Functions and Relations

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 I. INTRODUCTION

Hello dear learner! Have you ever asked yourself how the steepness of the mountain
affects the speed of a mountaineer? How does the family’s power consumption? How is the
grade of a student affected by the number of hours spent in studying?

In the end of this module you will be able to describe and illustrate the rectangular
coordinate system, define relation and function, define linear function, illustrate a relation
and function, determine if a given function using ordered pairs, graphs, and equation.

This module will also help you to determine and interpret linear graph on your future
work and to manage different aspects of life such as salary, consumptions and the like.
Understanding this lesson is a great help also in minimizing cost or maximizing profit on
your business.

You can finish this module with ease as you enjoy answering every activity. Good
luck and enjoy this module.

Rectangular Relation and Function

Coordinate System

Representations of Domain and Range Linear Function

Relations and functions

Mapping Ordered Domain and

Diagram Pairs Range

Table Equations/ Slope and

Formula Intercept

Graphs Applications

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 PRE-TEST

Direction: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter that corresponds to your answer.

____1. What is the rectangular coordinate system?

a. It is used for naming points on a plane.
b. It is a plane used for graphing linear function.
c. It is used to determine the location of a point by using a single number.
d. It is a two-dimensional plane which divided by the axes into four regions called
quadrants

Use the graph below, to answer the items from 2-3.

y

 B  A

 C x

 D
E

____2. What is the coordinates of point D?

a. (4,-2) b. (3,5) c. (2,3) d. (4,4)

____3. In which quadrant does point E belongs?

a. Quadrant I b. Quadrant II
c. Quadrant III d. Quadrant IV

____4. Which of the following set of ordered pairs does NOT define a function?
a. (3,2) (-3,6) (3,-2) (-3,-6)
b. (1,2) (2,6) (3,-2) (4,-6)
c. (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,-9)
d. (4,4) (-3,4) 94,-4) (-3,-4)

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____5. Some ordered pairs for a linear function of x are given in the table below.

x 1 3 5 7 9
y -1 5 11 17 23
Which of the following equations was used to generate the table above?
a. y=3x-4 b. y=-3x+4
c. y=3x+4 d. y=-3x+4
B
___6. Which line in the right figure is the steepest?
a. line A
b. line B
A
c. line C
d. line D C

___7. Which line has negative slope of the line? D

a. line A
b. line B
c. line C
d. line D

___8. Which line has 0 as slope of the line?

a. line A
b. line B
c. line C
d. line D

___9. What is the slope of the line in 2x + 2y = 12

a. 1 b. 2 c. ½ d. ¼

___10. The slope of the line determines the ____________.

a. movement of the line b. steep of the line
c. location of the line d. number of the line

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II. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

LESSON Rectangular
Coordinate System

What to know?
Hey, before we start this module, let us review the lesson on “Set”.
As you go through this part, keep on thinking about this question:
How can the Rectangular Coordinate System be used in real life?

RECALLING SETS

Description: This activity will help you recall the concept of sets and the basic operations on
sets.
Direction: Let A= {red, blue, orange}, B={red, violet, white} and C={black, blue}. Find the
following.
1. A U B
2. A Ո B
3. A U B U C

Have you encountered difficulty in this lesson? If yes, what is it?

BOWOWOW!

Description: This activity is in the form of a game which will help you recall the concept of
number line.
Direction: Do as directed.
1. Group yourselves into 9 or 10 members.
2. Form a line facing your classmates.
3. Assign integers which are arranged from least to greatest to each group
member from left to right
4. Assign zero to the group member at the middle
5. Recite the number assigned to you.
6. Bow as you recite and when the last number is done reciting, all of you bow
together and say Bowowow!

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 1. What is the number line composed of?
2. Where is zero found on the number line?
3. What integer can be seen in the left side of zero? What about on the
right side of zero?
4. Can you draw a number line?

