe =
+2
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ =
d2sp3 hybridisation
ladj.k – d2sp3
vkd`fr – v"VQydh;
pqEcdh; O;ogkj – izfrpqEcdh;
(ii) [NiCl4] 2–
3d 4s 4p
Ni = +2
[NiCl4]2– =
3
sp
ladj.k – sp3
vkd`fr – prq"Qydh;A
pqEcdh; O;ogkj – vuqpqEcdh;A
6. [Fe(CN)6] rFkk [FeF6] ds pqEcdh; O;ogkj dh rqyuk dhft,A
4– 3–
Ans. [Fe(CN)6]4– vk;u esa d2sp3 ladj.k gksrk gSA

Fe+2 = [Ar]3d6
3d 4s 4p
2 3
d sp
v;qfZXer bysDVªkWu dks vuqifLFkfr ds dkj.k ;g izfrpqEcdh; gksrk gSA tcfd [FeF6]3– esa ik¡p v;qfXer
bysDVªkWu gksus ds dkj.k ;g vuqpqEcdh; gksrk gSA
[FeF6]3– vk;u esa sp3d2 ladj.k gksrk gSA
3d 4s 4p 4d
3 2
sp d
88 H
RBSE
7. la;kstdrk cU/k fl)kUr dks mi;ksx ysrs gq, [Ni(CO)4] dh vkd`fr rFkk pqEcdh; xq.kksa dks crkb,A
Ans. [Ni(CO)4]
Ni = [Ar] 3d8, 4s2
3d 4s 4p
sp3
[Ni(CO)4] dh vkd`fr = prq"Qydh;
ladj.k = sp3
pqEcdh; O;ogkj = vuqpqEcdh;
8. v"VQydh; fØLVy {ks=k esa d d{kdksa ds foikVu dks n'kkZus ds fy, fp=k cukb,A
Energy dx2– y2,dz2
Ans. z eg
y +3/5
Barycentre
–2/5
x
Average energy t2g
of the d orbitals dxy dyz dxz
in a spherical field
Splitting of the d
Metal orbitals in a
d orbitals octahedral crystal field
dx2–y2, dz2 dxy, dyz, dxz
9. LisDVªehjklk;fud Js.kh D;k gS nqcZy {ks=k fyxs.M rFkk izcy {ks=k fyxs.M esa varj Li"V dhft,&
Ans. LisDVªeh jklk;fud Js.kh esa lkekU;r% fyxs.Mks ds mu dh c<rh gqbZ fØLVy {ks=k foikVu ÅtkZ (CF SE) ds
ekuksa ds Øe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA fyx.M tks fd Js.kh esa nka;h vkSj gksrs gSA izcy {ks=k fyx.M dgykrs
gSA tcfd cka;h vkSj nqcy Z {ks=k fyxs.M gksrs gSA izcy {ks=k fyxs.M d d{kdksa dk foikVu nqcZy {ks=k fyxs.Mksa dh
vis{kk vfèkd ek=kk esa djrs gSA
I–< Br– <S2– < SCN– <Cl– <N3– <OH– <C2O42– <~H2O < NCS– <edta4– < NH3 < en– <CN– < CO
10. fuEu ladqyksa esa dsUæh; èkkrq vk;u dh vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk] d d{kdksa dk vfèkxzg.k ,oa milgla;kstu la[;k
crykb,&
(i) K3[Co(C2O4)3] (ii) cis-[Cr(en)2Cl2]Cl
(iii) (NH4)2[CoF4] (iv) [Mn(H2O)6]SO4

Ans. (i) K3[Co(C2O4)3]
Co dsUæh; èkkrq vk;u gSA
milgla;kstu la[;k 6 gSA
vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk fuEu izdkj ls Kkr djrs gSA
x – 6 = –3
x = +3
Co3+ ds fy, d d{kdksa dk vfèkxzg.k t2g6eg0 gSA
H 89
Chemistry
(ii) cis-[Cr(en)2Cl2]Cl
Cr3+ dsUæh; èkkrq vk;u gSA
x + 2(0) + 2(–1) = +1
x – 2 = +1
x = +3
Cr3+ ds fy, d d{kdksa dk vfèkxzg.k t2g3 eg0 gSA
(iii) (NH4)2[CoF4]
Co2+ dsUæh; èkkrq vk;u gSA
x – 4 = –2
x = +2
Co2+ ds fy, d d{kdksa dk vfèkxzg.k t2g5 eg2 gSA
(iv) [Mn(H2O)6]SO4
dsUæh; èkkrq vk;u Mn2+ gSA
x + 0 = +2
x = +2
Mn2+ ds fy, d d{kdksa dk vfèkxzg.k t2g3 eg2 gSA
11. èkkrq dkcksfZ uyksa esa vkcaèk dh izd`fr dh foospuk dhft,A
Ans. èkkrq dkcksZfuyksa ds èkkrq & dkcZu vkcaèk esa
rFkk nksuks ds xq.k ik;s tkrs gSA M – C vkcaèk dkcksfZ uy lewg
ds dkcZu ij mifLFkr bysDVªkWu ;qxy dks èkkrq ds fjDr d{kd esa nku djus ls curk gSA M – C vkcaèk èkkrq
ds iwfjr d d{kdksa esa ls ,d bysDVªkuW ;qxy dks dkcZu eksuksDlkbM ds fjDr izfrvkcaèkuA d{kd ¼bls
dkcksZfuy lewg dk i'pcaèku Hkh dgrs gSA½ esa nku djus ls curk gSA caèk ,oa caèk ,d & nwljsa dks etcwr
cukrs gSA vr% èkkrq ls fyx.M dk vkcaèk ,d lgfØ;k'khyrk dk izHkko (Synergic effect) mRiUu djrk gS] tks
CO o èkkrq ds eè; vkcaèk dks etcwr cukrk gSA
M C O
Synergic bonding in metal carbonyls

12. [Cr(H2O)4Br2]Cl ds vk;uu leko;oh dk lw=k fyf[k,A
Ans. [Cr(H2O)4BrCl]Br
90 H
RBSE
13. fuEufyf[kr ladqyksa }kjk iznf'kZr leko;ork dk izdkj crykb, rFkk bu leko;oksa dh lajpuk cukb, &
(i) K[Cr(H2O)2(C2O4)2]
(ii) [Co(en)3]Cl3
(iii) [Co(NH3)5(NO2)](NO3)2
(iv) [Pt(NH3)(H2O)Cl2]
Ans. (i) K[Cr(H2O)2(C2O4)2] }kjk iznf'kZr leko;ork-(a) ;g ladqy T;kferh; leko;ork iznf'kZr djrk gSA
blesa nks leko;oh lei{k o foi{k gksrs gSaA
OH2 OH2
O O O OH2
Cr Cr
T;kferh; leko;ork O O O O
OH 2
O
VªkUl ;k foi{k leko;o izdkf'kd leko;ork iznf'kZr ugha djrk gSA

OH 2 OH
O OH2 OH2 2 O
Cr Cr
O O O O
O O
(ii) ladqy izdkf'kd leko;ork iznf'kZr djrs gSaA

CH2
H2N CH2
CH2–H2 N
NH 2 H2N
Co N N
CH2–H2N NH2 = Co
H2N CH2 N N
CH2 H2N
exist.
nks izdkf'kd leko;o gksrs gSaA
N N
N N N N
Co Co
N N N N
N N
(iii) [CO(NH3)2(NO2)] (NO3)2
izdkf'kd leko;o ds ;qXe
NH3 NH3
O 2N NH3 H 3N NO2
Co Co
H 3N NH3 H 3N NH3
NH3 NH3
cU/kuh leko;ork iznf'kZr djrk gSA
[CO(NH3)5(NO2)] (NO3)2 and [CO(NH3)5(ONO)](NO3)2
vk;uu leko;ork iznf'kZr djrk gSA
[Co(NH3)5(NO2)] (NO3)2 ; [CO(NH3)5(NO3)](NO3) (NO2)
H 91
Chemistry
(iv) [Pt(NH3)(H2O)Cl2] ladqy T;kferh; leko;ork iznf'kZr djrk gSA
Cl NH3 H3N Cl
Pt Pt
Cl H2O Cl H2O
cis trans
14. bldk izek.k nhft, fd [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 rFkk [Co(NH3)5SO4]Cl vk;uu leko;oh gSaA
Ans. vk;uu leko;o ty esa ?kqydj fHkUu vk;u nsrs gS]a blfy, fofHkUu vfHkdeZdksa ls fHkUu vfHkfØ;k,a djrs gSaA
vr% ;s nksuksa leko;o Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu vo{ksi fHkUu vfHkdeZd ds lkFk nsaxsA
[CO(NH3)5Cl]SO4 + Ba2+ BaSO4
lQsn
[CO(NH3)5Cl]SO4 + Ag+ dksbZ vfHkfØ;k ugha
[CO(NH3)5SO4]Cl + Ba2+ dksbZ vfHkfØ;k ugha
[CO(NH3)5Cl]SO4 + Ba2+ AgCl
lQsn
15. fuEu ds izdkf'kd leko;oksa dh lajpuk, cukb,&
(i) [Cr(C2O4)3]3– (ii) [PtCl2(en)2]2+ (iii) [Cr(NH3)2Cl2(en)]+
Ans. (i) [Cr(C2O4)3]3–
3– ox 3–
ox
ox Cr Cr ox
ox ox
3– 3–
[Cr(OX)3] Mirror [Cr(OX)3]
(dextro) (Laevo)
(ii) [PtCl2(en)2]2+
Cl Cl
Cl
en Pt en
Pt
en en
Mirror
(iii) [Cr(NH3)2Cl2(en)] +
en en
H3N NH3
Cr Cr
H3N Cl Cl NH3
Cl Cl
Mirror
92 H
RBSE
en en
H3N NH3
Cr Cr
Cl NH3 H3N Cl
Cl Cl
Mirror
16. fuEufyf[kr ds lHkh leko;oksa ¼T;kferh; o èkzqo.k½ dh lajpuk,a cukb,&
(i) [CoCl2(en)2]+ (ii) [Co(NH3)Cl(en)2]2+ (iii) [Co(NH3)2Cl2(en)]+
Ans. (i) [CoCl2(en)2]+
Cl Cl
en Co en Co en
en
Cl Cl
Mirror
Trans [CoCl2(en) 2]+ isomer-optically inactive
(Superimposable mirror images)
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
en Co Co en
en en
Mirror
Cis [CoCl2(en)2]+ isomer-optically active
(non-superimposable mirror images)
blds dqy rhu leko;oh laHko gSA

(ii) [Co(NH3)Cl(en)2]2+
Cl Cl
NH3
en Co
en en Co
en
NH3
Trans Cis
Cl Cl
NH3 H3N
en Co Co en
en en
Cis Mirror
H 93
Chemistry
foi{k & leko;oh izdkf'kd vfØ; gksrs gSaA
lei{k & leko;oh izdkf'kd lfØ; gksrs gSaA
(iii) [Co(NH3)2Cl2(en)]+
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
en Co Co en
NH3 NH3
NH3 NH3
Mirror
17. [Pt(NH3)(Br)(Cl)(py)] ds lHkh T;kferh leko;o fyf[k,A buesa ls fdrus èkzqo.k leko;ork n'kkZ,xs\
Ans. [Pt(NH3)(Br)(Cl)(py)]
H3N Cl H3N Br H3N Cl
Pt Pt Pt
Py Br Py Cl Br Py
mijksDr leko;oksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh izdkf'kd (optical) leko;ork ugha n'kkZrs gSA oxkZdkj leryh; ladqy dsoy
vlefer dhysV fyxs.Mksa dh mifLFkfr esa gh izdkf'kd leko;ork n'kkZrs gSA
94 H
RBSE
1. CN– ,d mHk;/kehZ fyxs.M gS] D;ksafd

(a) blesa cgqca/k gksrs gSaA
(b) dkcZu ij _.kkRed vkos'k gSA
(c) ;g fdysV cukrk gSA
(d) C o N nksuksa ,dkdh bysDVªkWu ;qXe dk nku dj ldrs gSa
2. [Fe(CN)6]3– esa vk;ju dk vkWDlhdj.k vad gS
(a) –6 (b) +3 (c) – 3 (d) + 6
3. [CoF6]–3 esa Co dh milgla;kstu la[;k gS
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 8
4. H2N – CH2 – CH2 – NH2 fdl :i esa iz;qä gksrk gSSA
(a) ,dnUrqd fyxs.M (b) fdysfVax fyxs.M (c) _.kk;fud fyxs.M (d) /kuk;fud fyxs.M
5. Fe(CO)5 dk IUPAC uke gSA
(a) isUVkdkckZfs uy QsjsV (0) (b) isUVkdkckZsfuy QsjV
s (III)
(c) isUVkdkckZfs uy vk;ju (0) (d) isUVkdkckZsfuy vk;ju (II)
6. ;kSfxd Na2[Fe(CN)5NO+] dgykrk gSA
(a) lksfM;e isUVklk;uks ukbVªkslksfu;e QsjsV (II) (b) lksfM;e ukbVªksiqzlkbM
(c) lksfM;e ukbVªkslksQsjkslk;ukbM (d) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
7. oxZ leryh; T;kferh j[kus okyk ladqy vk;u gS&
(a) [Ni(CN)4]2– (b) [Pt(CN)4]–2 (c) [Cu(NH3)4]+2 (d) All
8. ,d ladqy vk;u [FeF6]–3 esa] la;kstdrk cU/k fl)kUr ds vuqlkj ladqy vk;u dk pqEcdh; xq.k fdrus
v;qfXer bysDVªkWu ds dkj.k gS ?
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 3
9. Ni(CO)4, Ni(CN)42– rFkk [Ni(Cl)4]2– esa
(a) Ni(CO)4 rFkk NiCl42– izfrpqEcdh; o Ni(CN)42– vuqpqEcdh; gS
(b) NiCl42– rFkk Ni(CN)42– izfrpqEcdh; o Ni(CO)4 vuqpqEcdh; gSA
(c) Ni(CO)4 rFkk Ni(CN)42– izfrpqEcdh; o NiCl42– vuqpqEcdh; gSA

(d) Ni(CO4) izfrpqEcdh; NiCl42– rFkk Ni(CN)42– vuqpqEcdh; gSA
10. [NiCl4]2– ladqy dh fuEu esa ls dkSulh lgh T;kferh gSA
(a) prq"Qydh; (b) v"VQydh; (c) oxZ leryh; (d) fijkfeMh
11. fuEu esa ls fdl ;kSfxd dh vkÑfr oxkZdkj leryh; gksrh gS] rFkk v;qfXer bysDVªkuW ugha gksrs gSA
(a) [Cu(NH3)4]+2 (b) [Ni(CO)4] (c) [NiCl4]–2 (d) [Ni(CN)4]–2
H 95
Chemistry
12. tfVy [Co(NO2)(NH3)5]Cl2 rFkk [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 mnkgj.k gS
(a) milgla;kstu leko;oh (b) vk;uu leko;oh
(c) T;kferh leko;oh (d) ca/ku leko;oh
13. ladqy [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Br2 esa iznf'kZr gksus okyh leko;ork dk izdkj gSA
(a) ca/ku leko;ork (b) vk;uu leko;ork (c) T;kferh leko;ork (d) 2 rFkk 3 nksuksa
14. ,d O;fDr tks lhlk ds fo"kSysiu ls ijs'kku gS mls f[kyk;k tkrk gS
(a) Hypo (b) Cis-platin (c) [Ca(EDTA)]2– (d) DMG
15. ftXyj ukVk mRizsjd gSA
(a) [RhCl(PPh3)3] (b) Al(C2H5)3 + TiCl4
(c) K(PtCl3( – C2H4)] (d) Pt/Rh
16. fuEu esa f}nUrqd fyxs.M dk p;u dhft;s &
(a) CO (b) SCN– (c) CH3COO– (d) C2O42–
17. [Fe(H2O)5(NO]2+ vk;u esa Fe dh vkWDlhdj.k la[;k gS\
(a) +2 (b) +3 (c) +1 (d) 0
18. ladqy ;kSfxd [(Co(NH3)4(H2O)Br](NO3)2 dk IUPAC ds vuqlkj uke nhft,s &
(a) czkseks,DoksVsVªk,ehu dksckYV (III) ukbVªsV (b) czkseks ,DoksVsVªk,Eehuks dksckYV (III) ukbVªV
s
(c) czkseks ,DokVsVªk,Eehu dksckYVsV (III) ukbVªsV (d) VsVªk ,Eehu,Dok czksekbZMks dksckYV (III) ukbVªV
s
19. [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6] ds fy, IUPAC uke gksxk :-
(a) gsDlk,ehu dksckYV (III) gsDlklk;uksaØksesV(III) (b) gsDlklk;uks Øksfe;e dksckYVgsDlk,ehu(VI)
(c) gsDlk,ehu dksckYV (III) gsDlklk;uksØksfe;e(VI) (d) gsDlklk;uksa Øksfe;e (III) gsDlk,ehudksckYV(III)
20. gSDlk¶ywvksjksQSjVs (III) vk;u ,d cká d{kd ladqy gS] blesa v;qfXer bysDVªkuW dh la[;k gksxhA
(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 3
4
21. ;fn 0 < P rks d ds fy, lgh bysDVªkfW ud foU;kl gksxk :-
(a) t 24 g e0g (b) t 23 g e1g (c) t 20 g e4g (d) t 22 g e2g
22. ,d oxkZdkj leryh; ladqy Cis platin [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] iznf'kZr djrk gSaA
(a) T;kferh; leko;ork (b) izdkf'kd leko;ork
(c) lfU/k leko;ork (d) vk;uu leko;ork
23. fuEu esa ls dkSulk ladqy tks AgNO3 ds lkFk vo{ksi nsrk gS rFkk nks T;kferh; leko;oh :iksa esa feyrk gS
(a) PtCl2.4NH3 (b) PtCl2.3NH3 (c) PtCl4.4NH3 (d) PtCl4.2NH3
24. CrCl3.6H2O rhu fHkUu jaxhu ;kSfxdksa dks n'kkZrk gS bldk dkj.k gS :-
(a) vk;uu leko;ork (b) milgla;kstu leko;ork
(c) izdkf'kd leko;ork (d) gkbMªsV leko;ork
25. gkbiks foy;u esa AgBr dh foys;rk fuEu esa ls fdlds fuekZ.k ds dkj.k gksrh gS %&
(a) Ag2SO3 (b) Ag2S2O3 (c) [Ag(S2O3)]– (d) [Ag(S2O3)2]3–
96 H
RBSE
26. fuEu esas ls dkSu izdkf'kd leko;ork iznf'kZr ugha djrk%
(a) [Co(en)3]3+ (b) [Co(en)2Cl2]+ (c) [Co(NH3)3Cl3]0 (d) [Co(en)Cl2(NH3)2]+
27. ladqy [Co(NH3)6][Cr(CN)6] and [Cr(NH3)6] [Co(CN)6] fdl leko;ork ds mnkgj.k gS ?
(a) fydsat leko;ork (b) vk;uu leko;ork
(c) milgla;kstu leko;ork (d) T;ksferh; leko;ork
28. ladqy [Ni(CN)4]2– esa ladj.k gS &(i-la- Ni =k 28)
(a) d2sp2 (b) d2sp3 (c) dsp2 (d) sp3
29. ladqy [M(en)2(C2O4)]Cl (tgk¡ en bZfFkyhuMkb,sehu gS) esa /kkrq M dh milgla;kstu la[;k ,oa vkWDlhdj.k
la[;k dk ;ksx gS&
(a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 6
30. [Ni(CO)4] ladqy dh T;kfefr ,oa pqEcdh; xq.k gSa
(a) oxZ leryh T;kfefr ,oa izfrpqEcdh; (b) prq"Qydh; T;kfefr ,oa izfrpqEcdh;
(c) oxZ leryh T;kfefr ,oa vuqpqEcdh; (d) prq"Qydh; T;kfefr ,oa vuqpqEcdh;
31. vk;ju dkcksZfuy] Fe(CO)5 gS
(a) prq"ddsUnzd (b) ,ddsUnzd (c) f=kdsUnzd (d) f}dsUnzd
32. [Ni(CO)4], [Ni(CN)4]2–, [NiCl4]2– Lih'kht esa Ni ijek.kq ij ladj.k voLFkk,¡ Øe'k% gS (ijek.kq la[;k
Ni =k 28):-
(a) dsp2, sp3, sp3 (b) sp3, dsp2, dsp2 (c) sp3, dsp2, sp3 (d) sp3, sp3, dsp2
33. [Cr(NH3)6]+3 esa Cr dk ladj.k gS %&
(a) dsp2 (b) dsp3 (c) d2sp3 (d) sp3d2
ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. d b c b c d d b c a
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. d d d c b d c d a b
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. b a c d d c c c c b
Q. No. 31 32 33
Ans. b c c
H 97
Chemistry
1. f}narqd fyxs.M gS & (RBSE 2023)

(a) C2O42 (b) SCN– (c) NH3 (d) Cl–
Ans. (a)
2. [Pt(H2O)2Br2] ds T;kferh; leko;fo;ksa dh T;kfefr cukdj foU;kl fyf[k,A (RBSE 2023)
Ans. H2O Br Br H2O

Pt Pt
Br H2O Br H2O
cis trans
3. fuEukafdr ds IUPAC uke fyf[k,A (RBSE 2023)

(i) [Cu(H2O)4]2+ (ii) [Co(NH3)6]Br3 (iii) [Fe(CN)6]3–
Ans. (i) VªsVk,Dok dkWij (II)
(ii) gsDlk,sfeusdksckYV (III) czksekbM+
(iii) gsDlklkbuks QSjsV (II)
4. prq"Qydh; T;kfefr okyk milgla;kstu ;kSfxd gS & (RBSE 2022)
(A) [Ni(CN)4]2– (B) [Ni(CO)4] (C) [Fe(CO)5] (D) [Cr(CO)6]
Ans. (B)
5. gheksXykschu ladqy esa mifLFkr /kkrq dk uke ----------------- gSA (RBSE 2022)
Ans. Fe
6. leUo; cgqyd dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A (RBSE 2022)
Ans. dsUnzh; /kkrq ijek.kq ;k vk;u ls lh/ks tqM+s fyxs.M+ks dh f=kfoe esa fof'k"V O;oLFkk leUo;h cgqQyd dgykrk
gSA
7. K3[Al(C2O4)3] dk IUPAC uke fyf[k,A (RBSE 2022)
Ans. potassiam trioxalatoaluminium(III)
8. [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6] rFkk [Cr(NH3)6] [Co(CN)6] }kjk iznf'kZr leko;ork dk izdkj fyf[k,A
Ans. milgla;ksth leko;oh (RBSE 2022)

9. dkcksZfuy ladqy esa mifLFkr lgfØ;k'khyrk vkca/ku dks fpf=kr dhft,A (RBSE 2022)
C O
Ans. M
Synergic bonding
Example of synergic bonding
98 H
RBSE
10. [Ni(CO4)] esa Ni dh vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk fyf[k,A (RBSE 2020)
Ans. 'kwU;
11. mHk;narh fyx.M dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A (RBSE 2020)
Ans. og fyxs.M tks nks fHkUu&fHkUu ijek.kqvkas }kjk /kkrq ls tqM+ ldrk gS ysfdu ,d le; esa dsoy ,d nkrk
ijek.kq gh cUèk cukrk gSA mls mHk;narh fyxs.M dgrs gSA
tSls NO2–, SCN–, CN–
12. (a) K3[Fe(C2O4)] ladqy dk IUPAC uke fyf[k,A (RBSE 2020)
(b) la;kstdrk ca/k fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij] [NiCl4]2– ,oa [Ni(CN)4]2– ladqy vk;u dh T;kfefr ,oa
pqEcdh; izd`fÙk fyf[k,A
Ans. (a) ikSVfs 'k;e VkbZvkWDlhysVksQSjVs (III)
(b) [NiCl4]2– dk pqEcdh; O;ogkj
2+
Ni
3d 4s 4p
3
sp
Ni2+
3
3d sp
2–
[NiCl4]
– – – –
Cl Cl Cl Cl
mi;qZDr ladqy vuqpqEcdh; gS D;ksafd blesa v;qfXer bysDVªkWu mifLFkr gSA
[NiCN4]2– dk pqEcdh; O;ogkj
Ni 2+
3d 4s 4p
2
dsp
2+
Ni
3d dsp2 4p
[Ni(CN)4]2–
– – – –
3d CN CN CN CN 4p
mi;qZDr ladqy [Ni(CN)4]2– esa dksbZ v;qfXer bysDVªkWu ugha gS vr% ;g izfrpqEcdh; gSA
13. f}nUrqd fyxs.M dk dksbZ ,d mnkgj.k nhft,A (RBSE 2019)

Ans. vkWDlysVks C2 O24
14. fuEufyf[kr ladqyksa esa dsUnzh; /kkrq vk;u dh vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk ,oa milgla;kstu la[;k nhft,A
(a) [Co(en)3]3+ (b) K4[Fe(CN)6] (RBSE 2019)
Ans. (a) vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk +3 lgla;kstu la[;k 6
(b) vkWDlhdj.k voLFkk +2 vkWDlhdj.k la[;k 6
H 99
Chemistry
15. fuEufyf[kr ladqy ;kSfxd dk IUPAC uke fyf[k,A K3[Fe(C2O4)3] (RBSE 2018)
Ans. ikSVfs 'k;e VkbZvkWDlhysVksQSjV
s (III)
16. q [CoF6]3– dh vkDlhdj.k voLFkk] ladj.k] T;kfefr ,oa pqEcdh;
la;kstdrk ca/k fl)kUr ds vk/kkj ij lady
izd`fr dks le>kb,A (RBSE 2018)
Ans. (CoF6)–3
x + 6(–1) =k – 3
x =k + 3
3d 4s 4p 4d
Co+3 =k [Ar]
F– nqcZy {kS=k fyxS.M ds dkj.k CO+3 ds 3d d{kdksa esa bysDVªkWuksa dk ;qXeu ugh gks ikrk gS vr% CO+3 dh
sp3d2 ladfjr voLFkk ds dkj.k ladqy dh T;kfefr v"VQydh; gS
3d 4s 4p 4d
Co+3 =k [Ar]
3 2
sp d
* v"VQydh; T;kfefr
* vuqpqEcdh; izd`fr
F–
– –
F F
+3
Co
–
F F
–
–
F
100 H
RBSE
CHAPTER–6 : gSyks,Ydsu rFkk gSyks,jhu

UNIT INDEX
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
gSykstu O;qRiUu (HALOGEN DERIVATIVES)

;kSfxd tks gkbMªksdkcZu ds ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ds mrus gh la[;k esa gSykstu ijek.kqvksa
}kjk izfrLFkkfir gksus ls curs gS & gSykstu O;qRiUu dgykrs gSaA
oxhZdj.k (CLASSIFICATION)
gSykstu O;qRiUu ftu gkbMªksdkcZuksa ls izkIr gq, gS] mudh izÑfr ds vk/kkj ij] bUgsa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
eksuksgSykbM+ (MONOHALIDES) :
eksuksgSykbM+ cukus dh lkekU; fof/k;k¡ &
(1) ,Ydsuksa ds lh/ks gSykstuhdj.k ls %
U.V.light
R—H + Cl2 R—Cl + HCl
(excess)
(2) ,Ydhuksa ij gkbMªkstu gSykbM ds ;ksx ls %
R—CH CHR + HX RCH2—CHXR
eg. : CH2 CH2 + HX CH3 —CH2X
eg. : CH3–CH CH2 + HX CH3 CH CH3
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\Haloalkanes & Haloarenes
X
vkblksikz sfiy gSykbM
(3) ,Ydksgy ls %
(a) gkbMªkstu gSykbM dh fØ;k }kjk %
eg. R—CH2—OH H X RCH2—X
(b) QkLQksjl gSykbM ls fØ;k %
R—OH + PCl5 R—Cl + POCl3 + HCl
3R—OH + PCl3 3RCl + H3PO3
H 101
Chemistry
PBr3 ,oa PI3 de LFkk;h gS vr% czksekbM ds fy, ( P + Br2 ) ,oa vk;ksMkbM ds fy, ( P + I2) dk
feJ.k iz;ksx djrs gSaA
(c) Fkk;ksfuy DyksjkbM ls fØ;k ¼MktZu izØe½ %
Pyridine
R—OH + SOCl2 (1 mole )
R—Cl + SO2 + HCl
One mole One mole
SOBr2 ,oa SOI2 vLFkk;h gksus ls R–Br ,oa R–I ugha cuk ldrsA
(4) gSykstu fofue; }kjk %
Acetone
R–Cl or R—Br + KI R–I + KCl or KBr (dkWusUV fQadfYLVu vfHkfØ;k)
2CH3Cl + Hg2F2 2CH3–F + Hg2Cl2 (LokVZ vfHkfØ;k)
HkkSfrd xq.k (Physical Properties)
(a) fuEu lnL; CH3F, CH3Cl, CH3Br o C2H5Cl,C2H5F dejs ds rki ij xSl gSA
(b) budk DoFkukad vius ewy ,Ydsu dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrk gSA
DoFkukad dk ?kVrk Øe gS % R–I > R—Br > R—Cl > R—F
leko;oh ,fYdy gSykbMksa ds chp B.P. dk ?kVrk Øe gS % izkFkfed > f}rh;d > r`rh;d
(c) R—F rFkk R—Cl ikuh ls gYds gksrs gSA
R—Br rFkk R—I ikuh ls Hkkjh gksrs gSA
?kuRo dk ?kVrk Øe gS % R—I > R—Br > R—Cl > R—F
(d) R–X /kzqoh; lgla;ksth ;kSfxd gS] ysfdu ikuh esa vfoys; gS D;ksafd ty esa ;s H–cU/k ugh cuk ldrs gSA
;s dkcZfud foyk;dksa esa foys; gSA
(e) f}/kzqo vk?kw.kZ Øe –
(f) CH3Cl > CH3F > CH3Br > CH3I (ii) Cl > Cl
jklk;fud xq.k (Chemical Properties)

ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k,sa (SN) :
HOH(Boil)
(a) X by — OH
R—OH (, ) +HX
KOH aq.
(b) R—OH (, ) +KX
X by — OH
moist Ag 2O
(c) R—X R—OH (, ) +AgX
X by — OH
KSH alc.
(d) R—SH + KX
X by — SH
) )
NaSR'
(e) RSR' + NaX
X by —SR
R' COOAg,
(f) R' COOR + AgX
X by(R'COO)
(, , ),
102 H
RBSE
(g) KCN ,oa AgCN ds lkFk fØ;k %
–
R— X + KCN Alc.
R—C N + R—NC + KX
vk;fud ca/k lkbukbM vkblkslk;ukbM+
(major) (minor)
CN vk;u ,d mHk;nUrqd ukfHkdLusgh gSA
.. Alc.
R—X + Ag—CN R— N C + R—CN + AgX
+ +
(Major) (Minor)
(h) KNO2 ,oa AgNO2 ls fØ;k %
Alc.
R—X + KO—NO R — O—N O + R—NO2 + KX
,
(Major) (Minor)
.. Alc.
O
R—X + Ag—O—N=O R— N + R—O—N=O + AgX
O
(major) (minor)
(i) NaOR' ¼lksfM;e ,YdkWDlkbM½ ls fØ;k %
R—X + NaOR' R—OR' + NaX
(fofy;elu la'ys"k.k vfHkfØ;k)
(j) NH3 ls vfHkfØ;k :
R—X R—X
R—X+NH3 R—NH2 R—NH—R R N R
R
R X
R N R X
R
(Quaternary salt)
(k) CH CNa ls vfHkfØ;k :
R—X + CH CNa R—C CH + NaX
CH3
–+
If CH3 C X + CH CNa CH3 C CH2+ NaX + CH CH
CH3 CH3
(3° halide) (Elimination is more)
H 103
Chemistry
fogkbMªksgSykstuhdj.k : ,fYdy gSykbM KOH(alc.) ;k NaNH2 ds lkFk fØ;k djds - foyksiu vfHkfØ;k nsrs gSA
R — C H 2 — CH 2 — X KOH (alc.) R—CH CH2 + HX

CH3—CH2—CH2—CH2—Br + KOH(alc.) CH3—CH2—CH CH2 + HBr
Alc.KOH
CH3—CH CH—CH3 + CH3—CH2—CH CH2 + HBr
But-2 -ene (80%) But-1-ene (20%)
Dry ether
oqVZ~t vfHkfØ;k (Wurtz reaction) : 2RX 2Na R R 2NaX
tc fHké ,fYdy gSykbMksa (R1–X o R2–X) dk feJ.k dke esa ysrs gS rks ,Ydsuks dk feJ.k izkIr gksrk gSA
Dry ether
R1—X + 2Na + X—R2 R1—R2 + R1—R1 + R2—R2 + NaX
dkcZ/kkfRod ;kSfxdks dk fuekZ.k%
dry ether
(i) R—X + Mg RMgX (fxzXukMZ vfHkdeZd)
dry ether
(ii) 2C2H5Br + 2Zn (C2H5)2 Zn + ZnBr2
(Ýsadys.M vfHkdeZd)
(iii) 4C2H5Cl + 4Na / Pb (C2H5)4 Pb + 4NaCl + 3Pb
lksfM;e ySM feJ/kkrq VsVªk ,fFky ySM
(bldk mi;ksx viLQksVujks/kh esa fd;k tkrk gS)
ÝhMy Øk¶V vfHkfØ;k %
CH3
AlCl3(anhyd)
+ CH3Cl + HCl
Benzene Toluene
MkbZ gSykbM (DIHALIDES)
lkekU; lw=k CnH2nX2 , ,Ydsu ds nks H–ijek.kqvksa ds gSykstu ijek.kqvksa }kjk izfrLFkkiu ls MkbZ gSykbM curs
gSA
MkbZ gSykbM dks bl izdkj oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gS %
(a) tSe MkbZ gSykbM % tSe 'kCn geminal ls cuk gS bldk vFkZ gS & ,d gh LFkku (same position)
nks leku gSykstu ijek.kq ,d gh C - ijek.kq ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA
Ex. CH3CHX2 ,fFkfyMhu MkbZ gSykbM (1, 1 - MkbZ gSyks ,Fksu)
vkblks izkfs ifyMhu MkbZ gSykbM (2, 2 - MkbZ gSyks izksius )
(b) fol MkbgSykbM % fol 'kCn vicinal ls fy;k x;k gS bldk vFkZ gS fudVorhZ dkcZu ijek.kqA
bl izdkj ds gSykbM esa nks gSykstu ijek.kq fudVorhZ dkcZu ijek.kqvksa ls tqM+s gksrs gSA
104 H
RBSE
H
Ex. CH 2 CH2 H C CH CH2 fol vkSj tSe MkbZgSykbM fLFkfr leko;oh gksrs gSA
X X H X X
,fFkyhu MkbZ gSykbM ;k izksfiyhu MkbZ gSykbM ;k
1, 2 - MkbZ gSyks ,Fksu 1, 2 - MkbZ gSyks izksiu
s
(c) , MkbZ gSykbM % buesa gSykstu ijek.kq Ja`[kyk ds vfUre C - ijek.kqvksa ls tqM+s gksrs gSA nksuks gSykstu
ijek.kqvksa ds e/; rhu ;k vf/kd ijek.kq gksrs gSA ;s iksyhesfFkyhu gSykbM Hkh dgykrs gSA
Ex. C H 2 CH2 CH2 CH2 (1 ,4 - )
X X
Cl
H2SO4
CCl3CH O + 2H Cl (conc.)
CCl3CH
Cl
Dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane
(DDT)

Air and light
vkWDlhdj.k % CHCl3 + [O] COCl2 + HCl
QkWLthu xSl ;k dkcksZfuy DYkksjkbM (fo"kSyh xSl½
DyksjksQkWeZ dks xgjs jax dh cksryksa esa j[kk tkrk gSA tks CHCl3dk vkDlhdj.k COCl2 esa gksus ls jksdrh gS
vkSj blds fy;s 1% ,sFksukWy Hkh DyksjksQkWeZ esa feyk;k tkrk gSA
Cl OC2H5
O C + 2HO C2H5 –2HCl
O C
Cl OC2H5
xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd (Grignard Reagent)

cukus dh lkekU; fof/k;k¡ (General Methods of Preparation)
iz;ksx'kkyk esa xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd ,fYdy gSykbM dh fØ;k Mg ls 'kq"d bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa djkdj cukrs gSaA
dry
R – X + Mg ether R—Mg—X
,fYdy eSfXuf'k;e gSykbM
xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd
xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd cuus ds izfr fØ;k'khyrk dk Øe RI > RBr > RCl
bZFkj dk mi;ksx xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd dks milgla;kstd }kjk ?kksyus esa djrs gSaA
H 105
Chemistry
gSyks,jhu (HALOARENE)
;fn csUthu oy; ls gSykstu ijek.kq lh/ks tqM+k gks rks ;kSfxd gSyks,jhu (Haloarene) dgykrk gSA
CH3 CH3
Cl Cl Cl
Ex.
Cl
(Chlorobenzene) (2–Chlorotoluene) (2,4–Dichlorotoluene)

Cl
A lC l3
(1) + C l2 + HCl
(2) 3
3C6H5OH + POCl3 (C6H5)3 PO4 + 3HCl

jklk;fud xq.k (Chemical Properties):
(i) 623K, 300 atm

(1)
(ii) H
vkFkksZ rFkk iSjk fLFkfr ij folfØ;.kdkjh lewg ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu ds izfr fØ;k'khyrk c<+k nsrk gSA
fØ;k'khyrk Øe% ¼ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu ds izfr½
(2) fQfVx vfHkfØ;k%
(3) oqVZt fQafVx vfHkfØ;k%

