Trigonometric Identities

Six Trigonometric Functions

Right triangle definitions, where 0 < 𝜃𝜃 < 𝜋𝜋/2
opp hyp
sin 𝜃𝜃 = csc 𝜃𝜃 =
hyp opp
adj hyp
cos 𝜃𝜃 = sec 𝜃𝜃 =
hyp adj
opp adj
tan 𝜃𝜃 = cot 𝜃𝜃 =
adj opp
Circular function definitions, where 𝜃𝜃 is any angle.

𝑟𝑟 = �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2

𝑦𝑦 𝑟𝑟
sin 𝜃𝜃 = csc 𝜃𝜃 =
𝑟𝑟 𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 𝑟𝑟
cos 𝜃𝜃 = sec 𝜃𝜃 =
𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥
tan 𝜃𝜃 = cot 𝜃𝜃 =
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦

Negative Angle Identities Reciprocal Identities

sin(−𝜃𝜃) = − sin 𝜃𝜃 cos(−𝜃𝜃) = cos 𝜃𝜃 tan(−𝜃𝜃) = − tan 𝜃𝜃 1 1 1
sin 𝜃𝜃 = cos 𝜃𝜃 = tan 𝜃𝜃 =
csc 𝜃𝜃 sec 𝜃𝜃 cot 𝜃𝜃
1 1 1
csc(−𝜃𝜃) = − csc 𝜃𝜃 sec(−𝜃𝜃) = sec 𝜃𝜃 cot(−𝜃𝜃) = − cot 𝜃𝜃 csc 𝜃𝜃 = sec 𝜃𝜃 = cot 𝜃𝜃 =
sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 tan 𝜃𝜃
Tangent and Cotangent Identities Double Angle Identities
sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 sin 2𝜃𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃
tan 𝜃𝜃 = cot 𝜃𝜃 =
cos 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃
cos 2𝜃𝜃 = cos2 𝜃𝜃 − sin2 𝜃𝜃 = 2 cos2 𝜃𝜃 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃𝜃
Pythagorean Identities
sin2 𝜃𝜃 + cos2 𝜃𝜃 = 1 tan2 𝜃𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃𝜃 2 tan 𝜃𝜃
tan 2𝜃𝜃 =
1 − tan2 𝜃𝜃
cot 2 𝜃𝜃 + 1 = csc 2 𝜃𝜃
Cofunction Identities Half Angle Identities
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
sin � − 𝜃𝜃� = cos 𝜃𝜃 cos � − 𝜃𝜃� = sin 𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃 1 + cos 𝜃𝜃
2 2 sin = ±� cos = ±�
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2 2 2 2
csc � − 𝜃𝜃� = sec 𝜃𝜃 tan � − 𝜃𝜃� = cot 𝜃𝜃
2 2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜃𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃
sec � − 𝜃𝜃� = csc 𝜃𝜃 cot � − 𝜃𝜃� = tan 𝜃𝜃 tan = ±�
2 2 2 1 + cos 𝜃𝜃

Sum and Difference Formulas Addition and Subtraction Formulas

𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 sin(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵) = sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 ± cos 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵
sin 𝐴𝐴 + sin 𝐵𝐵 = 2 sin � � cos � �
2 2
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 cos(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵) = cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵
sin 𝐴𝐴 − sin 𝐵𝐵 = 2 cos � � sin � �
2 2 tan 𝐴𝐴 ± tan 𝐵𝐵
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 tan(𝐴𝐴 ± 𝐵𝐵) =
cos 𝐴𝐴 + cos 𝐵𝐵 = 2 cos � � cos � � 1 ∓ tan 𝐴𝐴 tan 𝐵𝐵
2 2
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵 Product Formulas
cos 𝐴𝐴 − cos 𝐵𝐵 = −2 sin � � sin � �
2 2 1
sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 = [cos(𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵) − cos(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)]
2
1
cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = [cos(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) + cos(𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵)]
2
1
sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 = [sin(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) + sin(𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵)]
2
1
cos 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵 = [sin(𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵) − sin(𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵)]
2

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