IRF WORKSHEET
Description: Below is the IRF worksheet in which you will give your present knowledge
about the concept
Direction : Write in the second column your initial answer to the questions provided in the
first column.
Questions Initial Answer Revised Answer Final Answer
1. What is a rectangular
coordinate system?

2. What are the

different parts of the
rectangular coordinate
system?

3. How are points

plotted on the Cartesian
plane?

4. How can rectangular

coordinate system be
used in real life?

You just tried answering the initial column of the IRF Sheet. The next section will enable you
to understand what a Rectangular Coordinate System is all about and do a CoordinArt to
demonstrate your understanding. Congratulations!

Your goal in this section is to learn and understand the

Key concepts of Rectangular Coordinate System.

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Rectangular Coordinate System is introduced using concept of
sets. You have learned the binary operation of sets: union and
intersection. Recall that A U B and A Ո B are defined as follows:

A U B = { x l x c A or x c B}

A Ո B= { x l x c A or x c B}

The product set or Cartesian product of nonempty sets A and B, written as A x B and read
as “A cross B” is the set of all ordered pairs (a,b) such that a c A and b c B.

Illustrative Examples

Let A = { 2,3,5 } and B={ 0,5 } find a) A x B; b) B x A.

Solution
A x B = { (2,0) (2,5) (3,0) (3,5) (5,0) (5,5) }
B x A = { (0,2) (5,2) (0,3) (5,3) (0,5) (5,5) }

The cardinality of set A is 3, symbolized as n(A) = 3. The cardinality of a set is the

number of elements in the set. The cardinality of A x B, written as n(A x B)=, can be
determined by multiplying the cardinality of A and the cardinality of B. That is,
n(A x B) = n(A)  n(B)

Illustrative Examples:

Let A = { 2,3,5 } and B={ 0,5 }. Find (a) n(AxB); and (b) n(BxA)

Questions: Solution:
Is n(AxB)=n(BxA)?
Why? n(AxB)= 32 = 6
n(BxA)= 23 = 6

Answer to the Question:

Yes, n(AxB) = n(BxA)

It is because n(AxB) = n(BxA) implies n(A)  n(B) = n(B)  n(A), and it holds by
Multiplication Property of Equality.

What can you conclude?

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State your conclusion by completing the statements below using the correct relation symbol =
or ≠.

For any nonempty sets A and B,

1. n(AxB) ___n(BxA)
2. AxB___BxA
Exercise 1
Given that A=(4,7,8) and B=(5,6), find the following.
1. AxB 3. n(AxB)
2. BxA 4. n(BxA)

Let R be the set of real numbers the xy-plane or Cartesian plane in honor of the
French mathematician Rene Descartes (15-96-1650), who is known as the “Father of Modern
Mathematics”

The Cartesian Plane is composed of two perpendicular

number lines that meet at the point of origin (0,0) and divide
the plane into four regions called quadrant.

It is composed of infinitely many points. Each point in

the coordinate system is defined by an ordered pair of the
form (x,y) where x and y ∈ R. The first coordinate of a point is
called x-coordinate or absciss and the second coordinate is
called y-coordinate or ordinate.

We call (x,y) an ordered pair because it is different from

(y,x). The horizontal and vertical lines, typically called the x-axis and y-axis, respectively,
intersect at the point of origin whose coordinate are (0,0). The signs of the first and second
coordinates of a point vary in the four quadrants as indicated below.

Quadrant I x>0, or x is positive y>0, or y is positive or (+,+)

Quadrant II x<0, or x is negative y>0, or y is positive or (-,+)
Quadrant III x<0, or x is negative y<0, or y is negative or (-,-)
Quadrant IV x>0, or x is positive y<0, or y is positive or(+,-)

There are also points which lie in thex- and y-axes. The points which lie in the x-axis
have coordinate (x,0) and the points which lie in the y-axis have coordinates (0,y), where x
and y are real numbers.

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Illustrated below is a Cartesian plane.
y axis

Quadrant II Quadrant I

origin
x axis


Quadrant III Quadrant IV

How do you think can we apply this in real life? Let’s try the next activity

Example
Suppose Maria and Clara belong to a class with the following seating arrangement.