(4) bysDVªkWuLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k%
anhy. FeCl3
(i)
(eq[; mRikn)
106 H
RBSE
Note : Cl, o– vkSj p– funsZf'kr lewg gSA
conc. H2SO4
(ii)
(eq[; mRikn)
(iii) + conc. H2SO4
(eq[; mRikn)
(iv) anhy. AlCl3
(eq[; mRikn)
H 107
Chemistry
1. ,sYdksgkWy rFkk KI dh vfHkfØ;k esa lY¶;wfjd vEy dk mi;ksx D;ksa ugha djrs\
Ans. lY¶;wfjd vEy (H2SO4) dh mifLFkfr esa KI ls HI fufeZr gksrk gSA
2KI + H2SO4 2KHSO4 + 2HI
D;ksafd H2SO4 ,d vkWDlhdkjd gS] ;g HI dks I2 esa vkWDlhd`r dj nsrk gSA
2HI + H2SO4 I2 + SO2 + H2O
ifj.kkeLo:i ,YdksgkWy vkSj HI ds eè; vfHkfØ;k ugha gksrh gS ftlls ,fYdy vk;ksMkbM dk fuekZ.k ugha gks
ikrk gSA
blfy, H2SO4 ds LFkku ij vkDlhd`r vEy tSls H3PO4 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
2. C5H12 v.kqlw=k okys leko;oh ,sYdsuks esa ls mldks igpkfu, tks izdk'kjklk;fud Dyksjhu ij nsrk gS&
(i) dsoy ,d eksuksDyksjkbM (ii) rhu leko;oh eksuksDyksjkbM (iii) pkj leko;oh eksuksDyksjkbMA
CH3
CH3
Cl2
Ans. (i) CH3–C–CH3 gives only one monochloride CH –C–CH –Cl
3 2
CH3 CH3
Neopentane (C5H12)
(ii)
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH–CH3 (II)
Cl
CH3–CH2–CH–CH2–CH3 (III)
Cl
C
C C C C Cl
C
C C C C
a
CH3 Cl
a b c d Cl2 C
(iii) CH3–CH–CH2–CH3 gives four monochloride
C C C C
Cl
C
C C C C
Cl
3. fuEufyf[kr izR;sd vfHkfØ;k ds eq[; eksuksgSyks mRikn dh ljapuk cukb,A
CH2CH3 Br2, heat or
OH
(i) + SOCl2 (ii) O2N UV light
CH2OH heat
CH3
(iii) + HCl (iv) + HI
HO
heat
(v) CH3CH2Br + NaI (vi) + Br2
UV light
108 H
RBSE
Ans. (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
4. fuEufyf[kr esa A, B, C, D, E, R rFkk R1 dks igpkfu,A

dry ether H 2O
Br + Mg A B
R – Br + Mg dry ether C D2O CH3CHCH 3

D
CH3 CH3
Na ether Mg H2 O
CH3––––––––––CH3 R1 – X D E
CH3 CH3
Ans.
CH3
Dry ether D 2O
RBr + Mg CH3–CH–MgBr CH3–CH–CH3
(C)
D
Therefore, the compounds R – Br is
Therefore, compound D is
And, compound E is .
H 109
Chemistry
5. ,d gkbMªksdkcZu C5H10 vaèksjs esa Dyksjhu ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ugha djrk ijUrq lw;Z ds rhoz izdk'k esa dsoy ,d
eksuksDyksjks ;kSfxd C5H9Cl nsrk gSA gkbMªksdkcZu dh lajpuk D;k gS\
Ans.
The reactions involved in the question are :
Cl2 No reaction
da r k
Cl
sun Cl2
ligh
t
Cyclopentane
Mono chlorocyclopentane (C5H 9Cl)

6. fuEufyf[kr ls 1- vk;MksC;wVsu izkIr djus dh lehdj.k nhft,A
(i) 1-C;wVsukWy (ii) 1-DyksjksC;wVsu (iii) C;wV-1-bu
Al2O 3 H–Br
Ans. (i) CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–OH CH3–CH2–CH=CH2
R2 O2/
NaI
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–Br CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–I
(ii)
(iii)
7. fuEufyf[kr gSykbMksa ds ,FksukWy esa lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM }kjk fogkbMªksgSykstuu ds QyLo:i cuus okyh lHkh
,sYdhuks dh lajpuk fyf[k,A blesa ls eq[; ,sYdhu dkSu lh gksxh\
(i) 1-czkseks-1-esfFkylkbDyksgDs lsu (ii) 2-Dyksjks-2-esfFkyC;wVsu (iii) 2,2, 3-VªkbesfFky-3-czkseksisUVsu
Br CH3 CH3
Ans. (i) C 2H 5ONa/C2H 5OH
+ HBr
(Only one alkene)
(ii)
(iii)
Trimethylpent
110 H
RBSE
8. fuEufyf[kr izR;sd vfHkfØ;k esa cuus okys eq[; dkcZfud mRikn dh lajpuk fyf[k,&
ace to n e ethanol
(i) CH3 CH2 CH2Cl Nal heat (ii) CH 3 3
CBr KOH heat
water aq.acetone
(iii) CH3 CH(Br)CH2CH3 NaOH (iv) CH3CH2 Br KCN
(v) C6H5ONa + C2H5Cl (vi) CH3CH2CH2OH+SOCl2
Peroxide
(vii) CH3 CH2 CH CH2 HBr (viii) CH3CH=C(CH3)2 + HBr
Ans. (i)
(ii)
water
(iii) CH3 CH(Br)CH2CH3 NaOH CH3CH(OH)CH2 CH3 NaBr
aq.ethanol
(iv) CH3 CH2 Br KCN Nucleophilic
CH3CH2CN KBr
substitution
(v) C6 H5 ONa C2 H5 Cl William son ' s

C6 H5 O C2H5 NaCl
synthesis
(vi) CH3 CH2CH2 OH SOCl2 CH3 CH2CH2 Cl SO2 HCl
Peroxide
(vii) CH3 CH2CH CH2 HBr Anti Markovnikov ' s
CH3CH2 CH2CH2 Br
addition
(viii)
9. fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfofèk fyf[k,&

EtOH H2 O
nBuBr KCN nBuCN
Ans. nh xbZ vfHkfØ;k gS %
EtOH H2 O
nBuBr KCN nBuCN
;g SN2 vfHkfØ;k gSA bl vfHkfØ;k esa CN— ,d ukfHkd Lusgh ds leku dk;Z djrk gS rFkk Br ls tqM+s gq,
dkcZu ij vkØe.k djrk gSA CN– vk;u mHknarh ukfHkd jkxh gS vkSj nksuks C ,oa N ijek.kq dh rjQ ls
vkØe.k djrk gSA
–
K CN + CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–Br
+ –
–Br
– CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CN+KBr
n-Butyl bromide n-Butyl cyanide
C3H5 C3H5
C–Br NC C Br
H H H
H
C 3H 5 –
NC—C + Br
H
H
H 111
Chemistry
10. SN2 izfrLFkkiu ds izfr vfHkfØ;k'khyrk ds vkèkkj ij bu ;kSfxdksa ds lewgks dks Øec) dhft,A
(i) 2-czkseks-2-esfFkyC;wVsu, 1-czkseksisUVsu, 2-czkseksisUVsu

(ii) 1-czkseks-2-esfFkyC;wVsu,2-czkseks-2-esfFkyC;wVsu,3-czkseks-2-esfFkyC;wVsu
(iii) 1-czkseksC;wVsu, 1-czkseks-2-,2-MkbesfFkyizksisu, 1-czkseks-2-esfFkyC;wVsu,1-czkseks -3-esfFkyC;wVsu
1
Ans. (i) SN 2
Hindrance on carbon
Br Br
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2 – Br > CH3CH2CH2CHCH3 > CH3CH2CCH3

CH 3
1-Bromopetane (1°) 2-Bromopetane (2°) 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane (3°)
CH3 Br Br
(ii) CH3CHCH2CH2Br > CH3CHCHCH3 > CH3CCH2CH3

CH3 CH 3
1-Bromo-3-methylbutane 2-Bromo-3-methylbutane 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane
(1°) (2°) (3°)
,sfYdy gSykbMksa esa f=kfoe ckèkk 1° < 2° < 3°, ds Øe eas c<rh gSA vr% SN2 izfrLFkkiu ds izfr fØ;k'khyrk 3°
< 2° < 1° ds Øe esa c<rh gSA
SN2 ds izfr fØ;k'khyrk dk Øe gSA
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane < 2-Bromo-3-methylbutane<1-Bromo-3-methylbutane
CH3
(iii) CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–Br CH3–CH–CH2–CH2–Br
1-Bromobutane (1°) 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane (1°)
CH3
CH 3
CH3–C–CH2–Br
CH3–CH2–CH–CH2–Br
CH3
1-Bromo-2-methylbutane (1°) 1-Bromo-2, 2-dimethylpropane
(more branching at nearer distance)

vr% fn, x, ;kSfxdks dh SN2 vfHkfØ;k ds izfr fØ;k'khyrk dk Øe gS%
1-Bromo-2, 2-dimethylpropane <1-Bromo-2-methylbutane <1-Bromo-3-methylbutane < 1-Bromobutane.
11. C6H5CH2Cl rFkk C6H5CHClC6H5 esa ls dkSu lk ;kSfxd tyh; KOH ls 'kh?kzrk ls tyvi?kfVr gksxk\
Ans. C6H5 CHCl C6H5 (more reactive)
+
C6H5–CH2–Cl –Cl
– C6H5–CH2
Benzyl chloride (1°) 1° carbocation
Cl
+
C6H5–CH–C6H5 –Cl
– C6H5–CH–C6H5
Chlorodiphenylmethane 2° carbocation
(more stable intermediate)
112 H
RBSE
12. ,sfYdy DyksjkbM dh tyh; KOH ls vfHkfØ;k }kjk ,sYdksgkWy curh gS ysfdu ,sYdksgkWfyd KOH dh
mifLFkfr esa ,sYdhu eq[; mRikn ds :i esa izkIr gksrh gSA le>kb,A
Ans. OH– vk;u tyh; foy;u esa vfèkd ek=kk esa foyk;dhd`r (solvated) gksrk gSa] blls OH– vk;u dk {kkjh; xq.k
?kV tkrk gSA blfy, ;g -dkcZu ls gkbMªkstu ijek.kq dks ugha [khap ikrk gSA
R–Cl + Aq. KOH R–OH + KCl
nwljh rjQ KOH ds ,YdksgkWfyd foy;u esa ,YdksDlkbM (RO–) vk;u gksrk gS tks fd izcy {kkj gksrk gSA vr%
;g ,fYdy gSykbM ds - dkcZu ls gkbMªkstu dks [khap ysrk gS rFkk HCl v.kq dk foyksiu djds ,Ydhu dk
fuekZ.k djrk gSA
R CH2 CH2 Cl KOH(alc) R CH CH2 KCl H2 O
Alkyl chloride Alkene
13. fuEufyf[kr ifjorZu dSls lEiUu fd, tk ldrs gS\

(i) izksihu ls izksiu
s -1-vkWy (ii) 1-czkseksizksiu
s ls 2-czksekizksisu
(iii) csUthu ls 4-czkseksukbVªkscsUthu (iv) csfUty ,sYdksgkWy ls 2- Qsfuy ,FksukWbd vEy
(v) ,FksukWy ls izksisu ukbVªkby (vi) ,sfuyhu ls DyksjkscsUthu
(vii) 2-Dyksjks C;wVsu ls 3, 4-MkbesfFkygsDlsu (viii) 2-esfFky -1- izksihu ls 2-Dyksjks - 2 - esfFkyizksisu
(ix) ,fFky DyksjkbM ls izksisukWbd vEy (x) C;wV-1-bZu ls n-C;wfVy vk;ksMkbM
(xi) 2-Dyksjksikz siu
s ls 1- izkisukWy (xii) vkblksizkfs iy ,sYdksgkWy ls vk;ksMksQkeZ
(xiii) DyksjkscsUthu ls p - ukbVªksQhukWy (xiv) 2-czkseksizksiu
s ls 1- czkseksizksisu
(xv) Dyksjks,Fksu ls C;wVsu (xvi) r`rh;d&C;wfVy czksekbM ls vkblks&C;wfVy czksekbM
(xvii) ,sfuyhu ls Qsfuy vkblkslk;ukbM (xviii) ,FksukWy ls C;wV-1-vkbu
(xix) izksfiu ls 1-ukbVªksizksisu (xx) VkWyqbu
Z ls cSUtkbZy ,YdksgkWy
HBr/Peroxide (i) BH3/THF
Ans. (i) CH3–CH=CH2 CH3–CH2–CH2–Br or CH3–CH=CH2 CH3CH2CH2–OH
(Ani-Markovnikov
1°-Bromopropane (ii) H2O2/OH
Propene addition)
(Nucleophilic
Aq KOH/
substitution)
CH3–CH2–CH2–OH
Propan-1-ol
KOH(alc)/
(ii) CH3–CH2–CH2–Br CH3–CH=CH2
(Dehydrohalogenation)
1-Bromopropane Propene
HBr Markovnikov
addition
Br
CH3–CH–CH3
2-bromopropane
Br Br
Br2/FeBr 3 HNO 3/H2SO 4
(iii) Dark (Nitration)
Benzene Bromobenzene NO2
4-Bromonitrobenzene
H 113
Chemistry
CH 2OH CH2Cl CH2CN
PCl5 KCN, Aq. ethanol
(iv) –POCl 3,–HCl –KCl
Benzyl alcohol Benzyl cryanide
(Hydrolysis) +
H /H 2O
2 1
CH2COOH
2-Phenylethanoic acid
redP / Br2 KCN,Aq.ethanol
(v) CH3 CH2 OH CH3 CH 2 Br CH3 CH 2 CN
Ethanol Bromoethane Propanenitrile
+ –
NH2 N2Cl Cl
NaNO2+2HCl,
273-278 K Cu2Cl2
(vi) –NaCl, –2H 2O + N2
Aniline Benzenediazonium Chlorobenzene
chloride
Cl CH 3 CH3
2Na/dry ether
(vii) 2CH3–CH–CH2–CH3 (Wurtz reaction) CH3–CH2–CH–CH–CH2–CH3 + 2NaCl
2-chlorobutane 3, 4-dimethylhexane
CH3 CH 2
HCl
(viii) CH3–C=CH2 (Markovnikov
CH3–C–CH3
2-Methyl-1-propene addition) Cl
2-chloro-2-methylpropane
KCN aq. etharol
(ix) CH3–CH2–Cl CH3–CH2–CN + KCl
(nucleophilic
substitution) Propanenitrile
Ethylchloride
(Hydrolysis) H+/H2O
CH3–CH2–COOH
Propanoic acid
HBr/Peroxide
(x) CH3– CH2–CH=CH2 (Anti-Markovnikov
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–Br
addition) Bromobutane
But-1-ene
Finkelstein Nal/dry acetone
reaction
CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2—1
n- Butyl iodide
Cl
KOH(alc)/ (i) BH3/THF
(xi) CH3–CH–CH3 (Dethydrohalogenation)
CH3–CH=CH2 CH3CH2CH2OH
Propene (ii) H2 O2/OH
2-Chloropropane
HBr/Peroxide (Anti-Markovnikov
addition)
Aq. KOH/
CH3– CH2–CH2–OH (Nucleophilic
CH3–CH2–CH2–Br
1-Propanol substitution) 1-Bromopropane
114 H
RBSE
OH O
CrO 3
(xii) CH3–CH–CH3 (Oxidation)
CH3–C–CH3
Isopropyl alcohol Propanone
NaOI (Iodoform reaction)

O
CH3–C–ONa + CHI3
Iodoform
Cl Cl Cl OH
HNO 3/H2SO 4 (i) NaOH, 433 K
(xiii) (Nitration) (ii) dil HCl
Chlorobenzene NO2 NO2 NO2
p-Chloronitrobenzene p-Chloronitrobenze p--Nitrophenol
(Major product)
Br
KOH(alc)/
(xiv) CH3–CH–CH3 CH3–CH=CH 2+HBr
Dehydrohalogenation
Propene
2-Bromopropane
(Anit-Markovnikov HBr/peroxide
addition)
CH3–CH2–CH2–Br
1- Bromopropane
2Na / dryether
(xv) CH3 CH2 Cl Wurtz reaction
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 2NaCl
Chloroethane Butane
Br
KOH(alc)/ HBr/Peroxide
(xvi) CH3–C–CH3 CH3–C=CH2 CH3–CH–CH2–Br
Dehydrohalogenation (Anit-Markovnikov
CH3 CH3 addition) CH3
Tert-Butylbromide 2-Methylpropene Isobutyl bromide
NH2 NC
CHCl3, 3KOH,
(xvii) (Carbylamine reaction)
+ 3KCl + 3H2O
Aniline Phenyl isocyanide
SOCl2 .Pyridine Na –C CH
(xviii) CH3CH2OH CH3CH2Cl CH3 – CH2 – C CH
Ethanol Chloroethane
Peroxide AgNO2
(xix) CH3 CH CH2 HBr CH3 CH 2 CH2 Br CH 3 CH 2 CH2 NO2
Pr opene 1 Bromppropane 1 Nitropropane
(xx)
14. Mh-Mh-Vh- dk iwjk uke fyf[k,A

Ans. MkbZDyksjks MkbZfQukby VªkbZDyksjks ,sFksu
H 115
Chemistry

1. lw;Z ds izdk'k esa ,Ydsu ds gSykstuhdj.k esa lokZf/kd lfØ; gSykstu gS &
(a) Dyksjhu (b) czksehu (c) vk;ksMhu (d) lHkh leku gS
2. C2H5Cl dk vf/kd mRikn izkIr djus ds fy, vfHkfØ;k dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gS&
UVlight va /ksjk
(a) C2H6 Cl2 ........ (b) C2H6 Cl2 dejs dk rki
........
vkf/kD;
UV light UV light
(c) C2 H6 Cl 2 ........ (d) C2H6 Cl2 ........
( vkf/kD; )
3. izdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa VkWyqbZu] Dyksjhu ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djds nsrh gS&
(a) csatksby DyksjkbM (b) vkWFkksZ Dyksjks VkWyqbu
Z
(c) isjkDyksjks VkWywbZu (d) csafty DyksjkbM
izdk'k
4. C3H8 Cl2 C3H7Cl HCl
fuEu esa ls fdl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k dk mnkgj.k gS&

(a) ESR (b) NSR (c) FSR (d) NAR
5. fUkEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;k esa eq[; gSyksmRikn dh lajpuk gksxh&
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
6. fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;k esa eq[; gSyksmRikn dh lajpuk gksxh&

(a) (b) (c) (d)
116 H
RBSE
7. C5H12 ds izdk'k jklk;fud Dyksjksuhdj.k 4 leko;oh eksuksDyksjks,Ydsu nsus okys ,sYdsu dh lajpuk gS&
(a) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 (b) CH 3 – CH – CH 2 CH 3
|
CH 3
(c) (d) CH 3 – CH – CH 3
|
CH 3
8. C5H12 v.kqlw=k okys leko;rh ,Ydsu esa ls mldks igpkfu, tks izdk'k jklk;fud Dyksjhuhdj.k }kjk rhu
leko;oh eksuksDyksjkbM nsrk gSA
(a) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (b) (CH3)2 CHCH2CH3
(c) (d) (CH3)2CHCH3
9. leku gSykstu gksus ij fofHkUu ,fYdy gSyksbMksa ds fy, SN2 vfHkfØ;k ds izfr vfHkfØ;k'khyrk dk ?kVrk Øe
gS&
(a) CH3–X > R–CH2X > R2CHX > R3CX (b) R3Cx > R2CHX > R–CH2X > CH3X
(c) R3CHX > R3Cx > R–CH2 > CH3–X (d) R–CH2 –X > CH3–X > R2CHX > R3CX
10. vleku gSykstu gksus ij fofHkUu ,fYdy gSykbMksa ds fy, SN1 ,oa SN2 vfHkfØ;k ds izfr vfHkfØ;k'khyrk dk
?kVrk Øe gksxk&
(a) R – I > R – Br > R– Cl > R–F (b) R – Br > R–I > R–Cl > R–F
(c) R – Cl > R –Br > R – I > R – F (d) R –F > R – Cl > R – Br > R – I
11. ,fjy gSykbM] ,fYdy gSykbM dh rqyuk esa ukfHkdLusgh izfrLFkkiu ds fy, de fØ;k'khy gSA bldk dkj.k
gS&
(a) dkcksZfu;e vk;u dk de LFkk;h gksuk
(b) C–Cl ;k C–X dh ca/k ÅtkZ vf/kd gksuk
(c) izsjf.kd izHkko
(d) bysDVªkWu Lusgh izfrLFkkiu rFkk gSykbM ls tqMsa gq, dkcZu dk sp2 ladfjr gksuk&
12. fdl ,fYdy gSykbM esa SN2 vfHkfØ;k'khyrk vf/kdre ik;h tkrh gSA
(a) CH3Cl (b) CH3CH2Cl (c)(CH3)2CHCl (d) (CH3)3C–Cl
13. fuEu esa SN2 vfHkfØ;k dk mnkgj.k gS&
(a) CH3–Br + OH– CH3OH + Br–
(b)
H2O
(c) CH3 CH2OH CH2 CH2
(d)
H 117
Chemistry
14. ,d ,jkseSfVd gSykstu ;kSfxd ds lkFk ,d ,fYdy gSykbM dh fØ;k lksfM;e ,oa bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa djkbZ
tkrh gS bl vfHkfØ;k dks dgrs gSa &
(a) oqV~Zt vfHkfØ;k (b) ls.Mes;j vfHkfØ;k
(c) oqV~Zt fQfVx vfHkfØ;k (d) dksYcs vfHkfØ;k
15. ,fYdy gSykbM dh fØ;k ,jkseSfVd ;kSfxdksa ds lkFk futZyh; AlCl3 dh mifLFkfr esa gksrh gS] bl vfHkfØ;k dks
dgrs gSa &
(a) ÝhMy ØkW¶V vfHkfØ;k (b) gkWQeSu fMxzsMs'ku
(c) dkWYcs la'ys"k.k (d) cSdeSu iquO;ZoLFkkiu
16. DyksjkscsUthu ds fy, fÝMsy Øk¶V vfHkfØ;k ¼,lhfVyhdj.k½ ds fy, eq[; mRikn gksxk &
Cl Cl Cl Cl
CH3 COCH3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
CH3 COCH3
17. fuEu esa ls dkSulh vfHkfØ;k LokVZl vfHkfØ;k gS &
(a) R X NaI RI NaX (b) R X AgF R F AgX
ZnCl2
(c) R OH HX R X H2O (d) R X 2Na Dry ether
R R 2NaX
18. C6H5Cl o C6H5CH2Cl esa foHksn ds fy, mi;qDr vfHkdeZd gS &
(a) tyh; KOH o AgNO3 (b) NaOH + I2
(c) NH4OH + AgNO3 (d) NH4OH + CuSO4
19. vfHkfØ;k R Cl NaI Acetone R I NaCl gS &
(a) oqV~Zt vfHkfØ;k (b) QhfVax vfHkfØ;k
(c) fQudSYLVkbu vfHkfØ;k (d) oqV~Zt&fQfVax vfHkfØ;k
20. Y;wdkl vfHkdeZd gS &
(a) lkUæ HCl + futZy ZnCl2 (b) ruq HCl + futZy ZnCl2
(c) lkUæ HNO3 + futZy ZnCl2 (d) lkUæ HCl + futZy MgCl2
21. fuEu esa dkSulk ;kSfxd iz'khrd gS\
(a) COCl2 (b) CCl4 (c) CF4 (d) CF2Cl2
22. oqV~Zt vfHkfØ;k esa ,fYdy gSykbM vfHkfØ;k djrh gS
(a) bZFkj esa lksfM;e ds lkFk (b) 'kq"d bZFkj esa lksfM;e ds lkFk
(c) dsoy lksfM;e ds lkFk (d) bZFkj esa ,fYdy gSykbM ds lkFk
23. fuEu esa ls fdl v.kq dk f}/kqzo vk?kw.kZ lokZf/kd gS
(a) CH3Cl (b) CH2Cl2 (c) CHCl3 (d) CCl4
24. esfFky vk;ksMkbM oqVZ~t vfHkfØ;k }kjk dkcZfud ;kSfxd 'X' nsrk gSA fuEu esa dkSulh vfHkfØ;k Hkh ;kSfxd 'X'
nsrh gSA
'kq"d bZFkj
(a) C2H5Cl + Mg (b) C2H5Cl + LiAlH4
Ag pw.kZ
(c) C2H5Cl + C2H5ONa (d) CHCl3
118 H
RBSE
UVlight
25. C6H6 Cl2 mRikn
bl vfHkfØ;k esa mRikn gksxk&
(a) CCl3 CHO (b) C6H6Cl6 (c) C6H12Cl6 (d) C6H9Cl2
26. C5H12 ds eqDrewyd Dyksjhu ls cuus okys lHkh laHko eksuksDyksjks,Ydsu ls lajpukRed leko;oh;ksa dh dqy
la[;k gksxh&
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 8
27. SN1 vfHkfØ;k esa izFke in esa curk gS
(a) eqDr ewyd (b) dkcZ_.kk;u (c) dkcZ/kuk;u (d) eq[; mRikn
28. fuEu esa ls dkSulk izkFkfed gSykbM gS
(a) vkblksçksfiy vk;ksMkbM (b) f}rh;d C;wfVy vk;ksMkbM
(c) r`rh;d C;wfVy czksekbM (d) fu;ks gSfDly DyksjkbM
fifjMhu
29. vfHkfØ;k C2 H 5OH SOCl2 C 2 H5 Cl SO 2 HCl
(a) [kjk'k izHkko (b) MkWftZu fof/k

(c) fofy;elu la'ys"k.k (d) gqUlMhdj vfHkfØ;k
30. 2-esfFky izksihu dh fØ;k HBr ds lkFk djkus ij eq[; mRikn gksxk
(a) 1-czkseks C;wVsu (b) 1-czkseks-2 esfFky izksisu
(c) 2-czkseks C;wVsu (d) 2-czkseks-2 esfFky izksisu
izdk'k
31. C3 H8 Cl 2 C3H 7Cl HCl
fuEu esa ls fdl izdkj dh fØ;k dk mnkgj.k gSA
(a) izfrLFkkiu (b) foyksiu (c) ;ksxkRed (d) iqufoZU;kl
32. fxzxukMZ vfHkdeZd dks eSXuhf'k;e rFkk fuEu esa ls fdlls cukrs gSa
(a) esfFky ,ehu (b) MkbZ,fFky bZFkj (c) ,fFky vk;ksMkbM (d) ,fFky ,Ydksgy
33. r`rh;d C;wfVy czksekbM rFkk lksfM;e esFkkWDlkbM dh fØ;k ls izkIr gksrk gS
(a) vkblksC;wVsu (b) vkblksC;wfVyhu
(c) lksfM;e t-C;wVkWDlkbM (d) t-C;wfVy esfFky bZFkj
ty vi?kVu
34. C2H5Cl KCN X Y 'X' ,oa 'Y' gSa
(a) C2H6 ,oa C2H5CN (b) C2H5CN ,oa C2H6

(c) C2H5CN ,oa C2H5CH2NH2 (d) C2H5CN ,oa C2H5COOH
35. eksuksgSyks,YdsUl ds fogkbMªksgSykstuhdj.k ls cusxk
(a) ,dy cU/k (b) f}cU/k (c) f=kcU/k (d) fo[kf.Mr ;kSfxd
36. ,fYdy gSykbM dk fogkbMªksgSykstuhdj.k gS
(a) ,d ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;k (b) ,d izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k
(c) ,d foyksiu vfHkfØ;k (d) ,d vkWDlhdj.k vfHkfØ;k
H 119
Chemistry
37. gSyks,Ydsu ,YdksgkWfyd KOH dh mifLFkfr esa nsrk gS
(a) foyksiu (b) cgqyhdj.k (c) f}ydhdj.k (d) izfrLFkkiu
38. tc ,fFky vk;ksMkbM dks flYoj ukbVªsV ds lkFk xeZ fd;k tkrk gS] rks izkIr mRikn gksrk gS
(a) C2H5Ag (b) Ag – OR – NO2 (c) C2H5O – NO2 (d) C6H6Cl6
39. fdl vfHkfØ;k esa C;wVsu ukbVªkby dk cuuk laHko gS –
(a) C3H7Br + KCN (b) C4H9Br + KCN (c) C3H7OH + KCN (d) C4H9OH + KCN
40. tc ,fYdy gSykbM dks 'kq"d Ag2O ds lkFk xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rks ;g nsrk gS –
(a) ,LVj (b) bZFkj (c) dhVksu (d) ,Ydksgy
41. ,fYdy gSykbM dks ,Ydhu esa cnyk tk ldrk gS
(a) U;wfDy;ksfQfyd izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k }kjk (b) foyksiu vfHkfØ;k }kjk
(c) U;wfDy;ksfQfyd vkSj foyksiu nksuksa ds }kjk (d) iquO;ZoLFkkiu }kjk
42. ,fFky DyksjkbM rFkk tyh; iksVsf'k;e gkbMªksDlkbM dh fØ;k ls izkIr mRikn ds dkcZu ijek.kqvksa esa ladj.k gS
(a) sp (b) sp2 (c) sp3 (d) sp3d
43. fuEu esa ls dkSulk ;kSfxd ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu fØ;k esa Hkkx ugha ysrk
(a) foukby DyksjkbM (b) ,fFky czksekbM (c) csfUty DyksjkbM (d) vkblksçksfiy DyksjkbM
44. fdl ,fYdy gSykbM esa SN2 fØ;kfof/k vf/kdre ik;h tkrh gS
(a) CH3Cl (b) CH3CH2Cl (c) (CH3)2CHCl (d) (CH3)3C–Cl
ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. a c d c b b b a a a
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. d a a c a d b a c a
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. d b c b b d c d b d
Q. No. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. a c b d b c a c b b
Q. No. 41 42 43 44
Ans. b c a a
120 H
RBSE
1. CF2Cl2 dk fÝvkWu i)fr esa uke gS & (RBSE 2023)

(a) fÝvkWu 112 (b) fÝvkWu 12 (c) fÝvkWu 122 (d) fÝvkWu 11
Ans. (b)
2. Dyksjks csUthu ls MkbQsfuy cukus dh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k dh jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k,A
(RBSE 2023)
dry ether
Ans. C6H5Cl + 2Na + C6H5Cl C6H5–C6H5 + 2NaCl
3. LokVZ vfHkfØ;k dks ,d mnkgj.k nsdj le>kb;sA (RBSE 2023)
Ans. /kkfRod ¶yqvksjkbM+ tSls AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2 vFkok SbF3 dh mifLFkfr esa ,sfYdy Dyks jkbM+@czksekbM+ dks
xeZ djds miyC/k djkuk] ,sfYdy ¶yqvksjkbM+ks ds la'ys"k.k dk loksZÙke rjhdk gSA bl vfHkfØ;k dks
LokVZ~l vfHkfØ;k dgrs gSA
H3C–Br + AgF H3C–F + AgBr
4. lokZf/kd dkcZu&gSykstu (C – X) vkca/k yackbZ okyk ;kSfxd gS & (RBSE 2022)
(A) CH3–F (B) CH3–Cl (C) CH3–Br (D) CH3–I
Ans. (D)
5. jsflfed feJ.k ds /kqzo.k ?kw.kZu dk eku ----------------- gksrk gSA (RBSE 2022)
Ans. Zero
6. oqVZ~t vfHkfØ;k dk jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k,A (RBSE 2020)
dry ether
Ans. CH3Br 2Na BrCH3 CH3 CH3 2NaBr
Bromomethane Ethane
7. (a) casfty DyksjkbM esa gSykstu ijek.kq ls caf/kr dkcZu dh ladfjr voLFkk fyf[k,Aa
(b) f}v.kqd ukfHkdLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k le>kb,A
vFkok
(a) ,sfyy DyksjkbM esa gSykstu ijek.kq ls caf/kr dkcZu dh ladfjr voLFkk fyf[k,A
(b) ,d v.kqd ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k le>kb,A (RBSE 2020)
Ans. (a) C6H5–CH2–Cl
SP3
H H
– H
– Slow Fast H
OH + C Cl HO C Cl Cl + HO C
(b) H
H H H H
H 121
Chemistry
vFkok
(a) CH2=CH–CH2–Cl
SP3
CH3
Step I H 3C CH3
(b) (CH3)3CBr + Br
CH3
H 3C CH3 + –OH Step II

(CH3)3COH
8. (a) fQadsYLVkbu vfHkfØ;k dk jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k,A
(b) ,sfjy gSykbM ukfHkdLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;kvksa ds izfr de fØ;k'khy D;ksa gksrs gS\ le>kb,A
(c) fuEufyf[kr ,sfYdy gSykbMksa dks SN2 vfHkfØ;k ds izfr mudh vfHkfØ;k'khyrk ds c<+rs Øe esa O;ofLFkr
dhft,A
CH3–CH2–Cl, (CH3)2CH–Cl, (CH3)3C–Cl (RBSE 2019)
(d) CH3Cl dk d{kd vkjs[k cukb,A
vFkok
(a) OkqV~Zt & fQfVx vfHkfØ;k dk jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k,A
(b) ,sfYdy DyksjkbM dh tyh; KOH ls vfHkfØ;k djkus ij ,sYdksgkWy curk gS tcfd ,sYdksgkWfyd
KOH dh mifLFkfr esa ,sfYdu eq[; mRikn ds :i esa izkIr gksrh gSA le>kb,A
(c) fuEufyf[kr gSykstu O;qRiUUkksa dks ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;kvksa ds izfr c<+rh vfHkfØ;k'khyrk ds
Øe O;ofLFkr dhft,A
R–Cl, Cl, CH2–Cl

Sol. (a) CH3–Cl + NaI CH3I + NaCl
(b) gSyks,jhu esa vuqukn izHkko ds dkj.k C–Cl cU/k esa vkaf'kd f}ca/k xq.k gksrs gSA gSyks,Ydsuksa esa bl izdkj
ds izHkko ugha gksrk gSA ,dy cU/k dh rqyuk esa f}ca/k dks rksM+uk vf/kd dfBu gksrk gSA
(c) (CH3)3 C–Cl < (CH3)2CH–Cl < CH3–CH2–Cl

H
sp 3
C –p
H
(d) Cl
H
Orbital Diagram of CH3Cl
122 H
RBSE
vFkok
dryether
(a) CH3–Cl +2Na + + 2NaCl
(b) ty dh mifLFkfr esa KOH, OH– vk;uksa esa iw.kZr% fo;ksftr gksrs gSA tks ,d izcy ukfHkdLusgh cukrs gS
tks ,fYdy gsykbMksa ij izfrLFkkiu djrs gS rFkk ,fYdy gSykbMkas ls ,YdksgkWyksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gS] ckn
esa tyh; foy;u esa] OH– vk;u vf/kd ?kqyu'khy (ty;ksftr) gksrs gSA ;g foys;rk OH– vk;uksa ds
{kkjh; xq.kksa dks de dj nsrk gSA tks ,fYdy DyksjkbM ds -dkcZu ls H-ijek.kq dks ckgj fudky dj
,Ydsu cukrk gS ,YdksgkWyh; ek/;e esa] foy;u esa C2H5O– (bFkksDlkbM vk;u) Hkh mifLFkr gksrk gS tks
OH– vk;u ds lkFk tqM+rk gS] tks OH– dh rqyuk esa izcy {kkj cukrk gS ;s H+ vk;uksa dks -dkcZu
ijek.kq ls fudkydj eq[; mRikn ds :i esa ,Ydhu (fogkbMªksgsykstuhdj.k) cukrs gSA
(c) < R–Cl <
9. oqVZt vfHkfØ;k dk jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k,A (RBSE 2018)

Ans. R – X + 2Na + X – R Dry Ether
R R + 2NaX
[ Alkane ]
Ex. 2CH3 – CH2 – Br Na

D ry Ether
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
(n-butane)
10. (a) fuEufyf[kr ,fYdy gSykbMks dks SN1 fØ;k ds izfr fØ;k'khyrk ds c<+rs Øe esa O;ofLFkr dhft,A
CH3
CH3X, CH3–CH2–X, CH3– CH –CH3, CH3– C —X , (X = leku) (RBSE 2018)
X CH3
(b) fuEufyf[kr jklk;fud fØ;kvksa dk iw.kZ dhft, ,oa mRikn fyf[k,\
(i) CH3 – CH2 – Cl + KOH (,Ydksgkyh)
(ii) R – CH = CH2 + HBr

Ans. (a) SN1 ds izfr mudh fØ;k'khyrk dk c<+rk gqvk Øe
CH3 – X < 1º R – X < 2º R – X < 3° R – X
CH3
CH3 – X < CH3 – CH2 – X < CH3 – CH – X < CH3–C–X
CH3 CH3
(b) (i) CH3 – CH2 – Cl + K OH CH2 CH2 + KCl + H2O
( alcoholic ) (Ethene)
H Br
(ii) R – CH = CH2 + H – Br Peroxide
R—CH—CH 2
H 123
Chemistry
CHAPTER–7 : ,sYdksgkWy] QhukWy ,oa bZFkj

UNIT INDEX
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
vkWDlhtu ;qDr ;kSfxd (OXYGEN CONTAINING COMPOUND)
gkbMªkWDlh O;qRiUu (HYDROXY DERIVATIVES)
,fyQsfVd gkbMªkWDlh O;qRiUu (Aliphatic Hydroxy Derivatives)

gkbMªkWDlh O;qRiUu ftuesa —OH lh/ks sp3 C ls tqMk gksrk gSA (,YdksgkWfyd ;kSfxd)
,jksesfVd gkbMªkWDlh O;qRiUu (Aromatic Hydroxy Derivatives)
gkbMªkWDlh O;qRiUu ftuesa —OH lh/ks sp2 C ;k csathu oy; ls tqM+k gksrk gSA (fQukWfyd ;kSfxd)
,fyQsfVd gkbMªkWDlh O;qRiUu %
(a) —OH lewg dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k %
(i) eksuksgkbfMªd [,d –OH] CH3CH2—OH
(ii) MkbgkbfMªd [nks –OH] CH2 CH2
OH OH
(iii) VªkbZgkbfMªd [rhu –OH] CH2 CH CH2
OH OH OH
(iv) ikWyhgkbfMªd [n –OH]
(b) dkcZu dh izd`fr ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.k %

(i) p ;k 1° – ,YdksgkWy CH3CH2 – OH
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\Alcohol, Phenol & Ethers
(ii) s ;k 2° – ,YdksgkWy (CH3)2CH – OH

(iii) t ;k 3° – ,YdksgkWy (CH3)3C – OH
eksuksgkbfMªd ,YdksgkWy (MONOHYDRIC ALCOHOL)
(i) ,Ydsu ls (vkWDlhdj.k }kjk) %
H /KMnO4
(CH3)3 C—H (CH3)3 C—OH
124 H
RBSE
(ii) ,Ydhu ls %
(a) ty;kstu }kjk %

H
CH3—CH CH2 CH3 CH CH3
H2 O
OH
(b) gkbMªkscksjksuhdj.k vkWDlhdj.k }kjk %
(1) BH3 ,THF
CH3—CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH 2 (1° alcohol)
(2) H2 O2 HO
OH
(iii) ,Ydhy gSykbM ls (ty vi?kVu }kjk)%
Aq. KOH
CH3—CH2—Cl or Moist Ag2O
CH3CH2—OH
(iv) dkcksZfuy ;kSfxdksa ls (vip;u }kjk)%

Reducing agent
>C O >CH—OH
LiAlH 4
R—CHO R—CH2—OH
H
NaBH 4
R C R R CH R
H
O OH
LiAlH 4
CH3—CH CH—CHO CH3—CH CH—CH2—OH
H
ØksVksuSfYMgkbM
(v) bZFkj ls%
dil.H2 SO4
R—O—R R—OH + R—OH
dil.H2 SO4
CH3—O—CH2CH3 CH3—OH + CH3CH2—OH
(vi) vEy vkSj vEy O;qRiUuksa ls (vip;u }kjk)%
LiAlH 4
R—COOH R—CH2—OH + H2O
H
LiAlH 4
R C Cl R—CH2—OH + HCl
H
O
LiAlH 4
R C OR R—CH2—OH + R—OH
O
LiAlH4
R C O C R R—CH2—OH + R—CH2—OH
H
O O
Note : ,ekbM+ vipf;r gksdj ,ehu cukrs gS ,YdksgkWy ughaA
LiAlH4
R C NH2 R—CH2—NH2 +H2O
H
H 125
Chemistry
(ix) xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd ls %
(a) p-,YdksgkWy:
H2 O
R—MgX + [O] R—O—MgX R—OH
[leku C ;qDr p-,YdksgkWy]
R R
H2O
R MgX C H H C H H C H
O OMgX OH [ C ; p- ]
R R
H2O
R MgX + CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
O OMgX OH
[ C ; p- ]
(b) s-,YdksgkWy%
R R
H2O
R MgX + R C H R C H R C H
O OMgX OH
R
R–MgX
R MgX + H C OR H C R H C R
H2O
O O OH
(c) t-,YdksgkWy %
R R
H2O
R MgX + R C R R C R R C R
O OMgX OH
R
R–MgX
R MgX + R C OR R C R R C R
H2O
O O OH
HkkSfrd xq.k %
(i) C1 ls C11 rd jaxghu æo gSA ysfdu mPprj ,Ydksgy Bksl gSA
(ii) eksuksgkbfMªd ,YdksgkWyksa dk ?kuRo H2O ls de gksrk gSA
(iii) ?kuRo v.kqHkkj ¼eksuksgkbfMªd ,YdksgkWyks½a ds fy;s A
(iv) foys;rk% gkbMªkstu ca/ku ds dkj.k C1 ls C3 vkSj r`rh;d C;wfVy ,Ydksgy H2O esa iw.kZr;k ?kqyu'khy gksrs gSA
foys;rk ik'oZ Ja`[kykvkas dh l[a;k

v.kHqkkj
126 H
RBSE
foys;rk dk Øe % C4H9OH > C5H11OH > C6H13OH
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH < <
< <
(OH dh la[;k c<us ij H-ca/ku c<+rk gS)

v.kHqkkj
(v) DoFkukad % DoFkukad
ik'oZ J`[akykvksa dh l[a;k
DoFkukad dk Øe % C4H9OH < C5H11OH < C6H13OH
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH > >
< <
[OH dh la[;k c<us ij H ca/ku c<+rk gSA]

jklk;fud xq.k (Chemical Properties):
eksuksgkbfMªd ,YdksgkWy fuEu vfHkfØ;k n'kkZrs gSaA
(A) vfHkfØ;k,sa ftuesa O H cU/k dk fo[k.Mu gksrk gSA
(B) vfHkfØ;k,sa ftuesa C O H cU/k dk fo[k.Mu gksrk gSA
(C) vfHkfØ;k ftuesa iw.kZ ,YdksgkWy v.kq Hkkx ysrk gSA
(A) vfHkfØ;k,sa ftuesa O H cU/k dk fo[k.Mu gksrk gS: fØ;k'khyrk Øe (vEyh; izÑfr) gSA
CH3—OH > CH3CH2—OH > (CH3)2CH—OH > (CH3)3C—OH
(i) vEyh; izd`fr %
H2O > R—OH > CH CH > NH3 (vEyh; lkeF;Z)
,YdksgkWy H2O ls de vEyh; gksrs gS vkSj fyVel ds izfr mnklhu gksrs gS vkSj lfØ; /kkrqvksa (Na, K) ds
lkFk H2 nsrs gSA
1
R—OH + Na R—ONa + H2
2
1
R—OH + K R—OK + H2
2
(ii) ,fYdyhdj.k %
CH2 N2
R—OH R—O—CH2—H
Na R X
R—OH R—ONa R—O—R (fofy;elu bZFkj la'ys"k.k)
H 127
Chemistry
(iii) ,flfVyhdj.k %
R OH + Cl C R R O C R
O O
R OH + Cl C CH3 R O C CH3
O O
(,flfVyhdj.k)
O C CH3
OH
O
COOH CH3COCl
COOH
lsfyflfyd vEy ,lhVkWDlh csUtkWbd vEy

,lhfVy lsfyflfyd vEy
,fLizu (nnZ fuokjd o izfrToj ds :i esa mi;ksxh)
izkFkfed] f}rh;d o r`rh;d ,Ydksgyksa esa foHksnu %
(a) Y;wdkl ijh{k.k % lkaæ HCl o futZy ZnCl2 dk feJ.k Y;wdkl vfHkdeZd dgykrk gSA
ZnCl2 HCl
p-,YdksgkWy dejs ds rki ij dksbZ vo{ksi ughaA (30 feuV ds vanj xeZ djus ij½
ZnCl2 HCl
s-,YdksgkWy vkfojyrk 5 - 10 feuV esa B.Ms esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
ZnCl2 HCl
t-,YdksgkWy vkfojyrk rqjar (2-3 seconds) fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
,YdksgkWyksa ds fo"k; esa egRoiw.kZ rF; %
(i) ifj'kq) ,YdksgkWy % ,fFky ,YdksgkWy 99.5%–100%
(ii) ikWoj ,YdksgkWy % ifj'kksf/kr fLizV + C6H6 + isVªksy dk feJ.k] ikWoj mRié djus ds fy,
(iii) esfFkfyd`r fLizV % esFksukWy $ fijhMhu $ [kfut uS¶Fkk $ ifj'kksf/kr fLizV
(iv) ifj'kksf/kr fLizV esa 95.5% ,YdksgkWy rFkk 4.5% ty gksrk gSA
,sjkseSfVd gkbMªkWDlh O;qRiUu (AROMATIC HYDROXY DERIVATIVES)

QhukWfyd ;kSfxd % ;kSfxd ftuesa —OH lewg lh/ks sp2 c [ csathu oy; ] ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
OH OH OH
CH3 COOH
QhukWy o-fØlkWy lSfyflfyd vEy

OH
OH
OH
OH
OH OH
dsVsdkWy fjlkWflZukWy fDoukWy
128 H
RBSE
lHkh QhukWfyd ;kSfxd mnklhu FeCl3 ds lkFk jaxhu mRikn nsrs gSaA
FeCl3
Ph – OH cSaxuh jax
FeCl3
CH3CH2 – OH dksbZ jax ugha
QhukWy (C6H5OH)
QhukWy dks dkcksfZ yd vEy Hkh dgrs gSaA QhukWy esa –OH lewg sp2 ladfjr dkcZu ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
bldh [kkst :axs (Runge) us dksyrkj ds vklou ds e/; rsy izHkkt ls dh Fkh rFkk bls dkcksfZ yd vEy
dkcksZ = dksy (vksfy;e = vkW;y½ uke fn;kA ;g lw{e ek=kk eas ekuo ew=k esa Hkh ik;k tkrk gSA
(1) csUthu lYQksfud vEy ls % tc csUthu lYQksfud vEy ds lksfM;e yo.k dks NaOH ds lkFk laxfyr
djrs gSa rks QhukWy izkIr gksrk gSA
(1)NaOH, &Pr.
C6H5SO3Na + NaOH (2) H
C6H5OH + Na2SO3
(2) csUthu Mkb,stksfu;e yo.k ls % csUthu Mkb,stksfu;e DyksjkbM ds foy;u dks ty ds lkFk xeZ djus ij
ukbVªkstu ds fu"dklu ds lkFk QhukWy izkIr gksrk gS %
N2Cl OH
(Steam distilled) H2O
+ N2 + HCl
(3) QhukWfyd vEy dk vklou lksMk ykbe ds lkFk djus ij (fodkcksZfDlyhdj.k) %

OH OH
COOH NaOH CaO
+ Na2CO3
Salicylic acid
(4) xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd ls % fxzU;kj vfHkdeZd dh fØ;k vkWDlhtu ds lkFk djkus ij izkIr mRikn ds
tyvi?kVu ls QhukWy izkIr gksrk gSA
H2O Br
[O]
C6H5MgBr C6H5OMgBr C6H5OH + M g
OH
(5) csUthu ls %
OH
V2O5
+ [O] 300 C
(6) Dyksjks csUthu ls %

Aq. NaOH
Ph—Cl lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa NSR ugha
vuqukn }kjk LFkk;h
Aq. NaOH
R—Cl R—OH [NSR]
(1) Aq. NaOH, & Pr
Ph—Cl Ph—OH [mPp rki ij NSR]
( 2) H
H 129
Chemistry
(7) QhukWy dk vkS|kssfxd fuekZ.k % QhukWy dk vkS|ksfxd fuekZ.k fuEu ls fd;k tk ldrk gS %
D;wehu ls (vkblksizksfiy csUthu) % D;wehu dk mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr esa vkWDlhtu ls vkWDlhdj.k djkus
ij D;wehu gkbMªksijkWDlkbM izkIr gksrk gS tks fd ruq H2SO4 }kjk QhukWy rFkk ,lhVksu esa fo?kfVr gks
tkrk gSA
O OH
CH3 CH3
C(CH3)2 OH
CH
O2 H2SO4 ,H2O + CH3 C CH3
130 C 100 C
Cumene hydroperoxide O
Cumene
(i) QhukWy ,d jaxghu] fØLVyh; Bksl gSA
(ii) ok;q rFkk izdk'k ds lEidZ esa ;g xqykch jax esa ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA ¼/khek vkWDlhdj.k½
C6H5OH--------- O O ---------- HOC6H5
Phenoquinone(xqykch jax)
(iii) ;g izd`fr esa fo"kSyk gksrk gS ijUrq bldk mi;ksx iwfrjks/kh rFkk laØe.kgkjh ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
(iv) QhukWy ty esa vkaf'kd foys; ijUrq dkcZfud foyk;dksa esa foys; gksrk gSA
(v) QhukWy dh ty esa foys;rk] ,sfyQsfVd ,YdksgkWyksa ls cgqr de gksrh gS D;kafs d blds v.kq esa gkbMªksdkcZu
Hkkx vfèkd gksrk gSA
(vi) vUrjvkf.od H-cU/ku ds dkj.k Qhuksy dk DoFkukad laxr gkbMªksdkcZu rFkk ,fjy gSykbMksa ls vf/kd
gksrk gSA
(A) —OH lewg ds dkj.k vfHkfØ;k %
(i) vEyh; izd`fr % QhukWy ,d nqcy
Z vEy gSA QhukWy dh vEyh; izd`fr foy;u eas LFkk;h fQukWDlkbM
vk;u ds cuus ds dkj.k gksrh gSA fQukWDlkbM vk;u vuqukn ds dkj.k LFkk;h gksrk gSA _.kkRed vkos'k
dk iw.kZ csUthu fjax esa QSyko ds dkj.k fQukWDlkbM vk;u LFkk;h gksrk gSA bysDVªkWu vkd"khZ lewg
(—NO2, —Cl) fQukWy dh vEyh; izd`fr c<+krs gSa tcfd bysDVªkWu fod"khZ lewg (—CH3 vkfn) QhukWy
dh vEyh; izd`fr ?kVkrs gSaA
C 6 H 5 OH C6 H5 O H3 O
QhukWy] ,sYdksgkWyksa ls vf/kd vEyh; ijUrq dkcksfZ Dlfyd vEy rFkk dkcksZfud vEy ls de vEyh; gksrk
gSA
(ii) FeCl3 ls fØ;k % QhukWy FeCl3 foy;u ¼mnklhu½ ds lkFk fØ;k djds ,d ladqy ds cuus ds dkj.k
cSaxuh jax nsrk gSA
C6H5OH + FeCl3 cSaxuh jax
bl vfHkfØ;k dk mi;ksx QhukWy rFkk ,Ydksgy esa foHksnu esa fd;k tkrk gSA
130 H
RBSE
(iii) jkbej Vheku vfHkfØ;k% QhukWy dh fØ;k DyksjksQkWeZ rFkk tyh; NaOH ls djkdj cus mRikn dk
vEyh; ty vi?kVu djkus ij o–gkbMªkWDlh csUtsfYMgkbM curk gSA tc CCl4 ysrs gSa rks lSfyflfyd
vEy curk gSA
CHCl3
ONa ONa + OH
NaOH H
60°C NaOH (aq.) H2 O
OH CHCl2 CHO CHO
CCl4
ONa ONa + OH
NaOH H
60°C NaOH (aq.) H2 O
CCl3 COONa COOH
bZFkj (ETHER)
R–O–R (Mkb,fYdy bZFkj),,YdkWDlh ,YdsuA budk lkekU; lw=k CnH2n + 2O gksrk gSA
CH3–O–CH2CH3 (esFkkWDlh ,Fksu) ;k ,fFky esfFky bZFkj
bZFkj] R–OH dk eksuks ,fYdy O;qRié rFkk H2O dk M+kb,fYdy O;qRié gSA
H 2H
R—OH R R—O—R 2R H—O—H
oxhZdj.k % bZFkj dks fuEu izdkj ls oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gS %

(a) ljy ;k lefer bZFkj e.g. R–O–R
(b) fefJr ;k vlefer bZFkj e.g. R–O–R'
lajpuk %
:O : sp3
110°
R R
bZFkj dk v.kq vkWDlhtu ijek.kq ij bysDVªkus ksa ds ,dy ;qXeksa ds dkj.k >qdk gqvk gksrk gS cU/k dks.k 110° dk
gksrk gSA ;g H2O ds v.kq ds cU/k dks.k 105° ls vf/kd gS D;ksafd blesa Hkkjh ,fYdy lewgksa ds chp izfrd"kZ.k
gS tks H- ijek.kqvksa dh vis{kk vf/kd gSA >qdh lajpuk dh otg ls blesa f}/kqzo vk/kw.kZ gksrk gS vr% v.kq dh
/kzqoh; gksrk gSA
(a) ,fYdy gSykbM ls %
(i) fofy;elu la'ys"k.k }kjk %
R—X + NaO—R R—O—R + NaX [SN2 Reaction]

Ex. CH3—CH2—Cl + CH3—ONa CH3—CH2O—CH3 + NaCl
CH3 CH2
Ex. CH3 C Cl + CH3ONa H3C C 3° RX ls bZFkj cukuk laHko ugh gSA

CH3 CH3
H 131
Chemistry
Ex.
Ex. CH2CH—Cl + CH3CH2—ONa dksbZ vfHkfØ;k ughaA
[vuqukn izHkko }kjk LFkk;h]
(ii) 'kq"d Ag2O ls vfHkfØ;k% 2RX + Ag2O R—O—R + 2AgX
Ex. 2CH3—CH2—Cl + Ag2O CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + 2AgCl
132 H
RBSE
1. n'kkZb, fd esFksuSy ij mi;qDr xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd ls vfHkfØ;k }kjk fuEufyf[kr ,sYdksgkWy dSls fojfpr fd,
tkrs gS \
CH2OH
(i) CH3–CH–CH2OH (ii)

CH3
Ans. (i)
MgBr CH2OMgBr CH2OH

H 2O
(ii) H–C–H + + Mg(OH)Br
O
Methanal Cyclohexylmagnesium Cyclohexylmethanol
bromide
2. fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;k ds mRiknksa dh lajpuk fyf[k,&

O O
NaBH4
H2O/H CH2 – C–O–CH3
(i) CH3 CH CH2 (ii) H
NaBH4
(iii) CH3–CH2–CH–CHO
CH3
+
Ans. (i) CH –CH=CH H 2O/H
CH3–CH–CH3
3 2
Propane OH
Propan-2-ol
O OH
CH2–C–OCH3 CH2–C–OCH 3
(ii) NaBH 4
O H O
Methyl (2-oxocyclohexyl) Methyl (2-hydroxycyclohexyl)

ethanoate ethanoate
NaBH 4
(iii) CH3–CH2–CH–CHO H CH3–CH2–CH–CH2OH0
CH3
CH3
2-Methylbutanal 2-Methylbutan-l-ol
3. vkWFkksZ rFkk iSjk ukbVªksQhukWy] QhukWy ls vfèkd vEyh; gksrh gSA muds laxr QhukWDlkkbM vk;uksa dh vuquknh
lajpuk,a cukb,A
– –
O O O O O
Ans. – –
–
(Resonance structure of the phenoxide ion)

H 133
Chemistry
O O O O O O
N+ N+ N+ N+ N+ N+
— — — —
O O O O O O O O
— —
O O
—
O O
(Resonance structures of p-nitrophenoxide ion)

– –
O O O O— O
O
O
O
O O
+
N +
N
+
N N N
O —
O
—
O— – + O— —
O
–
(Resonance structures of o-nitrophenoxide ion)
blls ge ;g dg ldrs gS fd ukbVªks lewg QhukWDlkbM vk;u dk LFkkf;Ro c<krs gSA
4. 1-esFkkWDlh -4-ukbVªkscsUthu ds fojpu ds fy, fuEufyf[kr vfHkdkjdksa esa ls dkSu lk ;qXe mi;qDr gS vkSj D;kas\
Br ONa
(i) + CH3ONa (ii) + CH3Br
NO2 NO2
Ans. 1-esFkkWDlh - 4 - ukbVªkscsUthu ds fojpu ds fy, ;qXe (ii) vfHkdkjdksa dk mi;qDr ;qXe gSA
ONa OCH3
1
6 2
+ CH3Br + NaBr
5 3
4
NO2 NO2
1-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzene
;qXe (i) esa czksehu ijek.kq vuqukn }kjk LFkkbZ gSA
5. fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;kvksa ls izkIr mRiknkas dk vuqeku yxkb,&
OC2H5
(i) CH3–CH2–CH2–O–CH3+HBr (ii) + HBr
OC2H5
Conc. H2SO4
(iii) Conc. HNO3
(iv) (CH 3 )3 C OC 2 H 5 HI
Ans. (i) CH 3 CH 2 CH2 O CH3 HBr CH3 CH2 CH2 OH CH3 Br (SN 2)
n propylmethyl ether Pr opanol Bromomethane
OC2H5 OH
+ HBr + C2H5Br SN2

(ii)
Ethoxybenzene Phenol Bromoethane
OC2H5 Conc.H2SO 4 OC2H5 OC2H5
(iii) Conc.HNO 3 + (Nitration)
NO2 NO2
Ethoxybenzene 1-Ethoxy-4-nitrobenzene 2-Ethoxynitrobenzene
(Major) (Minor)
HI
(iv) (CH3 )3 C OC2H5 (CH3 )3 C I C 2 H5 OH (S N 1)
tert Butyl ethyl ether tert Butyliodide Ethanol
134 H
RBSE
6. ,slh nks vfHkfØ;k,a nhft, ftuls QhukWy dh vEyh; izd`fr iznf'kZr gksrh gks] QhukWy dh vEyrk dh rqyuk
,FksukWy ls dhft,A
Ans. QhukWy dh vEyh; izd`fr dks uhps nh xbZ nks vfHkfØ;kvksa ds }kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA
(i) QhukWy lksfM;e ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djds lksfM;e QhukWDlkbM ,oa gkbMªkstu nsrh gSaA
OH ONa
+ Na + 1 H2
2
Phenol Sodium phenoxide
(ii) QhukWy tyh; lksfM;e gkbMªkDlkbM ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k lksfM;e QhukWDlkbM ,oa ty cukrk gSA
OH ONa
+ NaOH + H2O
Sodium phenoxide
fQukWy] ,sFksukWy dh vis{kk vfèkd vEyh; gS D;ksafd fQukWy ds }kjk izksVkWu ds R;kxus ij cuk QhukWDlkbM
vk;u vuqukn }kjk LFkk;h gks tkrk gS tcfd ,FkkWDlkbM vk;u eas ,slk ugha gksrk gSA
O O O O O
7. gkbMªkstu vk;ksMkbM dh fuEufyf[kr ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ds fy, lehdj.k fyf[k,&

(i) 1-izksikWDlhizksisu (ii) esFkkWDlhcsUthu rFkk (iii) csfUty ,fFky bZFkj
373 K
Ans. (i) C2H5CH2–O–CH2C2H5 + Hl CH3CH2CH2–OH+CH3CH2CH2 – l
l-Propoxypropane Propan-1-ol 1-Iodopropane
OCH3 OH
(ii) + HI + CH3–I (SN2)

Methoxy benzene Phenol
CH2–O–C2H5 CH2l
(iii) + HI + C2H5–OH (SN1)

Benzyl ethyl ether Benzyl iodide Ethanol
8. Xywdksl dks ,sFksukWy eas ifjofrZr djus okys ,Utkbe dk uke nhft,A
Zymase
Ans. Glucose C2H5OH + CO2
H 135
Chemistry
1. f}rh;d ,sYdksgyksa dh yk{kf.kd lewg gS

| OH
(a) CH2OH (b) CHOH (c) C OH (d) C
| OH
2. ,lhVksu dh fØ;k CH3 Mg I ls djkus ij rFkk fQj mldk ty vi?kVu djkus ij çkIr gksrk gS
(a) vkblksçksfiy ,sYdksgy (b) çkFkfed ,sYdksgy
(c) ,lhfVd vEy (d) 2-esfFky 2-çksisukWy
3. ,fFky ,ehu ij ukbVªl vEy dh fØ;k }kjk mRié gksrk gS
(a) ,Fksu (b) veksfu;k (c) ,fFky ,Ydksgy (d) ukbVªks,Fksu
4. ,Ydksgy tks dejs ds rkieku ij ZnCl2 lkUnz HCl foy;u ls rRdky vo{ksi nsrk gS, gS
(a) 1-gkbMªkWDlhC;wVsu (b) 2-gkbMªkWDlhC;wVu
s
(c) 2-gkbMªkWDlh-2-esfFky çksisu (d) 1-gkbMªkWDlh-2-esfFky çksisu
5. ;fn ,d vKkr ;kSfxd ‘D’, K2Cr2O7 vkSj H2SO4 ds ruq foy;u }kjk igys ,fYMgkbM esa vkSj fQj
,lhfVd vEy esa vkWDlhd`r gksrk gS] rks vKkr ;kSfxd ‘D’ gksxk
(a) CH3CHO (b) C3H7OH (c) CH3CH2OH (d) CH3CH2CH3
6. ,d dkcZfud ;kSfxd A /kkrq lksfM;e ls fØ;k dj B fufeZr djrk gSA lkUnz H2SO4, ds lkFk xeZ djus A,
MkbZ,fFky bZFkj cukrk gSA A rFkk B gSa
(a) C2H5OH rFkk C2H5ONa (b) C3H7OH rFkk CH3ONa
(c) CH3OH rFkk CH3ONa (d) C4H9OH rFkk C4H9ONa

7. MkbZ,fFky bZFkj fdlds lkFk xeZ djus ij fo?kfVr gks tkrk gS
(a) HI (b) NaOH (c) ty (d) KMnO4
8. tc fuEu bZFkj dh O CH2 HI ls fØ;k djkbZ tkrh gS rks eq[; mRikn curk gS
(a) CH2I (b) CH2OH (c) I (d) OH
9. tc MkbZesfFky bZFkj dks, HI ds vkf/kD; ds lkFk xeZ djrs gSa rks ;g nsrk gS
(a) CH3I rFkk CH3OH (b) CH3I rFkk H2O
(c) C2H6 CH3I rFkk CH3OH (d) CH3I rFkk HCHO

xeZ
10. C6 H5 O CH3 HI
mijksä vfHkfØ;k esa dkSulk mRikn curk gS
(a) C6H5 I vkSj CH3 OH (b) C6H5 OH vkSj CH3 I
(c) C6H5 CH3 vkSj HOI (d) C6H6 vkSj CH3OI

136 H
RBSE
11. fQukWy ruq HNO3 ds lkFk fØ;k djds nsrk gS

(a) p rFkk m-ukbVªkfs QukWYl (b) o- rFkk p-ukbVªksfQukWYl
(c) fifØd vEy (d) o- rFkk m-ukbVªksfQukWYl
12. fQukWy esa bysDVªkWuLusgh çfrLFkkiu fdl LFkku ij gksrk gS
(a) p- fLFkfr ij (b) m-fLFkfr ij (c) o- fLFkfr ij (d) o- vkSj p-fLFkfr;ksa ij
13. lkUnz HNO3 ls fØ;kdj fQukWy cukrk gS

(a) csUtksbd vEy (b) lSfyflfyd vEy (c) o-,oa p-ukbVªksfQukWy (d) fifØd vEy
14. lk/kkj.k rki ij fQukWy dh ruq HNO3 ds lkFk, fØ;k gksus ij curk gS
HO HO HO OH
HO
O2N NO2 NO2 NO2
(a) (b) + (c) (d)
NO2
NO2 NO2
15. dkSulk ÝhMy-ØkW¶V ,Ydkbyhdj.k esa Hkkx ysrk gS

CH3 CH2CH3 COOH OH
NO2
1 2 3 4
(a) 1, 2 rFkk 4 (b) 1 rFkk 3 (c) 2 rFkk 4 (d) 1 rFkk 2

16. lkekU; rki ij Y;wdkWl vfHkdeZd ls fØ;k ugha djus okyk ,Ydksgy gS
(a) çkFkfed ,Ydksgy (b) f}rh;d ,Ydksgy (c) r`rh;d ,Ydksgy (d) ;s rhuksa
17. Y;wdkWl ijh{k.k }kjk foHksn djrs gSa
(a) 1o ,2o vkSj 3 o ,Ydksgy esa (b) 1o , 2o vkSj 3 o ,ehu esa
(c) ,fYMgkbM vkSj dhVksu esa (d) ,Ydhu vkSj ,Ydkbu esa
18. fuEu esa ls dkSu vk;ksMhu ds {kkjh; foy;u ds lkFk xeZ djus ij ihyk vo{ksi ugha cuk;sxk
(a) CH 3OH (b) CH 3CH 2OH (c) CH 3CH(OH)CH 3 (d) CH 3CH 2CH(OH)CH3
19. C2 H 5OH dk CH 3OH ls foHksn fd;k tk ldrk gS
(a) HCl dh vfHkfØ;k }kjk (b) NH3 dh vfHkfØ;k }kjk
(c) vk;ksMksQkWeZ ijh{k.k }kjk (d) ty esa foys;rk fu/kkZfjr djds

20. çkFkfed] f}rh;d rFkk r`rh;d ,Ydksgyksa esa foHksn djus ds fy, ç;ksx esa ykrs gSa
(a) vkWDlhdj.k fof/k (b) Y;wdkWl ijh{k.k (c) foDVjes;j fof/k (d) bu lHkh dks
H 137
Chemistry
21. bZFkjksa esa, C – O – C cU/k dks.k yxHkx gksrk gS
(a) 180o (b) 90 o (c) 110o (d) 160o
22. yqbZl dh vEy ,oa {kkj /kkj.kkuqlkj] bZFkj gSa
(a) vEyh; (b) {kkjh; (c) mnklhu (d) mHk;/kehZ
23. ,d ;kSfxd ‘A’ dks tc lSfjdveksfu;e ukbVªsV foy;u ds lkFk vfHkdr djokrs gSa rks ;g yky jax dk
vo{ksi nsrk gS] rks ;kSfxd ‘A’ gksxk
(a) ,Ydksgy (b) ,fYMgkbM (c) vEy (d) ,Ydsu
24. fQukWy de vEyh; gS
(a) ,FksukWy ls (b) esFksukWy ls (c) o-ukbVªksfQukWy ls (d) p-esfFkyfQukWy ls
25. ;kSfxd tks futZyhdj.k ij LFkk;h dkcksZfu;e vk;u nsrk gS] og gS
CH 3
|
(a) CH3 CH CH2 OH (b) CH 3 C OH
| |
CH3 CH 3
(c) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2OH (d) CH3 CH CH2 CH3

|
OH
26. vkWFkksZ-ukbVªksfQukWy Hkki ok"i'khy (Steam volatile) gksrk gS tcfd iSjk-ukbVªksfQukWy ugha gksrkA ;g fdlds
dkj.k gksrk gS
(a) vkWFkksZ-ukbVªksfQukWy esa mifLFkr vUr%-vkf.od gkbMªkstu cU/k ds dkj.k
(b) vUrj-vkf.od gkbMªkstu cU/k ds dkj.k
(c) iSjk-ukbVªkfs QukWy esa mifLFkr vUrjk-vkf.od Inter-molecular) gkbMªkt
s u cU/k ds dkj.k
(d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
27. fuEu ,jkseSfVd ;kSfxdksa esa ls lcls çcy vEy dkSulk gS
(a) vkWFkksZ-ukbVªksfQukWy (b) iSjk-DyksjksfQukWy (c) iSjk-ukbVªkfs QukWy (d) eSVk-ukbVªksfQukWy
28. ,Ydksgy dk DoFkukad laxr ,Ydsu ls vf/kd gksrk gSA bldk dkj.k gS
(a) var%vkf.od gkbMªkstu cU/k (b) vUrjkvkf.od gkbMªkstu ca/k
(c) ok"i'khy LoHkko (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
29. Y;wdkWl vfHkdeZd ds lkFk fdldh vfHkfØ;k rhozrk ls gksrh gS

(a) CH 3 3
COH (b) (CH3 )2 CHOH (c) CH 3 (CH 2 )2 OH (d) CH 3CH 2OH
30. lkekU; rki ij Y;wdkl vfHkdeZd ls fØ;k ugha djus okyk ,Ydksgy gS
(a) çkFkfed ,Ydksgy (b) f}rh;d ,Ydksgy (c) r`rh;d ,Ydksgy (d) ;s rhuksa
31. fuEu esa ls dkSu vk;ksMhu ds {kkjh; foy;u ds lkFk xeZ djus ij ihyk vo{ksi ugha cuk;sxk
(a) CH 3OH (b) CH 3CH 2OH (c) CH 3CH(OH)CH 3 (d) CH 3CH 2CH(OH)CH3
138 H
RBSE
32. fuEu vfHkfØ;k ij fopkj dhft, :
C2H5OH + H2SO4 mRikn
fuEu esa ls dkSu fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa mRikn ds :i esa ugha cusxk ?
(a) C2H5OSO3H (b) H2C=kCH2
(c) HC CH (d) CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3
33. ,fYMgkbMks rFkk dhVksuksa dks ,Ydksgy esa vip;u djus ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSulk vfHkdeZd dk mi;ksx dj
ldrs gSa:
(a) Ni, Pt ;k Pd dh mifLFkfr esa H2 (b) NaBH4
(c) LiAlH4 (d) mijksDr lHkh
34. ,Ydksgy ds fod`Ùkhdj.k ds fy, lgh fodYi pqfu, :
(a) ;g O;kikfjd ,Ydksgy dks ihus ds fy, vuqi;ksxh cukus dk izØe gSA
(b) CuSO4 dks feyk;k tkrk gS tks fd ,Ydksgy dks jaxhu djrk gSA
(c) fifjMhu dks feyk;k tkrk gS fd ,Ydksgy dks cqjh xa/k iznku djrk gSA
(d) mijksDr lHkh
ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. b d c c c a a a b b
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. b d d b c c a a c d
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. c b a c b c c b a c
Q. No. 32 32 33 34
Ans. a c d d
H 139
Chemistry
1. D;wehu ls fQukWy izkIr djus dh vfHkfØ;k esa mRikn gS & (RBSE 2023)
(a) VªkbczkseksfQukWy (b) csUtksfDouksu (c) fifØd vEy (d) ,slhVksu
Ans. (d)
2. fofy;elu la'ys"k.k esa ______ dh lksfM;e ,sYdksDlkbM+ ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ls Mkb ,sfYdy bZFkj cukrk gSA
Ans. ,fYdy gSykbM+
3. QhukWy ls lsfyflfyd vEy cukus dh jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k,A (RBSE 2023)
Ans. vfHkfØ;k dk uke ¼dksYcsy vfHkfØ;k½
4. vkblks C;qfVy ,sYdksgkWy dk IUPAC uke fyf[k,A (RBSE 2023)
Ans. 2-esfFky izksiu
s -1-ol
5. CH3OCH3, CH3CH2OH ,oa CH3CH2CH3 ds DoFkukadksa dk lgh c<+rk Øe gS & (RBSE 2022)
(A) CH3CH2OH < CH3OCH3 < CH3CH2CH3 (B) CH3CH2OH < CH3CH2CH3 < CH3OCH3
(C) CH3CH2CH3 < CH3OCH3 < CH3CH2OH (D) CH3CH2CH3 < CH3CH2OH < CH3OCH3
Ans. (C)
6. o-ukbVªkQ
s hukWy rFkk p-ukbVªksQhukWy esa ls ----------------- de ok"i'khy gksrk gSA (RBSE 2022)
Ans. p-ukbVªks QhukWy
7. dkj.k nhft, &
(i) QhukWy esa mifLFkr dkcZu&vkWDlhtu (C–O) vkca/k yEckbZ esFksukWy ls de gksrh gSA
(ii) bZFkj esa mifLFkr C–O–C vkca/k dks.k prq"Qydh; dks.k ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
(iii) leko;oh ,sYdksgkWyksa esa 'kk[ku ds c<+us ij DoFkukad de gks tkrk gSA (RBSE 2022)
vFkok
dkj.k nhft, &
(i) ,FksukWy dk DoFkukad esFkkWDlhesFksu ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
(ii) ,FksukWy vklkuh ls ty esa foys; gks tkrk gSA
(iii) QhukWy] ,sYdksgkWy dh rqyuk esa izcy vEy gksrk gSA
Ans. (i) vuqukn ds dkj.k fQuksDlkbM vk;u dk LFkk;hdj.k gks tkrk gSA
(ii) o`gn~ ,fYdy lewg ds e/; izfrd"kZ.k ds dkj.kA