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
R5

R4

R3 Maria

R2 Clara

R1

Teacher’s Table

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Questions:
1. Using ordered pair, how do we describe Maria’s seat? How about Clara’s seat?
2. Using ordered pair, how do we locate the seat of any classmate of Maria and Clara?
3. Can we make a set of ordered pairs? If yes, state so.

Solutions:
1. Maria’s seat is at the intersection of column 2 and row 3. Clara’s seat is at the
intersection of column 4 and row 2. In symbol, we can write (2,3) and (4,2),
respectively, if we take the column as x-axis and the row as y-axis.
2. We locate the seat of Maria’s and Clara’s classmate by using column and row. We
can use ordered pair (column number, row number) to locate.
3. Here is the set of ordered pairs:
(C1,R1) (C2,R1) (C3,R1) (C4,R1) (C5,R1)
(C1,R2) (C2,R2) (C3,R2) (C4,R2) (C5,R2)
(C1,R3) (C2,R3) (C3,R3) (C4,R3) (C5,R3)
(C1,R4) (C2,R4) (C3,R4) (C4,R4) (C5,R4)
(C1,R5) (C2,R5) (C3,R5) (C4,R5) (C5,R5)

LOCATE YOUR CLASSMATE!

Description: This activity will enable you to locate the seat of classmate in your classroom
using ordered pairs. This can be done by groups of five members each.
Direction : Locate your seat and the seat of your classmates in the room. Complete the table
below.

Name Location

How do you locate the seat of your classmate in the classroom?

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 GRAPH
AND
CONNECT

Description: In this activity, you have to graph every ordered pairs and connect them to form
a hidden or mystery figure.
Direction : Graph the following ordered pairs in the Cartesian plane then connect them.

A (1,1) B(4,8) C(10,4)

Which quadrant is the three points located?

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 Representations of
LESSON Relations and functions

What to know?
Let’s start this lesson by looking at the relationship between two
things or quantities. As you go through, keep on thinking about this
question: How are the quantities related to each other?

CLASSIFY!

Description: This activity will enable you to write ordered pairs. Out of this activity, you can
described the relation of an object to its common name.
Direction: Group the following objects in such a way that they have common property/
characteristics

Fork Liquid eraser Grater

Pencil Knife iPod
Laptop Ballpen Pot
Digital camera Tablet Cellphone
Ladle Notebook paper

Kitchen Utensils School Supplies Gadgets

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Form some ordered pair using the format: (Object, Common NAME)
1. Column 1
2. Column 2
3. Column 3

A relation is any set of ordered pairs. The set of all first coordinates is called the domain of
the relation. The set of all second coordinate is called the range of the relation.

Illustrative Example
Suppose you are working in a fast food company. You earn Php 40 per hour. Your
earnings are related to the number of hours of work.

Questions:
1. How much will you earn if you work 4 hours a day? How about 5 hours? 6 hours?
2. Express each in an ordered pair.
3. Based on your answer in item 2, what is the domain? What is the range?

Solutions:
1.The earning depends on the number of hours worked. An amount of Php 160 is
earned for working 4 hours, Php 200 for 5 hours and Php 240 for 6 hours.
2. (4, 160) (5, 200) (6,240)
3. The domains of the relation is (4,5,6) and the range of the relation is (160,200,240)

Representations of Relations
Aside from ordered pair, a relation may be represented in four other ways: 1. Table, 2.
Mapping diagram, 3. Graph, 4. Rule

Table
The table describes clearly the behaviour of the value of y as the value of x changes.
Tables can be generated based on the graph. Below is an example of a table of values
presented horizontaly.
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -4 -2 0 2 4

Mapping Diagram
Subsequently, a relation can be described by
using a diagram as shown on the right. In this
example, -9 is mapped to 1, -5 to 5, 1 to 8, 7 to 1 and
7 to 4.