(iii) tSls dkcZu dh Ja`[kyk c<+rh gSA i`"Bh; {ks=k Hkh c<+rk gS vkSj okUMjoky cU/ku de gks tkrk gSA
vr% leko;oh ,YdksgkWy esa 'kk'ou c<+us ls DoFkukad de gks tkrk gSA
vFkok
(i) bFksukWy eas vUrjkv.kqd gkbMªkstu cU/k mifLFkr gksus ds dkj.kA
(ii) ty v.kq rFkk bFksukWy ds e/; gkbMªkstu vkcU/k fufeZr gksus ds dkj.kA
(iii) QhukWDlkbM+ vk;u ds LFkkf;Ro ds dkj.kA
140 H
RBSE
8. (a) vkblksC;wfVy ,sYdksgkWy dk lajpuk lw=k fyf[k,A (RBSE 2020)
(b) D;k gksrk gS tc Mkb,fFky bZFkj lw;Z ds izdk'k dh mifLFkfr esa Dyksjhu ls vfHkfØ;k djrk gS\
jklk;fud lehdj.k nhft,A
(c) fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;k vuqØeksa dks iwjk dhft, ,oa mRikn [A] ,oa [B] ds uke fyf[k, %
OH
(CH3CO)2O
+ CCl4 + 4KOH [A] [B]
H+
vFkok
(a) r`rh;d & C;wfVy ,sYdksgkWy dk lajpuk lw=k fyf[k,A
(b) D;k gksrk gS tc Mkb,fFky bZFkj dh ok"i dks ,yqfeuk ij 653 K rki ij izokfgr fd;k tkrk gS\
jklk;fud lehdj.k nhft,A
(c) fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;k vuqØeksa dks iwjk dhft,A ,oa mRikn [A] rFkk [B] ds uke fyf[k, %
N2+ Cl–
on boiling Br2 water
+ HOH [A [B]
Ans. (a) CH3 CH CH2 OH

|
CH3
10Cl2
(b) CH 3 CH2 O CH2 CH3 Sun light
CCl2 CCl 2 O CCl 2 CCl3
Per chlorodiethyl ether
OH OCOCH3
COOH COOH
(c) [A] = , [B] =
Salicylic acid Acetyl Salicylic acid
(Aspirin)
vFkok
CH3
|
(a) CH 3 C OH
|
CH3
Al2 O3
(b) CH 3 CH2 O CH 2 CH 3 653K
2CH 2 CH 2 H 2 O
OH OH
Br Br
(c) [A] = , [B] =
Phenol
Br
H 141
Chemistry
9. Mkb,fFky bZFkj dk IUPAC uke fyf[k,A (RBSE 2019)
Sol. bZFkkWDlhbZFksu
10. QhukWDlkbM vk;u dh vuquknh lajpuk,a¡ cukb;sA (RBSE 2019)
Sol. fQuksDlkbM vk;u dh vuquknh lajpuk,Wa
O O O O O
OH –
ROH RO – H
R O–
I effect
11. (a) ,sYdksgkWy dh rqyuk esa QhukWy vf/kd vEyh; D;ksa gksrh gS\ le>kb,A
(b) fuEufyf[kr ,sYdksgkWyksa dks ,LVjhdj.k vfHkfØ;k ds izfr mudh c<+rh vfHkfØ;k'khyrk ds Øe esa
O;ofLFkr dhft,A
CH3–CH2–OH, (CH3)2CH–OH, (CH3)3C–OH (RBSE 2019)
vFkok
(a) ,sYdksgkWyksa dk DoFkukad lerqY; vkf.od Hkkj okys gkbMªksdkcZuksa ,oa bZFkj ls vf/kd D;ksa gksrs gSa\
le>kb,A
(b) fuEufyf[kr ,sYdksgkWyksa dks futZyhdj.k vfHkfØ;k ds izfr mudh c<+rh vfHkfØ;k'khyrk ds Øe esa
O;ofLFkr dhft,A
CH3–CH2–OH, (CH3)2CH–OH, (CH3)3C–OH
Sol. (a) D;ksfd fQuksysV la;qXeh {kkj vuquknh LFkk;hRo j[krk gS feFkkWDlkbM la;qXeh {kkj bl izdkj dk LFkk;hRo
ugha j[krs gS rFkk bl izdkj ls ;g vksj vf/kd vojks/k mRiUu djrk gSA
(b) CH3–CH2–OH < (CH3)2CH–OH < (CH3)3C –OH
vFkok
(a) ,YdksgkWy ty dsd lkFk H–ca/k dk fuekZ.k dj ldrk gS rFkk ty ds v.kqvksa ds e/; igys ls mifLFkr
H–ca/kksa dks rksM+ nsrk gS bl izdkj ;s ty esa foys;'khy gksrs gSA
blds foifjr] gkbMªksdkcZu rFkk bZFkj ty ds lkFk H-cU/kksa dk fuekZ.k ugha djrk gS bl dkj.k ;s ty
esa vfoys; jgrs gSA
(b) (CH3)3C –OH < (CH3)2CH–OH < CH3–CH2–OH
142 H
RBSE
12. (a) ,sFksukWy ds futZyhdj.k ls ,Fkhu cuus dh fØ;kfof/k fyf[k,A (RBSE 2018)
(b) Xywdksl dks ,sFksukWy eas ifjofrZr djus okys ,Utkbe dk uke nhft,A
(c) QhukWy dh DyksjksQkeZ rFkk KOH ls fØ;k dk jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k,A
vFkok
(a) esFksukWy ls ,sFksukWy esa ifjorZu dSls djsxs \ dsoy jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k,A
(b) iSVªksy ds LFkku ij iz;qä] ,YdksgkWy ,oa bZFkj dk feJ.k D;k dgykrk gS\
(c) QhukWy ls p-gkbMªkDW lhcSUtsfYMgkbM dSls izkIr djsxs\ jklk;fud lehdj.k nhft,A
conc.
Ans. (a) CH3 – CH2 – OH H2SO4
CH 2 CH2 + H2O
165 175 C Ethene
fØ;kfof/k %
Step-I
OH H
CH3–CH2 CH3 – CH 2 – O – H
H2SO 4 H rds
CH3 – CH2 + H2O
Step-II
H
H 2O
CH2–CH2 base
CH2 = CH2 + H3O
Zymase
(b) Glucose C2H5OH + CO2
OH OH O
C–H
Alc. KOH
(c) CHCl3 + 3KCl + 2H2O
Salisaldehyde
Reimer-Tiemman formylation
vFkok
PCl 5 KCN
(a) CH 3 OH CH3 – Cl CH3 – C N
4H
NaNO2
CH 3 CH 2 OH HCl CH3 – CH2 – NH2
H 143
Chemistry
(b) ;g usVsykbV ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
OH
Alc. KOH
(c) OH CHCl3
Reimer-Tiemman Reaction
C–H
O
vFkok
OH
OH
HCl CO
AlCl3
Gattermman Koch formylation
C–H
O
144 H
RBSE
CHAPTER–8 : ,SfYMgkbM+] dhVksu ,oa dkcksZfDlfyd vEy

UNIT INDEX
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
dkcksZfuy ;kSfxd (CARBONYL COMPOUNDS):
dkcZfud ;kSfxd ftuesa C O lewg mifLFkr gksrk gS dkcksfZ uy ;kSfxd dgykrs gSaA C O lewg dks
dkcksZfuy lewg dgrs gSaA budk lkekU; lw=k Cn H2nO (n = 1, 2, 3......) gksrk gSA dkcksZfuy ;kSfxdksa dks nks
lewgksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA
O
(a) ,fYMgkbM % ,fYMgkbM C H lewg gksrk gS (bls QkWfeZy lewg Hkh dgrs gSa) ;g fØ;kRed lewg ,d
O
la;kstd gksrk gSA C H lewg dk dkcZu 1° izd`fr dk gksrk gSA i.e.
(b) dhVksu% bldk dkcksZfuy lewg ( C O ) dhVksfud lewg dgykrk gS] ;fn bldh nksuksa eqDr la;kstdrk;sa
,fYdy lewg ls la;ksftr gksrh gSA ;g ,d f}la;kstd lewg gksrk gSA
R 2°
C O dk dkcZu 2° izd`fr dk gksrk gSA i.e. C O
R
dhVksu dk oxhZdj.k fuEu izdkj ls gS%

(i) ljy vFkok lefer dhVksu % buesa nksuksa ,fYdy lewg leku gksrs gSaA
R
C O
R
(ii) fefJr ;k vlefer dhVksu % buesa mifLFkr nksauksa ,fYdy lewg esa fHkUurk gksrh gSA
R
C O
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic acids
R
Ex. (dhVksu): lefer vlefer
CH 3 CH 3CH 2
C O C O
CH 3 CH3
(,lhVksu ;k MkbZesfFky dhVksu) (,fFky esfFky dhVksu)
izksisukWu C;wVsukWu
voLFkk : dsoy QkWeZfYMgkbM gh xSl gS] vkSj C11 rd lHkh dkcksfZ uy ;kSfxd nzo gS rFkk C12 o mlls mPp
dkcksZfuy ;kSfxd Bksl gSA
H 145
Chemistry
foys;rk : C1 ls C3 ¼QkeZfYMgkbM] ,flVsfYMgkbM vkSj izksfivksusfYMgkbM½ rFkk ,lhVksu ty esa eqDr :i ls
foys; gSA bldk dkj.k gS C O cU/k dh /kzqork ftlds dkj.k ty ds v.kq ds lkFk gkbMªkstu cU/ku laHko
gSA C5 o mPp ;kSfxd ty esa vfoys; gSA
H
1
foy;
s rk
C O H O v.kHqkkj
H-bonding
DoFkukad % DoFkukd
a v.kHqkkj
DoFkukad dk Øe % > > > , (leku v.kqHkkj)
bldk dkj.k gS fd ,Ydksgy esa vUrj vkf.od gkbMªkstu cU/k mifLFkr gSA ysfdu dkcksZfuy ;kSfxdksa ds v.kqvksa
ds e/; H-cU/k vuqifLFkr gksrk gSA blds LFkku ij nqcy
Z f}/kzqo&f}/kzqo oUMjoky vkd"kZ.k cy mifLFkr gksrk
gSA ,Ydsu v/kzqoh; gksrs gSA
+ – + –
C = O ............... C = O
?kuRo % dkcksZfuy ;kSfxdksa dk ?kuRo ty dh vis{kk de gksrk gSA
(i) VkWysu vfHkdeZd % ;g ,fYMgkbM dks vkDlhd`r djrk gSA VkWysu vfHkdeZd ,d&veksuhd`r flYoj
ukbVªsV foy;u gSA
(AgNO3+NH4OH) [Ag(NH3)2]OH
RCHO+[Ag(NH3)2]OH RCOO + Ag + H2O
jtr niZ.k
AgNO3 + NH4OH AgOH Ag2O
RCHO + Ag2O RCOO + Ag (jtr niZ.k)
(ii) Qsgfyax foy;u % ;g CuSO4, NaOH vkSj lksfM;e iksVfs 'k;e VkVZjV
s dk feJ.k gSA
Qsgfyax foy;u A– (aq.) CuSO4 dk foy;u
Qsgfyax foy;u B– jkslsy yo.k (lksfM;e iksVsf'k;e VkVZjVs + NaOH)
Qsgfyax foy;u A + Qsgfyax foy;u B– (D;qfizd VkVZjsV dk xgjk uhyk jax)
RCHO + Cu+2 + OH– RCOO + Cu2O
(D;wizl vkWDlkbM& yky vo{ksi)
2+
Cu Cu+
(D;wfizd& uhyk) (D;wil
z & yky vo{ksi)
dkcksZfDlfyd vEy (CARBOXYLIC ACID)
O
dkcZfud ;kSfxd ftuesa dkcksZfDlfyd (– COOH) lewg ik;k tkrk gSA;g fØ;kRed lewg dkcksZfuy ( C ) o
gkbMªksfDly (—OH) lewg ds la;ksx ls curk gSA
O O
C + —OH C OH
dkcksfZ uy lewg gkbMªkWDlh lewg dkcksZfDlfyd lewg
146 H
RBSE
dkcksZfDlfyd lewg dh fof'k"Vrk;sa bu nks lewg dk ljy ;ksx u gksdj Lo;a fof'k"V gksrh gSA dkckZfs Dlfyd
vEyksa dk vEyh; LoHkko buesa mifLFkr ¼izfrLFkkiuh;½ H – ijek.kq ds dkj.k gksrk gSA budk lkekU; lw=k
CnH2nO2 gksrk gSA
oxhZdj.k (Classification) :
eksuksdkcksZfDlfyd vEy (RCOOH) : os vEy ftuesa dsoy ,d dkcksZfDlfyd lewg ik;k tkrk gS & bUgsa ,d
{kkjdh vEy Hkh dgrs gSA
lkekU; lw=k - CnH2nO2 ( n = 1, 2, 3.......) mPp eksuksa dkcksfZ Dlfyd vEy olh; vEy dgykrs gSA
COOH
Ex. CH3COOH ,lhfVd vEy
COOH
MkbZdkcksZfDlfyd vEy - nks dkcksZfDlfyd lewg okys dkckZsfDlfyd vEy] bUgsa f}{kkjdh vEy Hkh dgrs gSA
CH2COOH
Ex. HO C COOH vkWDlsfyd vEy
CH2COOH
VªkbZdkcksZfDlfyd vEy % rhu dkcksZfDlfyd lewg okys dkckZfs Dlfyd bUgsa f=k{kkjdh vEy Hkh dgrs gSA
Ex. flfVªd vEy
lajpuk % –COOH lewg dk dkcZu ijek.kq sp2 ladfjr gksrk gS vkSj bl C - ijek.kq ij cus cU/k dks.kksa dk
eku 120° gksrk gSA
C1—C4 dkcksZfDlfyd vEy iw.kZ :i ls ty esa feJ.kh; gksrs gSaA
1
foy;srk
v.kHqkkj
ty ds v.kq ds lkFk vUrj vk.kfod gkbMªkstu cU/k ds dkj.k ;s ty esa foys; gksrs gSaA
DoFkukad % DoFkukad rFkk xyukd
a v.kHqkkj
vEy > ,YdksgkWy

bldk dkj.k ;s gS fd vEyksa esa nks vkWDlhtu ijek.kq gkbMªkstu ca/k esa Hkkx ysrs gS ¼tcfd ,Ydksgy esa dsoy
,d vkWDlhtu½ ok"i ;k foy;u voLFkk esa fuEurj vEy fdUrq æo voLFkk esa ;s cgqyd (Polymer) ds :i esa
jgrs gS] f}yd ds :i esa ik;s tkrs gSA
O H O
R C C R O R C O O—H
O H O R C O H O H O C R
xyukad % le la[;k esa dkcZu ijek.kq okys vEyksa ds xyukad fo"ke la[;k esa dkcZu ijek.kq okys vEyksa ls
vf/kd gksrs gSaA le la[;k dkcZu okys vEyksa dk dkcksZfDly o varLFk esfFky lewg foijhr fljksa ij jgdj
fØLVy tkyd dh ladqyu {kerk c<+krs gSaA ftlls buds xyukad mPp gksrs gSA
H 147
Chemistry
1. fuEufyf[kr ;kSfxdksa dks muds DoFkuakdks ds c<rs Øe esa O;ofLFkr dhft,A

CH3CHO, CH3CH2OH, CH3OCH3, CH3CH2CH3
Ans. CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 OCH 3 CH 3 CHO CH 3 CH 2 OH
/ / ; H ca / k
2. fuEufyf[kr ;kSfxdksa dks ukfHkdjkxh ;ksxt vfHkfØ;kvksa esa mudh c<rh gqbZ vfHkfØ;k'khyrk ds Øe esa O;ofLFkr
dhft, &
(i) ,FksuSy] izksisuSy] izkisuksu] C;wVsuksu
(ii) csUtSfYMkgkbM] p-VkWyw,fs YMgkbM] p-ukbVªkscsUtSfYMgkbM] ,slhVksQhuksu
ladsr : f=kfoe izHkko o bysDVªkWfud izHkko dks è;ku esa j[ksaA
Ans. dkcksZfuy ;ksfxdksa dh fØ;k'khyrk sp2 dkcZu ij (+)ve vkos'k
O O O O
C C C C
(i) CH3 H CH3CH2 H CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2CH3
Ethanal Propanal Propanone Butanone
,fYdy lewg dk +I izHkko fuEu Øe esa c<rk gSA
Ethanal < Propanal < Propanone < Butanone
;fn +I izHkko c<rk gS rks sp2 C ij (+)ve vkos'k ?kVrk gSA
vr% fØ;k'khyrk dk Øe gSA
Butanone < Propanone < Propanal < Ethanal
O
CHO CH3 CHO
C
CH3
(ii)
NO2 CHO
p-Nitrobenzaldehyde p-Tolualdehyde Benzaldehyde Acetophenone
more – I less – I +I of –CH3
>C = O ij –I lewg (+)ve vkos'k dks c<krs gS vr% fØ;k'khyrk dk Øe gSA

Acetophenone < p-tolualdehyde < Benzaldehyde < p-Nitrobenzaldehyde
3. fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;kvksa ds mRiknksa dks igpkfu,&
O
(i) H
+
+ HO – NH2
O O2N
(ii)
+ NH2 – NH NO2
O
+
(iii) R – CH = CH – CHO + NH2 – C – NH – NH2 H

O
C
+
CH3 H
(iv) + CH3CH2NH2
148 H
RBSE
O +
N–OH
H
Ans. (i) + HO – NH 2
O2N
O O2N NNH NO2
(ii) + NH2 – NH NO2
O O
+
(iii) R – CH = CH – CHO + NH2 – C – NH – NH2 H
R – CH = CH – CH = N – NH – C – NH2
O H3C
C C = N – CH2CH3
+
CH3 H
(iv) + CH3CH2NH2
4. fuEufyf[kr ;kSfxdksa dks csUtksbd vEy esa dSls ifjofrZZr fd;k tk ldrk gS\
(i) ,fFkycsUthu (ii) ,slhVksQhuksu
(iii) czksekscsUthu (iv) Qsfuy,Fkhu ¼LVkbjhu½

CH2CH3 COOK COOH
KMnO 4 – KOH H 3O+
Ans. (i)
Ethylbenzene Benzoic acid
COCH3 COOK COOH

+
KMnO 4 – KOH H 3O
(ii)
Acetophenone Benzoic acid
O
Br MgBr C COOH
Mg O=C=O H 3O +
(iii) OMgBr
Ether dry ice
Bromobenzene Benzoic acid
CH=CH2 COOK
COOH
KMnO 4 – KOH H3O+
(iv) + HCOOK
Phenylethene
5. fuEufyf[kr O;qRiUuksa dh lajpuk cukb,&

(i) csUtsfYMgkbM dk 2, 4 - MkbukbVªksQsfuygkbMªkstksu
(ii) lkbDyksizksisuksu vkWfDle
(iii) ,slhVSfYMgkbMMkbesfFky,slhVSy
(iv) lkbDyksC;wVsuksu dk lsehdkcsZtksu
(v) gsDlsu – 3 – vksu dk ,fFkyhu dhVsy
(vi) QkWefs YMgkbM dk esfFky gseh,slhVsy
H 149
Chemistry
NO2
Ans. (i) CH=NNH NO2
N–OH
(ii)
OCH3
(iii) CH –CH
3
OCH3
O
(iv) NNH–C–NH2
CH2–CH2
CH2 OH OH
H2C +
O O O
(v) H C – CH – C – CH – CH – CH H
3 2 2 2 3 –H 2O CH3–CH2–C–CH2–CH2–CH3
H OH H
H H–OH
(vi) C C=O +
–H 2O H–O–CH3
H OCH3 H
6. lkbDyksgsDlsudkcsZfYMgkbM dh fuEufyf[kr vfHkdeZdksa ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ls cuus okys mRiknksa dks igpkfu,&
(i) PhMgBr ,oa rRi'pkr~ H3O+
(ii) ,FksukWy dk vkfèkD; rFkk vEy

(iii) VkWysu vfHkdeZd
(iv) lsehdkcsZtkbM ,ao nqcZy vEy
(v) ftad veyxe ,oa ruq gkbMªksDyksfju vEy
OMgBr OH
CH=O Ph–MgBr C H H 3O+ C H
Ans. (i) Ph Hydrolysis Ph
Cyclohexane- Cyclohexylphenylcarbinol
carbaldehyde
CH=O
(ii) + 2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 3OH–
Cyclohexane- Tollen's reagent

carbaldehyde O
C–O–
+ 2Ag + 4NH3 + 2H2O
Silver mirror
Cyclohexane-
carboxylate ion
O
CHO O
pH 3.5 CH=NNH–C–NH2 + H2O
(iii) + H2NNH–C–NH2
weak acid
Semicarbazide
Cyclohexane- Cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
carbaldehyde semicarbazone
150 H
RBSE
OC2H5
CHO H OC2H5
Dry HCl gas C OC H + H O
+
(iv) H
2 5 2
Cyclohexane- H OC2H5
carbaldehyde Ethanol (Excess) Cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
diethyl acetal
CH3
CHO
Zn/Hg–HCl
(v) (clemmensen
reduction)
Cyclohexane- Methylcyclohexane
carbaldehyde
7. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls ;kSfxdksa es ,sYMksy la?kuu gksxk] fduesa dSfutkjksa vfHkfØ;k gksxh vkSj fduesa mijksDr
esa ls dksbZ fØ;k ugha gksxh\ ,sYMksy la?kuu rFkk dSfutkjks vfHkfØ;k esa laHkkfor mRiknksa dh lajpuk fyf[k,A
(i) esFksuSy (ii) 2-esfFkyisUVsuSy (iii) csUtSfYMgkbM (iv) csUtksQhukWu
(v) lkbDyksgsDlsuksu (vi) 1- Qsfuyizksisuksu (vii) Qsfuy,slhVSfYMgkbM
(viii) C;wVsu -1- vkWy (ix) 2, 2-MkbesfFkyC;wVsuSy
Ans. ftu ,sfYMgkbMkas o dhVksukas eas de ls de ,d - gkbMªkstu ijek.kq mifLFkr gksrk gS] ,sYMksy la?kuu
vfHkfØ;k nsrs gSA
(ii), (v), (vi), (vii) ,YMksy la?kuu nsrs gaSA
dsoy og ,sfYMgkbM] ftlesa -gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ugha gksrs dSfutkjks vfHkfØ;k nsrs gSA (i), (iii), (ix) dSfutkjksa
vfHkfØ;k nsrs gSA ;kSfxd
(iv) ,d dhVksu gS tks fd - H ugha j[krk gS vkSj ;kSfxd (viii) C;wVsu-1-vkWy ,d ,Ydksgy gSA vr% ;g
;kSfxd u rks ,YMksy la?kuu ugha dSfutkjksa vfHkfØ;k nsrk gSA
,sYMksy la?kuu
(ii) 2CH3CH2CH2—CH—CHO dil. NaOH
CH3
2-Methylpentanal
CH3
CH3CH2CH2—CH—CH—C—CH2CH2CH3
CH3 OH CHO
O
(v) dil NaOH

2 O
OH
Cyclohexanone
O OH CH3
dil NaOH
(vi) 2 C—CH2CH3 C—CH—C
CH2 O
1-Phenylpropanone
CH3
OH CHO
(vii) dil NaOH
2 CH2CHO CH2—CH—CH
Phenylacetaldehyde
H 151
Chemistry
dSfutkjks vfHkfØ;k
H
H H
(i) 2 C=O + conc. KOH H—C—OH + C—OK
H O
H
Methanal Methanol Potassium methanoate
O
(iii) 2 CHO+conc.KOH CH2—OH + C—OK
Benzaldehyde Benzyl alcohol Potassium benzoate
CH3 CH3 CH3

conc.NaOH
(ix) CH3CH2—C—CHO CH3CH2—C—CH2—OH + CH3CH2—C—C—ONa
CH3 CH3 CH3O
2, 2-Dimethylbutanal 2, 2-Dimethylbutan-1-ol Sodium 2, 2-dimethylbutanoate
8. izksius Sy ,oa C;wVsuSy ds ,YMkssy la?kuu ls cuus okys pkj laHkkfor mRiknksa ds uke ,oa ljpauk lw=k fyf[k,A
izR;sd esa crkb;s fd dkSulk ,fYMgkbM ukfHkdjkxh vkSj dkSulk bysDVªkWu jkxh gksxk\
Ans. (i) izksisuy
S ds nks v.kq ysrs gS ftlesa ,d v.kq ukfHkdLusgh ds leku tcfd nwljk v.kq bysDVªkWu Lusgh ds leku
dk;Z djrk gSA
OH CH3
dil NaOH
2CH3CH2CHO CH3CH2—CH—CH—CHO
Propanal 3-hydroxy - 2 - methylpentanal
(ii) C;wVsuSy ds nks v.kq ysrs gS ftlesa ,d v.kq ukfHkd Lusgh ds leku tcfd nwljk v.kq bysDVªkWu Lusgh ds
leku dk;Z djrk gSA
OH CH2CH3
dil NaOH
2CH3CH2CH2CHO CH3CH2CH2—CH—CH—CHO
Butanal 2-Ethyl - 3 - hydroxyhexanal
(iii) ,d v.kq izkSiuSy dk rFkk ,d v.kq C;wVsuSy dk ysrs gS] ftlesa izksisuSy bySDVªkWu Lusgh ds leku rFkk
C;wVsuSy ukfHkd Lusgh ds leku dk;Z djrk gSA
OH CH3
CH3CH2CH2CHO + CH3CH2CHO CH3CH2CH2—CH—CH—CHO

Butanal Propanal 3-Hydroxy - 2 -methylhexanal
(Electrophile) (Nucleophile)
(iv) ,d v.kq izksiu

s Sy dk rFkk ,d v.kq C;wVsuSy dk ysrs gS ftlesa izksisuSy bysDVªkWu Lusgh ds leku rFkk
C;wVsuSy ukfHkd Lusgh ds leku dk;Z djrk gSA
OH CH2CH3
CH3CH2CHO + CH3CH2CH2CHO CH3CH2—CH—CHCHO
Propanal Butanal 2-Ethyl - 3 - hydroxypentanal
(Electrophile) (Nucleophile)
152 H
RBSE
9. fuEu ;kSfxdksa dks fn;s x, xq.kksa ds lanHkZ esa c<+rs gq, Øe esa tekb;sA
(a) ,flVsfYM+gkbM, ,lhVksu, MkbZ r`rh;d C;wfVy dhVksu, esfFky r`rh;d C;wfVy dhVksu
(HCN ds izfr fØ;k'khyrk dk Øe)
(b) CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH, CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH, (CH3)2CHCOOH, CH3CH2CH2COOH
(vEyh; lkeF;Z)
(c) csUtksbd vEy] 4&ukbVªkscsUtksbd vEy 3, 4-MkbukbVªkscsUtksbd vEy, 4-esFkkWDlhcsUtksbd vEy
(vEyh; lkeF;Z)
(d) CH3COCl, CH3CONH2, CH3COOCH3, (CH3CO)2O (ty vi?kVu dh fØ;k'khyrk)
Ans. (a) MkbZ r`rh;d C;wfVy dhVksu< esfFky r`rh;d C;wfVy dhVksu < ,lhVksu < ,sflVksfYMgkbM
(b) (CH3)2CHCOOH,< CH3CH2CH2COOH < CH3CH(Br)CH2COOH,< CH3CH2CH(Br)COOH
(c) 4-esFkkWDlh csUtksbd vEy< csUtksbd vEy < 4-ukbVªkscsatksbd vEy < 3, 4-MkbukbVªkscsatksbd vEy
(d) CH3CONH2 < CH3COOCH3 < (CH3CO)2O < CH3COCl
10. fuEufyf[kr izR;sd la'ys"k.k esa NwVs gq, izkjfEHkd inkFkZ] vfHkdeZd vFkok mRiknksa dks fy[kdj iw.kZ dhft,&
CH2CH3 COOH
KMnO4 SOCl2
(i) (ii) heat
KOH, heat COOH
O
C
(iii) C6H5CHO H2NCONHNH2 (iv)
O [Ag(NH 3)2]+
CHO
NaCN/HCl
(v) (vi)
CHO COOH
C6H5CHO
dil.NaOH
(vii) + (viii) CH3COCH 2COOC2H 5 (i) NaBH 4
CH3CH2CHO (ii) H+
(ix) CrO3 (x)

OH CH2 CHO
(xi) (i) O3
(ii) Zn-H 2O
O
CH2CH3 COOK
KMnO4
Ans. (i) KOH, heat
Ethylbenzene Pot benzoate

COOH COCl
SOCl2
(ii)
COOH COCl
Phthalic acid Phthaloyl chloride

O
(iii) C6H5CHO + H2NCONHNH2 C6H5CH = NHHC–NH2 + H2O
Benzaldehyde Semicarbazide Benzaldehyde semicarbazone
H 153
Chemistry
O
COCl C
+ Anhyd AlCl 3
+ HCl
(iv) F.C. acylation
Benzene Benzoyl chloride Benzophenone
O [Ag(NH3)2]+ O
(v) CHO COOH

4-Oxocyclohexanecarbaldehyde 4-Oxocyclohexanecarboxylate
anion
OH
CHO CH
NaCN/HCl CN
(vi)
COOH COOH
2-Formylbenzoic acid 2-[1-Hydroxycyanomethly]

benzoic acid
C6H5CHO
Benzaldehyde
dil.NaOH 3 2 1
(vii) + C6H5CH=C–CHO
CH3CH2CHO CH3
Propanal 2-Methyl - 3 - phenyl
pro - 2 - enal
(i) NaBH 4
(viii) CH3COCH2COOC2 H5 + CH3CH(OH)CH2COOC2H5
(ii)H
Ethyl 3-oxobutanoate Ethyl-3-hydroxybutanoate
CrO 3–H 2SO 4

(ix) OH O
Chclohexanol Cyclohexanone
CHO
—
BH 3 H 2O 2/OH PCC
(x) CH2 CH2 B CH2OH
3
Methylenecyclohexane Cyclohexanecarbaldehyde
(i) O 3
(xi) 2 O
(ii) Zn-H 2O
Cyclohexylidene cyclohexane Cyclohexanone
154 H
RBSE
1. ,fYMgkbMks rFkk dhVksuksa dks ,Ydksgy esa vip;u djus ds fy, fuEu esa ls dkSulk vfHkdeZd dk mi;ksx dj
ldrs gSa:
(a) Ni, Pt ;k Pd dh mifLFkfr esa H2 (b) NaBH4
(c) LiAlH4 (d) mijksDr lHkh
2. Qsgfyax foy;u ds lkFk ,slhV,sfYMgkbM dks xeZ djus ij fdldk vo{ksi izkIr gksrk gS :-
(a) dkWij /kkrq (b) D;wizl vkWDLkkbM (c) D;wfizd vkWDlkbM (d) mi;qZDr lHkh dk feJ.k
3. ,slhVksu ls fufeZr ugha gksrk gS %&
(a) QsfuygkbMªSthu ds lkFk QsfuygkbMªStksu (b) lksfM;e ckblYQkWbV ds lkFk ;ksxksRikn
(c) VkWysu vfHkdeZd ds lkFk jtr niZ.k (d) gkbMªkWfDly,sehu ds lkFk vkWfDle
4. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ;kSfxd ds lkFk cus esfFky eSXuhf'k;e vk;ksMkbM ds ;ksxksRikn ds ty&vi?kVu ls
,slhVksu curk gS
(a) HCHO (b) CH3CHO (c) CH3COCH3 (d) CH3–C N
O
5. C izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS:-
O O OH
C—Cl + (Ph)2Cd C—Cl
(a) (b) +
(c) + CO + ZnCl2 + HCN (d) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ugha
6. dhVksu fdl fof/k }kjk izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSa :-

(a) jkstsueq.M vip;u (b) bZVkMZ vfHkfØ;k (c) dSfutkjks vfHkfØ;k (d) ÝhMsy&Øk¶V vfHkfØ;k
7. dkcksfZ uy ;kSfxdksa ds ifj'kks/ku dh loksÙZ ke fof/k dkSulh gS
(a) Hkki & vklou (b) lksfM;e ckblYQkbV ;ksxksRiknksa dk ty&vi?kVu
(c) izHkkth fØLVyu (d) Å/oZikru

8. dkcksZfuy ;kSfxd lqxerk ls n'kkZrs gSa %&
(a) ukfHkdLusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k (b) bysDVªkWuLusgh ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;k
(c) ukfHkdLusgh ;ksxkRed vfHkfØ;k (d) eqDr ewyd izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k
O O
9. CH3–C–CH3 rFkk CH3–C–H esa lqxerk ls foHksn djus gsrq fØ;k djkrs gSa %&
(a) vk;ksMhu rFkk {kkj ds lkFk (b) 2, 4–MkbukbVªksQfs uygkbMªsthu ds lkFk

(c) VkWysu vfHkdeZd ds lkFk (d) mijksDr lHkh
H 155
Chemistry
10. QkWeZ,sfYMgkbM dh lkUæ {kkj ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ls izkIr gksrk gS %&
(a) ,d jsftu tSlk inkFkZ (b) QkWfeZd vEy
(c) esFksukWy rFkk lksfM;e QkWeZsV dk feJ.k (d) esFksuky
11. ,sYMkWy la?kuu vfHkfØ;k ugha n'kkZus okyk ;kSfxd dkSulk gS
(a) CH3CHO (b) CH3CH2CHO
(c) HCHO (d) CH3CH2CH2CHO
12. dSfutkjks vfHkfØ;k dkSu nsrs gSa %&
(a) -gkbMªkstu ;qä lHkh ,sfYMgkbM (b) -gkbMªkstu ;qä lHkh ,sfYMgkbM vkSj dhVksu
(c) -gkbMªkstu jfgr lHkh ,sfYMgkbM (d) -gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ;qä ,sfYMgkbM
13. izkFkfed ,sehu] ,fYMgkbM ls fØ;k djds D;k cukrh gS
O
(a) R–C–OH (b) R–ONO (c) R'–CH=kN–R (d) R–NO2
14. fuEu :ikUrj.k ds fy, lokZf/kd mi;qä vfHkdeZd gS
RCH2OH RCHO
(a) KMnO4 (b) K2Cr2O7
(c) CrO3/H2SO4 (d) PCC ¼fifjfMfu;e Dyksjks ØksesV½
15. fuEu es ls dkSulh vfHkfØ;k dhVksu ugha nsxh ?
R –COCl
(a) R – MgX +
+
H3O
(b) R – CN + R – MgX
(c) anhy. AlCl3
+ RCOCl
(d) CS2 H2O+

CH3 + CrO2Cl2
Cl2 OH
16. CH3CH3 h
(A) Aq.KOH
(B) PCC
(C) (D)
mRikn D gS :-
(a) CH2 =k CH2 (b) CH3–CH–CH2–CHO
OH
(c) CH3–C–CH3 (d) CH3–CH=kCH–CHO

O
17. fufeZr Øksfe;e ladqy dh lajpuk rFkk vfHkfØ;k ds uke dks pqfu, tc VkWyqbZu] Øksfey DyksjkbM ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k
djds tyvi?kVu ij cst a sfYMgkbM nsrk gSA
CH(OCrCl2)2 CH(OCrOHCl2)
(a) rFkk bVkMZ vfHkfØ;k (b) rFkk bVkMZ vfHkfØ;k
CH2(OCrOHCl2 ) CH(OCrOH2Cl)2
(c) rFkk jkstueq.M vfHkfØ;k (d) rFkk jkstueq.M vfHkfØ;k
156 H
RBSE
18. esFksusy] ,Fksusy rFkk izksius kWu ty esa foys; gS D;ksafd os fufeZr djrs gSA
(a) ty ds lkFk ok.MjokYl cy (b) ty ds lkFk H-cU/k
(c) ty ds lkFk f}/kzqo&f}/kzqo cU/k (d) ty ds lkFk vk;u&f}/kqzo cU/k
19. fQukWy vkSj csUtksbd vEy esa vUrj djus ds fy;s fuEu esa ls dkSuls vfHkdkjd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ?
(a) foDVj&es;j ijh{k.k (b) mnklhu FeCl3
(c) tyh; NaOH (d) VkWysu dk vfHkdkjd
20. Vksysu vfHkdeZd ls fØ;k djus esa leFkZ ;kSfxd gS&
(a) QkeZ,fYMgkbM (b) QkfeZd vEy (c) ,sflV ,fYMgkbM (d) mijksDr lHkh
21. Qsfyax foy;u gksrk gS %&
(a) estsUVk jatd dk foy;u ftls SO2 }kjk fojaftr dj fn;k x;k gksA
(b) veksfu;ke; AgNO3 foy;u
(c) dkWfLVd lksMk rFkk lksfM;e iksVsf'k;e VkVZjV
s ;qDr CuSO4 foy;u
(d) 2, 4 – MkbukbVªksQfs uygkbMªsthu dk ,sYdksgkWyh foy;u
22. vEyksa ds DoFkukad leko;oh ,LVj ls vf/kd gksrs gSa D;ksfa d%&
(a) vEy gkbMªkstu ca/k }kjk f}yd cukrs gSa
(b) vEy Hkki esa ok"i'khy gksrs gSa
(c) ,LVj vok"i'khy gksrs gSa
(d) vEy tyh; foy;u esa vk;fur gksdj izksVkWu nsrs gSa
23. Qsgfyax foy;u ds lkFk ,slhV,sfYMgkbM dks xeZ djus ij fdldk vo{ksi izkIr gksrk gS :-
(a) dkWij /kkrq (b) D;wizl vkWDLkkbM
(c) D;wfizd vkWDlkbM (d) mi;qZDr lHkh dk feJ.k
24. ,slhVksu D;k ugha cukrk gS %&
(a) QsfuygkbMªSthu ds lkFk QsfuygkbMªStksu (b) lksfM;e ckblYQkWbV ds lkFk ;ksxksRikn
(c) VkWysu vfHkdeZd ds lkFk jtr niZ.k (d) gkbMªkWfDly,sehu ds lkFk vkWfDle
25. dhVksu fdl fof/k }kjk izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSa :-
(a) jkstsueq.M vip;u (b) bZVkMZ vfHkfØ;k

(c) dSfutkjks vfHkfØ;k (d) ÝhMsy&Øk¶V vfHkfØ;k
26. QkWeZ,sfYMgkbM dh lkUæ {kkj ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ls izkIr gksrk gS %&
(a) ,d jsftu tSlk inkFkZ (b) QkWfeZd vEy
(c) esFksukWy rFkk lksfM;e QkWeZsV dk feJ.k (d) esFksuky
27. ,sYMkWy la?kuu vfHkfØ;k ugha n'kkZus okyk ;kSfxd dkSulk gS\
(a) CH3CHO (b) CH3CH2CHO
(c) HCHO (d) CH3CH2CH2CHO
H 157
Chemistry
28. fuEu :ikUrj.k ds fy, lokZf/kd mi;qä vfHkdeZd gSA
RCH2OH RCHO
(a) KMnO4 (b) K2Cr2O7
(c) CrO3 (d) PCC (fifjfMfu;e Dyksjks ØkseV

s )
29. fQukWy vkSj csUtksbd vEy esa vUrj djus ds fy;s fuEu esa ls dkSuls vfHkdkjd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ?
(a) foDVj&es;j ijh{k.k (b) mnklhu FeCl3
(c) tyh; NaOH (d) VkWysu dk vfHkdkjd
ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. d b c d a d b c c c
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. c c c d d d b b b d
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ans. c a b c d c c d b
158 H
RBSE
1. ________ dk tyh; foy;u Qsfyax foy;u A dgykrk gSA (RBSE 2023)

Ans. CuSO4
dil.NaOH
2. (i) 2CH3CHO x H2 O
y mijksDr vfHkfØ;k vuqØe esa x o y ds jklk;fud lw=k
fy[kdj IUPAC uke fyf[k,A (RBSE 2023)

(ii) xkVjeku dkW p vfHkfØ;k ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
vFkok
'kq"d bZFkj H3 O
(i) CH3MgBr + CO2 x y mijksDr vfHkfØ;k vuqØe esa x o y ds jklk;fud
lw=k fy[kdj uke fyf[k,A
(ii) jkstsueq.M vip;u ij fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
Ans. (i) x = CH3—CH—CH2—CHO 2-hydroxy butanal
OH
y = CH3—CH=CH—CHO But-2-en-1-ol
(ii) xkVjeku&dkWp vfHkfØ;k ds }kjk

tc csUthu ;k blds O;qRiUu futZy ,syqfefu;e DyksjkbM ;k D;wizl DyksjkbM dh mifLFkfr esa
dkcZu eksuksvkWDlkbM vkSj gkbMªkstu DyksjkbM ds lkFk fØ;k djrs gSa] rks csUtSfYMgkbM ;k
izfrLFkkfir csUtSfYMgkbM izkIr gksrs gSaA
CHO
CO, HCl
AlCl3/CuCl
Benzene Benzaldehyde
;g vfHkfØ;k xkVjeku&dkWp vfHkfØ;k (Gatterman-Koch reaction) dgykrh gSaA
vFkok
O
(i) x = CH3—C—OMgX
O
y = CH3—C—OH Acetic acid
(ii) ,sfly DyksjkbM ¼vEy DyksjkbM½ ds csfj;e lYQsV ij voyafcr iSysfM;e mRizsjd ij gkbMªkstuu ls
,sfYMgkbM izkIr gksrs gSaA bl vfHkfØ;k dks jkstsueqaM vip;u ¼Rosenmund Reduction½ dgrs gSaA
H 159
Chemistry
3. izksisuSy rFkk izksisuksu esa foHksn djus ds fy, iz;qDr VkWysu ijh{k.k dks le>kb,A (RBSE 2022)
Ans. izksisuy ,d ,sfYMgkbM+ gS blfy, ;g Vsfyu vfHkdeZd dks vipf;r djrk gSA ysfdu izksiu
s ksu ,d dhVksu gSA
vr% ;g Vksysu vfHkdeZd dks vipf;r ugh djrk gSA
2H2O/H NH3
4. CH3 CN NH3
[A] [B] H3O
[C]
mijksDr vfHkfØ;k vuqØe esa [A], [B] rFkk [C] ds jklk;fud lw=k fyf[k,A (RBSE 2022)
Ans. (A) CH3COOH (B) CH3COONH4 (C) CH3CONH2
5. (i) ukbyksu&6, 6 ds fuekZ.k esa iz;qDr MkbdkcksZfDlfyd vEy dk IUPAC uke fyf[k,A
(ii) dkj.k le>k, & (RBSE 2022)
¼v½ ,slhfVd vEy] QkWfeZd vEYk dh rqyuk esa nqcZy vEy gksrk gSA
¼c½ dkcksZfDlfyd vEyksa dk DoFkukad lerqY; vkf.od nzO;ekuksa okys ,sfYMgkbM+ks ls vf/kd
gksrk gSA
(iii) dkcksZfuy lewg ds d{kh; vkjs[k dks fpf=kr dhft,A
vFkok
(i) [kk| ijh{kd ds :i esa iz;qDr ,LVj dk uke fyf[k,A
(ii) fuEufyf[kr inksa dks le>kb, &
¼v½ jkstsueqaM vip;u
¼c½ dSfutkjksa vfHkfØ;k
(iii) ukfHkdjkxh ;ksxt vfHkfØ;k esa dkcksZfuy dkcZu ij ukfHkdjkxh vkØe.k ls cus prq"Qydh;
e/;orhZ dks fpf=kr dhft,A
Ans. (i) HOOC – (CH2)4 – COOH ; Hexan – 1, 6 – di oic acid.
(ii) (A) ,flfVd ,sflM esa CH3 bysDVªku
W izfrd"khZ lewg gS tks fd bysDVªkWu ?kuRo dks O–H ca/k dh vksj
;ksxnku nsrk gS] tks fd H foLFkkiu dks dfBu cukrk gSA
(B) dkcksZfyd vEy eas H-vkca/k dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k
+ –
(iii) C=0
vFkok
(i) Sodium benzoate
COCl H2 CHO
(ii) (a)
P -BaSO4
H O
H H
(b) C=O + C=O + Conc. KOH H–C–OH + H–C
H H OK
H
Methanol Potassium formate
160 H
RBSE
Nu Nu Nu
a + –
+
C O step 1 a H fast a
(iii)
b slow b O step 2 b OH
Planar Tetrahedral intermediate Addition product
6. lDlhfud vEy dk IUPAC uke fyf[k,A (RBSE 2020)

Ans. C;wVsuMkbZvksbd vEy
7. (a) fuEufyf[kr gSyksvEyksa dks mudh vEyh;rk ds c<+rs Øe esa O;ofLFkr dhft, % (RBSE 2020)
Cl3CCOOH, Cl2CHCOOH, ClCH2COOH
(b) dkcksZfDlfyd vEy] QhukWy ls vf/kd vEyh; D;ksa gksrs gS\a

vFkok
(a) fuEufyf[kr gSyksvEyksa dks mudh vEyh;rk ds c<+rs Øe esa O;ofLFkr dhft, %
FCH2COOH, ClCH2COOH,BrCH2COOH
(b) ,sfYMgkbM ukfHkdLusgh ;ksxkRed fØ;kvksa ds izfr dhVksu dh rqyuk esa vf/kd fØ;k'khy gksrs gSaA
le>kb,A
Ans. (a) ClCH2COOH < Cl2CHCOOH < Cl3C COOH
(b) dkcksZfDlysV vk;u fQuksDlkbM vk;u dh rqyuk esa vf/kd fLFkr gksrk gS blfy;s dkcksZfDld ,flM
fQuksy dh rqyuk esa vf/kd vEyh; gksrs gS] dkcksZfDlfyd ,flM] ,d dkcksZfDlysV vk;u ds la;qfXer
vk/kkj dks nks leku izfr/ofu lajpukvksa }kjk fLFkj fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa _.kkRed vkos'k vf/kd
fo|qrh; vkWDlhtu ijek.kq ij gksrk gSA
vFkok
(a) BrCH2COOH < ClCH2COOH < FCH2COOH
(b) ,fYMgkbM esa dkcksZfuy lewg dk dkcZu ,d ,fYdy lewg ds lkFk tqM+k gksrk gSA tcfd dhVksu esa nks
,fYdy lewgksa ls tqM+k gksrk gSA nks ,fYdy lewgksa ds e– izfrd"khZ izo`fÙk ds dkj.k dkcksZfuy lewg ds
dkcZu ij /kukos'k ?kVrkA blh dkj.k ukfHkd Lusgh ds vkØe.k dh laHkkouk de gks tkrh gS rFkk
tSls&tSls ,fYdy lewgksa dh la[;k vkSj vkdkj c<+rk gS] rks f=kfoe ck/kk c<+rh gS tksfd ukfHkd Lusgh ds
vkØe.k dh laHkkouk dks de djrs gSA
8. (a) vkWDlsfyd vEy dk lajpuk lw=k fyf[k, A

(b) ,sYMkWy la?kuu dh fØ;kfof/k le>kb,A
vFkok
(a) Mkb,fFky dhVksu dk lajpuk lw=k fyf[k, A
(b) dksYcs oS|qr vi?kVu dh fØ;kfof/k le>kb,A (RBSE 2019)
H 161
Chemistry
Sol. (a)
(b) 2CH 3 –CHO Dil.NaOH

CH3––CH==CH––CHO
ethanal H2 O
But-2-enal
(Aldol condensation product)
vFkok
(a)
(b) 2RCOONa 2RCOO– + 2Na+
–
2H 2 O 2OH 2H
–
2e
At anode : 2RCO O 2RCOO R – R 2CO 2
(Unstable) Alkane
At cathode : 2 H 2e H2
9. ,lhVksu dk jklk;fud lw=k ,oa IUPAC uke fyf[k,A (RBSE 2018)
O
Ans. CH 3–C–CH3 izksiu
s -2-vkWu
10. (a) fuEufyf[kr ;kSfxd dks ukfHkdLusgh izfrLFkkiu fØ;kvks ds izfr fØ;k'khyrk ds ?kVrs Øe esa O;ofLFkr
dhft,A
CH3CHO, HCHO, CH3COCH3 (RBSE 2018)
(b) ,Ydsuksbd vEyksa ds DoFkukad mPpre gksrs gS le>kb,A
vFkok
(a) fuEufyf[kr dkcksZfDlfyd vEyks dk vEyrk ds c<rs Øe esa O;ofLFkr dhft,A
csUtksbd vEy] 4-esFkkWDlhcsUtksbd vEy] 4-ukbVªkscsUtksbd vEy
(b) jklk;fud ijh{k.k }kjk ,fYMgkbM ,oa dhVksu esa dSls foHksn djsxs\
Ans. ukfHkd Lusgh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k ds izfr fØ;k'khyrk dk Øe

O O O
(a) H–C–H > CH3–C–H > CH3–C–CH3
(b) ,sYdsuksbd vEy H-bonding ds dkj.k f}yd dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA D;ksafd H-bonding ;qDr
Carboxylic acid dk DoFkukad mPp gksrk gSA
O H–O
R–C C–R
O H O
H-bonding
162 H
RBSE
vFkok
(a) vEyh; lkeF;Z dk Øe&
COOH COOH COOH
> >
NO2 :O CH3
:
(b) vipk;d izd`fr ds dkj.k ,fYMgkbM VkWysu ijh{k.k nsrk gSA tcfd dhVksu ughA
O O
AgNO3 NH4OH
R–C–H ) R —C—OH + Ag
( )
;g jtr niZ.k ijh{k.k ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

H 163
Chemistry
CHAPTER–9 : ,ehu
UNIT INDEX
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
,ehu
,sehu veksfu;k ds O;qRiUu gksrs gSa] ftuesa veksfu;k ds ,d ;k vf/kd gkbMªkstu dks ,fYdy lewgksa }kjk
izfrLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA
ukbVªkstu ijek.kq ls tqM+s ,sfYdy lewgksa dh la[;k ds vk/kkj ij ,sehu dks izkFkfed] f}rh;d rFkk r`rh;d esa
foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
R R R
NH3 H R NH2 H R2 NH H R3 N
p–amine sec. amine tertiary amine
General formula (CnH2n+3N)
1° amine 2° amine 3° amine
cukus dh lkekU; fof/k;kWa

(1) ,sfYdy gSykbM rFkk ,sYdksgkWy ds veksuhvi?kVu ls %
(a) ,sfYdy gSykbMksa ds veksuhvi?kVu ls [gkWQeku veksuhvi?kVu] : veksfu;k ds tyh; foy;u dh
fØ;k ,sfYdy gSykbM ls djkus ij lHkh rhuks izdkj dh ,sehu rFkk prq"d veksfu;e yo.k curk gSSA
NH3 R X R X R X
R—X HX R—NH2 HX R2NH HX R3N R4NX
(prq"d veksfu;e yo.k)
;fn veksfu;k vkf/kD; esa yh tk;s rks 1° ,sehu eq[; mRikn ds :i esa curk gSA
(2) vip;u }kjk %
LiAIH 4
(a) RCONH2 ls % RCONH2 or Na/C H OH
RCH2NH2
2 5
Na / C 2 H 5 OH
(b) RCN lss % RCN + 4[H] RCH2NH2
mijksDr vfHkfØ;k (b) esfUM;l vfHkfØ;k dgykrh gSA
,sfYdy vkblks lk;ukbM ds vip;u ls f}rh;d ,sehu curh gSA
C 2 H 5 OH / Na
R—NC + 4[H] RNHCH3
(3) ty vi?kVu }kjk %
(a) R—NC ls : ,sfYdy vkblkslk;ukbM [kfut vEy dh mifLFkfr esa ty vi?kfVr gksdj ,sfYdy
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\Amines
,sehu cukrk gSA

H Cl
R—NC + 2H2O RNH2 + HCOOH
(4) gkWQeku czksesekbM vfHkfØ;k (gkWQeku gkbiksczksekbM vfHkfØ;k) }kjk % ,sYdsu ,sekbM dks ,d dkcZu de
okyh ,sehu esa ifjofrZr djus dh ;g lkekU; fof/k gSA
O
R—C—NH2 + Br2 + 4KOH R—NH2 + K2CO3 + 2KBr + 2H2O
164 H
RBSE
(5) xsfczy FksSysekbM vfHkfØ;k % FkSysekbM dh fØ;k igys KOH ls djkus ij iksVsf'k;e FkSysekbM curk gSA
ftldh fØ;k ,sfYdy vk;ksMkbM ls djkrs gS ftlls N–,sfYdy FkSysekbM izkIr gksrk gSA N–,sfYdy
FkSysekbM ds ty vi?kVu ls ,sfYdy ,sehu izkIr gksrh gS A ;g fof/k 'kq) ,sfyQsfVd izkFkfed ,ehukas ds
fuekZ.k esa dke vkrh gSA
CO KO H
CO
NH – H 2O
NK
CO CO
RI
COOH 2 H 2O CO
R NH2 + NR
COOH CO
FkSfyd vEy
,fuyhu bl vfHkfØ;k ds }kjk ugha curh gSA
fgUlcxZ fof/k% bl fof/k esa ,sehuksa ds feJ.k dks csUthu lYQksfuy DyksjkbM ¼fgUlcxZ vfHkdeZd½ dh
lgk;rk ls i`Fkd djrs gaSA
KOH
C6H5SO2Cl + 1° ,sehu mRikn foys;
(ppt.)
KOH
C6H5SO2Cl +2° ,sehu mRikn vfoys;
(ppt.)
3° ,sehu C6H5SO2Cl ls fØ;k ugha djrh gSA (ppt. ugha curk gS)
HkkSfrd xq.k
(i) CH3NH2 xSl gS rFkk C2H5NH2 ok"i'khy nzo gSA
(ii) mPp ,ehuks esa eNyh dh Hkkafr xU/k vkrh gSA
(iii) H–cU/ku (H—O—H dh rqyuk esa nqcZy)
R R R R R R
N H N H N H N H N H N H
H H H R R R
(1° ) (2° , )
3° ,sehu esa ¼H– ijek.kq dh vuqifLFkfr ds dkj.k½ H cU/ku lEHko ugha gSA
(iv) DoFkukad% 1° rFkk 2° ,sehuks esa nqcZy vUrjkvkf.od gkbMªkstu ca/k ds dkj.k budk DoFkukad leku v.kqHkkj
okys ,sYdksgyks ls de gksrk gSSA 3° ,sehu dk DoFkukad gkbMªkstu cU/ku u gksus ds dkj.k leku v.kqHkkj
okys ,sYdsuks ds yxHkx leku gksrk gSA
DoFkukad v.kqHkkj
B.P. % 1° 2° 3°
% % 3° 2° 1°
(v) foys;rk % de v.kqHkkj okyh ,sehuas ty esa foys; gksrh gSA ty esa ,sehukas dh foys;rk ,sfYdy lewg dk
vkdkj c<+us ds lkFk ?kVrh gSA
R H R R H R R H N R
N H O H N H N H O H N H R N H O R
H H R R R
(1° , ) (2° , ) (3° , )
foys;rk dk Øe p – ,sehu > s – ,sehu > t – ,sehu
H 165
Chemistry
jklk;fud xq.k
(i) ,sehuksa dh {kkjh; izd`fr ukbVªkstu ijek.kq ij ,dkdh bysDVªkWu ;qXe dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
(ii) {kkjh; izd`fr bysDVªkuW nsus dh izo`fr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
(iii) tyh; foy;u esa {kkjh; xq.kkas dk Øe % (CH3)2 NH > CH3 NH2 > (CH3)3 N > NH3
(C2H5)2 NH > (C2H5)3N > C2H5 NH2 > NH3
Mkb,tksfu;e yo.k
os dkcZfud ;kSfxd ftudk lkekU; lw=k RN 2X gksrk gS Mkb,tksfu;e yo.k ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSA
Mkb,tksfu;e yo.k ds fuekZ.k dh lkekU; fof/k
273 278K
C6H5NH2 + NaNO2 + 2HCl C6H5 + NaCl + 2H2O
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡
Cl
Cu2Cl2/HCl
+ N2
Br
Cu2Br2/HBr Sandmeyer
+ N2 Reaction
CN
CuCN / KCN
+ N2
Cl
Cu / HCl
+ N 2 + CuX
NH 2 N2Cl Gatterman
Br
Reaction
(NaNO2 + HCl) Cu / HBr
273 – 278K + N 2 + CuX
Aniline Benzene
diazonium I
6H Sn/HCl
chloride
O Diazotisation KI
+ N 2 + KCl
(aq)
N
N2 BF4 F
HBF4
Nitrobenzene + BF3 + N2
Fluoro boric
acid
Benzenediazonium NO 2
tetrafluoro borate
NaNO2 + NaBF4 + N2
Cu,
H3PO2 + H2 O
+ N2 + H3PO3 + HCl
CH3CH2OH
+ N2 + CH3CHO + HCl
H OH
N=N OH
– HCl
p-Hydroxy azobenzene (orange dye) Coupling
reaction
H NH 2
N=N NH 2
p-Amino Azobenzene (yellow dye)
166 H
RBSE
1. fuEufyf[kr dks muds c<rs gq, {kkjdh; izcyrk ds Øe esa fyf[k,&

(i) C2H5NH2, C6H5NH2, C6H5CH2NH2 rFkk (C2H5)2NH
(ii) C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N, C6H5NH2
(iii) CH3NH2, (CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N, C6H5NH2, C6H5CH2NH2
Ans. (i) C6H5NH2 < C6H5CH2NH2 < C2H5NH2 < (C2H5)2NH
(ii) C6H5NH2< C2H5NH2 < (C2H5)3 N < (C2H5)2 NH
(iii) C6H5NH2 < C6H5CH2NH2< (CH3)3 N < CH3NH2< (CH3)2NH
2. fuEufyf[kr dks Øe esa fyf[k, &
(i) pKb eku ds ?kVrs Øe esa &
C2H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, (C2H5)2NH ,oa C6H5NH2
(ii) {kkjdh; izkcY; ds c<+rs Øe esa &
C6H5NH2, C6H5N(CH3)2, (C2H5)2NH ,oa CH3NH2
(iii) {kkjdh; izkcY; ds c<rs Øe esa &
(a) ,sfuyhu] iSjk & ukbVªks,sfuyhu] ,oa iSjk&VkWywMhu
(b) C6H5NH2, C6H5NHCH3, C6H5CH2NH2
(iv) xSl voLFkk esa ?kVrs gq, {kkjdh; izkcY; ds Øe esa &
C2H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, (C2H5)3N ,oa NH3
(v) DoFkukad ds c<rs Øe esa &
C2H5OH, (CH3)2NH, C2H5NH2
(vi) ty esa foys;rk ds c<rs Øe esa &
C6H5NH2, (C2H5)2NH, C2H5NH2
Ans. (i) C6H5NH2 > C6H5NH–CH3 > C2H5NH2 > (C2H5)2NH
(ii) C6H5NH2<C6H5N(CH3)2 <CH3NH2 <(C2H5)2 NH
(iii) (a) p–ukbVªks,fuyhu < ,fuyhu < p–VkWywMhu
(b) C6H5 NH2 < C6H5NHCH3 < C6H5CH2NH2
(iv) (C2H5)3 N > (C2H5)2NH > C2H5NH2 > NH3
(v) (CH3)2 NH < C2H5NH2 < C2H5OH
(vi) C6H5NH2 < (C2H5)2 NH < C2H5NH2
3. fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;kvksa dks iw.kZ dhft,&

(i) C6H5NH2 + CHCl3 + (,sYdksgkWyh) KOH (ii) C6H5N2Cl + H3PO2 + H2O
(iii) C6H5NH2 + H2SO4 (lkaæ) (iv) C6H5N2Cl + C2H5OH
(v) C6H5NH2 + Br2 (aq.) (vi) C6H5NH2 + (CH3CO)2O
(i) HBF4
(vii) C6H5N2Cl (ii) NaNO2 / Cu,
H 167
Chemistry
Ans. (i) C6H5NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH ( ) C6H5N = C
( , )
( ; )
+
Cu
(ii) C6H5N2Cl + H3PO2 + H2O C6H6 + N2 + H3PO3+HCl
( )
+
(iii) C6H5NH2 + H2SO4 ( ) C6H5NH3HSO4
—
(iv) C6H5N2Cl + C2H5OH C6H6 + CH3CHO + N 2 + HCl
NH2 NH2
Br Br
(v) + 3Br2( ;) + 3 HBr
Br
2,4,6-
O
O
H3C—C CH3COOH
(vi) C6H5NH2 + O C6H5–NH–C–CH3 + CH3COOH
H3C—C
( )
O
,
+ HBF 4 + – NaNO 2/Cu
(vii) C6H5N2Cl— C6H5 N2BF4 C6H5 NO2 + BF3 + NaF
4. bu ;kSfxdksa ds uke fyf[k, :-

(v) C6H5N2 HSO4 (c) –N=N– –OH
Ans. ¼v½ C6H5 N2 HSO4

csUthu MkbZ,tksfu;e gkbMªkstu lYQsV
¼c½ N=N OH
P–gkbMªkWDlh ,tkscsUthu
168 H
RBSE

1. ,Fksu ,sehu cukus ds fy, KOH + Br2 ds lkFk fuEu esa ls fdl ;kSfxd dks xeZ fd;k tk, %&
(a) ,Fksu ,sekbM (b) esFksusekbM (c) izkfs ivksusekbM (d) mi;qZä lHkh
2. xsfczy fof/k ls ,sehu ds la'ys"k.k esa fdldks vfHkdkjd ds :i esa iz;qä djrs gSa%&
(a) 1° ,sekbM (b) 2° ,sekbM (c) bZekbM (d) ,sfyQSfVd ,sekbM
3. lkekU;r% xyukad lokZf/kd gksrs gSa :-
(a) r`rh;d ,sekbMksa ds fy, (b) f}rh;d ,sekbMksa ds fy,
(c) çkFkfed ,sekbMksa ds fy, (d) ,sehuksa ds fy,
4. ,fFky ,sehu ds ty esa ?kqyus dk dkj.k gS :–
(a) bldk v.kqHkkj de gSA (b) ,fFky ,sYdksgkWy esa mifLFkr ,fFky lewg gSA
(c) ;g ty ds lkFk gkbMªkstu cU/ku cukrk gSA (d) ;g veksfu;k dk O;qRiUu gSA
5. izkFkfed ,sehu dks dhVksu ls mipkfjr djkrs gSa rks curk gS
(a) ;wfj;k (b) X;wuksMhu (c) ,sekbM (d) f'kQ {kkjd
6. dkSulk ;kSfxd dkfcZy ,sehu vfHkfØ;k ugha nsrk gS&
(a) CH3–CH–NH2 (b) C2H5–NH–C2H5
CH3
CH3
(c) CH3–C–NH2 (d) CH3–CH–CH2–CH3

CH3 NH2
7. HNO2 ds lkFk vfHkÑr djkus ij ,sYdksgkWy nsus okyk ,ehuks ;kSfxd gksxk :-
(a) Qsfuy ,sehu (b) csfUty ,sehu
(c) N,N–MkbZesfFky,sfuyhu (d) ,sfuyhu
8. ,sfuyhu o czksehu ty ls izkIr lQsn vo{ksi fuEu ;kSfxd dk gS :-
(a) o–czkseks,sfuyhu (b) p–czkseks,sfuyhu
(c) 2,4,6–VªkbZczkseks,sfuyhu (d) m–czkseks,sfuyhu
9. ,suhyhu ds lh/ks ukbVªhdj.k ls curk gS :-
(a) o–ukbVªks,fs uyhu (b) m–ukbVªks,sfuyhu (c) p–ukbVªks,fs uyhu (d) mijksDr lHkh
10. DyksjksQkeZ o ,FksukWfyd KOH fdl vfHkfØ;k ds fy, vfHkdeZd ds :i esa iz;ksx esa vkrs gSa%&
(a) gkWQeku dkfcZy ,sehu vfHkfØ;k (b) gkWQeku fuEuhdj.k vfHkfØ;k
(c) jhej&Vheku vfHkfØ;k (d) gkWQeku eLVMZ vkW;y vfHkfØ;k
lgh dwV gS%&
(a) dsoy a ds fy;s (b) dsoy a o b ds fy;s (c) dsoy b o d ds fy;s (d) dsoy a o c ds fy;s
H 169
Chemistry
11. vfHkfØ;kvksa ds vuqØe esa ,sfuyhu mRikn D nsrk gS %
NH2
NaNO2 HCl CuCN H2 HNO2
0– 5ºC
A B Ni C D
mRikn D dh ljapuk gksxh –

(a) C6H5CH2OH (b) C6H5CH2NH2 (c) C6H5NHOH (d) C6H5NHCH2CH3
12. Hkksiky xSl nq?kZVuk esa ;qfu;u dkckZbM IykaV ds LVksjst VSad ls ftl xSl dk fjlko gqvk Fkk] og Fkh %
(a) esfFkyvkblkslk;usV (b) esfFky,sehu
(c) veksfu;k (d) QkWLthu

SnCl2 /HCl NaNO2 /HCl
13. C6H5NO2 A 0C B; B ls csUthu izkIr djus ds fy, mi;qä vfHkdeZd ysaxs%&
(a) ,FksukWy (b) H3PO2 (c) mi;qZä nksuksa (d) esFksukWy
14. csUthu Mkb,stksfu;e vEy lYQsV ls [C6 H5 N2 HSO4 ] vk;ksMks csUthu izkIr djus ds fy, lgh vfHkdeZd gS%&
(a) CuBr, (b) Cu pw.kZ + HI (c) KI, (d) dksbZ Hkh ugha
15. ,slhV,sekbM dk esfFky ,sehu esa :ikUrj.k ds fy;s fuEu esa ls dkSulh vfHkfØ;k mfpr gS\
(a) gkWQeku gkbiksczksesekbM vfHkfØ;k (b) LVhQsu vfHkfØ;k
(c) xSfcz,y FkSfyekbM la'ys"k.k (d) dkfcZy,sehu vfHkfØ;k
16. fuEu vfHkfØ;k dk eq[; mRikn gS :

COOH
+ NH3
Ikzcy rkiu
COOH
O
COOH
(a) (b) NH
CONH2
O
COOH NH2
(c) (d)
NH2 NH2
17. ,ehu tks fgUlcxZ vfHkdeZd ds lkFk {kkj esa vfoys; mRikn nsrh gS :-
CH2CH3
(a) CH3–CH–NH–CH–CH3 (b) CH3–CH2–N–CH2CH3
CH3 CH3
NH2 CH3
(c) CH3–C–CH2CH2CH3 (d) CH3–C—–CH–NH2

CH3 CH3 CH3
170 H
RBSE
18. bl vfHkfØ;k ls izkIr vafre mRikn C gksxk
NH2
Ac2O Br2 H2O
A B C
CH3COOH H+
CH3
NH2 COCH3 NH2 NHCOCH3

COCH3 Br Br Br
(a) (b) (c) (d)
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
19. izkFkfed ,ehuks lewg ds igpku lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dkSulk ijh{k.k djrs gSa %&
(a) vk;ksMksQkeZ ijh{k.k (b) foDVj es;j ijh{k.k (c) dkfcZy,sehu ijh{k.k (d) yhcjeku vfHkfØ;k
20. tyh; foy;u esa ,ehu dh {kkjh; izd`fr dh O;k[;k dj ldrs gS :-
(a) izsjf.kd izHkko ds }kjk (b) foyk;du izHkko ds }kjk (c) f=kfoe ck/kk ds }kjk (d) mijksDr lHkh
21. fuEu esa ls fdlk mi;ksx izkFkfed] f}rh;d rFkk r`rh;d ,ehu dks foHkksfnr djus esa gksrk gS ?
(a) dkfcZy ,ehu vfHkfØ;k (b) ukbVªl vEy ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k
(c) fgalcxZ vfHkdeZd vkSj NaOH ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k (d) 2 o 3 nksuksa
Room NaNO2
22. A + HBF4 Temprature
B Cu, C
Fe/HCl
A
E H
D
"E" D;k gS
(a) N = N – Ph (b) NH – N = N – Ph
NH2
(c) Ph–N=N NH2 (d)
Ph
NaOH
23. CH3CH2CONH2 A, A dk tyh; foy;u
Br2
(a) uhys fyVel dks yky djrk gSA (b) yky fyVel uhyk djrk gSA
(c) fyVel dks izHkkfor ugha djrk gSA (d) fyVel dks fojathÑr djrk gSA
24. xSfczy FksfybekbM vfHkfØ;k fuEu ds la'ys"k.k esa iz;qä dh tkrh gS :–

(a) izkFkfed ,sjksesfVd ,sehu (b) f}rh;d ,sehu
(c) izkFkfed ,sfyQSfVd ,sehu (d) r`rh;d ,sehu
25. C2H5NH2 ls C2H5Cl ifjorZu ds fy, fuEu vfHkdeZd dk mi;ksx djuk vko';d gS%&
(a) SO2Cl2 (b) SOCl2 (c) NOCl (d) lHkh
H 171
Chemistry
26. dkSulk ;kSfxd dkfcZy ,sehu vfHkfØ;k ugha nsrk gS&
CH3
(a) CH3–CH–NH2 (b) C2H5–NH–C2H5 (c) CH3–C–NH2 (d) CH3–CH–CH2–CH3
CH3 CH3 NH2
27. ,sfuyhu o czksehu ty ls izkIr lQsn vo{ksi fuEu ;kSfxd dk gS :-
(a) o–czkseks,sfuyhu (b) p–czkseks,sfuyhu (c) 2,4,6–VªkbZckz e
s ks,fs uyhu (d) m–czkseks,fs uyhu
28. ,suhyhu ds lh/ks ukbVªhdj.k ls curk gS :-
(a) o–ukbVªks,fs uyhu (b) m–ukbVªks,sfuyhu (c) p–ukbVªks,fs uyhu (d) mijksDr lHkh
29. lsaMes;j vfHkfØ;k esa Mkb,stksfu;e yo.k ds —N=N—X lewg dk foLFkkiu fuEu }kjk gksrk gS%&
(a) gSykbM lewg (b) ukbVªks lewg (c) —OH lewg (d) —NH.NH2 lewg
30. ,ehu tks fgUlcxZ vfHkdeZd ds lkFk {kkj esa vfoys; mRikn nsrh gS :-
CH2CH3
(a) CH3–CH–NH–CH–CH3 (b) CH3–CH2–N–CH2CH3
CH3 CH3
NH2 CH3
(c) CH3–C–CH2CH2CH3 (d) CH3—C—CH—NH2
CH3 CH3CH3
CO H3O
31. NH ( i) KOH
(ii) Et Br
A B + C mijksä vuqØe esa B rFkk C gksx
a s :–
CO
(a) csUtksbd vEy + ,sfuyhu (b) FkSfyd vEy + ,fFky ,sehu
(c) FkSfyd vEy + ,sfuyhu (d) csUtksbd vEy + ,fFky ,sehu
32. vfHkfØ;kvksa ds fuEu Øe esa vfUre mRikn D;k gS%&
PCl5 NH3
,fFky ,sehu HNO2 A B C
(a) ,fFky lk;ukbM (b) ,fFky ,sehu (c) esfFky ,sehu (d) ,slhVsekbM
ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. c c c c d b b c d d
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. a a c c a b a c c d
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. d c b c c b c d a a
Q. No. 31 32
Ans. b b
172 H
RBSE
1. csUthu Mkb,stksfu;e DyksjkbM+ dk jklk;fud lw=k fyf[k,A (RBSE 2023)
Ans. C6 H5 N 2 Cl
2. dkj.k nhft, fd VªkbesfFky ,ehu] esfFky ,ehu ls de {kkjh; gSA (RBSE 2023)
Ans. bldk dkj.k esFkkby lewg }kjk f=kfoe ck/kk mRiUu djuk gS VªkbZfeFkkby ,ehu tks fd bysDVªkWu ;qXe
dh miyC/krk dks de djrk gS blh dkj.k ;g esfFky,ehu dh rqyuk esa de {kkjh; gksrk gSA
3. U;wure pKb eku okyk ,sehu gS & (RBSE 2022)
(A) CH3NH2 (B) (CH3)2NH (C) (CH3)3N (D) C6H5NH2
Ans. (B)
4. ,sehu esa mifLFkr ukbVªkstu ds fy, d{kdksa ds ladj.k dk izdkj fyf[k,A (RBSE 2022)
3
Ans. sp
5. izkFkfed ,sehu ds fy, vkblkslk;ukbM+ ijh{k.k dks le>kb,A (RBSE 2022)
Ans. ,sfyQsfVd ,oa ,sjksesfVd izkFkfed vehu dks DyksjksQkWeZ rFkk bFksuksfyd iksVsf'k;e gkbMªksDlkbM ds lkFk xeZ
djus ij vkblkslk;ukWbM ;k dkfcZy,ehu izkIr gksrk gS tks fd nqxZ/ka ;qDr inkFkZ gSA bl vfHkfØ;k dks
dkfcZy,ehu vfHkfØ;k ;k vkblkslk;ukbM+ ijh{k.k ls tkurs gSA
R–NH2 + 3KOH + CHCl3 R–N C + 3KCl + 3H2O
6. VªkbesfFky,se hu dh fijSfeMh vkd`fr dks fpf=kr dhft,A (RBSE 2022)
Unshared
electron
pair
Ans.
CH3
CH3
CH3 108º
7. ,afuyhu dks 273-278 K ij (NaNO2 + HCl) ds lkFk vfHkd `r djokus ij ;kSfxd (A) curk gSA
(A) esa D;qizl DyksjkbM+ dks feykus ij ;kSfxd (B) curk gSA (A) rFkk (B) ds uke ,oa fufgr
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds lehdj.k fyf[k,A (RBSE 2022)
vFkok
csUthu Mkb,stksfu;e DyksjkbM+ dks KI foy;u ds lkFk feykus ij ;kSfxd (A) curk gSA (A) dks 'kq"d
bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa lksfM;e ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djokus ij ;kSfxd (B) curk gSA (A) o (B) ds uke
rFkk fufgr jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds lehdj.k fyf[k,A
H 173
Chemistry
–
NaNO2 HCl CuCl
Ans. C6 H 5 NH 2 273 278K
C6 H 5 N 2 Cl C6 H 6 Cl
–
A C6 H2 N 2 Cl (Benzene diazonium chloride)
B C6 H 5Cl (Chloro benzene)

OR
KI 2Na
C6 H5 N2 Cl C6 H 5 I dry ether
C6 H 5 C 6 H 5
(A) (B)
A = C6 H 5 I(Iodo benzene)
B = C6H5 – C6H5 (Bi phonyl)
8. ,fFky vkblksFkk;kslk;usV dk jklk;fud lw=k fyf[k,A (RBSE 2020)
Ans. C2H5NCS
9. (a) ,fYdy ,sehu] veksfu;k ls vf/kd {kkjdh; gSaA le>kb,A (RBSE 2020)
(b) fuEufyf[kr jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ds Øe esa [A] rFkk [B] dk igpkfu, ,oa jklk;fud lw=k
fyf[k, %
6[H] NaNO2 + HCl
C6H5NO2 [A] [B]
Sn+HCl 273 – 278K
Ans. (a) ,fYdy lewg ds bysDVªkWu izfrd"khZ izHkko ds dkj.k] ukbVªkstu dh e– ;qXe R;kxus dh izo`fÙk c<+
tkrh gSA
(b) A = C6H5NH2 B = C6H5 N2+Cl–
10. dkfcZy,sehu vfHkfØ;k dk jklk;fud lehdj.k fyf[k,A (RBSE 2019)

Sol. CH3NH2 + CHCl3+ KOH CH3NC
11. fuEufyf[kr jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa esa [A] rFkk [B] dks igpkfu,A
Cu Sn/HCl
C6H5N 2 Cl [A] [B] (RBSE 2019)
NaNO2 ; 6H
Sol. (a) C6H5NO2

(b) C6H5NH2
12. (A) fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;kvksa dks iwjk dhft, ,oa A o B dks igpkfu,A (RBSE 2018)
R–C–NH2 Br2 KOH
[A] CHCl 3 KOH
[B]
O
(B) ;wfj;k dh vuquknh lajpuk,¡ cukb,A
vFkok
174 H
RBSE
(A) fuEufyf[kr vfHkfØ;kvksa dks iwjk dhft, ,oa A o B dks igpkfu,A

Sn/HCl
C6H5NO2 6H [A] NaNO 2 HCl
[B]
(B) ,uhyhu dh vuquknh lajpuk,¡ cukb,A

O
Ans. (A) R–C–NH2 Br2 KOH
R–NH 2 CHCl3 KOH
R–NC
[A] [B]
O O O
(B) NH2–C—NH2 NH2–C=NH 2 H2N=C–NH2
vFkok
NO2 NH2 N NCl
Sn HCl NaNO2
(A) HCl
(Nitro benzene) (Aniline) (BDC)