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Graph
At the right is an example of a graphical
representation of a relation. It illustrates the
relationship of the values of x and y.

Rule
Using an equation to represent any set such
as y=3x+5 or 2x+5y=15.

Exercise 1
Determine the domain and the range of the relation given the set of ordered pairs.
1. (0,1) (1,2)(2,3)(3,4)
2. (0,0)(-1,2)(-2,3)(-3,4)
3. (5,5)(6,6)(7,7)(8,8)

Exercise 2
Determine the domain and range of each mapping.

Exercise 3
Determine the domain and the range of the table of values
1 x -2 -1 0 1 2
y -4 -2 0 2 4

2.
x -3 -2 1 0 1
y -5 -4 -3 -2 -4

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 Hello learner! You already finished this module. Let us remember all the topics
you’ve learned on this module. On the first lesson, the rectangular coordinate system, you’ve
learned that the Cartesian plane which Rene Descartes presented years ago is a great help.
The rectangular coordinate system or so called “Cartesian Plane” is two number lined
intersected perpendicularly at exactly one point called origin. It is also divided a plane into
four regions which is called as quadrants. Every quadrant has its own sign of the ordered pair
like quadrant I x-axis and y-axis are both positive, Quadrant to x is negative and y is positive,
in Quadrant III both x and y axes are negative while Quadrant IV x is positive and y is
negative.

There are also different ways to represent a relation such as table, mapping, rule and
graphing. Each of this can be used to represent a relation and to interpret them organized and
effectively. You also learn to graph different points and create shapes or images out of it.

You also undergone different activities which helped you understand this module.
They are enjoyable and yet you’ve learned something that you can do things on your own.

POST TEST

Direction: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter that corresponds to your answer.

____1. What is the rectangular coordinate system?

a. It is used for naming points on a plane.
b. It is a plane used for graphing linear function.
c. It is used to determine the location of a point by using a single number.
d. It is a two-dimensional plane which divided by the axes into four regions called
quadrants

Use the graph below, to answer the items from 2-3.

y

 B  A

 C x

 D
E

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____2. What is the coordinates of point D?
a. (4,-2) b. (3,5) c. (2,3) d. (4,4)

____3. In which quadrant does point E belongs?

a. Quadrant I b. Quadrant II
c. Quadrant III d. Quadrant IV

____4. Which of the following set of ordered pairs does NOT define a function?
a. (3,2) (-3,6) (3,-2) (-3,-6)
b. (1,2) (2,6) (3,-2) (4,-6)
c. (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,-9)
d. (4,4) (-3,4) 94,-4) (-3,-4)
____5. Some ordered pairs for a linear function of x are given in the table below.

x 1 3 5 7 9
y -1 5 11 17 23
Which of the following equations was used to generate the table above?
a. y=3x-4 b. y=-3x+4
c. y=3x+4 d. y=-3x+4
B
___6. Which line in the right figure is the steepest?
a. line A
b. line B
A
c. line C
d. line D C

___7. Which line has negative slope of the line? D

a. line A
b. line B
c. line C
d. line D

___8. Which line has 0 as slope of the line?

a. line A
b. line B
c. line C
d. line D

___9. What is the slope of the line in 2x + 2y = 12

a. 1 b. 2 c. ½ d. ¼

___10. The slope of the line determines the ____________.

a. movement of the line b. steep of the line
c. location of the line d. number of the line

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 Congratulation learner! You finished the module successfully. You did a great job!
Now that you finished this module and learned a lot, you can share what you’ve learned to
your classmate. You can help them or even inspire them.

Take note that you can use what you have learned in a real life situation such as
organizing, plotting, graphing, mapping and showing different relations between two or more
things around you. You can also use it in business matters and analyzing data collected.

I know that you will also do a great job on the next module. By the end, you will be
surprised that you can do this module on your own or with a little guidance of your
mathematics teacher. Its ok to seek guidance with your teacher. Once again congratulation
learner!

KEY ANSWERS
Lesson 1 Rectangular Coordinate System
Activity 1
1.

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