:
:
NH2 NH2 NH2 NH2 NH2
(B)
H 175
Chemistry
CHAPTER–10 : tSo v.kq

UNIT INDEX
CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
ifjp; (INTRODUCTION)
tfVy dkcZfud ;kSfxd tks fd tSo&ra=k dh fofHkUu fØ;kvksa dks lEiUu djrs gS og tSo v.kq dgykrs gSA
tSo&ra=k vusd tfVy tSo v.kq tSls dkcksZgkbMªsV] izksVhu] U;wDyhd vEy] fyfiM vkfn ls feydj curs gSaA
izksVhu rFkk dkcksZgkbMªsV gekjs Hkkstu ds vko';d vo;o gSaA
dkcksZgkbMªsV (CARBOHYDRATES)
dkcksZgkbMªsV eq[;r;k ikSèkksa }kjk mRiUu fd, tkrs gSaA
lkekU; lw=k Cx(H2O)y] gksrk gSA
igys bUgsa dkcZu ds gkbMªsV ekuk tkrk Fkk ftlds dkj.k budk uke dkcksZgkbMªsV O;qRiUu gqvkA
jSEuksl (C6H12O5) ,d dkcksZgkbMªsV gS ijarq bl ifjHkk"kk esa lgh ugha cSBrkA
jklk;fud :i ls] dkcksZgkbMªsVksa dks èkzqo.k ?kw.kZd ikWfygkbMªkWDlh ,sfYMgkbM vFkok dhVksu vFkok mu ;kSfxdksa
dh rjg ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks tyvi?kVu ds mijkar bl izdkj dh bdkb;k¡ nsrs gSaA
dqN dkcksZgkbMªsVksa dks tks Lokn esa ehBs gksrs gSa] 'kdZjk dgrs gSaA
?kjsyw mi;ksx esa vkus okyh lkekU; 'kdZjk dks lwØksl dgrs gSaA tcfd nqXèk esa ik, tkus okyh 'kdZjk dks
nqXèk&'kdZjk ;k ySDVksl dgrs gSaA
dkcksZgkbMªsVksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Carbohydrates)%
dkcksZgkbMªsVksa dks tyvi?kVu esa muds O;ogkj ds vkèkkj ij eq[;r% fuEufyf[kr rhu oxks± esa oxhZd`r fd;k
x;k gSA
(i) eksukslSdSjkbM (Monosaccharides):
os dkcksZgkbMªVs ftldks ikWfygkbMªkDlh ,sfYMgkbM vFkok dhVksu ds vkSj vfèkd ljy ;kSfxdksa esa ty
vi?kfVr ugha fd;k tk ldrk] eksukslSdSjkbM dgykrs gSaA blds dqN lkekU; mnkgj.k Xywdksl] ÝDVksl]
jkbcksl vkfn gSaA
dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k ,oa izdk;kZRed lewg ds vkèkkj ij eksukslSdsjkbM dks iqu% oxhZd`r fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ;fn eksukslSdsjkbM esa ,sfYMgkbM lewg gS rks mls ,sYMksl vkSj ;fn mlesa dhVks lewg gS rks
mls dhVksl dgrs gSaA eksukslSdsjkbM esa fufgr dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k dks Hkh uke esa lfEefyr fd;k
tkrk gS tks fd lkj.kh esa fn, x, mnkgj.kksa ls Li"V gS&
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\Biomolecules
176 H
RBSE
mu lHkh dkcksZgkbMªsVksa dks tks Qsfyax foy;u rFkk VkWysu vfHkdeZd dks vipf;r dj nsrs gSa] vipk;h 'kdZjk
dgk tkrk gSA lHkh eksukslSdsjkbM pkgs os ,sYMksl gksa vFkok dhVksl] vipk;h 'kdZjk gksrh gSA
;fn MkblSdsjkbM esa eksukslSdsjkbMksa ds vipk;h lewg tSls ,sfYMgkbM vFkok dhVksu vkcafèkr gksa rks og
vuvipk;h 'kdZjk gksrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ lwØkslA nwljh vksj ;fn 'kdZjk esa ;s izdk;kZRed lewg eqDr gksa rks ;g
vipk;h 'kdZjk dgykrh gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ & ekYVksl rFkk ysDVkslA
Xywdksl [GLUCOSE (ALDOHEXOSE)]
cukus dh fof/k;k¡ (Preparation method) :
1. lwØksl ¼b{kq&'kdZjk½ ls & lwØksl dks ruq HCl vFkok H2SO4 ds lkFk ,sYdksgkWfyd foy;u esa mckyus ij
Xywdksl rFkk ÝDVksT+k leku ek=kk esa izkIr gksrs gSaA
H
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
2. LVkpZ ls & vkS|ksfxd Lrj ij Xywdksl dks LVkpZ ds ty vi?kVu ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA blds fy, LVkpZ
dks ruq H2SO4 ds lkFk 393 K nkc ij mckyk tkrk gSA
H
(C6H10O5)n+nH2O 393K : 2 3 nC6H12O6
eksukslSdsjkbM esa foU;kl % (Configuration in monosaccharides)

eksukslSdsjkbM ds foU;kl ds fuèkkZj.k ds fy, lcls uhps okys vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq ¼tSlk fd uhps n'kkZ;k
x;k gS½ dh rqyuk djrs gSa tSls fd (+) Xywdksl esa lcls uhps okys vlefer dkcZu ijek.kq esa —OH lewg
nkb± vksj gS ftldh rqyuk (+) fXyljSfYMkgkbM ls dh tk ldrh gS vr% bldk foU;kl D fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk
gSA bl rqyuk ds fy, lajpuk dks bl izdkj fy[kk tkrk gS fd lokZfèkd vkWDlhd`r dkcZu ijek.kq 'kh"kZ ij
jgsA
CHO
H–C–OH
HO–C–H
CHO H–C–OH
H OH H–C–OH
CH2OH CH2OH
D–(+)- D-(+) –
Xywdksl dh pØh; lajpuk %&
;g ik;k x;k fd Xywdksl ,d N% lnL;h; oy; cukrk gS ftlesa C-5 ij mifLFkr –OH lewg oy; fuekZ.k
djrk gSA ;g – CHO lewg dh vuqifLFkfr ,oa Xywdksl ds fuEukuqlkj n'kkZ, x, nks :iksa ds vfLrRo dks
le>krk gSA ;s nksuksa pØh; :i Xywdksl dh foo`r Üka`[kyk ds lkFk lkE; esa jgrs gSaA
1 O 1
H–C–OH 1 HO–C–H
H–C
H 2 OH H 2 OH
O H2 OH O
HO 3 H HO 3 H
HO 3 H
H 4 OH H 4 OH
H4 OH
H5 H5
6 H5 OH 6
CH2OH 6 CH2OH
CH2OH
-D-(+) – -D-(+) –
H 177
Chemistry
Xywdksl ds nksuksa pØh; gSeh,slhVSy :iksa esa fHkUurk dsoy C1 ij mifLFkr gkbMªkWfDly lewg ds foU;kl esa
gksrh gSA bls ,suksejh dkcZu (pØhdj.k ls iwoZ ,sYMhgkbM dkcZu) dgrs gSaA ,sls leko;oh vFkkZr rFkk
:iksa dks ,suksej dgrs gSaA ikbjSu ls lekurk ds gksus ds dkj.k Xywdksl dh N% lnL;h; oy; okyh lajpuk dks
ikbjSuksl lajpuk ( ;k ) dgrs gSaA ikbjSu ,d vkWDlhtu rFkk ik¡p dkcZu ijek.kq ;qDr pØh; ljapuk gSA
Xywdksl dh pØh; lajpuk dks vfèkd lgh :i esa uhps nh xbZ gkoFkZ lajpuk }kjk fu:fir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
6 6
CH2OH CH2OH
O 5 O 5 O
H H H OH
H H
4 1 4 1
OH H OH H
HO 3 2 OH HO 3 2 H
H OH H OH
– D – (+) – – D – (+) –
( -ik;jsuksl oy;) ( -ik;jsuksl oy;)
ÝDVksl (dhVks gsDlksl) (FRUCTOSE (KETOHEXOSE))
ÝDVksl dh lajpuk (Structure of Fructose) :
ÝDVksl dk Hkh v.kqlw=k C6H12O6 gksrk gSA bldh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;kvksa ds vkèkkj ij ;g ik;k x;k fd
ÝDVksl esa dkcZu la[;k 2 ij ,d dhVksfud lewg gS rFkk Xywdksl ds leku N% dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh ,djtq
Üka`[kyk gSA ;g D-Js.kh ls lacfa èkr gS rFkk oke èkzqo.k ?kw.kZd ;kSfxd gSA bls mi;qDr :i ls D-(–) ÝDVksl
fy[kk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ bldh foo`r Üka`[kyk lajpuk nh xbZ gSA ;g Hkh nks pØh; lajpukvksa esa mifLFkr jgrk
gS tks C5 ij mifLFkr –OH rFkk (> C=O) ds ;ksx ls izkIr gksrh gSA bl izdkj ik¡p lnL;h; oy; curh gS
rFkk ¶;wjku ls lekurk ds dkj.k bls ¶;wjsuksl dgk tkrk gSA ¶;wjku ,d ik¡p lnL;h; oy; lajpuk gS
ftleas ,d vkWDlhtu ijek.kq rFkk pkj dkcZu ijek.kq gksrs gSaA
CH2OH
C=O
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
D – (–) –
1 2 2 1
HOH2C–C–OH HO–C–CH2OH
O HO 3
HO 3 H O H O
4 4
H OH H OH
H5 H5
6 6
CH2OH CH2OH
– D – (–) – – D – (–) –
178 H
RBSE
ÝDVkst ds nksuksa ,suksej dh pØh; lajpuk dks gkoFkZ lajpukvksa }kjk fuEu izdkj ls fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA
6 1 6
HOH2C O CH2OH HOH2C O OH
5 2 5 2
H OH H OH
H OH H CH2OH
4 3 4 3 1
OH H OH H
– D – (–) – – D – (–) –
– ;) – ;)
izksVhu (PROTEINS)
izksVhu 'kCn dh O;qRifÙk xzhd 'kCn îzksfV;ksl* ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ izkFkfed vFkok vfregRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA lHkh
izksVhu – L & ,sehuks vEyksa ds cgqyd gksrs gSaA
,sehuks vEy (Amino acids) : ,sehuks vEy esa ,sehuks (–NH2) rFkk dkcksZfDly (–COOH) fØ;kRed lewg
mifLFkr gksrs gSaA dkcksfZ Dly lewg ds lanHkZ esa ,sehuks lewg dh vkisf{kd fLFkfr;ksa ds vkèkkj ij ,sehuks vEyksa
dks vkfn esa oxhZd`r fd;k tk ldrk gSA izkVs hu ds tyvi?kVu ls dsoy &,sehuks vEy gh izkIr
gksrs gaSA buesa vU; fØ;kRed lewg Hkh mifLFkr gks ldrs gSaA
G–CH–COOH
NH2
–
COOH
Table : izkd`frd ,ehuks vEy H2N H
G
,sehuks vEyksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Amino Acids) : ,sehuks vEyksa dks muds v.kqvksa esa mifLFkr
,sehuks rFkk dkcksfZ Dly lewgksa dh vkisf{kd la[;k ds vkèkkj ij vEyh;] {kkjdh; vFkok mnklhu oxksZa esa oxhZd`r
fd;k x;k gSA
tks ,sehuks vEy 'kjhj esa la'ysf"kr gks ldrs gSa mUgsa vuko';d ,sehuks vEy dgrs gaS tcfd os ,sehuks
vEy tks 'kjhj esa la'ysf"kr ugha gks ldrs rFkk ftudks Hkkstu esa ysuk vko';d gS] vko';d ,sehuks vEy
dgykrs gSaA
,sehuks vEy lkekU;r% jaxghu fØLVyh; Bksl gksrs gSaA ;s ty&foys; rFkk mPp xyukadh Bksl gksrs gSa tks
lkekU; ,sehuks rFkk dkcksZfDlfyd vEyksa dh Hkk¡fr O;ogkj ugha djrs] vfirq yo.kksa dh Hkk¡fr xq.k n'kkZrs gSaA
O O
R–CH–C–O–H R–CH–C–O–
:NH2 +NH
3
( )
bldk dkj.k ,d gh v.kq esa vEyh; (dkcksZfDly lewg) rFkk {kkjdh; (,sehuks lewg) lewgksa dh mifLFkfr gSA
tyh; foy;u esa dkcksZfDly lewg ,d izksVkWu eqDr dj ldrk gS tcfd ,sehuks lewg ,d izksVkWu xzg.k dj
ldrk gS ftlds QyLo:i ,d f}èkzqoh; vk;u curk gS ftls fT+oVj vk;u vFkok mHk;kfo"V vk;u dgrs gSaA
;g mnklhu gksrk gS ijarq blesa èkukos'k rFkk _.kkos'k nksuksa gh mifLFkr gSaA
mHk;kfo"V vk;fud :i esa ,sehuks vEy mHk;èkehZ izd`fr n'kkZrs gSaA rFkk os vEyksa ,oa {kkjdksa nksuksa ds lkFk
vfHkfØ;k djrs gSaA
H 179
Chemistry
Xykblhu ds vfrfjDr vU; lHkh izd`fr esa miyCèk ,sehuks vEy èkzqo.k ?kw.kZd gksrs gSa D;ksafd buesa &dkcZu
ijek.kq vlefer gksrk gSA ;s D rFkk L nksuksa :iksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA vfèkdka'k izkd`frd ,sehuks vEyksa dk foU;kl
'L' gksrk gSA L– ,sehuks vEyksa dks –NH2 lewg dks ckb± vksj fy[kdj iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
izksVhu dh lajpuk (Structure of Proteins) :
izksVhu &,sehuks vEyksa ds cgqyd gksrs gSa tks vkil esa isIVkbM vkcaèk vFkok isIVkbM caèk }kjk tqM+s jgrs gSaA
jklk;fud :i ls isIVkbM vkcaèk] –COOH lewg rFkk –NH2 lewg ds eè; cuk ,d vkcaèk gksrk gSA
H2N–CH2–COOH + H2N–CH–COOH
–H2O CH3
H2N–CH2–CO–NH–CH–COOH
CH3
nks ,d tSls vFkok fHkUu ,sehuks vEyksa ds v.kqvksa ds eè; vfHkfØ;k ,d v.kq ds ,sehuks lewg rFkk nwljs v.kq ds
dkcksZfDly lewg ds eè; la;ksx ls gksrh gSA ftlds QyLo:i ,d ty dk v.kq eqDr gksrk gS rFkk isIVkbM
vkcaèk CO–NH– curk gSA
izksVhu dk fod`rhdj.k (Denaturation of Proteins)
tSfod fudk; esa ikbZ tkus okyh fo'ks"k f=kfoe lajpuk rFkk tSfod lfØ;rk okys izksVhu] izkd`r izksVhu dgykrk
gSA tc izkd`r izksVhu esa HkkSfrd ifjorZu djrs gSa] tSl&
s rki esa ifjorZu vFkok jklk;fud ifjorZu djrs gSa
tSls] pH esa ifjorZu vkfn fd;k tkrk gS rks gkbMªkstu vkcaèkksa esa vLrO;Lrrk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA ftlds
dkj.k xksfydk (XyksC;wy) [kqy tkrh gS rFkk gSfyDl vdqM
a fyr gks tkrh gS rFkk izksVhu viuh tSfod lfØ;rk
dks [kks nsrk gSA bls izksVhu dk foÑrhdj.k dgrs gSaA foÑrhdj.k ds nkSjku 2 rFkk 3 lajpuk,a u"V gks tkrh gSa
ijarq 1 lajpuk vizHkkfor jgrh gSA mckyus ij vaMs dh lQsnh dk Ldanu fod`rhdj.k dk ,d lkekU;
mnkgj.k gSA ,d vU; mnkgj.k ngh dk teuk gSA tks nwèk esa mifLFkr cSDVhfj;k }kjk ysfDVd vEy mRiUu
gksus ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
fod`rhdj.k ds le; izksVhuksa dh f}rh;d vkSj r`rh;d lajpuk u"V gksrh gSa ijarq izkFkfed lajpuk u"V ugh
gksrh gSA
U;wDyhd vEy (NUCLEIC ACIDS)
ifjp; (Introduction)%
;g ik;k x;k gS fd thfor dksf'kdk dk ukfHkd bu tUetkr xq.kksa] ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSa] ftls vkuqokaf'kdrk
Hkh dgrs gSaA dksf'kdk ds ukfHkd esa mifLFkr os d.k tks vkuqokaf'kdrk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrs gSa] Øksekslkse
dgykrs gSaA ;s izksVhu rFkk vU; izdkj ds tSo v.kq ls feydj cus gksrs gS]a ftUgsa U;wDyhd vEy dgrs gSaA
U;wDyhd vEy eq[;r% nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa fMvkWDlhjkbcksl U;wDyhd vEy (DNA) rFkk jkbckslU;wDyhd vEy
(RNA) pw¡fd U;wDyhd vEy U;wfDyvksVkbMksa dh yach Ük`[kyk okys cgqyd gksrs gSa vr% bUgsa ikWfyU;wfDyvksVkbM
Hkh dgrs gSaA
180 H
RBSE
U;wDyhd vEyksa dk jklk;fud la?kVu (Chemical composition of Nucleic Acids) :
DNA (vFkok RNA) ds iw.kZ tyvi?kVu ls ,d isUVksl 'kdZjk] QkLQksfjd vEy rFkk ukbVªkstu ;qDr
fo"kepØh; ;kSfxd ¼ftUgsa {kkjd dgrs gSa½ izkIr gksrs gSaA DNA v.kq esa 'kdZjk] vèkk±'k bdkbZ -D-2
fMvkWDlhjkbcksl gksrh gS tcfd RNA esa ;g -D- jkbcksl gksrh gSA
DNA esa pkj {kkjd ;Fkk ,sMsuhu (A), Xokuhu (G), lkbVkslhu (C) rFkk Fkk;ehu (T) gksrs gSaA RNA esa Hkh
pkj {kkjd gksrs gSa izFke rhu {kkjd DNA ds leku gSa ijarq prqFkZ {kkjd ;wjsfly (U) gksrk gSA
U;wDyhd vEy dh lajpuk (Structure of Nucleic Acids) :
fdlh {kkjd ds 'kdZjk dh 1' fLFkfr ij tqM+us ls fu£er bdkbZ dks U;wfDyvkslkbM dgrs gSaA {kkjd ls foHksn
djus ds fy, 'kdZjk ds dkcZuksa dks 1' , 2' , 3' vkfn ls vafdr fd;k tkrk gSA tc U;wfDyvkslkbM 'kdZjk
vèkk±'k esa 5' &fLFkfr ls caèkrk gS rks gesa U;wfDyvksVkbM izkIr gksrk gSA
U;wfDyvksVkbM vkil esa QkWLQksMkb,LVj caèku }kjk la;qDr gksrs gSa tks isUVksl 'kdZjk ds 5' rFkk 3' dkcZuksa ds
eè; fLFkr gksrs gSaA
U;wfDyd vEy dh ,d Jà[kyk dk ljyre fooj.k uhps n'kkZ;k x;k gS &
n
U;wDyhd vEy dh ,d Ük`[kyk ds vuqØe ls lacafèkr lwpuk dks bldh izkFkfed lajpuk dgrs gSaA
U;wDyhd vEyksa dh f}rh;d lajpuk Hkh gksrh gSA tsEl okVlu rFkk Ýkafll fØd us DNA dh f}dqaMyuh
lajpuk nhA U;wDyhd vEy dh nks Ükà[kyk,a vkil esa dqM a fyr jgrh gSa rFkk {kkjd ;qxyksa ds eè; gkbMªkstu
vkcaèk }kjk vkil esa tqM+h jgrh gSaA nksuksa jTtqd ,d&nwljs dh iwjd gksrh gSa D;ksafd {kkjdksa ds fof'k"V ;qxyksa
ds eè; gkbMªkstu vkcaèk curs gSaA ,sMsuhu] Fkk;sehu ds lkFk gkbMªkstu vkcaèk cukrk gS tcfd lkbVkslhu]
Xokuhu ds lkFk gkbMªkstu vkcaèk cukrk gSA
RNA dh f}rh;d lajpuk esa dqaMyh dsoy ,d jTtqd dh cuh gksrh gS tks dHkh&dHkh os Lo;a dks eksM+ dj
f}dqaMyh; lajpuk cuk ysrh gSaA RNA v.kq rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa rFkk ;s fHkUu fØ;k,a laikfnr djrs gSaA buds
uke lans'kokgd RNA (m-RNA ) jkbckslksey RNA (r-RNA ) rFkk varj.k RNA (t-RNA ) gSA
5' 3'
–G C–
A=T
T= A
A=T
C=G
G C
T=A
–C G–
–T=A–
G C
A=T
–T=A–
–A=T–
T= A
C G
–G C–
5' 3'
Double strand helix

structure for DNA
H 181
Chemistry
(VITAMINS)
(i) -A ] ; ] ] ] ( = )
; = ) ] ] ]
(ii) -B1 ] ] ] ]( = ) , {
; , ];
(iii) - B2 ] ] ; ( )
; ( )
(iv) -B6 ]; ] ] ] ,
; , ] ] ] (> ; )
(v) -B12 ]; ] ] ,
(vi) -C ( ] )] ]
L- ] ]
(vii) D ; ] ( )]
(; ] Ca P ; =.
, )
(viii) -E ] ] ] ] /; ( { { )
( )
/; ;
(ix) -H ) ]; ] ] >
(x) -K ] ] ; <+
; , ]
(xi) Q10 ] {
gkeksZu (HORMONES)
gkeksZu okfguhfoghu xzfa Fk;ksa (vUr%L=kkoh xazfFk;ka) esa mRiUUk gksrs gSa vkSj :f/kj ds lkFk 'kjhj ds fofHkUUk Hkkxksa rd
ys tk;s tkrs gSa tgk¡ os fofHkUUk mikip;h fØ;kvksa dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA cgqr de ek=kk esa gh budh
vko';drk gksrh gSA olk vkSj dkcksZgkbMªsV dh rjg bUgsa 'kjhj esa ,df=kr ugha fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ;g
yxkrkj curs jgrs gSaA
182 H
RBSE

1. Xywdksl rFkk lwØksl ty esa foys; gS tcfd lkbDyksgSDlsu vFkok csUthu (lkekU; N% lnL;h; oy; ;qDr
;kSfxd) ty eas vfoys; gksrs gaSA le>kb,A
Ans. Xywdksl ds ,d v.kq esa ik¡p–OH lewg gksrs gS tcfd 'kdZjk ds ,d v.kq esa vkB –OH lewg gksrs gSA vr%
Xywdksl vkSj lqØkst i;kZIr ek=k esa ty ds lkFk gkbMªkstu caèk dk fuekZ.k djrs gS vr% ;g ty esa foys; gSA
ijUrq lkbDyksgsDlsu vkSj csathu esa –OH lewg ugha gksus ds dkj.k ;g gkbMªkstu caèk ugha cukrs gS vr ;g
ty esa vfoys; gSA
2. ySDVksl ds tyvi?kVu ls fdu mRiknksa ds cuus dh vis{kk djrs gaS\
Ans. ySDVksl dk fuekZ.k -D XySDVksl vkSj -D Xyqdksl ls gksrk gSA vr% ty vi?kVu ij ;g -D XySDVksl vkSj
-D XywWdksl nsrk gSA
6 6
CH 2OH CH2OH
O O
HO H5 H H
5
OH
4 1 O 4 1
H OH H H OH H H
3 2 3 2
H OH H OH
- D - Galactose - D - Glucose
Lactose
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Lactose D-(+)-Glucose D-(+)-Galactose
3. D-Xywdksl ds isUVk,slhVsV esa vki ,sfYMgkbM lewg dh vuqifLFkfr dks dSls le>k,xas\
Ans. D-Xywdksl gkbMªksfDly ,ehu (NH2OH) ds lkFk fØ;k djds vkWfDle dk fuekZ.k djrs gS D;ksafd dkcksafZ uy
dkcZu ds :i esa ,fYMgkbM (–CHO) lewg mifLFkr gksrk gSA blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd Xywdksl dh pØh;
lajpuk tyh; ekè;e esa [kqyh Ja`[kyk lajpuk cukrh gS tks fd NH2OH ls fØ;k djds vkWfDle dk fuekZ.k
djrh gSA
CHO CH=N–OH
NH 4OH
(CHOH)4 (CHOH)4
CH2OH CH2OH
Glucose Oxime
ijUrq D-Xywdksl isaVk,lhVsV NH2OH ds lkFk fØ;k ugha djrk gS D;kasfd ;g [kqyh Jà[kyk lajpuk ugha cukrk gSA
1 1
CH=NOH CH=O CHOH CHOCOCH3
H 2 2
OH H OH H OHO H OCOCH3
–H2O 3 5(CH CO) O 3
HO H HO H HO H
3 2
CH3OCO H
NH2OH –5CH3COOH
H OH 4 H 4 OCOCH O
H OH H OH 3
H OH 5 5
H OH H H
6 6
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OCOCH3
- glucose pentaacetate
Glucose oxime Glucose - glucose + - glucose +
(open chain form) - glucose pentaacetate
No oxime
H 183
Chemistry
4. ,sehuks vEyksa ds xyukad ,oa ty esa foy;srk lkekU;r% lxar gSyks vEyksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkd gksrh gSA
le>kb,A
Ans. ,ehuksa vEyksa esa nksuks vEyh; (dkcksZfDly) vkSj {kkjh; (,ehuksa) lewg ,d gh v.kq esa mifLFkr gksrs gSA tyh;
ekè;e esa dkcksZfDly lewg izksVsku dk R;kx djrk gS vkSj ,ehuksa lewg bls xzg.k djrk gS] bl izdkj f}èkqzoh;
vk;u dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ftls fToVj vk;u dgrs gSA
O O
R—CH—C—O—H R—CH—C—O—
+
NH2 NH3
(Zwitter ion)
bl f}èkqzoh; O;ogkj ds dkj.k ;g Loa; vkSj ty ds lkFk izcy fLFkj oS|rq vkd"kZ.k j[krs gS] ijUrq gSyksvEy
bl rjg dk f}èkqzoh; O;ogkj ugha n'kkZrs gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ,ehuksa vEyksa dh foys;rk vkSj xyukad muds
laxr gSyks vEyksa ls vfèkd gksrk gSA
5. vaMs dks mckyus ij mlesa mifLFkr ty dgk¡ pyk tkrk gS\
Ans. tc v.Ms dks mckyk tkrk gS] rks v.Ms esa mifLFkr izksVhu dk fod`rhdj.k ,oa LdUnu gks tkrk gSA vaMs dks
mckyus ds ckn tks ikuh blesa mifLFkr jgrk gS] LdfUnr izkVs hu ds }kjk gkbMªkstu caèk cukus ds dkj.k
vo'kksf"kr gks tkrk gSA
6. gekjs 'kjhj esa foVkfeu C lafpr D;ksa ugha gksrk\
Ans. gekjs 'kjhj eas foVkfeu C lafpr ugha fd;k tk ldrk D;ksfd ;g ty esa foys; gksrk gSA vr% ;g ew=k }kjk
R;kx fn;k tkrk gSA
7. ;fn DNA ds Fkk;ksehu ;qDr U;wfDyvksVkbV dk tyvi?kVu fd;k tk, rks dkSu&dkSu ls mRikn cusxs\
Ans. ;fn DNA ls ,slk U;wfDy;ksVkbM tks Fkkbfeu {kkj j[krk gS dks ty vi?kfVr djrs gS rks Fkkbfeu
-D-2-Mh vkWDlhjkbcksl vkSj QkLQksfjd vEy mRikn ds :i eas izkIr gksrs gSA
8. tc RNA dk tyvi?kVu fd;k tkrk gS rks izkIr {kkjdksa dh ek=kkvksa ds eè; dksbZ lacaèk ugha gksrkA ;g rF;
RNA dh lajpuk ds fo"k; esa D;k ladsr nsrk gS\
Ans. ,d DNA v.kq f}dq.Mfyr ysrk gS tgk ij {kkjdkss ds ;qXe ik;s tkrs gSA ,sMsuhu ges'kk Fkk;sehu ds lkFk ;qXe
cukrh gS tcfd lkbVkslhu] Xokuhu ds lkFk ;qXe cukrh gSA vr% tc DNA dk ty vi?kVu fd;k tkrk gS
rks ,sMsuhu dh ek=kk Fkk;sehu ds cjkcj vkSj lkbVkslhu dh ek=kk Xokuhu ds cjkcj izkIr gksrh gaSA
ijUrq tc RNA dk tyvi?kVu fd;k tkrk gS rks izkIr fofHkUu {kkjdksa dh ek=kkvksa dk vkil esa dksbZ lEcUèk
ugha gksrk gS] vr% RNA ,dyd dqaMyh j[krk gSaA
9. eksukslSdSjkbM D;k gksrs gS\
Ans. os dkcksZgkbMªsV ftldks ikWfygkbMªkDlh ,sfYMgkbM vFkok dhVksu ds vksj vfèkd ljy ;kSfxdks esa ty vi?kfVr
ugha fd;k tk ldrk] eksukslSdSjkbM dgykrs gSA

eksukslSdsjkbMksa dks muesa mifLFkr dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k ,oa izdk;kZRed lewg ds vkèkkj ij oxhZd`r fd;k
tkrk gSA ;fn eksukslSdsjkbM esa ,fYMgkbM lewg gS rks mls ,sYMksl vkSj ;fn mlesa dhVks lewg gS rks mls
dhVksl dgrs gSA eksuks lSdsjkbM dks dkcZu ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k ds vkèkkj ij Vªk;ksl] VsVªksl] isaVksl] gSDlkst
,oa gsIVksl esa Hkh oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, 3 dkcZu ijek.kq j[kus okyh dhVksl dks dhVksVªk;ksl
,oa 3 dkcZu ijek.kq j[kus okyh ,YMksl dks ,sYMksVªk;ksl dgrs gSA
184 H
RBSE
10. vipk;h 'kdZjk D;k gksrh gS\
Ans. os lHkh dkcksZgkbMªsV tks Qsfyax foy;u rFkk VkWysu vfHkdeZd dks vipf;r dj nsrs gS] vipk;h 'kdZjk dgykrs
gSA lwØksl ds vfrfjDr lHkh eksukslSdSjkbM ,oa MkblSdSjkbM vipk;h 'kdZjk gSaA
11. ikSèkks esa dkcksZgkbMªksVksa ds nks eq[; dk;ksZ dks fyf[k,A
Ans. ikSèkksa eas dkcksZgkbMªsVksa ds nks eq[; dk;Z gSa%
(i) ikWfylSdSjkbM tSls LVkpZ lafpr v.kq ds :i esa gksrh gSA
(ii) lsyy
q ksl ,d ikWyhlSdSjkbM v.kq gS tks fd dksf'kdk fHkfÙk cukus ds dke vkrk gSA
12. fuEufyf[kr dks eksuksdSjkbM rFkk MkblSdkSjkbM esa oxhZd`r dhft,&
jkbcksl, 2-MhvkWDlhjkbcksl] ekYVksl] xSySDVksl] ÝDVkst rFkk ySDVksl
Ans. eksukslSdSjkbM %
jkbcksl, 2-MhvkWDlhjkbcksl, xsysDVksl, ÝWDVksl

MkblSdSjkbM :
ekYVksl] ysDVksl
13. XykbdkslkbMh caèk ls vki D;k le>rs gS\
Ans. nks eksukslSdsjkbM bdkb;ksa ds eè; ty ds v.kq ds fu"dklu ds mijkUr cus vkWDlkbM caèk dks gh
XykbdkslkbMh caèk dgrs gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, 'kdZjk v.kq esa nks eksukslSdSjkbM bdkb;ksa - Xywdksl vkSj
- ÝDVksl vkil esa XykbdkslkbMh caèk }kjk tqMh gksrh gSA
6
CH2OH
5 O 1
O
H H H HOH2C H
4 1 2 5
OH OH H O
3 2 H OH CH
6
2 OH
Glycosidic 3 4
H linkage
OH OH H
- D - glucose - D - fructose
Surcose
14. Xykbdkstu D;k gksrk gS rFkk ;s LVkpZ ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\
Ans. Xykbdkstu ,d ikWyhlSdsjkbM dkcksZgkbMªsV gksrk gSA tUrqvksa esa dkcksZgkbMªsV Xykbdkstu ds :i esa lafpr jgrk
gSA LVkpZ ,d dkcksZgkbMªVs gksrk gS tks fd nks ?kVdks & ,ekbyksl (15-20%) vkSj ,ekbyksiDs Vhu (80-85%) ls
cuk gksrk gSA
tcfd Xykbdkstu esa ,d gh ?kVd gksrk gS ftldh lajpuk ,ekbyksisDVhu ds leku gksrh gS ysfdu
Xykbdkstu dh lajpuk ,ekbyks isDVhu dh lajpuk ls vfèkd 'kkf[kr gksrh gSA
H 185
Chemistry
15. (v) lwØksl rFkk (c) ySDVksl ds tyvi?kVu esa dkSu ls mRikn izkIr gksrs gS\
Ans. (i) lwØksl ds tyvi?kVu ij ,d v.kq - D Xywdksl vkSj ,d v.kq -D-ÝDVksl izkIr gksrk gSA
CH2OH
O O
H H H HOH2C H
OH OH H O
H OH CH2OH
H OH OH H
Hydrolysis
CH2OH
O O
H H H HOH2C H
+
OH OH H OH HO H OH CH2OH
H OH OH H
- D - glucose - D - fructose
(ii) ySDVksl ds tyvi?kVu ls -D- XysDVksl vkSj -D- Xywdksl izkIr gksrk gSA
CH2OH CH2OH
O O
OH H H H OH
O
H OH H H OH H H
H OH H OH
Hydrolysis
CH2OH CH2OH
O O
OH H OH H H OH
+
H OH H H OH OH H H
H OH H OH
- D - galactose - D - glucose
16. LVkpZ rFkk lsyqyksl esa eq[; lajpukRed varj D;k gS \
Ans. LVkpZ nks ?kVdksa ,sfeyksl rFkk ,sfeyksisfDVu ls feydj curk gSA ,sfeyksl - D–(+)– Xywdksl bdkb;kas dh
v'kkf[kr Ja`[kyk gksrh gS tks C1–C4 XykbdkslkbMh caèk }kjk tqM+h jgrh gS
CH2OH CH2OH
O O
H H H H H H
4 1 4 1
O OH H O OH H O
H OH H OH
-Link
Amylose
186 H
RBSE
,sfeyksisfDVu –D–Xywdksl bdkb;ksa dh 'kkf[kr Jà[kyk gksrh gS] ftlesa C1–C4 XykbdkslkbMh caèk gksrs gS]
tcfd 'kk[ku rFkk nwljh C1–C6 XykbdkslkbMh caèk }kjk gksrk gSA
CH2OH CH2OH
O O
H H H H H H
4 1 4 1
O OH H O OH H O -Link
Branch at C6
H OH H OH 6 CH2OH
CH2
-Link O O
H H5 H H H H
4 1 4 1
O OH H O OH H O
H OH H OH
-Link
Amylopectin
nwljh rjQ lsyyq ksl –D–Xywdksl ls cuh lhèkh Jà[kyk ;qDr ikWfylSdSjkbM gS ftlesa ,d Xywdksl bdkbZ ds
C1 rFkk nwljh Xywdksl bdkbZ ds C4 ds eè; XykbdkslkbMh caèk curk gSA C1–C6XykbdkslkbMh caèku
( - caèku) dgykrk gSA
HOH2C
O
HOH2C O
O
HOH2C O OH
O
O OH OH
-Link
O OH OH
-Link
OH
17. D;k gksrk gS tc D Xywdksl dh vfHkfØ;k fuEufyf[kr vfHkdeZdksa ls djrs gS\
(i) HI (ii) czksehu ty (iii) HNO3
Ans. (i) tc D- Xywdksl dks HI ds lkFk yEcs le; rd xeZ djrs gS rks n - gSDlsu curk gSA
CHO
Hl CH3–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH2–CH3
(CHOH)4
n-
CH2OH
D-
(ii) D-Xywdksl dh fØ;k Br2 ty ls djokrs gS rks D - Xywdksfud vEy izkIr gksrk gSA
CHO COOH
Br2
(CHOH)4 (CHOH)4
CH2OH CH2OH
D- D-
(iii) D- Xywdksl dh fØ;k HNO3 ls djokus ij ;g vkWDlhd`r gksdj lSdSfjd vEy nsrk gSA
CHO COOH
HNO 3
(CHOH)4 (CHOH)4
CH2OH COOH
D-
H 187
Chemistry
18. Xywdksl dh mu vfHkfØ;kvksa dk o.kZu dhft, tks bldh foo`r Jà[kyk lajpuk ds }kjk ugha le>kbZ tk
ldrhA
Ans. (1) ,sfYMgkbM lewg mifLFkr gksrs gq, Hkh Xywdksl 2, 4-DNP ijh{k.k rFkk f'kQ&ijh{k.k ugha nsrk ,oa ;g
NaHSO4 ds lkFk gkbMªkstu lYQkbV ;ksxkRed mRikn ugha cukrkA
(2) Xywdksl isUVk,slhVsV] gkbMªkfW Dly ,sehu ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k ugha djrk tks eqDr –CHO lewg dh
vuqifLFkfr dks bafxr djrk gSA
(3) Xywdksl nks fHkUu fØLVyh; :iksa esa ik;k tkrk gS ftUgsa – rFkk dgrs gSA Xywdksl dk - :i
(xyaukd = 419 K) blds lkUæ foy;u ls 303 K rki ij fØLVyhdj.k }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gS tcfd
Xywdksl dk -:i (xyaukd = 423 K) 371 K ij Xywdksl ds xje ,oa larÌr foy;u ds fØLVyhdj.k
ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA Xywdksl dh foo`r Ja`[kyk lajpuk }kjk mijksDr O;ogkj dks ugha le>k;k tk
ldrkA
19. vko';d rFkk vuko';d ,sehuks vEy D;k gksrs gS\ izR;sd izdkj ds nks mnkgj.k nhft,A
Ans. vko';d ,sehuks vEy ekuo 'kjhj ds fy, vko';d gS ijUrq ;g 'kjhj esa la'ysf"kr ugha gks ldrsA vr% budks
Hkkstu esa ysuk vko';d gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, oSyhu vkSj Y;wlhu vuko';d ,sehuks vEy Hkh ekuo 'kjhj ds fy,
vko';d gS ijUrq ;g 'kjhj esa la'ysf"kr gks ldrs gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,% Xykblhu vkSj ,sykfuuA
20. izksVhu ds lanHkZ esa fuEufyf[kr dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,&
(i) isIVkbM caèk (ii) izkFkfed lajpuk (iii) fod`rhdj.k
Ans. (i) isIVkbM caèk %
,d ,ehuksa vEy v.kq ds –COOH lewg rFkk nwljs ,ehuksa vEy ds v.kq ds –NH2 lewg ds eè; ,ekbM dk
cuuk ftlesa H2O v.kq eqDr gksrk gS dks isIVkbM caèk dgrs gSaA
Peptide
linkage
–H2O
H2N—CH—COOH + H2N—CH—COOH H2N—CH—CO—NH—CH—COOH
CH(CH3)2 CH3 CH(CH3)2 CH3
Valine Alanine Valylalanine (Val-Ala)
(ii) izkFkfed lajpuk %

fdlh izksVhu ds izR;sd ikWfyisIVkbM esa ,ehuksa vEy ,d fof'k"V Øe esa l;aqDr gksrs gSA ,ehuksa vEyksa dk ;g
fof'k"V Øe izksVhuksa dh izkFkfed lajpuk curk gSA izkFkfed lajpuk esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ifjorZu vFkkZr~
,sehuksa vEyks ds Øe esa ifjorZu ls fHkUu izksVhu mRiUu gksrs gSA
(iii) izksVhu dk fod`rhdj.k %
tSfod fudk; esa ikbZ tkus okyh fo'ks"k f=kfoe lajpuk rFkk tSfod lfØ;rk okys izkVs hu] izkd`r izksVhu dgykrs
gSA tc izkd`r izkVs hu esa HkkSfrd ifjorZu tSls & rki esa ifjorZu vFkok jklk;fud ifjorZu djrs gS tSls pH,
esa ifjorZu vkfn fd;k tkrk gS rks gkbMªkstu vkcaèkks esa vLrO;Lrrk mRiUu gks tkrh gS ftlds dkj.k xksfydk
(XyksC;wy)[kqy tkrh gS rFkk gSfyDl vdqaMfyr gks tkrh gS rFkk izksVhu viuh tSfod lfØ;rk dks [kks nsrk gSA
bls izksVhu dk fod`rhdj.k dgrs gSA fod`rhdj.k ds nkSjku 2° rFkk 3° lajpuk,a u"V gks tkrh gSA ijUrq 1°
lajpuk vizHkkfor jgrh gSA mckyus ij vaMs dh lQsanh dk LdUnu fod`rhdj.k dk ,d lkekU; mnkgj.k gSA
188 H
RBSE
21. izksVhu dh f}rh;d lajpuk ds lkekU; izdkj D;k gS\
Ans. izksVhuksa dh f}rh;d lajpuk nks izdkj dh gksrh gS
(i) -gsfyDl ljapuk
(ii) -IyhVsM 'khV ljapuk
- gsfyDl ljapuk
bl lajpuk esa izR;sd ,ehuksa vEy vof'k"V dk –NH lewg] dq.Myh ds vxys eksM+ ij fLFkr C=O lewg ds
lkFk gkbMªkstu vkcaèk cukrk gS ( -gsfyDl)
C
O
C
C
O
HO H
CN
N
O H
C
HC N
O
O H
N NH
H N
N
- helix structure
-IyhVsM 'khV lajpuk
- lajpuk esa lHkh ikWfyisIVkbM Üka`[kyk,sa yxHkx vfèkdre foLrkj rd f[kaph jgdj ,d nwljs ds ik'oZ esa
fLFkr gksrh gS rFkk vkil esa varjkvkf.od gkbMªkstu vkcaèk }kjk tqM+h jgrh gSA ;g lajpuk oL=kksa esa IyhV ds
leku gSA vr% bldks -IyhVsM 'khV dgrs gSA
N
RCH N
H C=O RCH N
N H RCH
C=O
RCH N H C=O
C=O RCH N
N RCH
H O=C
RCH N H O=C
H C=O RCH
N H
N H C=O
RCH
RCH N H
C RCH N C=O
C= RCH
=C
-pleated sheet structure
22. izksVhu dh - gSfyDl lajpuk ds LFkk;hdj.k esa dkSu ls vkcaèk lgk;d gksrs gS\
Ans. izR;sd ,ehuks vEy dk vof'k"V dk –NH lewg] dq.Myh ds vxys eksM+ ij fLFkr C=O lewg ds lkFk
gkbMªkstu vkcaèk cukrk gS ftlls gSfyDl ds LFkk;hdj.k esa lgk;rk feyrh gSSA
H 189
Chemistry
23. js'ksnkj rFkk xksfydkj (globular) izksVhu dks foHksfnr dhft,A
Ans.
js'ksnkj izksVhu xksfydkdkj izksVhu
1. ikWfyisIVkbM Ja`[kyk,a lekUrj gksrh gS rFkk ikWfyisIVkbM dh Jà[kyk,sa dq.Myh cukdj xksykd`fr izkIr
gkbMªkstu ,oa MkblYQkbM vkcaèkksa }kjk la;qDr dj ysrh gSA
gksrh gS] blls js'ks tSlh lajpuk curh gSA
2. ;g lkekU;r% ty esa vfoys; gksrh gSA ;g lkekU;r% ty esa foys; gksrh gSA
3. js'ksnkj izksVhu lkekU;r% lajpukRed dk;Z ds fy, lHkh ,UtkbEl xksfydkdkj izksVhu ds mnkgj.k gSA dqN
mi;ksx eas vkrh gSA dqN lkekU; mnkgj.k cky gkeksUZ l tSls bUlqfyu Hkh blds mnkgj.k gSA
fdjsfVu Åu] rFkk js'ke esa mifLFkr rFkk ek;ksf;u
ekalisf'k;ks esa mifLFkr gksrh gSA
24. ,sehuks vEyksa dh mHk;èkehZ izd`fr dks vki dSls le>k,xsA
Ans. tyh; foy;u esa dkcksfZ Dly lewg ,d izksVkWu eqDr dj ldrk gS tcfd ,sehuksa lewg ,d izksVkWu xzg.k dj
ldrk gS ftlds QyLo:i ,d f}èkqzoh; vk;u curk gSA ftls fToVj vk;u dgrs gSA
O O
R—CH—C—O—H R—CH—C—O—
+
NH2 NH3
(Zwitter ion)
bl izdkj fToVj vk;fud :i vEy ,oa {kkj nksuks dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gSA
O O O
+ +
H H
R—CH—C—O —
R—CH—C—O —
R—CH—C—OH
OH +
OH +
NH2 NH3 NH3
vr% ,ehuksa vEy mHk;èkehZ izd`fr n'kkZrs gSA
25. ,Utkbe D;k gksrs gS\
Ans. ,Utkbe izksVhu ls fufeZr gksrs gS tks fd tSfod vfHkfØ;kvksa dks mRizfs jr djrs gSA ,Utkbe fdlh fo'ks"k
vfHkfØ;k vFkok fo'ks"k fØ;kèkkj ds fy, fof'k"V gksrs gSA budk ukekdj.k lkekU;rk ml ;kSfxd vFkok ;kSfxdksa
ds oxZ ij vkèkkfjr gksrk gS ftl ij ;s dk;Z djrs gSA dHkh dHkh ,Utkbe dk uke ml vfHkfØ;k ds vkèkkj ij
fn;k tkrk gS ftlesa budk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
Maltase
C12H22O11 2C6H12O6
Maltose Glucose
mnkgj.kkFkZ tks ,Utkbe ,d fØ;kèkkj dk vkWDlhdj.k mRizsfjr djrs gS rFkk lkFk gh nwljs fØ;kèkkj dk
vip;u mUgsa vkWfDlMksfjMDVsl uke fn;k tkrk gSA ,Utkbe ds uke ds var esa ,sl (-ase) vkrk gSA
26. izksVhu dh ljapuk ij fod`rhdj.k dk D;k izHkko gksrk gS \
Ans. izksVhu ds fod`rhdj.k ls xksfydk (XyksC;wy) [kqy tkrh gS rFkk gSfyDl vadqMfyr gks tkrh gSA fod`rhdj.k ds
nkSjku 2° rFkk 3° ljapuk,a u"V gks tkrh gS ijUrq 1° ljapuk vizHkkfor jgrh gSA fod`rhdj.k ds nkSjku 2° rFkk
3° ljapuk,a] 1° ljapuk okyh izksVhu esa cny tkrh gSA blls izksVhu viuh tSfod lfØ;rk dks [kks nsrk gSA
190 H
RBSE
27. foVkfeuksa dks fdl izdkj oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gS\ jDr ds FkDds teus ds fy, ftEesnkj foVkfeu dk uke
nhft,A
Ans. ty rFkk olk esa foys;rk ds vkèkkj ij foVkfeuksa dks nks lewgksa esa oxhZd`r fd;k x;k gS&
(i) olk foys; foVkfeu : bl oxZ esa mu foVkfeuksa dks j[kk x;k gS tks olk rFkk rsy esa foys; gksrs gS ijUrq
ty esa vfoys;A ;s foVkfeu A, D, E, rFkk K gSA
(ii) ty esa foys; foVkfeu : bl oxZ esa mu foVkfeuksa dks j[kk x;k gS tks ty esa foys; gksrs gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ
B oxZ ds foVkfeu (B1, B2, B6, B12, bR;kfn) rFkk foVkfeu CA
gkyk¡fd ck;ksVhu ;k foVkfeu H u rks ty eas u gh olk esa foys; gksrk gSA
jDr dk FkDdk teus ds fy, foVkfeu K dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
28. foVkfeu A o C gekjs fy, vko';d D;ksa gS\ muds egRoiw.kZ L=kksr nhft,A
Ans. foVkfeu A dh deh ds ftv¡jk¶FkSfYe;k (vk¡[k ds dkWfuZ;k dk dBksjhdj.k), jkf=k vaèkrk uked jksx gksrs gSA
foVkfeu C dh deh ls LdohZ (elwMksa ls jDr cguk) jksx gksrk gSA
foVkfeu A dk L=kksr gS eNyh ds ;d`r dk rsy] xktj] eD[ku rFkk nwèkA
foVkfeu C dk L=kksr gS flVªl Qy] vkWoyk rFkk gjs iÙks okyh lfCt;k¡A
29. U;wDyhd vEy D;k gksr gaS\ buds nks egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fyf[k,A
Ans. U;wfDyd vEy og tSo v.kq gksrs gS tks fd thfor dksf'kdk ds ukfHkd esa mifLFkr Øksekslkse esa mifLFkr gksrs
gSA U;fDyd vEy eq[;r% nks izdkj ds gksrs gS% Mh vkWDlhjkbcksl U;wfDyd vEy (DNA) rFkk jkbckslU;wfDyd
vEy (RNA), pwafd U;wDyhd vEy U;wfDyvksVkbMksa dh yEch Ja`[kyk okys cgqyd gksrs gSa vr% bUgsa
ikWfyU;wfDyvksVkbM Hkh dgrs gaSA
U;wfDyd vEyksa ds nks egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gS %&
(i) DNA tud ls larfr esa tUetkr xq.kksa ds LFkkukUrj.k ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks
vkuqoaf'kdrk Hkh dgrs gSA
(ii) U;wfDyd vEy (DNA vkSj RNA) dk nwljk egRoiw.kZ dk;Z] dksf'kdk esa izksVhu dk la'ys"k.k gSA okLro
esa dksf'kdk esa izksVhu dk la'ys"k.k fofHkUu RNA v.kqvksa }kjk gksrk gSA ijUrq fdlh fo'ks"k izksVhu ds
la'ys"k.k dk lans'k DNA esa mifLFkr gksrk gSA
30. U;wfDyvkslkbM rFkk U;wfDyhvksVkbM esa D;k varj gksrk gS\
Ans. fdlh {kkjd ds 'kdZjk dh 1' fLFkfr ij tqM+us ls fufeZr bdkbZ dks U;wfDyvkslkbM dgrs gSA
U;wfDyvkslkbM = 'kdZjk + {kkjd
5' O
HOH2C Base
4' 1'
HH HH
3' 2'
OH OH
Structure of a nucleoside
H 191
Chemistry
nwljh rjQ U;wfDyvksVkbM esa U;wfDy vEy ds rhuksa vkèkkj Hkwr ?kVd (isaVksl 'kdZjk] QkLQksfjd vEy vkSj
{kkjd) mifLFkr gksrs gSA U;wfDyvksVkbM = 'kdZjk + {kkjd + QkLQksfjd vEy
O
— 5' O
O —P—O—H2C Base
O — 4' 1'
HH HH
3' 2'
OH OH
Structure of a nucleotide
31. DNA ds nks jTtqd leku ugha gksrs] vfirq ,d nwljs ds iwjd gksrs gSA le>kb,A
Ans. DNA dh dq.Mfyr lajpuk esa U;wfDy vEy nks iwjd jTtqd (strands) fo'ks"k {kkjd ;qxyksa ds eè; gkbMªkstu
vkcaèk }kjk vkil esa tqM+h jgrh gSA ,sMsuhu] Fkk;sehu ds lkFk gkbMªkstu vkcaèk cukrk gS tcfd lkbVkslhu]
Xokuhu ds lkFk gkbMªkstu vkcaèk cukrk gSA
32. DNA rFkk RNA esa egRoiw.kZ lajpukRed ,oa fØ;kRed varj fyf[k,A
Ans. DNA vkSj RNA ds eè; lajpukRed varj%&
DNA RNA
1. DNA v.kq eas 'kdZjk vèkkZ'k bdkbZ -D-2 fMvkWDlhjkbcksl RNA v.kq esa 'kdZjk vèkk±'k bdkbZ -D-jkbcksl gksrh gSA
gksrh gSA
2. DNA esa Fkk;feu {kkjd (T) gksrk gS tcfd ;wjsfly RNA esa ;wjfs ly {kkjd (U) ik;sa tkrk gSA
(U) {kkjd ugha gksrk gSAa
3. DNA dh lajpuk f}dqM a yh; gksrh gSA RNA dh dqM
a yh dsoy ,d jTtqd dh cuh gksrh gSA
DNA vkSj RNA ds eè; fØ;kRed varj %&

DNA RNA
1. DNA vkuqofa 'kdrk dk jklk;fud vkèkkj gksrk gSA RNA vkuqoaf'kdrk ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA
2. DNA v.kq izksVhu dk la'ys"k.k ugha djrs gSA ijUrq RNA v.kq dksf'kdk esa izksVhu dk la'ys"k.k djrs
dksf'kdk esa izksVhu la'ys"k.k ds fy, lakdsfrd lans'k gSA
LFkkukUrfjr djrs gaAS
33. dksf'kd esa ik, tkus okys fofHkUu izdkj ds RNA dkSu ls gS\
Ans. (i) lans'kokgd RNA (m-RNA)
(ii) jkbckslksey RNA (r-RNA)
(iii) varj.k RNA (t-RNA)
34. (a) foVkfeUl 'A' rFkk foVkfeUl 'B' dh deh ls gksus okys jksxksa ds uke fyf[k,A
(b) ^'kdZjk* ds vk/kkj ij D.N.A. o R.N.A. esa vUrj djksA
Ans. (a) foVkfeu A jrkSa/kh
foVkfeu B csjh&csjh
(b) DNA blesa MhvkWDlh jkbcksl 'kdZjk ik;h tkrh gSA
RNA blesa jkbcksl 'kdZjk ik;h tkrh gSA
192 H
RBSE
35. (a) eksuks lsdsjkbM fdls dgrs gSa\ ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A
(b) i) DNA ds iw.kZ ty vi?kVu ls izkIr gksus okys ;kSfxdksa ds uke fyf[k,A
ii) DNA ,oa RNA v.kq esa mifLFkr 'kdZjk v/kkZa'k bZdkbZ ds lajpuk lw=k fyf[k,A
(c) fdlh nq?kZVuk esa e`rd ds 'kjhj dh igpku djus ds fy, DNA ls lEcfU/kr fof/k dk uke fyf[k,A
Ans. (a) eksukslSdjkbM& os dkcksZgkbMªsV ftudks vkSj vf/kd ljy ;kSfxdksa esa ty vi?kfVr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS]
mUgsa eksukslSdjkbM dgrs gSA tSls&Xyqdkst
(b)(i) DNA ds iw.kZ ty vi?kVu ls ,d isUVksl 'kdZjk ¼fMvkWDlhjkbcksl½ QkLQksfjd vEy rFkk ukbVªkstu
;qDr fo"ke pØh; ;kSfxd izkIr gksrs gSaA
(ii) DNA rFkk RNA v.kq esa mifLFkr 'kdZjk v/kkZa'k bZdkbZ Øe'k% –D–2 fMvkWDlhjkbcksl rFkk –D
jkbcksl gksrh gS] ftldk lajpuk lw=k fuEu gSa&
5 O 5 O
HOH2C OH HOH2C OH
4 1 4 1
H H H H H H H H
3 2 3 2
OH H OH OH
-D-2- -D-
(c) fdlh nq?kZVuk esa e`rd ds 'kjhj dh igpku djus ds fy, DNA fQaxjfizUV fof/k dke esa yh tkrh gSA
36. izksVhu ds foÑrhdj.k dks ,d mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A
Ans. v.Ms dh lQsnh esa xksykdj o ?kqyu'khy v.Mks,sYcqfeu izksVhu gksrh gSA bls izcy vEy ;k izcy {kkj feykdj
xeZ fd;k tkrk gS rks bldk Ldnu gks tkrk gS rFkk ;g izksVhu fod`r gksdj Bksl voLFkk esa cny tkrh gSA
H 193
Chemistry
1. dkSulk gkWekZsu Xywdkst dks XykW;dkstu esa ifjofrZr djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
(a) fiÙk vEy (b) ,Mªhuyhu (c) bUlwfyu (d) dksfVZlksu
2. izksVhu dh gsyhdy lajpuk fdlds }kjk LFkk;h gSA
(a) gkbMªkstu ca/ku (b) bZFkj cU/ku (c) isIVkbM ca/k (d) MkbZisIVkbM ca/k
3. dksf'kdk f>Yyh eq[;r% fu£er gksrh gS :-
(a) QkWLQksfyfiM }kjk (b) çksVhu }kjk (c) olk }kjk (d) dkckZsgkbMªV
s }kjk
4. dkSulk ljyre ,sehuks ,flM gS %
(a) ,sysuhu (b) ,Lisjsthu (c) Xykblhu (d) Vk;jkslhu
5. fuEu {kkjksa esa ls dkSu ,d DNA esa ugh ik;k tkrk gS\
(a) lkbVkslhu (b) FkkbZehu (c) fDouksyhu (d) ,sfMuhu
6. ykblhu; H2N–(CH2)4–CH–COOH gS :-
NH2
(a) -,ehuks vEy (b) -,ehuks vEy
(c) 'kjhj esa la'ysf"kr vehuks vEy (d) -,ehuks vEy
7. js'ksnkj izkVs hu esa ikWyhisIVkbM Jà[kyk tqM+h jgrh gSA
(a) gkbMªkstu cU/k (b) MkbZlYQkbM ca/k
(c) fo|qr LFkSfrd vkd"kZ.k cy (d) 1 ,oa 2 nksuksa
8. Xykbdkstu dh lajpuk leku gksrh gS %&
(a) ,ekbykst (b) ,ekbyksisDVhu (c) lsY;wykst (d) Xywdksl
9. lqØksl buoVsZt dh mifLFkfr esa ty vi?kVu }kjk nsrk gS
(a) Xyqdksl (b) ÝDVksl (c) ,fFky ,Ydksgy (d) 1 o 2 nksuksa
10. fuEufyf[kr B foVkehu lewgksa esa ls dkSulk gekjs 'kjhj esa laxzfgr gksrk gSA
(a) foVkehu B1 (b) foVkehu B2 (c) foVkehu B6 (d) foVkehu B12
11. izksVhu dk tyvi?kVu djus ij izkIr mRikn gksxk
(a) ,ehuks vEy (b) isIVkbM (c) ,Utkbe (d) 1 o 2 nksuksa
12. ,ehuksa ,flM esa ,ehuksa leqgksa dh la[;k dkcksZfud leqgksa ls vf/kd gksuk mls cukrk gS
(a) vEyh; (b) {kkjh; (c) mnklhu (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ugha
13. dkSuls ,ehuksa vEy vuvko';d dgykrs gSa
(a) oks tks fd 'kjhj esa cu ldrs gSaA
(b) oks ftuesa -NH2 lewg o –COOH leqg dh rqyuk esa T;knk gksrs gSaA
(c) oks ftuesa -NH2 leqg o –COOH leqg leku la[;k es gksrs gSaA
(d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
14. izksVhu dh r`rh;d lajpuk esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulh vkÑfr gksrh gS
(a) js'ksnkj (b) xksfydkdkj (c) mijksä nksuksa (d) mijksä esa ls dksbZ ughaA
15. XyksC;qyj izkVs hu dk mnkgj.k gS%&
(a) flYd (b) dksystu (c) gheksXykschu (d) mijksä lHkh
194 H
RBSE
16. ;fn ,d izkd`r izkVs hu dks HkkSfrd ;k jklk;fud mipkj fn;k tk, tks fd mlds izkFkfed lajpuk dks izHkkfor
fd, fcuk mlds vU; :iksa esa ck/kk mRiUu djs] dgykrk gS
(a) vfØ; izksVhu (b) foÑr izkVs hu (c) mijksä nksuksa (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
17. DNA eq[;r ik;k tkrk gS
(a) lkbVksIykTe esa (b) dsUæd esa (c) ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k esa (d) DyksjksIykLV esa
18. RNA esa fuEu fijkfefMu {kkj gksrs gS
(i) Fkkbfeu (ii) ;wjsfly (ii) lkbVkslhu (iv) ,Mhuhu
(a) ii o iii (b) i,ii,iii (c) i, ii, iv (d) mijksä lHkh
19. DNA v.kq }kjk Lo;a dh izfrÑfr cukuk dgykrk gS
(a) izfrÑfr (b) vuqys[ku (c) vuqoknu (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
20. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu Xywdksl dk 'kkf[kr cgqyd gS %&
(a) Xykbdkstu (b) ,ekbyksisDVhu (c) lsyy q kst (d) 1 o 2 nksuksa
21. foVkfeu K
(a) QkbyksDohuksu gS
(b) rsy o olk esa ?kqyu'khy gSA
(c) bldh deh jä ds FkDdk cuus dks ckf/kr djrh gSA
(d) mijksä lHkh
22. foVkfeu&C dgykrk gS &
(a) izfrca/;rk (b) izfr LdohZ (c) mijksä nksuksa (d) buesa ls dksbZ ugha
23. vipk;d 'kdZjk oks gksrh gS tks &
(a) tks Qsgfyx foy;u dks vipf;r djrh gSA (b) VkWysu vfHkdeZd dks vipf;r ugha djrk gSA
(c) ftlesa ,YMhgkbM dhVksfud leqg gksrk gSaA (d) mijksä lHkh
24. euq";ksa ds 'kjhj esa dsjksVhu ls cuus okys foVkfeu dk uke gS&
(a) foVkfeu&A (b) foVkfeu&C (c) foVkfeu–K (d) mijksä lHkh
25. U;wfDyvksVkbM~l ds e/; lgh H–cU/ku gksrk gS
(a) A–T G–C (b) A–G T–C (c) G–T A–C (d) A–A T–T
ANSWER KEY
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. c a a c c a d b d d
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. d b a c c b b a a d
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. d b a a a
H 195
Chemistry
1. ukbVªkstuh {kkjd DNA esa ugh ik;k tkrk & (RBSE 2023)
(a) ,sMsuhu (b) lkbVksflu (c) Xokuhu (d) ;wjsfly
Ans. (d)
2. ;qfj;k dk veksfu;k ,oa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM+ esa vi?kVu esa iz;qDr ,atkbe dk uke fyf[k,A
(RBSE 2023)
Ans. Urease
3. lqØksl dks gkoFkZ lajpuk }kjk fu:fir dhft,A (RBSE 2023)
6
CH2–OH
5 O 1 O
H H HO– CH2
Ans. H H
4 1 5
OH H 2
O
OH
Glycosidic H HO CH2OH
3 2 6
H OH linkage
3 4
OH H
-D-(+) Glucose
-D-(–) Fructose
Haworth structure of sucrose
4. izksVhu ds fod`frdj.k dks le>kb,A (RBSE 2022)

Ans. tc izkd`r izksVhu esa HkkSfrd ifjorZu djrs gSa] tSls&rki esa ifjorZu vFkok jklk;fud ifjorZu djrs gSa tSl]s
pH esa ifjorZu vkfn fd;k tkrk gS rks gkbMªkstu vkcaèkksa esa vLrO;Lrrk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA ftlds dkj.k
xksfydk (XyksC;wy) [kqy tkrh gS rFkk gSfyDl vdqaMfyr gks tkrh gS rFkk izksVhu viuh tSfod lfØ;rk dks [kks
nsrk gSA bls izksVhu dk foÑrhdj.k dgrs gSaA
5. DNA dh f}dqaMyuh lajpuk dks fpf=kr dhft,A (RBSE 2022)
Ans.
6. FkkbjkbM xzafFk }kjk lzkfor gkeksZu dk uke fyf[k,A (RBSE 2019)

Sol. Fkk;jkWfDlu
196 H
RBSE
7. (a) D;k gksrk gS tc Xywdksl lkUnz HNO3 ls vfHkfØ;k djrk gS\ jklk;fud lehdj.k nhft,A
(b) –D–jkbcksl 'kdZjk dh ljapuk cukb,A (RBSE 2019)
(Oxidation)
Sol. (v) HNO3
(c)
8. (a) vko';d ,oa vuko';d ,ehuks vEyks dks mnkgj.k lfgr le>kb,A (RBSE 2018)
(b) izksVhu ds fod`frdj.k dks le>kb,A
Ans. (a) vko';d ,ehuks vEy % os ,ehuks vEy tks 'kjhj esa la'ysf"kr ugh gks ldrs gSA rFkk ftudks Hkkstu esa
ysuk vk'o;d gSA vko';d vehuksa vEy dgykrs gSA tSls osyhu] vkblksY;wlhu etc.A
vuko';d ,ehuks vEy % os ,ehuks vEy tks 'kjhj esa la'ysf"kr gks ldrs gSA vuko';d ,ehuksa vEy
dgykrs gSA tSls& XywVsehu] ,ykuhu etc.
(b) tc izkd`r izksVhu esa HkkSfrd ifjorZu djrs gSA tSls& rki eas ifjorZu vFkok jklk;fud ifjorZu djrs
gSA tSls& pH esa ifjorZu rks gkbMªkstu vkcU/kksa esa vLrO;Lrrk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA vkSj gSfyDl
vdq.Mfyr gks tkrh gSA rFkk izksVhu viuh tSfod lfØ;rk dks [kks nsrk gSA bls izksVhu dk fod`rhdj.k
dgrs gSA
H 197
Chemistry
CHAPTER–11 : IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF (OC)

rkfdZd iz'uksÙkj (REASONING)
1. gSyks,sjhu dh rqyuk esa gSyks,Ys dsu vf/kd fØ;k'khy gSa D;ksa \
Ans. gSyks,sjhu esa gSykstu ijek.kq ij mifLFkr ,dkdh bysDVªku
W ;qXe vuqukn esa Hkkx ysrs gSa ftlls gSykstu ijek.kq
ij /kukos'k vk tkrk gS rFkk bldk fu"dklu dfBu gks tkrk gSA
:
:
Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl
: : : :
– –
tcfd gSyks,sYdsu esa bl izdkj dh vuquknh lajpuk ugha feyrh gSA

gSyks,sYdsu esa bl izdkj dh vuquknh lapjuk okyk dkcZu ijek.kq sp3 ladfjr gksrk gSA tcfd gSyks,sjhu esa ;g
sp2 ladfjr gksrk gS pwfa d sp3 ladfjr dkcZu ijek.kq dh rqyuk esa sp2 ladfjr dkcZu ijek.kq dh gSykstu ijek.kq
dks bysDVªkWu nsus dh izo`fr de gksrh gSA vr% Dyksjksact
aS hu esa C-Cl cU/k dk fonyu de gks tkrk gS rFkk
gSyks,sjhu dh fØ;k'khyrk de gksrh gSA
2. gSyks,sYdsu dh KCN ls vfHkfØ;k djus ij mRikn ds :i esa ,sfYdy lk;ukbM cukrs gSa] tcfd AgCN ls
vfHkfØ;k djus ij vkblkslk;ukbM izeq[k mRikn ds :i esa izkIr gksrk gSA le>kb;sA
Ans. KCN vk;fud ;kSfxd gksus ds dkj.k lk;ukbM vk;u nsrk gS ;|fi nksuksa gh ijek.kq C N bysDVªkWu ;qXe
iznku djus dh fLFkfr esa gksrs gSa ijUrq vkØe.k eq[;r% dkcZu ijek.kq ds }kjk gksrk gS u fd ukbVªkstu ijek.kq
ds }kjkA D;ksafd C-N vkca/k dh rqyuk esa C-C vkca/k vf/kd LFkk;h gksrk gSA AgCN eq[;r% lgla;kstd izd`fr
dk gksrk gS vr% blesa ukbVªkstu ijek.kq bysDVªku ;qXe iznku djrk gS rFkk vkblkslk;ukbM mRikn ds :i esa
curk gSA
3. xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd dk fojpu futZyh; voLFkkvksa esa djuk pkfg,] le>kb;s D;ksa\
Ans. xzhU;kj vfHkdeZd ty ds lkFk fØ;k dj fo?kfVr gks tkrk gS] blfy, bldk fojpu futZyh; voLFkkvksa esa
djuk pkfg,A
R Mg X
R – Mg – X + H2O R–H + Mg(OH)X
4. oqV~tZ vfHkfØ;k 'kq"d bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa D;ksa gksrh gSA
Ans. CH3 Br 2Na Br CH 3 CH3 – CH3+2NaBr
node06\B0BC-BD\Kota\Board Material\Chemistry\RBSE\Hindi\Important Questions of (OC)
lksfM;e /kkrq ok;q ,oa ueh ds izfr laosnu'khy gksrk gSA

4Na + O2 2Na2O
2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
vr% vfHkfØ;k dks ok;q o ueh ls nwj j[krs gq, 'kq"d bZFkj dh mifLFkfr esa djok;k tkrk gSA
5. SN1 vfHkfØ;k izkWfVd foyk;d ds i{k esa D;ksa gksrh gS\
Ans. bl vfHkfØ;k esa C-X cU/k rksM+us ds fy;s vko';d ÅtkZ gSykbM vk;u ds foyk;d;kstu ls gksrh gS tks fd
izksfVd foyk;d tSls H2O ,YdksgkWy ds izkWVksu bR;kfn ds lkFk izkIr dh tkrh gSA
198 H
RBSE
6. r`rh;d gSykbM SN2 fØ;kfof/k D;ksa iznf'kZr ugh djrs gS\
Ans. SN2 vfHkfØ;k eas ukfHkd Lusgh gSykbM vk;u ds foijhr fn'kk ls dkcZu ijek.kq ij vkØe.k djrk gSA rhu
,fYdy lewgks dh f=kfoe ck/kk ds dkj.k ukfHkd Lusgh vkØe.k ugh dj ikrk gSA
7. QhukWy vEyh; izd`fr dk gksrk gSA
Ans. QhukWy esa csthu oy; dk izR;sd ijek.kq sp2 ladfjr vkSj e– vkd"khZ gksrk gSA vkWDlhtu ijek.kq oy; es ,d
e– ;qXe nku djrk gS vkSj /kukos'k vftZr djrk gSA tksfd izksVksu vklkuh ls cukrk gSA
OH O–
H2O
+ H 3O+
QhukWDlkbM vk;u ¼l;qXeh {kkj½ vuqukn ds }kjk LFkk;h gksrk gSA

O– O O O O–
– –
8. vkWFkksZ rFkk iSjkukbVªksQhukWy] QhukWy ls vf/kd vEyh; gSA buds laxr QhukWDlkbM vk;uksa dh lajpuk nhft;s ?
Ans. ;fn QhukWy ij bysDVªkWu vkd"khZ lewg tSls -NO2 tqM+k gks rks og bysDVªkWu ds foLFkkuhdj.k ds dkj.k
QhukWDlkbM vk;u ds LFkkf;Ro esa o`f) djrk gSA ;fn bysDVªkuW vkd"khZ lewg o-rFkk p-fLFkfr;k¡ ij tqM+k gks rks
;g vf/kd izHkkoh gks tkrk gS vFkkZr~ vEyh; xq.k esa o`f) gksrh gSA
9. fØlkWy (C6H5OCH3) QhukWy dh rqyuk esa de vEyh; gksrh gS] D;ksa \
Ans. bysDVªkWu nkrk lewg tSls R-(,sfYdy)] –OR (,sYdkWDlh) NH2 (,sehu) vkfn QhukWy dh rqyuk eas QhukWDlkbM
vk;u ds LFkkf;Ro dks de dj nsrs gSaA QyLo:i bysDVªkuW &nkrk lewg ;fn QhukWy ds csathu oy; ij
mifLFkr gSa rks mldh vEyh;rk dks de dj nsrs gSaA
10. bZFkj ty esa vfoys; gksrs gSa] D;ksa\
Ans. D;ksafd ,sfYdy lewg ds cM+s vkdkj ds dkj.k bZFkj esa vkWDlhtu ijek.kq ty ds lkFk gkbMªkstu vkcU/k ugha
cuk ikrk gSA
11. bZFkj dk DoFkukad mlds leko;oh ,sYdksgkWy ls de gksrk gS] dkj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
Ans. bZFkj ,sYdksgkWy ds leko;oh gS ijUrq bZFkj ds v.kqvksa ds e/; ,sYdksgkWy ds leku gkbMªkstu cU/ku ugha ik;k
tkrk gS vr% buds v.kqvksa ds e/; laxq.ku ugha gks ikrk QyLo:i bZFkj ds DoFkukad muds leko;oh ,sYdksgkWy
ls de gksrs gSA
12. bZFkj dh ok"i'khyrk] ,sYdksgkWyksa esa vf/kd D;ksa gksrh gS \
Ans. bZFkj esa vUrjkv.kqd gkbMªkstu cU/k ugha gksrs gSa ftl dkj.k os laxqf.kr ugha gks ikrs gSa tcfd ,sYdksgkWyksa esa
vUrjkv.kqd gkbMªkstu cU/k mifLFkr gksrs gSa ftlls os laxqf.kr gks tkrs gSa vkSj vklkuh ls okf"ir ugha gksrs gSA
.:
O
.
R R
H 199
Chemistry
13. o-ukbVªksQhukWy vf/kd ok"i'khy gSA tcfd p-ukbVªksQhukWy ugha gSA D;ksa \
H
O O
N
O N O H O N O H
O
O O
o-nitrophenol
Ans. (intramolecular H-bonding)
p-nitrophenol
(intermolecular H-bonding)
o-ukbVªksQhukWy esa vUr% v.kqd H-cU/k ik;s tkus ds dkj.k ;s vf/kd ok"i'khy gksrk gSA tcfd p-ukbVªksQhukWy
vUrj v.kqd H-cU/k ds dkj.k de ok"i'khy gSA
14. Qsfuy esfFky bZFkj HI ds lkFk fØ;k dj QhukWy vkj esfFky vk;ksMkbM cukrk gSA vk;ksMks casthu vkSj esFksuksy
ughA dkj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
O–CH3 OH
+ HI + CH3I
Ans. (a) Qsfuy lewg ds dkcZu dh sp2 ladj.k voLFkk rFkk (O–C6H5) lewg ds vkaf'kd f}vkcU/k vfHky{k.k ds dkj.k
Z gksrk gSA blfy, I– vk;u dk vkØe.k O–CH3 vkcU/k
O–CH3dk vkcU/k O–C6H5 vkcU/k dh rqyuk esa nqcy
dks rksM+dj CH3I cukrk gSA
(b) CH3–O cU/k ij I– ds vkØe.k ds nkSjku csathu oy; f=foe ck/kk mRiUu djrh gS
15. ,fYMgkbM] dhVksu dh rqyuk esa ukfHkd Lusgh ds izfr D;ksa vf/kd fØ;k'khy gksrs gSA
Ans. (a) bysDVªkfW ud :i ls ,sfYMgkbM dhVksu ls T;knk fØ;k'khy gksrs gS]a D;ksafd dhVksu esa mifLFkr nks ,sfYdy
lewg dkcksZfuy lewg dh bysDVªkWujkxh izd`fr dks ,sfYMgkbM dh rqyuk esa de dj nsrs gSA
(b) f=kfoe :i ls ukfHkdjkxh ds dkcksfZ uy dkcZu rd igq¡pus esa dhVksu esa mifLFkr nks lkisf{kd cM+s izfrLFkkih
lewg ,sfYMgkbM dh vis{kk vf/kd ck/kk mRiUu djrs gSa] ftuesa dsoy ,d gh ,slk izfrLFkkih mifLFkr gksrk
gSA
16. lkbDyks gsDlsukWu vf/kd ek=kk es lkbuksgkbfMªu mRiUu djrk gS tcfd 2,2,6– VªkbZesfFky lkbDyks gsDlsuksu D;ksa
ugh djrk \
– OH
Ans. O+H–CN
CN
H3C CH3
–
O+H–CN No reaction
CH3
(a) rhuksa esfFky lewg bysDVªkuW izfrd"khZ gksrs gS rFkk ;g dkcksZfuy dkcZu ij bysDVªkWu dks ?kuRo dks c<+k
nsrs gS] vr% mldh bysDVªkLusfgrk ?kV tkrh gSA
(b) ;g rhuksa esfFky lewg] dkcksZfuy dkcZu ds C = O lewg ij ukfedLusgh vkØe.k ds izfrf=kfoe ck/kk
mRiUu djrs gSA
200 H
RBSE
17. lsehdkcsZtkbM esa nks - NH2 lewg gksrs gS fdUrq lsehdkckZtksu ds fuekZ.k es ,d gh lewg D;ksa iz;qDr gksrk gS\
Ans. C = O + H2 N NHCONH2 C = NNHCONH2 (lsehdkcsZtksu)
NH2 lewg ds ,dkdh bysDVªku ;qXe fudVre gksus ds dkj.k vkDlhtu ijek.kq ij foLFkkuhd`r gks tkrs
gS vr% ;g NH2 lewg ukfHkd Lusgh dh rjg mifLFkr ugh gks ikrk gSA
NH2 lewg vuqukn esa iz;qDr ugh gksrk tks fd ukfHkd Lusgh dh rjg lfØ; gksA
O O O–
+
H2 N–C–NHNH2 H2N = C – NHNH2 H2N – C = N – NH2
18. dkcksZfDlfyd vEy rFkk ,YdksgkWy ls ,LVj dk fuekZ.k vEyh; mRizsjd mifLFkr gksrk gSA mRikfnr ,LVj 'kh?kz
vfr 'kh?kz D;ksa gVk fn;k tkrk gS\
H+
Ans. RCO OH+H OR1 RCOOR1 + H2O
;g mRØe.kh; vfHkfØ;k gS rFkk lkE; LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA blfy, yh psVsfy;j fl)kUr ds vuqlkj vxz
vfHkfØ;k ds i{k esa ,LVj dks gVk;k tkrk gSA
19. Dyksjks ,flfVd ,flM dk pKa ,flfVd ,flM dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gS vFkok Dyksjks ,flfVd ,flM] ,flfVd
,flM dh rqyuk esa izcy vEy gSA D;ksa\
O
Ans. O
dksbZ Hkh bysDVªkWu izfrd"khZ lewg CH3, dkcksZfDlysV vk;u (–COO–) ij bysDVªkuW ?kuRo dks c<+k nsrk gSA blls
la;qXeh {kkj dk LFkkf;Ro de gks tkrk gSA blfy, H+ ljyrk ls nku ugha fd;k tkrk ldrk gSA vr% ;g
dkcksZfDlfyd ,flM ds lkeF;Z dks de dj nsrk gSA
dksbZ bysDVªkWu foLFkkih lewg tSls Cl, F, NO2 bR;kfn COO– esa bysDVªkuW ?kuRo dks nwj foLFkkfir dj nsrs gS
vkSj _.kkRed vkos'k ds foLFkkiu ds }kjk dkcksfZ DlysV vk;u dks LFkkf;Ro iznku djrs gSaA vr% ;g
dkcksZfDlfyd vEy ds lkeF;Z dks c<+k nsrk gSA
20. ,ehUl gkbMªksdkcZu dh rqyuk esa mPp DoFkukad okys ;kSfxd gSA fdUrq lerqY; v.kqHkkj okys ,sYdksgksYl dh
rqyuk esa de gksrk gSA dkj.k lfgr le>kb;sA
Ans. ,ehUl vkSj ,sYdksgksYl esa vUrj v.kqd H-cU/k dh mifLFkfr ds dkj.k budk DoFkukad lerqY; v.kqHkkj okys
gkbMªksdkcZUl ls vf/kd gksrk gSA
R R R R
N–H N–H O–H O–H
H H
H 201
Chemistry
,sYdksgksyksa dh rqyuk esa ,ehUl esa nqcy
Z H–cU/k ik;k tkrk gSA ,slk vkWDlhtu ds ukbVªkstu dh rqyuk esa
vf/kd fo|qr _.kh gksus ds dkj.k gksrk gSA blfy, lerqY; v.kqHkkj okys ,sYdksgksyksa dh rqyuk esa ,ehUl dk
DoFkukad de gksrk gSA
gkbMªksdkcZUl esa vUrjkf.od cy nqcZy okUMjoky cy gksrk gSA ftlds dkj.k gkbMªksdkcZUl dk DoFkukad ,ehUl
;k ,sYdksgksyksa dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gSA
21. leko;oh r`rh;d ,ehUl dk DoFkukad muds izkFkfed ,ehUl dh rqyuk esa D;ksa de gksrk gS\
Ans. leko;oh r`rh;d ,ehUl dk DoFkukad muds izkFkfed ,ehUl dh rqyuk esa de gksrk gSA D;ksfa d izkFkfed
,ehUl esa vUrjk.kqfod H-cU/k dh deh gksrh gSA
22. ,sfuyhu ÝhMy&Øk¶V~l vfHkfØ;k D;ksa iznf'kZr ugha djrh\
Ans. ,sfuyhu ,d yqbZl {kkj gSA ;g yqbZl vEy AlCl3 ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k djds yo.k cukrh gSA
+
:
–
NH 2 NH2AlCl3
+ AlCl3 + HCl
{
23. xzsfc;y FkSfyekbM la'ys"k.k }kjk ,sjkseSfVd izkFkfed ,ehUl D;ksa ugh cuk;s tk ldrs gS\
Ans. ,sjkseSfVd izkFkfed ,sehu bl fof/k ls ugha cukbZ tk ldrha] D;ksafd ,sfjy gSykbM FkSfyekbM ls izkIr _.kk;u
ds lkFk ukfHkdjkxh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k ugha dj ldrsA
24. ;|fi Dyksjhu ijek.kq ,d e– vkd"khZ lewg gS fQj Hkh ;g e– Lusgh ,jkseSfVd izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;kvksa esa vkWFkksaZ
vkSj iSjk funsZ'kh gksrk gSA
Ans. izsjf.kd izHkko ds dkj.k Dyksjhu bysDVªkWu vkdf"kZr djrh gS rFkk vuqukn ds dkj.k bysDVªkWu fuxZfer djrh gSA
izsj.k izHkko ds dkj.k Dyksjhu bysDVªkWujkxh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;kvksa esa cus eè;orhZ dkcksZdSVk;u dks vLFkkf;Ro
iznku djrh gSA
vuqukn ds }kjk gSykstu dkckZsdsVk;u dks LFkkf;Ro iznku djus dk iz;kl djrh gS rFkk ;g izHkko vkFkksZ& ,oa
iSjk&fLFkfr;ksa ij vfèkd izcy gksrk gSA vuqukn izHkko dh rqyuk esa izsj.k izHkko vfèkd izcy gksrk gS] vr% usV
izHkko bysDVªkuW vip;u djus dk gksrk gS ftlls fuf"Ø;.k mRiUu gksrk gSA vkWFkksZ& ,oa iSjk& fLFkfr ij
vkØe.k esa vuqukn izHkko] izsj.k izHkko ds foijhr dk;Z djrk gS] vr% vkWFkksZ& ,oa iSjk& fLFkfr ds fuf"Ø;.k dks
de djrk gSA bl izdkj vfHkfØ;k'khyrk] izcy izsj.k izHkko ds }kjk rFkk vfHkfoU;kl] vuqukn izHkko ds }kjk
fu;af=kr gksrk gSA

25. QhukWDlkbM vk;u] dkcksZfDlysV vk;u dh rqyuk esa vf/kd vuquknh lajpuk,s j[krk gS fdUrq dkcksZfDlfyd
vEy Qhuksy dh rqyuk esa D;ksa vf/kd vEyh; gSA
Ans. QhukWDlkbM vk;u dh vuquknh lajpukvksa esa _.kkos'k dk foLFkkuhdj.k O ds lkFk&lkFk csUthu oy; ds C
ijek.kq ij Hkh gksrk gSA tcfd dkcksZfDlysV vk;u dh vuquknh lajpukvksa esa _.kkos'k dk foLFkkuhdj.k dsoy
fo|qr _.kh O ijek.kqvksa ij gksrk gSA blfy, dkcksfZ DlysV vk;u dk LFkkf;Ro QhukWDlkbM ls vf/kd ik;k
tkrk gSA vr% QhukWy dh rqyuk dkcksZfDlfyd vEy vf/kd vEyh; gSA
202 H
RBSE
jklk;fud ijh{k.k }kjk dkcZfud ;qxyksa esa foHksn

1. izkFkfed] f}rh;d rFkk r`rh;d ,sYdksgkWy esa foHksn
1º 2º 3º
(i)
(1) 5
( ZnCl2 + HCl)
Y;wdkl ijh{k.k
Y;wdkl ijh{k.k vfHkfØ;k dh cyxfrdh ij vk/kkfjr gSA 3°–,sYdksgkWy rhoz xfr ls vfHkfØ;k djrk gSA
CH3 CH3
H3C–C–OH + H Cl
ZnCl2
H3C–C–Cl + H2O )
CH3 CH3
(3º )
H3C H 3C
CHOH + HCl CHCl + H2O (5 )
H3C ZnCl2 H 3C
(2º )
CH3CH2OH + HCl ZnCl2

(1º )
(ii) dkcZfud ;kSfxd $ Y;wdkl vfHkfØ;k
-1- -2-
OH
CH3CH2CH2OH CH3–CH–CH3
(1) 5
( ZnCl2 + HCl)
(2) CHl3
; (I2 + NaOH )
OH
6NaOH + 4I2 + CH3CHCH3 CHI3 + CH3COONa + 5NaI + 5H2O
( )
-2-
(iii)
(1) 5
( ZnCl2 + HCl)
C2 H5OH 1 CH3CH 2 CH 2 OH
(iv)
(1) I2 / NaOH CHI3
6NaOH + 4I2 + CH3CH2OH CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + 5H2O

( )
H 203
Chemistry
CH3CH 2 OH CH3OH
(v) (1) I2 / NaOH CHI3
(2)
OH OH OH OH
COOH + COOEt COOH COOMe
+ C 2H5OH H
; + CH3OH
II. ,YdksgkWy o fQukWy esa foHksn

OH
CH3CH2OH
(i) (1) I2 / NaOH CHI3

(2) FeCl3
OH
3–
6 + FeCl3 [Fe(C6H 5O)6] + 3Cl
( )
OH
-2-
CH 3–CH(OH)CH3
(1) FeCl3
(ii) (2) Br2 / H2O Br2
OH OH
Br Br
H3 O
+3Br2
–3HBr
Br
( )
III. ,fYdy gSykbM] ,fjy gSykbM esa foHksn

Cl
(i) (C2H5Cl)
(1) ; NaOH + AgNO3 AgCl NH3

?
C2H5Cl + NaOH (aq) C2H5OH + NaCl
NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl ('osr vo{ksi) + NaNO3
AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ Cl– (foys;)
204 H
RBSE
CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2Br
(ii) (1) ; NaOH + AgNO3 (AgCl) (AgBr)
(2) NH3 NH 3 ; NH3 ;
CH2Cl Cl
(iii)
(1) ; NaOH + AgNO3 ;
IV. ,fYMgkbM o dhVksu esa foHksn
O
CH3CHO H3C–C–CH3
(i)
(1)
CH 3CHO + 2Cu 2+ + 5OH– CH 3COO + Cu 2O ( ) + 3H 2O
(2)
CH3CHO HCHO
(1) I2/NaOH (CHI3)
(ii) 4NaOH + 3I2 + CH3CHO CHI3 + HCOONa + 3NaI + 3H2O
(2) KMnO 4/H2SO4
MnO4– / H+
CH3CHO CH 3COOH HCHO O HCOOH O H2O + CO2
( ) (CO2 )
(iii) (CH3CHO) (C6H5CHO)
(1) I 2/NaOH (CHI3)

(2) Cu2O
V. fofHkUu izdkj ds dhVksuksa esa foHksn

-2- -3-
O O
CH3–C–CH 2CH2CH3 CH3CH2–C–CH2CH3
(i)
(1) I2/NaOH (CHI 3)
O
4NaOH + 3I2 + CH3 – C – CH2CH2CH3 CHI3 + CH3CH2CH2COONa + 3NaI + 3H2O
( )
H 205
Chemistry
COCH3 O
C
(1) I2 / NaOH (CHI3)

COCH3 COONa
(ii)
4NaOH + 3I 2 + CHI3 + + 3NaI + 3H 2O
(2) NaHSO 3
O OH
– +
C–CH3 + NaHSO3 C–SO 3 Na
CH3
(VI) fofHkUu dkcksZfDlfyd vEy esa foHksn
(HCOOH) (CH3COOH)
(1) (Ag)
+
HCOOH + [Ag(NH3) 2] + 2OH CO 2 + Ag + 2H2O + 2NH 3
(VII) fQukWy o dkcksZfDlfyd vEy esa foHksn

( ) ( )
OH COOH
(1) FeCl3
(2) ; NaHCO3 CO2
C6H 5COOH + NaHCO3 C6H 5COONa + CO 2 + H2O
(VIII) izkFkfed@f}rh;d@r`rh;d ,ehu esa foHksn
1°- 2°- 3°-

NaOH NaOH
C6H5SO2Cl ; ;
+
SO2 N Na
SO 2 Cl + H HNCH 3 –HCl
SO 2 NHCH 3 a CH 3
OH –
;
CH3 CH3
– HCl NaOH
N H + Cl SO2 OH –
SO 2 – N
CH3 CH3
( ;)
206 H
RBSE
, ,
(CH3NH2) (CH3NHCH3)
(1)
C6H5SO2Cl (NaOH ;) NaOH ;
(2) CHCl3 + KOH(alc.)
CH3NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH CH3N+ C– + 3KCl + 3H2O
NH2 NHCH3
N- ,
(1) NaOH NaOH

(C6H5SO2Cl) ; ;
–
OH
C6H5SO2Cl + H2NC6H5 C6H5SO2 NHC6H5 NaOH
C6H5SO2 N – Na
C 6H 5
(2) CHCl3 + KOH (alc)
NH2 N C
+ CHCl 3 + 3KOH + 3KCl + 3H 2O
(IX) ,fyQSfVd o ,jkseSfVd ,ehu esa foHksn
NH 2
(i) , (CH3NH2)
(1) Br2/H2O ; Br2
NH2
NH2
Br Br
+ 3Br2 (aq) + 3HBr
Br ( )
(X) dhVksu o dkcksZfDlfyd vEy esa foHksn

CH3COCH3 CH3COOH
(i)
(1) l2/NaOH (CHI3)
4NaOH + 3l2 + CH3COCH 3 CHI3 + CH 3COONa + 3Nal + 3H2O
(2) Add NaHCO3 CO2
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
H 207
Chemistry
(XI) ,lhVSfYMgkbM vkSj ,flfVd vEy esa foHksn%&
(i) CH3CHO CH3COOH
(1) Cu2O
(2) (Ag)
(3) NaHCO3 CO2
(XII) lkbDyksgSfDlyvehu vkSj ,uhyhu esa foHksn%&
(i) NH2 NH2

( )
,
(1) NaNO 2 HCl { N2 ,
208 H
RBSE
oSKkfudksa ds uke ij vk/kkfjr vfHkfØ;k,¡

1. fQadsYlVhu vfHkfØ;k
R – X + NaI R – I + NaX
(X = Cl, Br)
2. LokVZlz vfHkfØ;k
H3C – X + AgF H3C – F + AgX
(X = Cl, Br)
3. oqVZt vfHkfØ;k%
'k"qd bFZkj
CH 3Br 2Na BrCH 3 CH 3 CH 3 2NaBr
Bromomethane Ethane
'kq"d bFZkj
C 2 H 5 Br 2Na BrC 2 H5 C2 H5 C2 H5
Bromoethane n Butane
4. oqVZt fQfVax vfHkfØ;k%
X R
Ether
+ Na + RX + Na X
5. fQfVax vfHkfØ;k%
X
Ether
2 + Na + 2NaX
6. fÝMy Øk¶V ,Ydyhdj.k vfHkfØ;k%
CH3
AlCl3
+ CH3Cl + HCl
Toluene
C 2H 5
AlCl3
+ C2H5Cl + HCl
Ethylbenzene
Cl Cl Cl
CH3
AlCl3
+ CH3Cl
1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene
CH3
(Minor)
1-Chloro-4-methylbenzene
(Major)
OCH 3 OCH3 OCH3

CH3
AlCl3
+ CH3Cl CS 2 +
2-Methoxytoluene CH3
(Minor)
4-Methoxytoluene
(Major)
H 209
Chemistry
7. fÝMy Øk¶V ,flyhdj.k vfHkfØ;k%
COCH3
AlCl 3
+ CH3COCl + HCl
Acetylchloride Acetophenone
COCH3
AlCl 3
+ (CH3CO)2O + CH3COOH
Acetic anhydride
Cl Cl O Cl
O
AlCl 3 CH3
+ H3C–C–Cl +
Chlorobenzene 2-Chloroacetophenone
(Minor) O CH3
4-Chloroacetophenone
(Major)
OCH3 OCH3 OCH3

COCH3
AlCl 3
+ CH3COCl +
Anisole Ethanoyl 2-Methoxy-
chloride COCH 3
acetophenone
4-Methoxy-
(Minor)
acetophenone
(Major)
8. jkbej&VheSu vfHkfØ;k%
– + – +
OH O Na O Na OH
CHCl2 CHO CHO
CHCl3 + ; NaOH NaOH H
+
/;
9. dksYcs vfHkfØ;k%
OH ONa OH
COOH
NaOH (i) CO2

(ii) H +
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
(Salicylic acid)
10. jkstueq.M vip;u%
O
C CHO
Cl H2
Pd – BaSO4
Benzoyl chloride Benzaldehyde
210 H
RBSE
11. LVhQu vfHkfØ;k%
H3 O
RCN SnCl2 HCl RCH NH RCHO
12. bZVkMZ vfHkfØ;k%

CH3 CH(OCrOHCl2)2 CHO
CS2 H3O+
+ CrO2Cl2
Toluene Chromium complex Benzaldehyde

13. xkVjeku&dksp vfHkfØ;k%
CHO
CO, HCl
AlCl 3/CuCl
Benzene Benzaldehyde
14. DyhesUlu vfHkfØ;k%
Zn-Hg
C=O CH2 + H2O
HCl
15. oksYQ fd'uj vfHkfØ;k%
NH2NH2 KOH/ethylene glycol
C=O C=NNH2 CH2 + N2
–H2O heat
Alkane
16. VkWysu ijh{k.k%
RCHO 2[Ag(NH 3 ) 2 ] 3O H RCO O 2Ag 2H 2 O 4NH 3

jtr
niZ.k
17. Qsgfyax ijh{k.k%
Qsgfyax vfHkdeZd esa nks foy;u Qsgfyax foy;u A o Qsgfyax foy;u B gksrs gSaA Qsgfyax foy;u A tyh;
dkWij lYQsV rFkk Qsgfyax foy;u B lksfM;e iksVSf'k;e VkVsZV (jks'ksy yo.k) gksrk gSA ijh{k.k ls iwoZ nksuksa
foy;u leku ek=kk esa feyk;s tkrs gSaA
tc ,sfYMgkbM dks Qsgfyax foy;u ds lkFk xeZ djrs gSa rks yky&Hkwjk vo{ksi izkIr gksrk gS rFkk ,sfYMgkbM
laxr dkcksZfDlysV _.kk;u esa vkWDlhd`r gks tkrs gSaA
,sjkseSfVd ,sfYMgkbM bl ijh{k.k ds izfr izfrfØ;k ugha n'kkZrs gSaA
R CHO 2Cu 2 5O H RCO O Cu 2O 3H 2 O

dkckZsfDlyVs yky Hkjwk
vk;u vo{kis
18. ,sYMksy vfHkfØ;k%
,sfYMgkbM o dhVksu -gkbMªkstu dh vEyrk ds dkj.k dbZ vfHkfØ;k,¡ nsrs gSaA dkcksZfud ;kSfxdksa ds
-gkbMªkstu ijek.kqvksa dh vEyrk dkcksZfuy lewg ds bysDVªkuW vip;u dj ysus ([khap ysus) ds izcy izHkko
rFkk la;qXeh {kkj ds vuqukn }kjk LFkkf;Ro izkIr dj ysus ds dkj.k gksrh gSA
H 211
Chemistry
(i) ,sYMksy la?kuu :
ftu ,sfYMgkbMksa o dhVksuksa ls de&ls&de ,d gkbMªkstu fo|eku gksrk gS os ruq {kkj mRizsjd dh mifLFkfr
esa vfHkfØ;k }kjk Øe'k% -gkbMªkWDlh ,fYMgkbM (,sYMksy) vFkok -gkbMªkWDlh dhVksu (dhVksy) iznku djrs gSaA
;g vfHkfØ;k ,YMksy la?kuu vfHkfØ;k dgykrh gSA
NaOH
2 CH–CHO
3 CH–CH–CH–CHO
3 2 CH–CH=CH–CHO
3
Ethanal –HO
2 But-2-enal
OH ( )
( )
3-Hydroxybutanal
CH3 CH3
Ba(OH)2
2CH3–CO–CH3 CH3–C–CH2CO–CH3 CH3–C=CH–CO–CH3
–H2O
Propanone OH
( ) 4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one
4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentan-2-one ( )
(ii) ØkWl ,sYMksy la?kuu:
tc nks fHkUu&fHkUu ,sfYMgkbM vkSj@;k dhVksu ds e/; ,sYMksy la?kuu gksrk gS rks bl vfHkfØ;k dks ØkWl
,sYMksy la?kuu dgrs gSaA ;fn izR;sd esa -gkbMªkstu gks rks ;s pkj mRiknksa dk feJ.k nsrs gSaA bls uhps ,FksuSy
o izksisuy
S ds feJ.k dh ,sYMksy la?kuu vfHkfØ;k }kjk le>k;k x;k gSA
CH3CHO 1. NaOH CH3–CH=CH–CHO + CH3CH2–CH=C–CHO
+ 2. But-2-enal
CH3CH2CHO CH3
CH3–CH=C–CHO + CH3CH2–CH=CHCHO
CH3
2-Methylbut-2-enal Pent-2-enal
19. dSfutkjks vfHkfØ;k%
,sfYMkgbM ftuesa -gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ugha gksrs lkUnz {kkj dh mifLFkfr esa LovkWDlhdj.k o vip;u
(vlekuqikr) dh vfHkfØ;k,¡ iznf'kZr djrs gSaA bl vfHkfØ;k ds nkSjku ,d ,sfYMgkbM dk v.kq ,sYdksgkWy esa
vipf;r gksrk gS tcfd nwljk v.kq dkcksZfDlfyd vEy ds yo.k esa vkWDlhd`r gks tkrk gSA
H O
H H
C=O + C=O + Conc. KOH H–C–OH + H–C
H H OK
H
Methanol Potassium formate
2 CHO + Conc. NaOH CH2OH + COONa
Benzaldehyde Benzyl alcohol Sodium benzoate

20. dksYcs fo|qr vi?kVu
Electrolysis
2CH 3COO Na 2H 2O CH 3 – CH3 2CO 2 H 2 2NaOH
Sodium acetate
212 H
RBSE
21. gSy&oksykMZ&tsfyaLdh (HVZ ) vfHkfØ;k
(i) X /Red phosphorus
R–CH2–COOH (ii) H2 O R–CH–COOH
2
X
X = Cl, Br
–Halocarboxylic acid
22. xSfcz,y FkSfyekbM la'ys"k.k
O O O
C KOH C – R–X C
N–H NK+ N–R
C C C
O O O
Phthalimide N-Alkylphthalimide
O
O
C –
NaOH(aq) C ONa+
N–R – + R – NH2
C ONa+ (1° amine)
C
O
O
23. gkWQeku czksesekbM vfHkfØ;k
O
R–C–NH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH R–NH2 + Na 2CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H 2O
24. dkfcZy ,sehu vfHkfØ;k
Heat
R NH 2 CHCl3 3KOH R NC 3KCl 3H 2O
25. fgUlcxZ ijh{k.k
O O
(i)
S–Cl + H–N–C2H5 S–N–C 2H5 + HCl
O H O H
N-Ethylbenzenesulphonamide
(soluble in alkali)
O O
(ii) (insoluble in alkali)
S–Cl + H–N–C2H5 H 3C S–N–C2H5 + HCl
O C2 H 5 O C2H5
N,N-Diethylbenzenesulphonamide
(iii) r`rh;d ,ehu csUthu lYQksfuy DyksjkbM ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k iznf'kZr ugha djrk gSA
26. ;qXeu vfHkfØ;k %
–
+ – OH –
N N Cl + H OH N=N OH + Cl + H2O
p-Hydroxyazobenzene (orange dye)

p-Hydroxyazobenzene (ukjaxh jatd)
–
+ – OH
N N Cl + H NH2 N=N NH2 + Cl– + H2O
p-Aminoazobenzene
(yellow dye)
p-Aminoazobenzene (ihyk jatd)
H 213
Chemistry
egRoiw.kZ fØ;kfof/k;k¡
1. SN1 & SN2 dh fØ;kfof/k:
Ans. (a) f}v.kqd ukfHkdjkxh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k (SN2)
bl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k esa vfHkfØ;k dk osx nksuksa vfHkfØ;dksa dh lkUnzrk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA CH3Cl rFkk
gkbMªkWDlkbM vk;u tc vkil esa fØ;k djrs gSa rks esFksukWy ,oa DyksjkbM vk;u izkIr gksrk gSA vr% ;gk¡
vfHkfØ;k dk osx CH3Cl rFkk gkbMªkDW lkbM vk;u nksuksa dh lkUnzrk ij fuHkZj djrk gS ,oa vfHkfØ;k f}rh;
dksfV cyxfrdh dk vuqlj.k djrh gS vFkkZr~
vfHkfØ;k dh nj = k.[CH3Cl][OH–]
H H
– H
– Slow Fast H
OH + C Cl HO C Cl Cl + HO C
H H H
H H
(b) ,dkf.od ukfHkdjkxh izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k (SN1)

bl izdkj dh vfHkfØ;k esa vfHkfØ;k dk osx dsoy ,sfYdy gSykbM dh lkUnzrk ij fuHkZj djrk gS vFkkZr~
vfHkfØ;k dh nj = k[RX]
r`rh;d gSykbM SN1 fØ;kfof/k ds }kjk vfHkfØ;k djrs gSaA SN1 vfHkfØ;k,¡ lkekU;r% /kqzoh; izksfVd foyk;dksa
tSls&ty] ,sYdksgkWy] ,slhfVd ,sflM vkfn esa lEiUu gksrh gSaA
tc r`rh;d C;wfVy czksekbM dh fØ;k gkbMªkWDlkbM vk;u ds lkFk djkbZ tkrh gS rks r`rh;d C;wfVy ,sYdksgkWy
izkIr gksrk gSA
;g vfHkfØ;k izFke dksfV dh cyxfrdh dh vuqlj.k djrh gS vFkkZr~ vfHkfØ;k dk osx r`rh;d C;wfVy czksekbM
dh lkUnzrk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
(CH3)3CBr + –OH (CH3)3COH + Br–
2-czkseks-2- esfFky izksisu 2-esfFky izksisu-2-vkWy
mi;qZDr vfHkfØ;k nks pj.kksa esa lEiUu gksrh gSA
izFke pj.k% blesa /kqzoh; C—Br dk /khek fonyu gksrk gS ftlds QyLo:i ,d dkcksZdSVk;u rFkk ,d czksekbM
vk;u izkIr gksrk gSA
f}rh; pj.k% bl pj.k esa dkcksZdSVk;u ij ukfHkdjkxh vkØe.k djrk gS rFkk izfrLFkkiu vfHkfØ;k iw.kZ gksdj
mRikn r`rh;d ,sYdksgkWy izkIr gksrk gSA
CH3
Step I
(CH3)3CBr H 3C CH3 + Br
Slow
CH3
H 3C CH3 Step II
+ –OH (CH3)3COH
Fast
214 H
RBSE
pj.k I lcls /khek rFkk mRØe.kh; gksrk gS blesa C–Br vkcU/k dk fonyu gksrk gS ftlds fy, ÅtkZ izksfVd
foyk;dksa ds izksVkWu }kjk gSykbM vk;u ds foyk;d ;kstu ls izkIr gksrk gSA pw¡fd vfHkfØ;k dh nj lcls /khes
pj.k ij fuHkZj djrh gS] bl dkj.k vfHkfØ;k dk osx dsoy ,sfYdy gSykbM vFkkZr~ mi;qZDr vfHkfØ;k esa
r`rh;d czksekbM dh lkUnzrk ij fuHkZj djrk gS] u fd gkbMªkWDlkbM vk;u dh lkUnzrk ijA
2. ,fYdu ls ,YdksgkWy cukus dh fØ;kfof/k:
+
H vFkok CH2=CH2 + H2O CH3–CH2–OH
C=C + H 2O C C
H OH
vFkok
+
H
CH3CH = CH2 + H2O CH 3—CH —CH 3
—
OH
Ans. vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k ds fuEu rhu pj.k gS%
pj.k 1: H3O+ ds bysDVªkWujkxh vkØe.k ds }kjk ,sYdhuksa dh izksVkWuu ds dkcksZdSVk;u curs gSaA
H2O + H+ H3O+ (gkbMªksfu;e vk;u)
H H
— :
— —
+
: :
+
C=C + H— O — H —C—C + H2O
pj.k 2: dkcksZdSVk;u ij ukfHkd Lusgh ty dk vkØe.kA

H H H
— —
— —
— —
—
+ +
: :
—C—C + H2O —C—C—O —H
pj.k 3: foizksVksuhdj.k }kjk ,Ydksgksy dk fuekZ.kA

:: — —
H H H OH
— —
— —
— —
—
—C—C—O+ —H —C—C— + H3O+

: :
+ H2O
3. ,FksukWy ls ,Fkhu cukus dh fØ;kfof/k%

Ans. vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k ds fuEu rhu pj.k gS %
pj.k 1: izkVs ksuhd`r ,sYdksgkWy dk fuekZ.k
H H H H H
+ +
H—C—C—O—H + H H—C—C—O —H
H H H H
,
( )
pj.k 2: dkcksZdsVk;u dk fuekZ.k : ;g ,d /khek in gS] tks fd vfHkfØ;k dk fu/kkZjd in gSA
H H H H H
+ +
H—C—C—O —H H—C—C +H2O
:
H H H H
H 215
Chemistry
pj.k 3: izkVs ksu ds foyksiu }kjk ,Fkhu dk fuekZ.kA
H H H—
+
H +
H—C—C — C=C +H
H H
H H
izFke in esa dke fy;k x;k vEy rhljs in esa foeqDr gksrk gSA lkE; nka;h vksj pyrk gSA ,Fkhu curs gh
i`Fkd gks tkrh gSA
4. 3-esfFky C;wVsu-2-vkWy dh HBr ds lkFk vfHkfØ;k %
Br
HBr
CH3–CH–CH–CH 3 CH3–C–CH2–CH3
CH3 OH CH3
vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k crkb;sA
Ans. vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k ds fuEu pj.k gS%
pj.k 1: izkVs huhdj.k &
+
H
CH3–CH–CH–CH3 CH3–CH–CH–CH3
CH3 OH CH3 OH2
+
3-Methylbutan-2-ol
pj.k 2: ty ds v.kq ds fu"dklu ¼foyksiu½ }kjk 2° dkcksd
Z sVk;u dk fuekZ.k
+
CH3–CH–CH–CH3 –H2O
CH3–CH–CH–CH3
+
CH3 O H2 CH3
2°Carbocation
pj.k 3: gkbMªkbM vk;u ds foLFkkiu }kjk iqufoZU;kl
H
+ 12-hydride shilt +
CH3–C–CH–CH3 CH3–C–CH2–CH3
CH3 CH3
3°Carbocation
(more stable)
pj.k 4: ukfHkd Lusgh dk vkØe.k
Br
+ —
CH3–C–CH2–CH3 Br CH3–C–CH2–CH3
CH3 CH3
2-Bromo-2-methylbutane
5. ,sFksuksy ls ,FkksDlh ,Fksu cukus dh fØ;kfof/k% 2C2H5OH C2H5OC2H5

Ans. vfHkfØ;k dh fØ;kfof/k ds fuEu rhu pj.k gS%

H
+
pj.k (i): CH3—CH2—O—H H
: :
: :
+
CH3—CH2—O —H
H +
+
pj.k (ii): CH3CH2 —O: + CH3 —CH2—O CH3—CH2—O—CH2CH3 + H2O
:
H H
H
+
pj.k (iii): CH3CH2— O —CH2CH3 CH3CH2—O—CH2CH3+H+
H
216 H

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CHEMISTRY

03. jklk;fud cyxfrdh 39 - 61

04. d rFkk f CykWd ds rRo 62 - 77

05. milgla;kstd ;kSfxd 78 - 100

06. gSyks,Ydsu rFkk gSyks,jhu 101 - 123

07. ,YdksgkWy] QhukWy rFkk bZFkj 124 - 144

08. ,sfYMgkbM+ rFkk dhVksu 145 - 163

09. ,ehu 164 - 175

10. tSov.kq 176 - 197

11. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ds egRoiw.kZ iz'u 198 - 216

CHEMISTRY (Code No. 043)

CLASS XII (2023 - 24)

Ø-la- fooj.k iw.kkZad

Chapter–1. foy;u (Solutions) :-

dkcksZgkbMsV] izksVhu] ,Utkbe] foVkfeu] U;wfDyd vEy] gkeksZuA

eksyyrk (Molality) (m)

eksy izHkkt (Mole Fraction)

foys; dk eksy izHkkt XB =

O;qRØe ijklj.k (Reverse Osmosis)

• 'i' dh x.kuk : ekuk foys; AxBy ¼fo|qr vi?kV~;½ gSA

• izcy fo|qr vi?kV~;ksa ds fy, =1 or 100% rc i n

Ex. K4[Fe(CN)6] i =5 for = 100%

la;kstu ds i'pkr~ (1– )

foys; ds d.kksa dh dqy la[;k = 1 mol

izsf{kr v.kqla[;d xq.k/keZ foys; ds izsf{kr d.kksa dh la[;k 1

EXERCISE-1 RBSE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

2. fuEufyf[kr izR;sd foy;u dh eksyjrk dh x.kuk dhft,&

(b) 30 mL 0.5 M-H2SO4 dks 500 mL ruq djus ijA

Ans. eksyjrk fuEu }kjk nh tk;sxh %

(a) Co (NO3)2.6H2O dk eksyj nzO;eku

= 58.7 + 2 (14 + 48) + 6 × 18 = 291 g mol–1

foy;u dk vk;ru = 4.3 L

foys; dk v.kq Hkkj

foys; dk Hkkj = eksyksa dh la[;k × eksyj æO;eku = 0.25 × 60

Ans. H2S dh foy;rk = 0.195 m

vFkkZr~ foys; ds eksy nB = 1000 g

STP ij nkc (pH2S ) = 0.987 bar

vr% gsujh ds fu;kuqlkj]

gsujh dk fu;rkad = 282 bar

wA = 850 g MA ¼ty½ = 18g mol–1

vr% ok"i nkc dk vkisf{kd voueu = 0.017

0.37 K 0.342 kg mol 1 500g

R = 0.083 bar L K–1 mol–1

foy;u dk vk;ru 1 L, gS blfy, foy;u dh lkUærk 0.061 M gksxhA

vr% CaCl2 dh vko';d ek=kk 3.42 g gSA

EXERCISE-2 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

12. ,d vkn'kZ foy;u ds }kjk dkSulh fLFkfr lUrq"V ugha gksrh gS

13. fuEu esa ls dkSu ,d vkn'kZ foy;u ugha cukrs gSa&

21. ijklj.k esa ifj.kkeh izokg gksrk gS &

EXERCISE-3 PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS

(R = 0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1) (RBSE 2022)

Ans. = CRT C = 0.01M

10. fLFkjDokFkh feJ.k dh ifjHkk"kk fyf[k,A (RBSE 2019)

(R = 0.0821 ok;qe.My yhVj K–1 mol–1) (RBSE 2019)

Ans. C = 0.05, T = 300 K, R = 0.0821 atm LK–1 mol–1

jksd nsA ijklj.k nkc dgykrk gSA

tkrh gSA ftlds QyLo:i foys;rk esa deh vkrh gSA

CHAPTER-2 : oS|qr jlk;u

mnkgj.k % Msfu;y lSy

dSFkksM+ ij : Cu+2(aq.) + 2e– Cu(s)

osx ds yxHkx leku gksA

ij /kkrq bysDVªkWM rFkk blds vk;uksa ds foy;u ds eè; mRiUu

dSFkksM ds leku O;ogkj djus ij 2H+ + 2e– H2(g)

¼c½ mPPk n{krk